@article { author = {Zangisheieh, Sajad and Rafiean, Mojtaba and Ghaedrahmati, Safar and Meshkini, Abolfazl}, title = {Communicative Planning Governance Network sustainable regeneration slum textures (case study: Kermanshah city)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1165-1190}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.249755.1007617}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the pathology of continuous management of urban reconstruction with a state-level, top-down, hierarchical and non-participatory, lack of communication and interaction in urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. There are 34 characters in this network and in fact determine the social boundary of the network. A total of 1122 transmissions can occur in this network, of which only 271 occur (roughly a quarter), indicating the network's weakness and the lack of cooperation of communication networks from sustainable urban regeneration. The link between information and collaboration between the organizations studied (37%) was low and the network was in policy, coordination, management (planning, monitoring and evaluation) indicators, implementation, instrumentation, central and hierarchical facilities.MethodologyThis research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. There are 34 characters in this network and in fact determine the social boundary of the network. A total of 1122 transmissions can occur in this network, of which only 271 occur (roughly a quarter), indicating the network's weakness and the lack of cooperation of communication networks from sustainable urban regeneration.Results and discussionThe link between information and collaboration between the organizations studied (37%) was low and the network was in policy, coordination, management (planning, monitoring and evaluation) indicators, implementation, instrumentation, central and hierarchical facilities. urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.ConclusionUrban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration.}, keywords = {Communicative,network,Governance,Regeneration,Planning}, title_fa = {هم ‏افزایی کنشگران بازآفرینی پایدار شهری با رویکرد حکمروایی ارتباطی - شبکه ‏ای مطالعة موردی (ستاد بازآفرینی شهر کرمانشاه)}, abstract_fa = {هدف از این پژوهش آسیب‏ شناسی مدیریت بازآفرینی پایدار شهری با رویکرد مدیریتی دولتی، متمرکز از بالا به پایین، سلسله‌مراتبی، غیرمشارکتی، نبود ارتباط و تعامل در بازآفرینی شهری، و گذار به هم‏ افزایی مشارکتی کنشگران مدیریت شهری (دولت، بازار، بخش عمومی، خصوصی، جامعة مدنی و شهروندان) با الگوی حکمروایی ارتباطی- شبکه‏ ای، همکارانه، تعاملی و گفتمانی در جهت دستیابی به بازآفرینی پایدار شهری است. با تلفیق برنامه ‏ریزی ارتباطی با حکمروایی شبکه ‏ای، رویکرد نوین حکمروایی ارتباطی- شبکه ‏ای در مدیریت نوین ظهور یافته است. روش پژوهش ترکیبی (کمی و کیفی) است. از تکنیک‌های مشاهده، مصاحبه، و پرسش‌نامه استفاده شده است. این پژوهش با هدف شناخت الگوی ساختاری روابط 34 سازمان و نهاد رسمی و غیررسمی مرتبط با بازآفرینی پایدار شهری انجام شده است. بدین منظور، از روش تحلیل شبکة اجتماعی استفاده شد. 34 کنشگر به‌عنوان نهاد در این شبکه قرار گرفته‌اند و درواقع تعیین ‏کنندة مرز اجتماعی شبکه‌اند. 1122 پیوند می‏ توانست در این شبکه شکل بگیرد. فقط 271 مورد آن (حدود یک‌چهارم) به‌وقوع پیوسته است که بیانگر اندازة ضعیف شبکه و نبود هم ‏افزایی ارتباطی- شبکه‏ ای مدیریت بازآفرینی پایدار شهری است. تراکم پیوند تبادل اطلاعات و همکاری در بین سازمان‌های مورد مطالعه (37 درصد) در سطح پایینی بوده است و شبکه در شاخص ‏های سیاست‌گذاری، هماهنگی، مدیریت (برنامه ‏ریزی، نظارت، و ارزیابی)، اجرا، ابزارسازی، تسهیل گری به صورت متمرکز و سلسله‌مراتبی است. اندازة شاخص انتقال ‏یافتگی در تبادل اطلاعات و همکاری ۲۸/۳۹ درصد میزان پایینی را برای قابلیت روابط انتقال ‏یافتگی نشان می‏ دهد و کوتاه ‏ترین فاصله میان دو کنشگر در این شبکه، ۴۶/۳ درصد، نشان‌دهندة پیوندهای ضعیف در شبکه است. فعالیت کنشگران بر حسب شاخص‏ های تحلیل شبکه و ارتباطات، پیوندها، و مرکزیت درونی و بیرونی کنشگران نشان‏ دهندة مرکزیت بخش دولتی (استانداری، راه و شهرسازی، و شهرداری) بالاترین نقش مرکزیت و پیوندهای واسطه ‏ای را داشته ‏اند  و نهادهای خصوصی، مدنی، و محلی پایین‏ ترین ضریب و قدرت را در شبکه داشته ‏اند. در ستاد بازآفرینی پایدار شهری فقط سازمان‌های دولتی عضو رسمی ستاد بوده ‏اند و نهادهای جامعة مدنی و کنشگران مردمی کنار گذاشته شده ‏اند و رویکرد متمرکز، سلسله‌مراتبی، و از بالا به پایین حکم‌فرماست و باید به سوی دولت تسهیل گر، جامعة مدنی کنشگر با رویکرد حکمروایی ارتباطی‌- شبکه ‏ای تغییر رویکرد گفتمانی انجام شود. }, keywords_fa = {بازآفرینی پایدار شهری,حکمروایی ارتباطی- شبکه‌ای,کنشگران شهری,هم‏ افزایی}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78841.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78841_05e753d66a86d0a17b2169cf63a0f2f4.pdf} } @article { author = {Fatemi, Mehran and Rezaie, Hojjat and Moayedfar, Saeedeh}, title = {Exploratory Analysis of Factors Affecting Insecurity in Urban Green Spaces (Case Study: Yazd Regional Parks)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1191-1208}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.278047.1007887}, abstract = {Exploratory Analysis of Factors Affecting Insecurity in Urban Green Spaces(Case Study: Yazd Regional Parks)IntroductionThe presence of security in a place of recreation is one of the most important parameters in decision making for visiting and spending leisure time in that place. On the other hand, the lack of security not only does not lead people to public places, promenades and walkways, but because of the lack of presence and isolation of these places, crime and its dimensions are spreading in these places, and therefore it is said that between security And the amount of citizens' return to public and recreational places remains a two-way and complementary relationship. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, this study aims to identify and investigate the factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in the regional parks of Yazd city based on the opinion of the host community. Firstly, parks are one of the most prominent public spaces in the city and the most important components of urban, human and natural bodies, which, due to the overcoming of the green space element, attract the population and provide the ground for social interaction and spending leisure time in terms of recreation, entertainment, sports, study And relax and nature-oriented recreation, Secondly, experience has proven that one of the most important ways of developing and improving in every field is identifying barriers and factors that affect the lack of achievement.MethodologyThe present study was conducted with exploratory and descriptive-analytical approach and using field and documentary studies to explore and investigate the factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in regional parks in Yazd. The statistical population of the study consisted of 384 Yazdi citizens who were randomly selected at the level of Yazd district parks in two stages (Semi-structured interview with citizens in the first stage) to identify the indicators affecting the feeling of insecurity and complete the questionnaire for factorization and survey The effect of each factor in the second stage is selected. In this research, qualitative findings (content analysis of interviews in Max Kido's qualitative analysis software) and quantitative (exploratory factor analysis) were used to analyze the information.Result and discussionAccording to the results of the five identified factors, 86.201 % of the total variance of factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in the regional parks of Yazd city. First, it shows the comprehensiveness of the indicators identified by the interviewed community, and secondly, the emphasis of the statistical community on identified indicators as factors of insecurity in the parks studied. Based on the analysis, only 13.799 percent of the total variance was not calculated and was the result of other factors not identified by the statistical community of the interviewee. According to the results, the factor of the lack of utility of military-security infrastructure with a special value of 17.99 and 42.96% variance as the most important factor affecting the feeling of insecurity and the socio-individual factor with a special value of 1.449 and the percentage of variance of 36.75 as the least significant The agent has been identified. The incidence rate of anomalies, delinquency and mass with a special value of 35.34 and a 21.23% variance in the second place influenced on the feeling of insecurity in the regional parks of Yazd city based on the opinion of the host community and then the factors of the lack of utility standards with a specific amount of 2.923 and the percentage of variance was 10.826, and the physical-physical deprivation with a special value of 1.67 and a percentage of variance was 18.66. ConclusionThe study of safety and factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in public places, especially parks, is an essential requirement. This research was carried out in seven regional parks of Yazd city. In this regard, this research has identified and extracted the factors affecting insecurity in regional parks in Yazd city based on the viewpoint of the host community, based on which applied strategies to diminish these factors and improve the quality of safety in these parks. The results show that in terms of host society in Yazd city parks, 27 indicators in the form of five factors of the lack of utility of military-security infrastructure, the occurrence of anomalies, crime and crime, non-observance of standards, physical-physical factors and an individual-social limiting factor affecting Felt the insecurity of the citizens. According to the results, the factor of the inappropriate use of law enforcement infrastructure in regional parks in Yazd with a percentage of variance of 42.699 was the most important factor affecting the feeling of insecurity from the host society. This alone explains 42% of the indicators that affect the feelings of citizens' insecurity, which indicates the importance of this factor and the emphasis of the statistical community on it. In the second place, the effect of the incidence of anomalies, delinquency and crime rate with the variance rate of 21.23, which according to the experiences and interviews, is the causative factor of the first factor. In general, according to the results of research, the desirability of law enforcement infrastructure and the elimination of abnormalities in the level of parks in the Yazd city make up about 64% of the strategies affecting the sense of security in the parks in terms of citizens.In the second place, the effect of the incidence of anomalies, delinquency and crime rate with the variance rate of 21.23, which according to the experiences and interviews, is the causative factor of the first factor. In general, according to the results of research, the desirability of law enforcement infrastructure and the elimination of abnormalities in the level of parks in the Yazd city make up about 64% of the strategies affecting the sense of security in the parks in terms of citizens.}, keywords = {Insecurity Feeling,Law Enforcement,Green space,Regional parks,Yazd}, title_fa = {تحلیل اکتشافی عوامل مؤثر بر احساس ناامنی در فضاهای سبز شهری (نمونة موردی: پارک‏ های ناحیه‏ ای شهر یزد)}, abstract_fa = {امروزه، مقولة امنیت شهری به‏ویژه در فضاهای عمومی مانند پارک‏ها و فضاهای سبز، که همواره مأمنی برای آرامش و تفریح شهروندان است، حائز اهمیت بسیاری است. زیرا شهروند در مقصد مورد نظر اگر احساس امنیت نکند، گذران اوقات فراغتش را در خانه، به رفتن به فضاهای سبز، ترجیح خواهد داد. در پژوهش حاضر، نظر به اهمیت موضوع فوق، به بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر احساس ناامنی در پارک‏های ناحیه‏ای شهر یزد پرداخته شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی است و از نظر روش تحقیق رویکردی‏ اکتشافی و توصیفی- تحلیلی دارد. جامعة آماری پژوهش را شهروندان ساکن در شهر یزد (529673 نفر) تشکیل می‏دهند که از میان آن‏ها 384 شهروند به‏عنوان حجم نمونه و به‏صورت تصادفی ساده در سطح پارک‏های ناحیه‏ای شهر یزد در دو مرحله (مصاحبة نیمه‏ساختاریافته با شهروندان در مرحلة اول در جهت شناسایی نماگرهای اثرگذاری بر احساس ناامنی و تکمیل پرسش‏نامه در جهت عامل‏بندی نماگرها و بررسی میزان اثر هر عامل در مرحلة دوم) انتخاب شده‏اند. در این پژوهش برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ها از یافته‏های کیفی (تحلیل محتوای مصاحبه‏ها در نرم‏افزار تحلیل کیفی مکس کیودا) و کمی (تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی) استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج پژوهش، 27 نماگر در قالب 5 عامل مؤثر بر احساس ناامنی در پارک‏های ناحیه‏ای توسط جامعة میزبان شناسایی و وزن‏دهی شد. از میان عامل‏های مورد بررسی، عدم مطلوبیت زیرساخت‏های نظامی- انتظامی با مقدار ویژة 179/10 و درصد واریانس 699/42 مهم‏ترین عامل مؤثر بر احساس ناامنی شهروندان و عامل محدودکنندة فردی- اجتماعی با مقدار ویژة 449/1 و درصد واریانس 367/5 کم‏اهمیت‏ترین عامل بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {احساس ناامنی,پارک ‏های ناحیه‌ای,فضای سبز,نیروی انتظامی,شهر یزد}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78365.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78365_2bf6a9dcfe5f32e32ee2344f323846fb.pdf} } @article { author = {Noorian, Farshad and Abdullahpur, Sajad and ghazi, reza and Golshahi, Morteza}, title = {Identifying and Prioritizing the Strategies for Reducing the Impact of Urban Areas Against Military Threats (Case Study: District One in Tehran Eleventh Region)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1209-1228}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.279447.1007902}, abstract = {Identifying and Prioritizing the Strategies for Reducing the Impact of Urban Areas Against Military Threats (Case Study: District One in Tehran Eleventh Region)IntroductionUrbanisation and the development of metropolitan centres on the one hand and their exposure to the threat of war and military attacks, on the other hand, have caused lots of damages, casualties and economic and social cost for them. Considering the strategic place of Iran in the region and the world is one of the best ways to decrease urban area vulnerabilities when at the time military threat is the passive defence. Whereas, urban land use planning plays a critical role in urban planning as far as some times urban land use planning has been called urban planning. Therefore, according to the above, urban management by using complementary approach in urban planning can decrease threats and provide safety and security for cities. Changes resulting from the concentration of economic, social, cultural and political activities in cities, as well as the lack of attention to the features of a safe and ready environment against military threats in recent decades, have decreased vulnerability of today's cities as a living environment for people to achieve Sustained urban living in times of crisis. Based on this, urban planning seeks to improve the quality of life of residents and build a safe and secure city for living in all circumstances, especially in times of crisis, which is the way to achieve this by defence the principles of non-operational defence to reduce the vulnerability of cities in times of military threats. Therefore, in this research, the factors affecting urban vulnerability to military threats are identified based on the concept of passive defence and are measured in Tehran metropolis as the capital of the country's political and economic capital. In this research, District 1, District One in Tehran's Eleventh Region has been used as a study area. District one of zone eleven of Tehran city is the case study of this research. This area has introduced as one of the main parts of city defence core in Tehran master plan, and the specific feature in this area is the wide variety of uses and function. Crucial political and administrative functions located in this area has resulted in the political and security importance of the area, and it has always been mentioned as one of the strategic parts of Tehran. MethodologyThe methodology of this research is based on explanatory-analytic study and data collection and has been done through library method and questionnaires. Also, for analysing information, ARCGIS, SPSS and EXPERT CHOICE software have been used, and the AHP method has been used to weigh out non-operational defence indicators and Friedman test to prioritise vulnerability reduction strategies in the event of military threats.The main goal of the current study is that identifying and prioritising the Strategies for Reducing the Impact of Urban Areas Against Military Threats in District One in Tehran's Eleventh Region. To these aims, first of all, a review of important terms of the research has been done and based on that, effective criteria and indicators in urban land use planning which can reduce urban vulnerability has been identified. Then, data and base map were extracted from documents and master or detailed plan of Tehran and considering the Geographic data bank related to each sub-criteria in GIS, input layer of each of them has been provided. In next step, thematic Map of vulnerability of the case study based on every sub-criteria has been mapped out and at the end of this step, all of these map has been overlaid in order to identify case study vulnerability.Result and Conclusion The results show that population distribution criteria (weight: 0.230), physical characteristics of the body and form (weight: 0.221), and user compatibility (weight: 0.147) obtained the highest weight among vulnerability criteria, and 68% of the sample level It has a moderate upward vulnerability to military threats. Also, the most important strategies to reduce vulnerability to military threats were, respectively, the development of multi-user applications in the area of organising cultural and religious uses (W7O8), organising and locating green and open spaces in the area for defining crisis support centres. (W6O5) And attention is given to creating safe spaces within the (S4O4) area. In addition some strategies can be useful in order to Reduce the Impact of Military Threats such as regeneration and redevelopment with emphasis on residential area which is located in north and west of the site, safe spaces development, restriction of trans-regional land uses, reduction of sensitive land uses, developing emergency land uses, eliminating incompatibility of land uses in the area, sending out the harmful land uses and developing multi-functional land uses. The results show that population distribution criteria (weight: 0.230), physical characteristics of the body and form (weight: 0.221), and user compatibility (weight: 0.147) obtained the highest weight among vulnerability criteria, and 68% of the sample level It has a moderate upward vulnerability to military threats. Also, the most important strategies to reduce vulnerability to military threats were, respectively, the development of multi-user applications in the area of organising cultural and religious uses (W7O8), organising and locating green and open spaces in the area for defining crisis support centres. (W6O5) And attention is given to creating safe spaces within the (S4O4) area. In addition some strategies can be useful in order to Reduce the Impact of Military Threats such as regeneration and redevelopment with emphasis on residential area which is located in north and west of the site, safe spaces development, restriction of trans-regional land uses, reduction of sensitive land uses, developing emergency land uses, eliminating incompatibility of land uses in the area, sending out the harmful land uses and developing multi-functional land uses. Keywords: passive defence, Military threats, Vulnerability zoning, District One in Tehran's Eleventh Region}, keywords = {Non- Proactive defense,Military threats,Vulnerability,zoning,District One in Tehran's Eleventh Region}, title_fa = {شناسایی و اولویت ‏بندی راهبردهای کاهش آسیب ‏پذیری نواحی شهری در برابر تهدیدات نظامی (نمونة موردی: ناحیة یک از منطقة ۱۱ تهران)}, abstract_fa = {تحولات ایجادشدة ناشی از تمرکز فعالیت ‏های اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی، و سیاسی در شهرها و نیز بی ‏توجهی به ویژگی‏ های یک محیط ایمن و آماده در برابر تهدیدات نظامی طی دهه‏ های اخیر آسیب ‏پذیری شهرهای امروزی، به ‏عنوان بستر زیست انسان در راه رسیدن به زندگی پایدار شهری، را در مواقع بحران افزایش داده است. بر این اساس، برنامه‏ ریزی شهری به دنبال ارتقای کیفیت زندگی ساکنان و ساختن شهری ایمن و امن برای زندگی در همة شرایط، به‏ ویژه در زمان بحران، است که راه دست‏یابی به این مهم از طریق شناخت اصول پدافند غیرعامل به ‏منظور کاهش آسیب ‏پذیری شهرها در زمان بروز تهدیدات نظامی است. بنابراین، در این تحقیق به عوامل مؤثر در کاهش آسیب ‏پذیری شهرها در برابر تهدیدات نظامی بر اساس رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل شناسایی‏ شده و سنجش آن‏ها در کلان‏شهر تهران، به ‏عنوان پایتخت سیاسی و اقتصادی کشور، پرداخته می ‏شود. در این پژوهش از ناحیة یک منطقة 11 شهر تهران به ‏عنوان محدودة مطالعاتی استفاده شده است. این ناحیه در بیشتر طرح‏های فرادست بخش مهمی از هستة مرکزی شهر تهران معرفی شده است و به علت استقرار طیف وسیعی از کاربری‏ های مهم شهری، فراشهری، و ملی در حملات هوایی آسیب ‏پذیر به ‏نظر می‏ رسد. بر این اساس، روش مطالعة حاضر توصیفی- تحلیلی است و برای گردآوری داده ‏ها از سه روش بررسی اسنادی، مشاهدة میدانی، و پیمایشی (توزیع پرسش‏نامه) بهره گرفته شده است. همچنین، برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از نرم‏افزار ARCGIS، SPSS، و EXPERT CHOICE استفاده و از روش AHP برای وزن ‏دهی شاخص ‏های پدافندغیرعامل و از آزمون فریدمن برای اولویت‏ بندی راهبردهای کاهش آسیب ‏پذیری ناحیة مطالعاتی در مواقع بروز تهدیدات نظامی استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‏ دهد معیارهای پراکنش جمعیت (وزن: 0.230)، ویژگی‏های کالبدی بافت و فرم (وزن: 0.221)، و سازگاری کاربری‏ها (وزن: 0.147) بیشترین وزن را در میان معیارهای آسیب ‏پذیری کسب کردند و 68 درصد از سطح نمونة مطالعاتی نیز دارای آسیب ‏پذیری متوسط رو به بالا در برابر تهدیدات نظامی است. همچنین، مهم ‏ترین راهبردهای کاهش آسیب ‏پذیری در برابر تهدیدات نظامی به ‏ترتیب توسعة کاربری‏ های چندعملکردی در محدوده با سامان‏دهی کاربری‏ های فرهنگی و مذهبی (W7O8)، سامان‏دهی و مکان‏ یابی فضاهای سبز و باز در محدوده برای تعریف مراکز پشتیبان در زمان بحران (W6O5)، و توجه به ایجاد فضاهای امن در محدوده (S4O4) شناسایی شده است.}, keywords_fa = {پدافند غیرعامل,پهنه ‏بندی آسیب ‏پذیری,تهدیدات نظامی,ناحیة یک منطقة 11 تهران}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78324.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78324_f9541812716f5143031f00b5c9f95d90.pdf} } @article { author = {Naghdi, Farzaneh and eftekhari, Abdolreza and Mousavi Shafaee, Masoud and Eslami, Mohsen}, title = {Localization Procedure of International Interaction’s Indicators in Economic Development}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1229-1247}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.282418.1007946}, abstract = {Although the development consists of wide-ranging dimensions of social, political, economic, humanitarian and ecological; economic development has been placed in a higher position in politics and policy making. Considering the international dynamic development in era of new information and technology and most importantly globalization, the role of international interactions and management of such relations have been strongly increased in order to pursue the realization of the goals of economic development. Therefore, the process of localization of indicators of international economic interactions in economic development can play an effective role in realization of goals of economic development in Islamic Republic of Iran. Thus, the main question of this article consists of two key parts. Firstly, what are the indicators of international interactions and economic development? And secondly, how is the effectual process of the indicators of international interactions on economic development? Methodology In order to provide scientific answer to main questions raised above, this article began with searching through library and documentary texts to find facts and data related with indicators of international interaction and economic development as well as investigating most effective economic factors affecting interactions among different countries in the world. To combine library data with experimental data, the article investigated experiences of some successful developing countries and collected information and evidence of their success in terms of economic development. After grouping all secondary data, extracted through library and documentary studies, and drawing a table of frequency, it moved to the second phase of preparing a questionnaire based on more frequently focused data and indicator which was then distributed among the intellectuals of the chosen society of this study.The questionnaire was distributed among 42 intellectuals and researchers active in different areas related to international relations, policy making, economic development, and foreign relations including experts of organization for trade development, ministry of foreign affairs, international chamber of commerce, and university professors. As the result, we could successfully collect the indicators of economic development as well as international interactions known as dependent and independent factors. Results and discussionAs per our studies, indicators of international indicators consist of four main indicators as follows:interactions with regional and international countries; interactions with state-owned regional and international institutions such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Trade organization (WTO), World Bank (WB), …; interactions with non-governmental actors such as multinational or transnational companies; establishing regional and international treaties and actively participating such treaties and agreements.Within our studies, we also encountered with popular economic indicators which are mainly affecting the international interactions, grouped as follows: - Economic stability and openness; Trade liberalization; open doors policy; removal of tariffs; extrovert approach to the international trade, stable macro-economic plans, providing a healthy and reliable environment for competition among commercial private actors and investors, reform enforcement in economic infrastructures, prohibition of economic competition among political parties, - Attracting foreign investment (directly, i.e. allowing investors ownership when participating in an investment or economic activities and indirectly; such as purchase of securities) which needs infrastructural reforms and improvement of the political and economic basis in order to set stability of the regulatory rules related with the investment in the economy (such as taxes, tariffs and business rules and regulations); the political and economic stability: reduced in the inflation rate, exchange rate instability, violence, crime, bribery and extortion; encouragement of transparency in investment guidelines and information for domestic and foreign investors in order to reduce corruption; reduced in the transfers’ costs and increased in profitability; increased in the number of investment agreements with developed countries; the Government's downsizing and the reduction of the State exclusive property on the industries, development of institutions, - Export development; conduct of extrovert- oriented business model; improvement of the information and technical know- how and improvement of the infrastructure of the R&D, information and technological infrastructure, especially in the industrial and agricultural sector; establishment of the relationship between the domestic and international markets and pavement of the way to facilitate the competition conditions in the local and international markets, supporting the private sector to cut the dependency on the single-produce economy and facilitate the way for import/export of a diversity of goods; the increase of mutual or multilateral agreements; the development of free trade zones and the implementation of the free trade’s principles as well as providing the conditions for full employment; applying incentive policies to encourage diversification of exporting goodsAnd finally, countries’ concern and desire for economic development is to put the country and citizens in below condition: - Improvement of the life quality of the citizens; i.e. life expectancy, job security (the unemployment rate), freedom of expression, - Noticeable increase in production, income level and the power purchase parity - Poverty reduction - Transformation of society in terms of politics, economy and culture. After collection and examination of such criteria (by the chosen society), we moved on to the second phase; i.e. the study of the effectual process of indicators of international interactions on economic development in I.R. of Iran and performed content and statistical analysis of the data using methods of data analysis through conceptual explanatory statistics as well as path analysis and regression (SPSS). ConclusionFindings confirmed our hypothesis and showed that economic development is considerably under the influence of parameters of international interactions, among which interactions with the regional and international countries was found as most effective factor and interactions with non-governmental actors, holding regional/international treaties, and interactions with state-owned regional/ international institutions placed in next layers accordingly. Consequently, localization of above indicators is effective on the management of international interactions with players of the international system which is eventually helpful in achievement of the country’s mission of economic development.}, keywords = {Economic Development,؛ International Interactions؛,Localization؛ Policy Making,؛ Criteria Indexing}, title_fa = {فرایند بومی‏ سازی شاخص ‏های تعاملات بین ‏المللی در توسعۀ اقتصادی ایران}, abstract_fa = {اگرچه توسعهْ ابعاد گستردة اجتماعی، سیاسی، اقتصادی، انسانی، و اکولوژیکی را دربر می‏ گیرد، توسعة اقتصادی با اثرگذاری و اثرپذیری بر/ از سایر ابعاد توسعه به جایگاه ویژه ‏ای در سیاست‏گذاری ارتقا یافته و با توجه به تحولات و پویایی ‏های نظام بین‏ الملل در عصر فناوری‏ های نوین اطلاعاتی و ارتباطی و به ‏ویژه جهانی ‏شدن باور به نقش تعاملات بین ‏المللی در تحقق اهداف توسعة اقتصادی تقویت شده است. ازاین‏ روی، بررسی بومی ‏سازی شاخص‏ های تعاملات بین‏ المللی در توسعۀ اقتصادی می ‏تواند نقش مؤثری در تحقق اهداف توسعة اقتصادی کشور ایفا کند. بدین ترتیب، سؤال اصلی این مقاله از دو بخش تشکیل شده است: کدام شاخص ‏ها تبیین‏ کنندة توسعة اقتصادی و تعاملات بین ‏المللی در کشورهاست و فرایند تأثیرگذاری شاخص ‏های تعاملات بین ‏المللی بر توسعة اقتصادی چگونه است؟ برای پاسخ ‏دهی علمی به پرسش راهبردی این مقاله ابتدا جمع ‏آوری داده ‏های ثانویه و تعیین عناصر توسعة اقتصادی و تعاملات بین ‏المللی، به ‏عنوان متغیر وابسته و مستقل، از طریق مطالعات اسنادی، کتابخانه‏ ای، واکاوی تجربیات سایر کشورها و تنظیم جداول فراوانی شاخص ‏ها انجام شد و در مرحلة بعد برای آزمون راستی و پایایی داده ‏ها داده‏ های اولیه (توزیع پرسش‏نامه میان نخبگان و صاحب‏نظران جامعة نمونه) جمع ‏آوری شد. برای تجزیه ‏وتحلیل یافته‏ های مرتبط با پرسش‏نامه ‏ها و آزمون اثرگذاری تعاملات بین ‏المللی بر توسعة اقتصادی، از شیوة تحلیل محتوای کمی و کیفی و تحلیل مسیر استفاده شد. بنا بر یافته ‏های این پژوهش، متغیر توسعة اقتصادی با متغیر تعاملات بین ‏المللی رابطة مستقیم برقرار می‏ کند و نحوة بومی‏ سازی و مدیریت تعاملات با بازیگران نظام بین ‏الملل می ‏تواند نتایج ثمربخشی در توسعة اقتصادی کشور به همراه داشته باشد.}, keywords_fa = {بومی ‏سازی,تعاملات بین‏ المللی,توسعة اقتصادی,سیاست‏گذاری,معیار شاخص‏ گزینی‏}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82738.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82738_4ea780cb053e2a7a29bc613f6a280cdb.pdf} } @article { author = {Maroofnezhad, Abbas}, title = {Analysis the effect of some of the indicators of urban services and socio-cultural factors on the disabled community, Using fuzzy Chang expansion method (Case Study: Port City of Mahshahr )}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1249-1270}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.283374.1007957}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionDisability as biological and social phenomena,a fact that all communities, regardless of the level of development, both industrial and non-industrial countries are facing it. People with disabilities, are part of the community, just like others, requires access to and use of public facilities and services, also daily statistics population middle-aged and elderly people who form a group of motor impairments are added. Therefore, attention to urban public services and socio-cultural factors for the needs of the disabled, one of the needs of the community,especially Iranian society after the imposition war add the number of disabled the community and consequently, needs to be more attention. Requirements for growth and development of communities, creating space and urban infrastructure appropriate for all public services and centers and the role of socio-cultural factors in cities(for example, the look society's to the disabled) for more mobility and easier access,they are very important. Also the priority meeting the needs of the disabled by accessing and using public facilities and services In cities must be considered.But there are some obstacles, especially in design, architecture and urban planning, many urban spaces lack the necessary conditions to meet the needs of people with disabilities. Obviously, the presence of disabilities in the city is an early step towards activating this group in human and social activities; that is, in employment, leisure and recreation, educational, professional and commercial activities from the social and economic point of view. Therefore, it is quite logical that urban spaces should be designed and built in such a way to move disabled people to move easily and with minimum energy expended done.MethodologyThe method of this research is applied in terms of purpose,it is based on a descriptive and analytical method. The aim of this study was to evaluate are influential the performance of some of the indicators of public services and socio-cultural factors on the disabled community in the port city of mahshahr. Accordingly, a questionnaire was developed to measure some of the indicators of socio-cultural factors and urban services and between 260 disabled person was in region distributed by simple random sampling. After collecting, questionnaires were evaluated by Fuzzy Chang method and single sample T-test.Results and discussionDisability as a biological and social phenomenon is a fact that affects all communities both industrial and non-industrial, regardless of the level of development. Additionally, the number of the middle-aged and old people who form the disabled population has increased. Therefore, people with disabilities as citizens of society have rights and rights that should be paid attention to among these are the refurbishment of urban spaces and as well as the social and cultural are factors that affect in this stratum the cities, so that the inadequacy of different urban spaces for people disabilities easy access to places and spaces needed It faces numerous problems and bottlenecks and on the other hand, society's view of these people if they consider disability a kind of restriction It destroys their social and cultural rights in urban society. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of some of the indicators of urban services and socio-cultural factors on the disabled community in the port city of mahshahr. total of 11 criteria and 24 sub-criteria and their analysis was determined by single-sample t-test and chang's fuzzy expansion office staff behavior, street curbs and passageways, sidewalks, institutions, parks and office stairs respectively. Although the disabled people were less dissatisfied with the condition of job factors, sport facilities and parking.ConclusionPersons with disabilities are among the strata that providing access needs for them requires using special measures and arrangements and is considered as a prerequisite for other job services, such as educational, health, recreational, sports and welfare. Due to the ignorance to the problems of the disabled in urban environments, a large part of society is deprived of social presence and will also be considered socially disabled. Therefore, there should be paid enough attention to the needs of these groups. By a multi-criteria questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale the disabled community of port city of mahshahr was asked that to evaluation, some utilities and socio-cultural factors affecting this community based on of values Excellent to very poor. Then by coding the answers, based on the average value and One-Sample Test With 95% confidence level was that is the result of the components, office staff behavior, street curbs and passageways, sidewalks, institutions, parks and office stairs respectively. Although the disabled people were less dissatisfied with the condition of job factors, sport facilities and parking. The results of the component analysis and sub-components of Chang's fuzzy expansion method also indicate this and show the highest degree of satisfaction to the lowest level of satisfaction office staff behavior, street curbs and passageways, sidewalks, institutions, parks and office stairs respectively. Although the disabled people were less dissatisfied with the condition of job factors, sport facilities and parking. The present research tries to investigate some indicators of municipal services as well as some social and cultural factors affecting the disabled community in the city of Mahshahr with a theoretical and field approach. According to internal and external research related to the subject, it can be acknowledged that this research has been done in two ways) T-test and Fuzzy Chang and their comparisons have been used for the components that might be different in its kind from other researches but undoubtedly have drawbacks. Finally it can be said The results are in one-sample test and Chang's fuzzy expansion method In terms of severity not satisfied with disabilities criteria and sub-criteria has been confirmed.Key wordsUrban Services, Socio-cultural factors, Disabled Community, Fuzzy Chang Expansion Method, Port City of Mahshahr.}, keywords = {urban services,socio-cultural factors,Disabled Community,Fuzzy Chang Expansion Method,Port City of Mahshahr}, title_fa = {تحلیل عملکرد برخی از شاخص‏ های خدمات شهری و عوامل اجتماعی- فرهنگی بر جامعة معلولین با استفاده از روش بسط فازی چانگ (مطالعة موردی: شهر بندر ماهشهر)}, abstract_fa = {معلولیت یکی از وجوه زندگی بشری است که در طول تاریخ و در همة جوامع به انواع گوناگون وجود داشته است. ناتوانان جسمی بخشی از افراد جامعه‏اند که همچون سایرین نیازمند توجه و دسترسی به و استفاده از امکانات و خدمات عمومی‏اند. به‏رغم شرایط سخت زندگی آن‏ها، هنوز در بسیاری از کشورها از جمله ‏ایران در اولویت برنامه‏ریزی قرار ندارند. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی عملکرد برخی از شاخص‏های خدمات شهری و عوامل اجتماعی- فرهنگی تأثیرگذار در جامعة معلولان در شهر بندر ماهشهر است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش، از نظر هدف کاربردی و براساس روش توصیفی و تحلیلی است. بر همین اساس، برای به‏دست‏آوردن داده‏ها از طریق پرسش‏نامه استفاده شد و با محاسبة فرمول کوکران بین 260 نفر از معلولان منطقه به روش نمونه‏گیری تصادفی ساده توزیع شد. پس از جمع‏آوری پرسش‏نامه‏ها، تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات به وسیلة آزمون T تک‏نمونه‏ای انجام و برای رتبه‏بندی شاخص‏ها از مدل Fuzzy Chang استفاده شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‏دهد، ماتریس اوزان نهایی یازده شاخص محاسبه‏شده بر اساس مدل فازی چانگ، به‏ترتیب وضعیت رفتار کارکنان ادارات با 419/0، وضعیت جداول و معابر خیابان‏ها با 366/0، و وضعیت پیاده‏روها با 254/0 دارای عدم رضایت بالا بوده؛ در حالی که میزان عدم رضایت معلولان از مؤلفه‏های وضعیت شغلی با صفر، وضعیت امکانات ورزشی با 01/0، و وضعیت پارکینگ با 11/0 از شدت کمتری برخوردار بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {بندر ماهشهر,جامعة معلولان,‏ خدمات شهری,روش بسط فازی چانگ,عوامل اجتماعی- فرهنگی}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78607.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78607_d3281aa0470846cba3c8dc9009a575f5.pdf} } @article { author = {Alavi, Saideh and Nazmfar, Hossein and Eshghei, Ali and Hasaniyan, Mohamad}, title = {Spatial analysis of medical centers in Bukan with passive defense approach}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1271-1291}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.283482.1007958}, abstract = {Introduction:As in countries such as the US, the former Soviet Union, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, etc., even a country like Switzerland, which maintained neutrality during both world wars, has steadily accelerated into inertial defense. In this regard, one of the key branches that plays a major role in completing passive defense goals is the use of urban planning and its rules and principles. Passive defense is actually a reduction in financial losses and injuries sustained by civilians in war or from natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, storms, fires and droughts. Since the main focal point of user-centered operations is urban areas, cities are immediately in a state of emergency with the onset of a major incident, and the city's activities can be removed from its normal state and close to the critical state. Urban utilities, part of which are critical and critical infrastructures of the country and national capital, and other parts of the centers of production, distribution and provision of urban services such as reservoir and city water supply, city electricity facilities, telecommunication center, gas facilities, emergency fire department Etc., including public spaces in the city and region, have been less studied. So when it comes to invasion, attack, war, and natural and humanitarian crises in urban areas, there are no doubt that some uses are more important than other uses, and medical uses and hospitals must be of that type. These utilities, which are part of the city's emergency services infrastructure, not only directly affect the lives and lives of the people but also their desirable functioning and impact on the sense of security of citizens has an important impact and, if damaged, not only save The lives of injured people are at risk, but the turmoil and insecurity of the absence of such centers in the city will add to the problems of managers and officials. The city of Bukan is one of the cities that has not played a role in locating critical and sensitive uses of inactive defense considerations. The existence of such a disadvantage in designing and planning the optimal use of sensitive urban services, including health care, would be a cause of the war and would result in an increase in human casualties and turmoil. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of Bukan Medical Centers with an emphasis on passive defense approach.Methodology:The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with the purpose of application. In the present study, the Krijing interpolation model and kernal density were used to map population density and heath area. Then, to show distribution pattern (cluster, random and dispersed) of health centers, the average of the nearest neighbor and finally to measure the distribution of geographical directions from standard distance and elliptical standard deviation is used. To illustrate the analysis of citizens' access to treatment cabinets, buffers with a radius of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 meters were drawn up. Results and discussion:The analysis of the distribution pattern of Bukan's therapeutic use by using the nearest neighbor approach shows that the distribution pattern of therapeutic use in this city is clustered. Based on the numerical results, the mean of the observed distance is 349.51314 and the mean value of the expected interval is 465.45655858; therefore, the nearest neighbor ratio is equal to 0.75102, which indicates the cluster distribution of the therapeutic use within the range is a study. The standard score is also -2.85 and its value is 0.004266, which means a cluster distribution with a confidence level of 99%. The analysis of the standard distance between the concentration level and the dispersion of the medical centers in the city of Bukan shows that the highest therapeutic use is in the center of the city, and the middle and lower marginal areas are less well-equipped than the center. Such a concentration is in conflict with the principles of passive defense and at the time of the crisis, the urban management system faces a number of challenges. In the meantime, the lack of access to residents of the outlying areas of the city resulted in these additional services and led to an increase in human casualties.Conclusion:Passive defense is a non-mercenary set of measures that, in the face of any crisis, reduces the vulnerability of human resources, buildings, urban facilities and equipment and urban and regional arenas. This crisis can be natural (flood, earthquake, storm, fire and drought) or human (war). Although some experts point out that passive defense is limited to the damage caused by the war, but in this study, the concept of passive defense is a natural and human crisis. Considering that the population is an important factor in calculating per capita of major urban uses, including therapeutic use, the population density map was first drawn using the Kriging interpolation model. Results based on the Kriging model among the seven regions of Bukan showed that the primary nucleus of the city of Bukan has the highest population density and the surrounding area (the northern neighborhood of the city of Bukan) is considered to be the least congested urban area of Bukan. In a general summing up, regions of two and three components of areas with gross intermediate density, areas of four, five and seven have a high population density and areas one and six are of low population density. Due to the clustering of treatment centers, access has also been focused and this has interfered with the use of medical services. As a result of non-observance of the functional radius of the utilities, parts of the city are not covered by this function, and vice versa, areas of common coverage. For this reason, the uncovered parts cannot effectively utilize the services of the service users as well as the treatment centers.}, keywords = {"Spatial analysis","passive defense","medical centers","Bukan"," city"}, title_fa = {تحلیل فضایی مراکز درمانی شهر بوکان با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل}, abstract_fa = {طراحی و برنامه‏ ریزی بهینة کاربری زمین‏ های شهری نقش مهمی در کاهش آسیب ‏پذیری در برابر حملات و تهاجم‏ های احتمالی دشمن برعهده دارد. زمانی که دربارة جنگ و بحران‏ های طبیعی و انسانی در مناطق شهری صحبت می‏ شود بی‏شک نمی‏توان اهمیت همة کاربری‏ ها را به‏ طور یکسان درنظر گرفت. ازآنجا‏که کاربری ‏های درمانی به‏طور مستقیم در زندگی مردم تأثیر دارند، دسترسی نامناسب در مواقع بحرانی به این مراکز، علاوه بر تلفات زیاد انسانی موجب اغتشاش و ناامنی شده و بر مشکلات مدیران شهری خواهد افزود. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل فضایی مراکز درمانی شهر بوکان با رویکرد پدافند غیر‏عامل انجام‏ شده است. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی با هدف کاربردی است. برای رسیدن به هدف پژوهش از فنون آمار فضایی در محیط GIS استفاده‏شده و برای نمایش یافته ‏های تحقیق در دنیای واقعی از گوگل ارث بهره گرفته‏ شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‏دهد متوسط سرانه کاربری درمانی برای هر شهروند بوکانی 16/1 مترمربع است که این مقدار کمتر از سرانه کشوری است. در این میان ناحیه 4 شهر بوکان با سرانه 14/0 کمترین و ناحیه 6 با 22/5 بیشترین سرانه را دارا است. همچنین، یافته‏ های حاصل از تحلیل فضایی نشان می‏ دهد که الگوی حاکم بر پراکنش فضایی مراکز درمانی شهر بوکان از نوع خوشه ‏ای است. خوشه‏ای‏بودن مراکز درمانی در صورت وقوع هرگونه بحران، مشکلاتی از قبیل دسترسی نامناسب، تمرکز جمعیت در مرکز شهر بوکان را تشدید خواهد کرد. ازاین‏رو، در راستای خدمات ‏رسانی بهتر در شرایط بحرانی، بایستی محلات محروم شهر ازنظر دسترسی به خدمات درمانی در اولویت برنامه ‏ریزی‏ های آتی قرار گیرند.}, keywords_fa = {بوکان,پدافند غیرعامل,تحلیل فضایی,مراکز درمانی}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79063.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79063_688c248754f6b063332cdfc59180a80a.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseini, Najes}, title = {The role of global cities within the world system, with emphasis on the thought of John Rene Short and Peter Taylor}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1293-1312}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.286356.1007984}, abstract = {Extended abstract -Introduction, In today's world, "cities" are the main focus of events, actions and reactions, and all kinds of relationships, economic, political, cultural, social, and physical relations. Political geographers focus more on the political dimension of urban space, citizens, local government, urban economics, and major cities / world cities. But how the phenomenon of the city is studied from the point of view of the political geographers is a question that the present article deals with analyzing the theories and views of two of the most prominent geographers of politics. The results of this research by descriptive-analytical method show that the phenomenon of the city is studied by political geographers with emphasis on the triple axis of space, politics and economics. For example, according to John Rene Shorth, rather than pointing out a pattern of competition between the world of cities for global domination, it is more accurate to look at a network of cities in which control and economic domination only In a few cities is focused. Also, Peter Taylor prefers to take global cities in line with the fluidity of power between the world's cities and how they interact with both the scale of ideology (government) and the scale of reality (global economy) within the global system. Holistic. Therefore, the city as a modern phenomenon represents the position and role of nation-states in the development of economic and political interactions and relations. Today, by designing new patterns and working strategies for organizing urban space and increasing the political and strategic role of cities, cities have become the focus of studies in political geography.-Methodology, This research is of fundamental and theoretical type and the method of information analysis is also descriptive-analytic based on qualitative methodology. The method of data collection is documentary and library. In this regard, in order to arrive at a clear and consistent conclusion based on rational deduction, it attempts to explain the political geography of the city, especially from the point of view of the famous two political geographers, René Short and Taylor. Therefore, this research, by applying the main variables, such as the phenomenon of city, globalization and politics, seeks to achieve a generalized conclusion about urban geography.-Result and discussion, 1- The city is a social and spatial unit in which politics and power are closely linked. In fact, urban and urban collections are the realm of public policy2- World cities are the connecting points that act as monitoring centers. This oversight of the cluster is dependent on the flow of information and finances and the cultural flow. In addition, world cities are considered as the interface between local and global space3- From the viewpoint of geographers, humans played a significant role in creating a city and its urbanization. From the mid-1960s until the mid-1970s (the period of political geopolitical retrieval), with the spatial-political approach, urban politics was one of the things that attracted the attention of political geographers (such as Richard Moire, Peter Tyler, John Rennes, and so on) They made But from the mid-1990s to the present day, specialized approaches such as urban political geography entered the field of geopolitics, and many geographers worked on providing expert opinions and opinions.4- Considering the importance of the city as a spatial-political phenomenon, it refers to the theory of two renowned political geographers, René Short and Taylor, about the city....5- John Renne Short states that despite the dispersion over the past thirty years, a large share of command functions is still concentrated in just a few cities, and also, instead of drawing a pattern of competition between the world of cities to dominate the world, More precisely, to focus on a network of cities in which economic moni- toring and domination are concentrated only in a few cities, the non-urban location is largely a reflection of poverty.6- Taylor believes that three global, national, and urban scales are important scales in which global economies are pivotal. . In general, the main attraction of Taylor's urban studies is that it overcomes this and will definitely put urban affairs into the development of the era of global capitalism.Conclusion  The philosophy of the "city" in the study of the geopolitical area is due to the interaction of "politics" and "space" in the spatial area of ​​the city, and this mechanism can be expressed in two aspects:1. The city's influence on national, local, regional and international policies.2. The impacts of political decisions of policymakers related to cities, including governmental and non-governmental institutions, on the urban environment. The city is a social and spatial unit in which politics and power are closely linked. In fact, the city and the urban complex; the realm of politics is public.Also, the city can be considered a set of interconnected economic, social and cultural factors, and related to politics and power.In the twenty-first century, cities are the focal points of global power; they control the events on a variety of geographic scales. In this regard, political geographers emphasize on issues such as: the political dimension of urban space, citizens, local government, the organization, and the urban economy and world cities. Taylor and René Short, as two of the most famous contemporary political geographers, have made important comments and analyzes of the city with an emphasis on globalization and economics. Cities are the bedrock of the formation of political and civil institutions, and an integral part of the process of modernization and socio-economic development; it is the main focus of events, actions, reactions, and types of economic, political, cultural, social and physical relations. They can.He states that despite the dispersion over the past thirty years, a large share of the command functions is still concentrated in just a few cities. Taylor believes that three global, national, and urban scales are important scales in which global economies are pivotal. . In general, the main attraction of Taylor's urban studies is that it overcomes this and will definitely put urban affairs into the development of the era of global capitalism.}, keywords = {political geography,city,John Rennes shorts,Peter Taylor,Globalization}, title_fa = {نقش شهرهای جهانی در نظام جهانی با تأکید بر اندیشۀ جان رنه شورت و پیتر تیلور}, abstract_fa = {هدف از مقالة حاضر برجسته ‏کردن نقش «شهرهای جهانی» است. امروزه، به‏ واسطۀ افزایش نقش سیاسی و استراتژیک شهرها، «شهرهای جهانی» به کانون‏ مطالعات در جغرافیای سیاسی تبدیل شده ‏اند و به‏ عنوان بازیگران اساسی در نظام بین ‏الملل به ایفای نقش می‏ پردازند. اما اینکه چگونه پدیدة شهر از نگاه جغرافی‏دانان سیاسی مورد مطالعه قرار می ‏گیرد پرسشی است که مقالة حاضر همراه با تحلیل نظریه‏ ها و دیدگاه ‏های دو تن از برجسته‏ ترین جغرافی‏دانان سیاسی‏  که در تحقیقات خود به تعریف و نقش شهرهای جهانی (با تأکید بر ابعاد سیاسی فضای‏ شهری و اقتصاد شهری تمرکز یافته‏ اند)‏ پرداخته‏ اند‏ـ درصدد پاسخ به آن است. نتایج این تحقیق با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی نشان می ‏دهد پدیدة شهر از سوی جغرافی‏دانان سیاسی با تأکید بر عناصر محوری سه‏ گانة فضا، سیاست، و قدرت مطالعه و بررسی می ‏شود. به اعتقاد جان رنه شورت، بیش از آنکه الگویی از رقابت بین جهان‏ شهرها را برای سلطه بر جهان در ذهن آوریم، دقیق ‏تر آن است که شبکه ‏ای از جهان ‏شهرها را مورد توجه قرار دهیم که در آن نظارت و سلطة اقتصادی فقط در چند شهر متمرکز است. همچنین، پیتر تیلور شهرهای جهانی را با توجه به ماهیت سیال و متحرک قدرت بین شهرهای جهانی و اینکه آن‏ها چگونه با توجه به ایدئولوژی (مقیاس ملی) و اقتصاد جهانی درون نظام جهانی تعامل برقرار می‏کنند، در رویکردی کل‏نگر، بررسی می‏ کند. بنابراین، شهرهای جهانی، در نقش بازیگران رقابت‏ کننده در جهان، معرف جایگاه و نقش دولت- ملت ‏ها در روند توسعة تعاملات و مناسبات در ابعاد سه‏گانة اقتصاد، سیاست، و فرهنگ هستند.}, keywords_fa = {پیتر تیلور,جان رنه شورت,جغرافیای سیاسی,جهانی‏ شدن,شهرهای جهانی}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79892.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79892_2d4ccdfa560d4eb568143a181b5ef2da.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghloo, Tahereh and Bouzarjomehri, Khadijeh and Soleimani, Zahra}, title = {Analyzing the impact of expectations from government on the willingness to take precautionary measures against natural hazards (Case Study: Rural of Neyshabur County)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1313-1333}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.289932.1008015}, abstract = {Introduction: As a whole, the world is experiencing an increase in the intensity and abundance of natural hazards, which it is a major threat to all regions. Basically, natural hazards can be recognized as a potential hazard because of the combination of disasters, vulnerability conditions and inadequate measures to mitigate the negative consequences. In fact, the natural hazard is an unexpected event that disrupts the normal functioning of a society and generally leading to loss of life, livelihoods and damage to the infrastructure of communities. Therefore, take preventive measures and preparedness for these events can greatly reduce costs. For this reason, Emphasis on risk management and to take preventive measures today is one of the most fundamental approaches in the crisis management literature. But the realization of this process, especially in rural communities and the attract of local communities to take precautionary measures, is overshadowed by many factors and obstacles, that the level of local communities' expectations of the government for crisis management and its effects is one of the most important. In communities where the government participates in all levels of risk planning and accountability and the local government has the primary responsibility for emergency response to the hazard, most people believe that "the government must take responsibility of coping with the problems due the risks". Likewise, they expect the government to be prepared and responsive to natural hazards. There is widespread agreement among economists that expectations influence people's behavior and actions. So that even if residents are aware of the environmental risk, they may believe that government planning and preparation is sufficient for risk management. So they do not feel the need to take home preparedness measures.Methodology: the present study analyzes the impact of expectations from the government on the extent of local community interest to take precautionary measures against natural hazards. A descriptive - survey method and a questionnaire were used for this purpose. In this study, the level of analysis is rural and its unit of analysis are rural households. Fazl has been selected as the study area, which is one of the districts of Neyshabur County in Khorasan Razavi province. At first, 15 villages were selected for field study through Formula N0 and then, sample villages were selected based on the location of the villages in the hazardous areas. Research indicators and variables have been compiled according to the theoretical foundations and review of previous studies. Variable of expectations level of local communities about intervention and the role of government in the risk process have been measured the following two types of structural and non-structural approaches and variable of propensity to take preventive measures by local communities have been measured the following economic, social, skill-individual and physical-environmental dimensions. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, linear regression test, and one-way ANOVA were used to measure the purpose and data analysis. The present study has applied nature and is a descriptive-analytical research. Results and discussion: According to the results, in the study area the tendency to preventive measures in all economic, social, skill-individual and physical-environmental dimensions is lower than the average level. The level of expectations of the sample communities from the government against risk indicates that these expectations are very high in both structural and non-structural sectors as well as before, during and after the risks. The results of the Pearson correlation test indicate that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of rural expectations of government and the reluctance of local communities to take precautionary measures against natural hazards. On the other hand, the results of the regression test also confirm the variable impact of rural expectations of the government on the reluctance of local communities to take precautionary measures against natural hazards. Based on the results, Willingness to take preventive measures are more prevalent among villagers whose their preferential reaction to risk is based on the documentation and archive of their experience.Conclusion: In general, the emphasis on preventive measures before the occurrence of hazards and to take the process of risk management by local communities is one of the priorities of many governments in the process of risk management. In the meantime, the reliance on the government, or the high level of expectations of the people from government on risk management measures, has led to a significantly decrease in their reluctance and participation in preventive measures. Perhaps this level of expectation from the government about risk management can be largely attributed to the inaccurate timely management of the risk management process by government agencies and crisis management authorities, So that if the costs of rebuilding and repairing the damage are shifted to participatory preventive measures, Increasing the readiness of local communities to deal with the effects of hazards and mitigating the damages, Their level of expectations and views on government duties and the scope of these tasks were made clearer. However, one should not neglect the small villagers' financial ability to preventive measures and the status of supervisory levers. Encouraging people to take precautionary measures and be prepared for natural hazards, existence strict rules for people who have built their homes in hazardous areas, Raising public awareness of preventive measures and preparedness for natural hazards, forming voluntary and mobilizing groups from local communities and training them in emergencies to respond quickly, create funds by local people to raise funds for emergencies, these include suggestions to increase the willingness of local communities to take preventive measures In line reduce public dependence on government action. According to the results, in the study area the tendency to preventive measures in all economic, social, skill-individual and physical-environmental dimensions is lower than the average level.the present study analyzes the impact of expectations from the government on the extent of local community interest to take precautionary measures against natural hazards}, keywords = {Expectation from Government,Local communities,Preventive measures,Natural hazards,Neyshabur County}, title_fa = {تحلیل رابطة سطح انتظارات از دولت و تمایل جوامع محلی به اقدامات پیشگیرانه در برابر مخاطرات (مطالعة موردی: نواحی روستایی شهرستان نیشابور)}, abstract_fa = {امروزه، تأکید بر مدیریت ریسک و اجرای اقدامات پیشگیرانه به ‏عنوان اساسی ‏ترین رویکرد در ادبیات مدیریت بحران مطرح است. اما تحقق این فرایند، به‏ویژه در جوامع روستایی و با جلب مشارکت جوامع محلی به انجام‏دادن اقدامات پیشگیرانه تحت ‏الشعاع عوامل و موانع بسیاری است که سطح انتظارات جوامع محلی از دولت و وابستگی به آن برای مدیریت بحران و اثرهای آن یکی از مهم‏ترین این عوامل است. بنابراین، در پژوهش حاضر به تحلیل تأثیر انتظارات از دولت بر میزان تمایل جوامع محلی به مشارکت در انجام‏دادن اقدامات پیشگیرانه در برابر سوانح طبیعی با روش توصیفی- پیمایشی و با ابزار پرسش‏نامه پرداخته شده ‏است. به ‏منظور سنجش هدف و تحلیل داده ‏ها، از آزمون‏ های تی تک ‏نمونه ‏ای، همبستگی پیرسون، آزمون رگرسیون خطی، و آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک ‏طرفه استفاده شده ‏است. پژوهش حاضر به لحاظ ماهیت کاربردی و از لحاظ نوع تحقیقات توصیفی- تحلیلی است. بر اساس نتایج به‏ دست‏ آمده، در منطقة مورد مطالعه میزان تمایل روستاییان به اقدامات پیشگیرانه پایین ‏تر از سطح متوسط است. در حالی که سطح انتظارات مردم از دولت در برابر سوانح طبیعی بسیار بالاست. همچنین، ضمن تأیید ارتباط بین این دو متغیر، تأثیرگذاری متغیر انتظارات روستاییان از دولت بر عدم تمایل جوامع محلی به اقدامات پیشگیرانه در برابر سوانح طبیعی با میزان ضریب 38 درصد تبیین و تأیید می‏شود. از سویی، بر اساس نتایج به‏دست‏آمده، تمایل به اقدامات پیشگیرانه در بین روستاییانی که واکنش ترجیحی آن‏ها در برابر سوانح بر اساس مستندات و آرشیو تجربة آن‏هاست بیشتر از سایر روستاییان است.}, keywords_fa = {تمرکززدایی,جوامع محلی,سوانح طبیعی,شهرستان نیشابور,مدیریت ریسک}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82000.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82000_392f2627dd84d8ce56c26dacfe2dc7f9.pdf} } @article { author = {Hoseini, Akram and Taghiloo, Ali Akbar and Movaghari, Alireza}, title = {Zoning of urban smart living spaces Case study: Five Municipalities area of Urmia city}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1335-1351}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.293172.1008040}, abstract = {IntroductionIn order to minimize the undesirable effects of unsteady growth of Urmia and to apply the smart-growth model for this city, recognizing the characteristics of different areas and their inequality in planning, is the basis of the work. Therefore, proper planning should be done to eliminate these inequalities and transform the optimal situation. Areas need to be categorized in terms of "development" in order to plan for whether or not they are developed. In measuring smart growth indices, there are different types of statistical methods and techniques. Using quantitative criteria and methods to classify the neighbourhoods and urban areas of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices not only recognizes the differences between areas, but also these criteria for determining the types. The services needed and the adjustment of inequality between areas of the city. The present study tries to study the spatial distribution of urban smart growth components in the five urban areas of Urmia and based on the obtained scores, the rate of urban smart growth indices in three levels of smart, semi-intelligent and less intelligent. Therefore, the following objectives were considered for the study: Identification of Smart Areas of Urmia, Prioritizing Urban Areas of Urmia for Future Planning in line with Urban Smart Growth Pattern and Identifying Homogeneous Neighborhoods of Urmia in terms of Urban Smart Growth Indicators.MethodologyThe approach of the research method in this study is of applied type and it is descriptive-analytical and correlational. Spatial statistics tests were used to model the spatial pattern of smart neighbourhood distribution. To identify the spatial pattern of intelligent living spaces and finally to identify the desired zones. First, library studies were used to identify smart city indices from different sources and databases. Accordingly, six main indices (intelligent dynamics, intelligent people, intelligent living, intelligent environments, intelligent governance, and smart economics) with 91 items were used. The field was determined. Regarding the research subject, random sampling was used in order to obtain the maximum accuracy coefficient in obtaining samples with a high degree of characteristics of the statistical population and the results of which can be generalized to the whole population. According to Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample population. Simple random stratified sampling and distribution of samples for 30 neighbourhoods were done based on proportional allocation. Questionnaires were collected based on field method through direct interviews with residents of five districts. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software. The reliability of the research is significant since the reliability of the questionnaire was assigned to each of the answers 1 to 5 with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.785. In order to complete the questionnaire, a questionnaire was distributed in each of the five urban areas. According to the objectives of the study, Shannon entropy (as a multi-criteria decision-making method) was used to evaluate and rank Urmia metropolitan areas in terms of smart growth indices. Regression analysis (Pearson function and linear regression) were used in SPSS software.Results and discussionTo achieve definitive ranking in terms of smart growth indices, all 91 variables were computed using Shannon entropy model and results were slightly different. In terms of integrated indices of Region 3, with an entropy value of 1 was ranked first. The region was also ranked first in smart living indicators. The last rank came in the 4th place with an entropy value of 0 which was in the last place in relation to the smart governance index. Overall, Region 3 was ranked as one of the most prosperous regions in terms of smart growth indices with economic and social structure, good accessibility, favourable environment, dynamic economy, proper urban infrastructure, proportional distribution of land uses and construction density. The mean of the integrated indices is 0.39 and the standard deviation is 0.39. Area one has the highest score above average and other areas are below average. Using the inequality coefficient, the coefficient of equilibrium in urban smart growth indices between urban areas for these indicators was calculated and a value of 1.01 was obtained, indicating heterogeneity and divergence between urban areas in terms of intelligence indicators. This inequality is affected by the inadequate distribution of facilities and services throughout the city. According to the calculated entropy and inequality coefficient, there are differences and inequality between the neighbourhoods of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices. In other words, this paper investigates and ranks the neighbourhoods of the five urban areas of Urmia for urban smart growth index using Shannon entropy model. The results of the ranking show that the neighbourhoods of Urmia city achieved different scores and scores in each of the indicators of a smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart dynamics, and smart environment. This indicates significant inequality and differences in some indicators. The highest inequality between the indicators of smart governance and the lowest inequality between the indicators of intelligent life. All six indices (91 items) were combined and then tested for composite rank. Then the entropy of each index was calculated and classified using three clusters using cluster analysis. According to the consolidated results, smart growth index in neighbourhood 8 Shahrivar with entropy value 0.799 located in region 3 is in the first rank among smart neighbourhoods. The neighbourhoods of the school, Isarah, Imamate and Ayatollah Dastgheib are in second to fifth place, respectively. The last rank of this ranking is for the Kohnavard neighbourhood with an entropy value of 0.16 located in District 2 of Urmia.ConclusionCombined regression fitting shows that smart living variables have the greatest impact on predicting and developing the spatial structure of smart growth in urban neighbourhoods so that one unit change in the deviation of smart living indices will cause 0.680 units to change in integrated growth indices. The results emphasize the need for attention and prioritization of the Kohnavard neighbourhood in Zone 2 in future development and planning.}, keywords = {Living Space",Smart City Indicators",Shannon Entropy",",Ranking",Urmia City"}, title_fa = {ارزیابی سطح هوشمندی محلات شهری ارومیه مورد مطالعه: مناطق پنج‏‏گانة شهر ارومیه}, abstract_fa = {هدف از این تحقیق بررسی و تحلیل فضایی شاخص ‏های شهر هوشمند و عوامل مؤثر بر آن از طریق  شش شاخص حکمروایی، مردم، زندگی، پویایی، محیط، و اقتصاد هوشمند است. روش پژوهش این تحقیق تحلیلی- توصیفی و آزمون همبستگی است. برای تجزیه ‏و تحلیل داده‏ ها نیز از مدل‏ های کمی تصمیم ‏گیری ‏های چندمعیارة آنتروپی، ضریب پراکندگی، تحلیل خوشه ‏ای، و تحلیل رگرسیون استفاده‏ شده است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 384 نفر انتخاب شد. روش نمونه ‏گیری طبقه ‏بندی تصادفی ساده و تخصیص متناسب است. بر اساس نتایج به ‏دست‏آمده، شاخص شهر هوشمند در محلة 8 شهریور با امتیاز تاپسیس 0.799 واقع در منطقة 3 در رتبة نخست هوشمندی در بین محله‏ های شهر است که بیشترین ضریب تأثیر در این محله مربوط به شاخص‏های زندگی هوشمند با امتیاز 0.29 است. رتبة آخر این رده بندی مربوط به محلة کوهنورد با امتیاز 0.16 واقع در منطقة 2 شهر ارومیه است. همچنین، میزان هوشمندی بین شاخص‏ های تلفیقی در رتبه ‏بندی مناطق پنج‏گانه، منطقة 3 با وزن 1 و منطقة 4 با وزن 0.001 به‏عنوان دو قطب متضاد برخوردار و محروم در سطح محله مطر‏ح ‏اند. بین حکمروایی و شاخص‏ های تلفیقی شهر هوشمند ارتباط همبستگی معناداری مشاهده نشد. شاخص ضریب پراکندگی نشان می ‏دهد در بین شاخص ‏های مختلف بیشترین میزان نابرابری در شاخص ‏های مردم هوشمند با مقدار 0.86 و کمترین میزان نابرابری در شاخص ‏های محیط هوشمند با مقدار 0.40 وجود دارد. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل رگرسیون توأم نشان می‏دهد از بین شاخص ‏های شش‏گانه، شاخص ‏های زندگی و اقتصاد هوشمند بیشترین سطح معناداری را در تبیین و پیش‏بینی شهر هوشمند دارند.}, keywords_fa = {اجزای هوشمند,شهر هوشمند,شهر ارومیه,فضای شهری}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82288.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82288_03c4ad6ec958192d3bfecc31a56c69b6.pdf} } @article { author = {Pishgahi Fard, Zahra and Noorali, Hassan}, title = {A Study of Neglected Theories in Geopolitical Literature of Iran}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1353-1374}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.313698.1008203}, abstract = {IntroductionThe term "geopolitics" was first coined in 1899 by a Swedish political scientist named Rudolf Kellen. There are many definitions of geopolitics, sometimes it is considered as a science and sometimes it is presented in the form of knowledge and discourse. The Larousse Dictionary mentions geopolitics as a science. While critical geopolitics thinkers believe that geopolitics does not have a separate and pervasive meaning and identity, but is a different cultural and political discourse and way of describing, writing and representing geography and international politics. They believe that geopolitics is a type of power / knowledge that at the beginning of the twentieth century was concerned with the expansion of nations and the security of empires.The World Geography Dictionary believes that geopolitics are policies that Territorial relations and the aspirations of political institutions are taking place. Geopolitical theories with the nature of predicting the events of the future world system, have generally been proposed with the centrality of different geographical locations in the field of global power competition. Our main goal in this research is to study 15 geopolitical theories that have been neglected in the specialized literature of this field in Iran.MethodologyThe present study is of a fundamental and theoretical type that tries to expand the boundaries of general knowledge of this science in Iran by examining the neglected theories of geopolitics. The method of data collection in this research is documentary and library and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical.Results and ConclusionSo far, many theories have been studied and analyzed in the specialized geopolitical literature in Iran. However, there are some theories that have not been examined for various reasons, such as the breadth of the global geopolitical literature or the novelty of the theories. Therefore, in the present study, we reviewed and analyzed 12 important theories that were neglected in the Iranian geopolitical literature, and also in the end, we briefly introduced 3 other less cited geopolitical theories. These theories start with Charles Doran's theory in 1971 and continue to Verbowski's theory in 2020. They include: 1. The power cycle (Doran): This theory explains the changing structure of the world power system and reflects the change in structure The system and the rise and fall of a country as a great power. 2. Linkage (Kissinger): This theory connects all the sensitive and troublesome parts of the world to the Soviet Union, and considers the involvement of the United States in any conflict to examine its impact on the superpower balance. 3. The Fall of the Russian Empire (Collins): He proposed a geopolitical theory based on the conditions that determined the emergence and geopolitical collapse of territorial power and correctly predicted the fall of the Soviet Union. 4. Eurasian Chessboard (Brzezinski): This theory likens the land of Eurasia to a chessboard with a major player for the first time in US history. 5. The Last Map (Kaplan): The Kaplan map is divided into rich north and poor south, where the south, especially Africa, is doomed to chaos. In fact, this map will be an immutable display of chaos. 6. Death of Heartland (Trenin): This theory states that the new Russia has lost its former quality as the center of world power (Heartland). So by the end of the heartland, the country must join the West. 7. Systematic geopolitical configuration (Dussouy) In this attractive model, Dussouy introduces 5 spaces, which include three central levels: demographic space, diplomatic-strategic space and economic space. 8. The Maritime Ring (Cohen): He believes that the growth of population, economy and political power along the coast and ports is the main reason for the geographical change (continentalism towards navigation) that creates a Maritime ring. Cohen tests this theory in the United States and says that the maritome ring is the center of gravity of American commerce. 9. Role Realignment Theory (Lahneman): This theory, which is influenced by the Charles's cycle of power, states that with the rise or fall of nations in power cycles, power gaps in maps appear due to an inherent stagnation in the planning of roles and responsibilities. For Lahneman, role-power gaps are defined using four roles: structural, declarative, operational, and attributive. 10. The end of geopolitics and the beginning of geopolinomics (Kazi): This theory is based on the work of Demco and Wood and believes that in the 21st century, power rivalry is based on geopolnomical components such as energy corridors, modern Silk Roads and ports, Thus we are witnessing the end of traditional geopolitical patterns that have been replaced by global geopolinomics. 11. Heartland Fascination (Ristick and Malinson): This theory takes an unscientific and unrealistic view of geopolitics and argues that geopolitics and heartland fascination are very dangerous to international relations because of the instrumental approach in the actors' think tank. In addition to being unscientific, this theory ignores the pacifist geopolitical dimension (geopacific) and its applied dimension based on humanistic geopolitics. 12. The framework of network geopolitical metaphors (Verbovszky): The purpose of using metaphor in this theory is to provide a framework and vocabulary for understanding some political changes. It is a metaphorical framework, the geopolitics of a network based on a new balance of power, with the play of strategic actors, strategic disruptors, digital militants and strategic citizens. Three other lesser-cited geopolitical theories include: 1. Hierarchical regional grouping (Chrone): This theory presented ten regional groupings and believed that the Pacific would become the arena of future confrontation for the Soviet Union, the United States, and China. 2. Key regions (Silak): Silak 25 centuries ago believed that any country that dominates the three key and strategic regions, namely Bahrain, Oman and Yemen, will rule the world. 3. The Arabian Peninsula, the axis of world power (Schreiber): The focus of this theory was the Arabian Peninsula, which believed that any country that dominates the peninsula would dominate the entire continent of Europe, and that any country that dominates the continent of Europe would rule the world.}, keywords = {Geopolitical Theories,Geopolitics,power,politics,geography}, title_fa = {بررسی نظریه‌های مورد غفلت قرار گرفته در ادبیات ژئوپلیتیک ایران}, abstract_fa = {نظریه‌های ژئوپلیتیکی با ماهیت پیش‌بینی وقایع نظام آینده جهانی، عموماً با مرکزیت موقعیت‌های جغرافیایی مختلف در عرصه رقابت قدرت جهانی مطرح شده‌اند. تا کنون آثار ارزشمندی از نظریه‌های ژئوپلیتیک در ادبیات تخصصی این مبحث در ایران منتشر شده است. با این وجود نظریه‌هایی وجود دارد که تا کنون در ایران مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار نگرفته‌اند و یا به‌صورت بسیار پراکنده و یا تیتروار در کتب و مقاله‌های گسترده ژئوپلیتیکی به آن‌ها پرداخته شده است. هدف اصلی این تحقیق بنیادی و نظری، با روش جمع آوری داده به شکل اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای و شیوۀ تحلیل اطلاعات توصیفی – تحلیلی، بررسی نظریه‌های مغفول مانده در ادبیات ژئوپلیتیک ایران به‌صورت نظام‌مند است که با رجوع به منابع معتبر بین‌المللی از میان مهمترین آثار اندیشمندان کلاسیک و معاصر این رشته به دست آمده است. این نظریه‌ها عبارت‌اند از: سیکل قدرت (دوران)، به هم پیوستگی (کیسینجر)، اضمحلال امپراتوری روسیه (کالینز)، تخته شطرنج اوراسیا (برژینسکی) آخرین نقشه (کاپلان)، مرگ هارتلند (تزنین)، پیکربندی سیستماتیک ژئوپلیتیک (دوسویی)، حلقه دریایی (کوهن)، تجدید آرایش نقش بازیگران (لانمن)، پایان ژئوپلیتیک و آغاز ژئوپلی نومی (کازی)، مجذوب‌هارتلند (ریستیک و مالینسون)، چارچوب استعاره‌ای ژئوپلیتیک شبکه‌ای (وربوفسکی) که محوریت بحث ما در این پژوهش را تشکیل می‌دهد. سیر زمانی این نظریه‌ها از 1971 تا 2020 ادامه دارد. همچنین در پایان به‌صورت فشرده، 3 نظریه ژئوپلیتیکی کم استناد دیگر شامل گروه بندی منطقه‌ای سلسله مراتبی (کرون)، مناطق کلیدی (سیلاک)، شبه جزیره عربستان، محور قدرت جهانی (شرایبر) را بررسی خواهیم کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {نظریه‌های ژئوپلیتیک,ژئوپلیتیک,قدرت,سیاست,جغرافیا}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80818.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80818_54a8bc7f9de8fe87b57524f849ec6c8d.pdf} } @article { author = {Cheraghi, Sara and Nazari, Vali Alah and Shahryar, Fatemeh}, title = {The Effects of Cultural Diversity on Urban Identity Construction (Case Study: Karaj District 6)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1375-1392}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.293822.1008045}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionCulture is a systematic system of basic beliefs and assumptions, values, etiquettes and patterns of rooted and long-lasting behavior, symbols and artifacts that shape and shape the perceptions, behaviors and relationships of society and make its identity. The weakening and cultural rupture that results from socio-economic developments in different historical periods, including war, migration, and poverty, is a loss that threatens social identity. Culture can be borrowed, developed, and enriched from history, but it is not easy to acquire culture, and its positive or negative effects can be very profound. This confusion caused by the migration and gathering of different ethnic groups, especially in the city of Karaj and its District 6, can be perceived. Different symbols, beliefs, values ​​and norms sometimes lead to conflict and cultural mixing due to management. Inadequate will lead to cultural alienation and identity alienation and distance from the proposition of cultural diversity that can lead to development.The purpose of this study is to identify the identity of the city along with all its mental aspects such as ethnicity and social groups and the cultural diversity associated with it. Karaj, and consequently District 6, with such a variety of cultures, seems to have failed to achieve the desired identity.MethodologyThe present study is a quantitative one based on description and analysis and for practical purpose. This process will first begin with documentary studies examining the indicators and criteria required and developing a theoretical framework. In the next step we will examine and analyze the research position using the questionnaire tool by the citizens. After testing the hypotheses, we will provide the necessary solutions. Documentation and field method will be used for data collection. In the popular questionnaire we will use descriptive and analytical statistics. The type of analysis will depend on the type of data distribution, the population of Karaj District 6, which is about 270,000 people. Statistical sample is 390 according to Cochran formula. The sample is distributed according to the localities of District 6 and is questioned. The face validity of the questionnaire will be confirmed by the opinions of 3 experts and its reliability will be confirmed by Cronbach's alpha.Results and discussionIn the first hypothesis (it seems that the influential cultural factors in architecture play a significant role in the construction of urban identity), the correlation between the influential cultural factors in architecture and identity with the significant level of 0.000 and the severity of the relationship 0.709 indicates a significant relationship between the two variables. Since the significance level of the test is less than 0.05, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between cultural factors influencing architecture and the dependent variable of identity. The relationship is positive and direct and high, ie, with the increase of cultural factors influencing architecture, the level of identity also increases in the sense that changes in the independent variable will cause the dependent variable to fluctuate. The assumption H1 is then confirmed.The second hypothesis examines the relationship between identity constructs and identity effects. According to the total correlation coefficient between identity and identity effects is 0.699 and its significance level is 0.000 which indicates a direct relationship between the two variables. The direction of the relationship is positive, direct and high, since the significance level of the test is less than 0.05, so it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the amount of identity effects and identity, so the hypothesis H1 is confirmed. This hypothesis suggests that identity-building effects were able to directly influence identity variables. That is, with the increase in the effects of identity building, the identity also increases in the sense that changes in the independent variable will cause oscillations in the dependent variable.In order to measure the level of identity with the origin of cultural diversity in Karaj District 6, three dimensions of cultural factors influencing architecture, identity effects and cultural factors influencing traditional and customs were investigated and evaluated. Friedman test was used to analyze and evaluate the data.The results show that the identity status of Karaj District 6 is undesirable.ConclusionOne of the most important achievements of this research is the emphasis on the fact that society is not only summarized in national identity, but also has an ethnic identity that embodies values ​​and norms shared with national identity. Cultural diversity can be merged and intertwined in layers to provide a composite identity and to separate them and make it difficult and perhaps impossible. The peaceful coexistence of ethnic groups in the city of Karaj is important confirmation that one-dimensional, polar and polarized identities have changed in favor of mixed and multi-dimensional identities. All three hypotheses were tested based on the questionnaire data.It seems that influential cultural factors in architecture have an important role in the construction of urban identityIdentification effects seem to play a significant role in the construction of urban identityTraditional cultural factors and customs seem to play a significant role in the construction of urban identity.But according to the Friedman test, the level of independent variables is below the average with respect to the questionnaire data and some strategies need to be considered.At the end of the study, strategies were presented to cope with this situation. Taking advantage of Iranian, Islamic, historical and subjective signs of cultural diversity appropriate to urban spaces, utilizing identity-building effects such as elements, monuments, furniture and signs, helping to promote a sense of belonging with placement. The area of presence in urban spaces with an identity that combines cultural diversity of the region, utilizing the potential of the civic network to improve the identity of the area with the development of a culture of partnership, emphasizes a variety of neighborhoods including proposed strategies.}, keywords = {Keywords: cultural diversity,Identity,construction,Customs,identity effects}, title_fa = {بررسی اثرات تنوع فرهنگی در ساخت هویت شهری (نمونة موردی: منطقة 6 شهر کرج)}, abstract_fa = {فرهنگ نظام ‏واره ‏ای از باورها، ارزش ‏ها، الگوهای رفتاری دیرپا، و نمادهاست که رفتارها و مناسبات جامعه را شکل می‏ دهد. فرهنگ را می‏ توان از تاریخ به ‏عاریه گرفت، توسعه داد، و غنی ساخت، اما کسب فرهنگ به ‏آسانی امکان‏پذیر نیست و آثار مثبت یا منفی آن می ‏تواند بسیار گسترده باشد. این درهم ‏آمیختگی و سردرگمی ناشی از مهاجرت و گردهمایی اقوام مختلف به‏ ویژه در شهر کرج و منطقة 6 آن قابل درک است. از این رو، نمادها، باورها، ارزش‏ها، و هنجارهای متفاوت گاهی به تضاد و نزاع منجر شده و اختلاط و التقاط فرهنگی پیش‏آمده را در منطقة 6 شهرداری کرج به علت مدیریت نامناسب به سوی ازخودبیگانگی فرهنگی و هویتی سوق داده است و از گزارة تنوع فرهنگی، که می‏تواند موجبات توسعه باشد، فاصله گرفته است. بر این اساس، پژوهشی در منطقة 6 کرج با هدف شناخت هویت شهر انجام شده است. برای این منظور، در پژوهش حاضر، که از نوع کمی مبتنی بر پیمایش با بهره‏بردن از ابزار پرسش‏نامه است، با بررسی نظریات مرتبط سه معیار‏ـ عوامل فرهنگی اثرساز در معماری، نمادهای هویت‏ساز، و عوامل فرهنگی مبتنی بر سنت‏ـ به ‏عنوان عامل‏ های اثرگذار در هویت فرهنگی منطقة 6 شهری کرج مورد ارزیابی محققان قرار گرفته است. برای تعیین حجم نمونة آماری، 390 نفر، از فرمول کوکران استفاده شده است. همچنین، پس از استدلال‏ های آماری مورد نیاز بخش تجزیه و تحلیل داده ‏ها، یافته‏ های پژوهش نشان داده است که وضعیت هویتی منطقة 6 شهر کرج نامطلوب است و از یک بی ‏هویتی فرهنگی رنج می ‏برد.}, keywords_fa = {آداب و رسوم,تنوع فرهنگی,جلوه ‏های هویت ‏ساز,ساخت,هویت}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79667.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79667_f17272ca0c203c050dc29315063d4dfb.pdf} } @article { author = {Bayat, Hamid reza}, title = {Geopolitical Concepts and Categories of Russia’s Relations with America and The European Union in the Syrian Crisis}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1393-1412}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.294045.1008047}, abstract = {Extended AbstractThis study presents a structural model to investigate the most important geopolitical concepts and categories influencing Russia’s relations with America and the European Union in the Syrian crisis considering these concepts and categories’ importance and relevance with each other.IntroductionThe Syrian crisis, which began in 2011 as a result of disputes between the Assad government and his internal opposition, has had a profound impact on the conditions of the world geopolitical system. The purpose of the present study is to identify the geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the model of Russian geopolitical relations as a supporter of the Assad government with the US and the European Union as supporters of groups opposed to the Assad government in the Syrian crisis. For this reason, this study tries to find the most important geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the model of trans-regional power relations in this crisis, considering the importance and relevance of these concepts and categories to each other. To answer the research question, we will proceed with the following hypothesis the basis of which will be explained in the research methodology section.The model of Russia's geopolitical relations with the US and the European Union as trans-regional powers present in the geopolitical crisis of Syria seems to be influenced by geographical factors, ideological factors, geopolitical codes, geo-strategic factors, geo-economic factors, conditions of regional geo-economic system and the conditions of the world geopolitical system.Research MethodologyThe method of this study is mixed in nature (qualitative-quantitative) and exploratory in terms of purpose. Also taxonomy and modeling was the basis for methodology of this study. The qualitative part of the research is carried out using the grounded theory based on the emerging themes of Strauss and Corbin. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares method (PLS-SEM) and Smart PLS 3 software have been used in the quantitative phase.Results and discussionThe World Geopolitical SystemThe world geopolitical system with a path coefficient of 0.823 in the tested model has the greatest impact on the competitive model of Russian interference with the US and Europe in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, which includes concepts of Syria's importance in the geopolitical strategy of world powers and world powers competition.Geostrategic factorsGeostrategic factors with a path coefficient of 0.812 in the tested model of the model of trans-regional power relations in the Syrian geopolitical crisis are considered to be the second important factor that includes the concepts of Syria's military importance and the importance of its communication route.Geopolitical codesThe geopolitical codes in the model tested with the path coefficient of 0.789 are the third factor influencing the formation of competitive geopolitical models of trans-regional powers intervention in the Syrian geopolitical crisis; this factor, in the qualitative model of geopolitical relations of Trans-regional powers in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, includes concepts of domestic policy and foreign policy.The regional geopolitical systemThe regional geopolitical system with a path coefficient of 0.768 is the fourth influential factor in the model of Russia’s relations with America and the EU in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, which includes concepts of trans-regional powers' relations with regional powers as well as the competition of the regional powers in the Syrian geopolitical crisis.Geographical factorsGeographic factors with path coefficient of 0.747 are the fifth effective variable in the tested model of trans-regional power relations in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, which includes the geographical and relative position of Syria, the migration concepts, the boundary and territorial concepts and the ethnicity concepts. Ideological factorsAccording to the tested model of research, the sixth effective variable in the model of competitive geopolitical relations of trans-regional powers interventions in the Syrian geopolitical crisis are ideological factors with path coefficient of 0.741 which are formed of religious and discourse concepts.Geo-economic factorsAccording to the tested model of the research, geo-economic factors with path coefficient of 0.732 are the last effective factor in the model of competitive-geopolitical interference of trans-regional powers in the Syrian geopolitical crisis; this variable, in the qualitative research model, includes Energy sources and economic concepts.ConclusionThe geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the research model are the result of the reciprocal relations of geographical factors and values, the factor of politics and power, which are related to the geopolitical interests of the trans-regional powers present in the Syrian crisis. These geographical concepts and categories, in addition to having a direct impact on the model of Russia’s relations with America and the European Union in the Syrian crisis, are also interconnected and affect one another. Understanding these concepts and categories are possible within a structural model taking into account their importance and relationship with Each other. It should be noted, however, that over time, the importance of geographical and geopolitical categories in the model of regional and trans-regional power relations in the Syrian geopolitical crisis may be reduced or increased, and their order may change.The geographical and geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the relations of Russia, American, and the European Union in the Syrian crisis show that in addition to being an internal crisis between the Assad government and his internal opponents, this crisis has become a geopolitical crisis and a context of power relations between foreign powers which is influenced by Russia’s relations with America and European Union at the level of trans-regional powers. Also, given the importance of these geographical concepts and categories for these powers, they seek to manage and control the crisis rather than resolve it in order to maximize their use of the Syrian crisis for their geopolitical purposes and interests; This crisis has become one of the longest contemporary geopolitical crises in the world geopolitical system, and political and diplomatic efforts have failed to find a solution for it.}, keywords = {"Structural Modelling","Grounded Theory","Geopolitical Crisis","Trans-regional Powers"," Geopolitical Concepts and Categories"}, title_fa = {ابعاد و مؤلفه‏ های ژئوپلیتیکی روابط روسیه با امریکا و اتحادیة اروپا در بحران سوریه}, abstract_fa = {در پژوهش حاضر به شناخت مهم ‏ترین ابعاد و مؤلفه‏ های ژئوپلیتیکی مؤثر در روابط روسیه با امریکا و اتحادیة اروپا در بحران سوریه با درنظرگرفتن اهمیت و ارتباط این ابعاد و مؤلفه‏ ها با یکدیگر و در قالب یک مدل ساختاری پرداخته شده است. این پژوهش با روش ترکیبی انجام شده است؛ در بخش کیفی آن با استفاده از نظریة داده ‏بنیاد الگوی عوامل ژئوپلیتیکی مؤثر در روابط روسیه با امریکا و اتحادیة اروپا در بحران سوریه طراحی شده و در بخش کمی با روش مدل ‏سازی ساختاری و نرم‏افزار Smart PLS الگوی حاصل در معرض آزمون کمی قرار گرفته است. بر اساس یافته‏ های پژوهش، ابعاد و مؤلفه ‏های ژئوپلیتیکی روابط روسیه با امریکا و اتحادیة اروپا در بحران سوریه عبارت است از: شرایط نظام ژئوپلیتیک جهانی با مؤلفه‏ های اهمیت سوریه در راهبرد ژئوپلیتیکی این قدرت‏ ها و رقابت این قدرت‏ ها در نظام ژئوپلیتیک جهانی، عوامل ژئواستراتژیکی با مؤلفه ‏های اهمیت نظامی سوریه و اهمیت مسیر ارتباطی این کشور، کدهای ژئوپلیتیکی با مؤلفه‏ های شرایط داخلی و سیاست خارجی این قدرت‏ ها نسبت به بحران سوریه، نظام ژئوپلیتیک منطقه ‏ای با مؤلفه‏ های روابط قدرت ‏های فرامنطقه ‏ای با قدرت‏ های منطقه ‏ای و رقابت قدرت‏ های منطقه ‏ای، عوامل جغرافیایی با مؤلفه ‏های موقعیت جغرافیایی و موقعیت نسبی سوریه، مهاجرتی، سرزمینی و قومیتی، عوامل ایدئولوژیکی با مؤلفه‏ های مذهبی و گفتمانی و عوامل ژئواکونومیکی با مؤلفه ‏های منابع انرژی و منافع اقتصادی. با توجه به اهمیت ابعاد و مؤلفه‏ های یادشده برای این قدرت‏ ها، آن‏ ها به جای حل بحران به دنبال مدیریت آن‏ اند تا حداکثر بهره را از بحران سوریه در راستای منافع ژئوپلیتیکی خود ببرند؛ به همین سبب، این بحران به یکی از طولانی‏ ترین بحران‏ های ژئوپلیتیکی دوران معاصر در نظام جهانی تبدیل شده و تلاش ‏های دیپلماتیک برای حل آن بی ‏نتیجه مانده است.}, keywords_fa = {ابعاد و مؤلفه‏ های ژئوپلیتیکی,بحران ژئوپلیتیکی,قدرت‏ های فرامنطقه ‏ای,مدل‏ سازی ساختاری,نظریة داده ‏بنیاد}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78574.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78574_d00265ad887c71077f5eab95c352e2e7.pdf} } @article { author = {Jahanshahi, Hajar and Varesi, Hamidreza and Taghvaei, Masood}, title = {Measuring and Analyzing Urban Development Strategies with Sustainable Development Approach Using Fuzzy Logic (Case Study: Bushehr Port)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1413-1432}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.296308.1008071}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroduction: The city as a multidimensional and dynamic system always faces complex and wide-ranging challenges. These complexities have led planners to seek new approaches to urban planning. Sustainable development has been one of the most important concerns of researchers in recent decades, as it encompasses all aspects and aspects of human life. Sustainable development has been one of the most important concerns of researchers in recent decades, as it encompasses all aspects of human life. Today, the need to pay attention to sustainable development is one of the things that everyone agrees on. New cities [today] face many physical, economic and social problems due to lack of sustainable development indicators. Accordingly, the term development is intended to promote the quality and quality of life of individuals and to improve the general well-being and sustainability of society and refers to the continuation of this process throughout the generations. Accordingly, the term development refers to the promotion of the quality and quality of life of individuals and to the general well-being and sustainability of society, and refers to the continuation of this process throughout the generations. Considering the increasing growth of Bushehr port in recent years and the increasing urban problems in various dimensions and the necessity of adopting sustainable urban development approaches for its future planning, this study seeks to use the strategic planning to To prioritize the development drivers of Bushehr.Methodology: This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and using survey method (questionnaire) in the form of urban development strategies and is considered as a practical application. The statistical population of the study consisted of 30 experts from the field of urban planning. Fuzzy system has been used for weighting strategies.Results and Discussion: According to the findings obtained separately for the two districts of Bushehr, it was found that prioritizing the sub-indices in District One is such that connecting and integrating the two parts of the city with a weight of 0.0777, empowering the poor with Weight 0.0269, Sustainable Revenue Weight 0.067, Spatial Justice Weight 0.061, Historical Textures Improvement 0.0456, Justice Weight 0.0455, Tourism Development and Renovation of Worn Textures With the weight of 0.02453 the highest weight and priority respectively. Democracy with a weight of 0.0117, development of environmental NGOs with a weight of 0.0168, citizenship promotion with a weight of 0.01607 and optimization of energy consumption with a weight of 0.0144 are top priority. And. Also, prioritizing development strategies in the form of key indicators and as development proposals, respectively, spatial physical organization with a weight of 0.224, urban viability of 0.188, strengthening of the urban economy with a weight of 0.178. Good urban governance with a weight of 0.153, urban environment with a weight of 0.134 and sustainable urban access with a weight of 0.102 were the highest weighted and prioritized, respectively. On the other hand, in Bushehr District 2, sub-indices are prioritized in such a way: informal accommodation with a weight of 0.082, passive defense with a weight of 0.068, interconnection and integration of two parts of the city with a weight 0.0266, social welfare with the weight of 0.0257, spatial justice with the weight of 0.0255, stable income with the weight of 0.0254 and participation with the weight of 0.050 are the highest rank and priority. Also, housing development with a weight of 0.0167, urban development with a weight of 0.0164, development of environmental NGOs with a weight of 0.0153 and energy consumption optimization with a weight of 0.0152 were the lowest. Also, in prioritizing development priorities in zone 2, the final score was spatial physical organization strategies with a weight of 0.225, urban viability with a weight of 0.192, strengthening of the urban economy with a weight of 0.165, good urban governance with a weight. 0.153, 0.137 urban environment and 0.102 sustainable urban access, respectively, were the most weighted and prioritized. This comparison shows that respondents in urban development strategies in the two areas of Bushehr are similar. However, given the different circumstances, there is only a slight disagreement in prioritizing the sub-indicators. This is due to the formation of dysfunctional textures and informal settlements without the supervision of urban management and consequently the settling of poor and socioeconomic strata in parts of Zone 2 as well as in parts of the region in the nuclear power plant area. But overall this prioritization based on collective wisdom can serve as a guide and document for the sustainable development of Bushehr for decision makers, especially urban management. The results of the research show that in two areas of Bushehr, the priorities of development strategies are the same, and strategies are: physical-space organization, sustainable urban access, urban economic strengthening, good urban governance, urban biomass and Urban environment is considered as the priorities of sustainable development proponents of Bushehr city, respectively. Of course, there is a slight difference in the ranking of sub-indices between the two urban areas.Conclusion: This comparison shows that respondents in urban development strategies in the two areas of Bushehr are similar. However, given the different circumstances, there is only a slight disagreement in prioritizing the sub-indicators. This is due to the formation of dysfunctional textures and informal settlements without the supervision of urban management and consequently the settling of poor and socioeconomic strata in parts of Zone 2 as well as in parts of the region in the nuclear power plant area. Is. But overall this prioritization based on collective wisdom can serve as a guide and document for the sustainable development of Bushehr for decision makers, especially urban management. Regarding the way of prioritizing key proponents, physical and economic dimensions are prioritized and prioritized and environmental issues rank lower.Key words: Bushehr Port, Urban Strategic Planning, Sustainable Urban Development, Index, Fuzzy Logic.}, keywords = {Key words: Bushehr Port,Urban Strategic Planning,Sustainable urban development,index,Fuzzy logic}, title_fa = {سنجش و تحلیل راهبردهای توسعة شهری با رویکرد توسعة پایدار با استفاده از منطق فازی (نمونة موردی: بندر بوشهر)}, abstract_fa = {شهر، به‏عنوان یک سیستم چندبُعدی و پویا، همواره با چالش‏های پیچیده و گسترده‏ای روبه‏روست. این پیچیدگی‏ها سبب شده که برنامه‏ریزان به دنبال رویکردهای نوین در برنامه‏ریزی شهری باشند. از جملة این رویکردهای نوین، برنامه‏ریزی راهبردی شهری است. بندر بوشهر با توجه به رشد روزافزون جمعیت در سال‏های اخیر و افزایش رو به تزاید مسائل و مشکلات شهری در ابعاد گوناگون (کالبدی، اقتصادی، و فرهنگی)، با محدودیت‏های متعددی مواجه بوده است. همین امر لزوم اتخاذ رویکردهای نوین جهت برنامه‏ریزی آینده‏نگرانه برای این شهر را آشکار می‏‏کند. هدف نگارندگان از این پژوهش آن است که با استفاده از وزن‏دهی به شاخص‏های راهبردی توسعة بوشهر توسط متخصصان برنامه‏‏ریزی شهری و با رویکرد برنامه‏ریزی راهبردی به اولویت‏بندی پیشران‏های توسعه دست یابند. برای این هدف، از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و همچنین روش پیمایشی (پرسش‏نامه) در قالب راهبرد‏‏های توسعة شهری استفاده شد که از نظر هدف کاربردی محسوب می‏شود. جامعة نمونة این پژوهش را سی نفر از کارشناسان حوزة برنامه ‏ریزی شهری تشکیل می ‏دهند. برای وزن‏دهی به راهبرد‏‏ها از اکسل و سیستم فازی استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می ‏دهد که در دو منطقة شهر بوشهر اولویت ‏بندی راهبرد‏‏های توسعه یکسان است و راهبرد‏‏های سامان‏دهی کالبدی- فضایی، دسترسی پایدار شهری، تقویت اقتصاد شهری، حکمروایی خوب شهری، زیست ‏پذیری شهری، و محیط زیست شهری به‏ ترتیب اولویت‏ های پیشران‏ های توسعة پایدار شهر بوشهر محسوب می ‏‏شوند. البته، در اولویت‏ بندی شاخص ‏های فرعی در دو منطقه اندکی تفاوت وجود دارد. با توجه به نحوة اولویت‏ بندی پیشران‏ های کلیدی، ابعاد کالبدی و اقتصادی در اولویت برنامه‏ ریزی ‏اند و مسائل زیست‏ محیطی رتبه ‏های پایین ‏تری را به خود اختصاص داده‏ اند.}, keywords_fa = {بندر بوشهر,برنامه‏ ریزی راهبردی شهری,توسعة پایدار شهری,شاخص ‏های توسعة پایدار,منطق فازی}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81639.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81639_2b575a1a105275d4cc2e9222ba4486cc.pdf} } @article { author = {Shafiee, Nozar and Salehi, Azita}, title = {Explaininig the orientation of India's foreign policy in the Indo-Pacific area}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1433-1451}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.300614.1008105}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Over the past decade or two, it has often been argued that the center of gravity of power has shifted from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In political-security literature, this development is a kind of geopolitical change. Therefore, both the cause of the change and the consequences of the change can be very important. For example, the reason for the change could be a reduction in the security puzzle in the Atlantic Ocean and, conversely, an intensification of the security puzzle in the Pacific. The consequences of this change can be many, complex and even dangerous. One of the consequences of this change is the formation of two geopolitical axes in the Asian region, which can be said to be almost as important as the eastern and western axes during the Cold War and perhaps even more so. The two axes are Indo-Pacific with a focus on the United States and India and Asia-Pacific with a focus on China and Pakistan. Introduction The question is, what is India's foreign policy orientation in the Indo-Pacific area and what factors influence this orientation? The hypothesis of the paper is that India's foreign policy in Indo-Pacific follows a "counterbalance strategy" and is due in part to the particular sensitivities of the Indo-Pacific region to India's interests.Methodology The present article is considered as a development research in terms of type and purpose. The method of the article is descriptive-analytical.Results and Discussions India has to strike a balance between a range of interests and considerations in the Indo-Pacific area, and doing so has left Indian politicians with a complex dilemma. On the other hand, China's growing growth, with the Belt-Road Initiative actually designing a new regional and international order map, worries New Delhi and pushes it to play a role in Indo-Pacific geopolitical architecture. Has forced. On the other hand, India fears that its entry into alliances and alliances against China will provoke the country's sensitivity and force Beijing to create problems for India. So India is trying to behave in such a way that while creating strategic restrictions for China, it will prevent Jane from confronting India in various forms.The Indo-Pacific idea is essentially an American idea for the discipline and geopolitical architecture of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The origin of this idea is the reduction of threats in the Atlantic Ocean and the increase in threats in the Indo-Pacific area. In other words, the US move from the Atlantic to the Pacific and the Indian Ocean is precisely because the Soviet Union collapsed as a rival to the United States, and China emerged as a new rival challenging the hegemonic position of the United States. The theoretical significance of this geopolitical shift is that no geopolitical change occurs without considering the reduction or increase of power in different parts of the world.In this sense, China's growing power has given it a more prominent role in the world, and in the United States it has been translated as China's attempt to become a hegemonic power and overthrow the hegemonic position. Under such circumstances, hegemonic power has to deal with four types of emerging power: engaging in emerging power through war, limiting emerging power through containment policy, accepting emerging power, and cooperating in the management of world affairs. , Giving in to the shift of power in the international system.Among the four options, the United States appears to be putting an end to emerging power. Security-political axes such as the Washington-Seoul axis, Washington-Tokyo, Washington-Taipei and triangles such as the Washington-Taipei-Tokyo triangle, and Washington-Seoul-Tokyo, and squares such as the United States-Australia-India-Japan It is one of the initiatives that the United States has taken to limit China.There is no doubt that India alone, and within the framework of the alliances and alliances it has made with the United States, is a very important weight in balancing China with the United States within the framework of the China Restriction Project. From this point of view, India, due to its previous differences and pessimism, has the necessary motivation to balance itself with China, and this is pursued both by increasing its power and by allying with others. The "policy of the Indian Ocean", the "policy of action in the East" that has evolved into Indo-Pacific today, and the "policy of cooperation with the United States" can be assessed in exactly this context.Despite the fact that India is very concerned about China's growth, the problem is that India is reluctant to act in a way that provokes China's sensitivity. For this reason, it seems that India intends to act in such a way that it does not suffer the least damage from China while pursuing its goals and plans. That's exactly what the "China Confidence Strategy" is all about.Conclusion Based on this, the term "elusive balance" can be used to describe India's behavior in Indo-Pacific. The term is often used to describe the behavior of countries that want to take advantage of all opportunities with the least threats, even in a complex strategic environment. From this perspective, India has to balance its behavior with the United States in order to maintain the support of this hegemonic power. At the same time, India needs to attract the attention of Southeast and East Asian countries, and one way to do that is to point the finger at a common threat, China. At the same time, New Delhi has tried to maintain a balanced relationship with neighboring countries with its "first-class" policy. And it has, as has been said, pursued a "reassuring strategy for China" towards Beijing. Thus, it seems that New Delhi must be very delicate in order to play a role in the Indo-Pacific area, as if it wants to move on the edge of a razor.}, keywords = {Asia-Pacific,Indo-Pacific,Great Power Game,Foreign Policy,Belt-Road Initiative}, title_fa = {تبیین جهت ‏گیری سیاست خارجی هند در حوزة ایندو- پاسفیک}, abstract_fa = {طی یک دهة اخیر تحولات ژئوپلیتیکی مهمی در حوزة اقیانوس آرام و اقیانوس هند به ‏وقوع پیوسته است که احتمالاً در آیندة نه‏ چندان دور این منطقه را به محور ثقل سیاست بین ‏الملل تبدیل خواهد کرد. اصطلاحات ایندو- پاسفیک و آسیا- پاسفیک، که امروزه در توصیف این منطقه به ‏کار می‏ رود، بیانگر شرایط ژئوپلیتیکی جدید و در عین حال نمایانگر قطب ‏بندی‏ های جدید در جهان است. محور اصلی ایندو- پاسفیک ایالات متحدة امریکا و هند است و محور اصلی آسیا- پاسفیک چین و پاکستان است. سؤال این است که جهت ‏گیری سیاست خارجی هند در حوزة ایندو- پاسفیک چیست و چه عواملی بر این جهت‏گیری تأثیرگذارند؟ فرضیة مقاله که به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی بررسی شده آن است که سیاست خارجی هند در ایندو– پاسفیک از «استراتژی توازن گریزان» پیروی می‏کند و علت آن نیز حساسیت‏ های خاص منطقة ایندو– پاسفیک برای منافع هندوستان است. هند ناچار است بین مجموعه ‏ای از منافع و ملاحظات در حوزة ایندو– پاسفیک تعادل برقرار کند و انجام ‏دادن این کار سیاستمداران هند را با معمای پیچیده ‏ای مواجه کرده است. یافته ‏های مقاله نشان داد دولت‏ ها در عرصة روابط بین‏ الملل هرگاه بر سر دوراهی سخت انتخاب قرار گیرند، ناچارند برای پرهیز از آسیب ‏پذیری جانب احتیاط را رعایت کنند و لذا روابط خود را به ‏گونه ‏ای تنظیم کنند که تعادل و توازن در آن رعایت شود.}, keywords_fa = {آسیا- پاسفیک,ایندو– پاسفیک,بازی بزرگ قدرت,ابتکار کمربند– جاده,سیاست خارجی}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79931.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79931_1f60804cd5c976605b6cfd5e207bc182.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmadi, Abbas and Vasegh, Mahmood and Veicy, Hadi and Khatam, Saeid}, title = {Examining the principles and criteria of optimal urban management from the perspective of three schools of liberalism, socialism and Islam}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1453-1472}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.301756.1008112}, abstract = {extended abstract introduction: Optimal urban management has attracted the attention of many countries around the world. This concept is rooted in liberal and post-Marxist schools and seeks to increase public participation in the city by creating a democratic atmosphere in a city, and if good governance indicators. (Justice, Accountability, Transparency, Rule of Law, Efficiency and Effectiveness) Attention to urban management will ultimately lead citizens and city officials to manage cities freely in a free space away from any ambiguity and mismanagement. Creating cities with responsible officials and citizens will be law-abiding. The purpose of this study is to compare the criteria of optimal urban management from the perspective of political schools. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the information has been collected in the form of libraries. As a result of this research, according to the comparison of the results of the views of 3 schools of urban management, it can be stated that all indicators in schools of liberalism and socialism for management It is a desirable city, Islam has pointed to it in ancient times, and even more detailed and complete attention to desirable indicators in all dimensions, which even in the form of social justice has tried to take into account the social status and income of individuals. Pay attention to the distribution of urban facilities among citizens. Therefore, fashion The desirable urban yurts from the Islamic point of view have more comprehensiveness than the previous two views.Along with classical values such as efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, accountability, new state management values - such as employee and citizen participation in organizational management, expanding the scope of citizen choice, social justice, bureaucratic accountability and attention to ethics, decentralization and de-bureaucracy. Administrative responsibility for the effectiveness of the program and attention to the areas of social capital and trust should also be considered. This transformation has created a comprehensive change in the role of community management and the relationship between government and citizens, in the form of change from a bureaucratic and inefficient government to an entrepreneurial and participatory state. Good governance in the form of modern public administration refers to the common role and defined definition of the three public, private and civil society sectors. Accordingly, in modern public services, instead of the government acting as a facilitator and motivator of market forces (directing), it empowers citizens and creates common values among them (serving) and creates a coalition of government organizations, private organizations. And civic institutions are emphasized. Thus, the neo-regionalist perspective that emerged in the 1990s proposes governance that, instead of bulky institutional structures, on cooperation and partnership processes, the role of NGOs, including informal network structures that stem from civil society, and co-thinking and solution. Emphasizes issues with the participation of all actors.In recent years, governance has become an important issue in public and private sector management, and this is due to the important role that governance plays in determining public health. The model of governance with the characteristics of accountability, transparency and the right to comment will lead to the formation of an efficient and transparent government. Good governance stems from two major political ideologies: the neoliberal view, which recommends minimal government intervention and maximum market organization intervention, and the social democratic perspective, which seeks to recognize and exploit market efficiency in terms of social justice standards and economic recovery. It is long-term and focuses on building political and institutional infrastructure and social empowerment. These two different ideologies use the term governance with a different meaning in relation to public management (especially at the local level). The first implies the confluence of the private and public sectors in a weak partnership. In this neoliberal view, the governance of the metropolitan area seeks to shift the conflict between the interests of the private and public sectors by competing with each other to resolve local issues with a technocratic approach. In this approach, everything that is good for local businesses is good for the whole urban area. The second concept governing the term governance is the view that it sees a complex set of institutional and organizational interactions on broad issues facing social, economic, and economic adaptation in the process of the emergence of a global system. In this more institutionalist view, the vital issue is to create harmony beyond geographical scales. Western thought is currently an atheistic-liberal thought, minus religion. In such an attitude, society, politics, man, and all the values that are presented to him originate from man himself, and the creator of values is man himself (humanism). Methodology: This research has been done with emphasis on descriptive-analytical method and collecting information as a library is the main basis of research and has tried to use the first category sources.Results anddiscussion: Good urban governance stems from major political ideologies: the neoliberal view, which prescribes minimal government intervention and maximum market organization intervention, and the social democratic perspective, which seeks to recognize and use market efficiency in terms of social justice standards. Long-term economic recovery is based on the creation of political and institutional infrastructure and social capabilities. At the other end of the spectrum is Islam, which takes a more comprehensive look at the principles of good governance.Conclusion: The results of this study, according to the comparison of the results of the views of 3 schools of optimal urban management, it can be stated that all the indicators presented in the schools of liberalism and socialism for optimal urban management, Islam has mentioned them in the distant past. And even more detailed and complete attention to the desired indicators in all dimensions, which even in the form of social justice has tried to pay attention to the distribution of urban facilities and facilities among citizens according to the social status and income of individuals. From the Islamic point of view, it has more comprehensiveness than the previous two views. Keywords: Optimal Urban Management, Urban Governance, Liberal School, Social School, Islamic School}, keywords = {Optimal urban management,Urban Governance,liberal school,social school,Islamic school}, title_fa = {بررسی اصول و معیارهای مدیریت مطلوب شهری از دیدگاه سه مکتب لیبرالیسم، سوسیالیسم، و اسلام}, abstract_fa = {مدیریت مطلوب شهری موردتوجه بسیاری از کشورهای جهان بوده است؛ این مفهوم ریشه در مکاتب لیبرال و پسامارکسیستی دارد و در پی آن است که از طریق ایجاد فضایی دموکراتیک در یک شهر به افزایش مشارکت همگانی در شهر منجر شود و اگر به شاخص ‏های حکمرانی خوب به مدیریت شهری توجه شود، درنهایت باعث خواهد شد تا شهروندان و مسئولان شهری در  فضایی آزادانه و به دور از هرگونه ابهام و سوء مدیریت به ادارة شهرها بپردازند که نتیجة آن ایجاد شهرهایی با مسئولان پاسخگو و شهروندانی قانون‏مدار خواهد بود. حکمرانی خوب از دو ایدئولوژی سیاسی عمده نشئت گرفته است: دیدگاه نئولیبرالیسم که حداقل دخالت دولت و حداکثر دخالت سازمان بازار را تجویز می‏کند و دیدگاه سوسیال‏دموکراسی که در پی شناخت و بهره‏گیری از کارایی بازار در شرایطی است که بر استانداردهای عدالت اجتماعی و بهبود اقتصادی درازمدت استوار است و به ایجاد زیرساخت‏های سیاسی و نهادی و توانمندی‏های اجتماعی توجه دارد. درنقطة دیگر دیدگاه اسلام هست که با نگاهی جامع‏تر به اصول حکمرانی خوب توجه می‏کند. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی معیارهای مدیریت مطلوب شهری از دیدگاه مکاتب سیاسی است. روش پژوهش به صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی است و جمع‏آوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانه‏ای است. در این تحقیق، با توجه به مقایسة نتایج دیدگاه سه مکتب مدیریت مطلوب شهری، می‏توان بیان کرد که کلیة شاخص‏هایی را که در مکاتب لیبرالیسم و سوسیالیسم برای مدیریت شهری مطلوب ارائه شده اسلام در زمان‏های دور بدان‏ها اشاره کرده است و حتی بسیار جزئی‏تر و کامل‏ تر به شاخص‏ های مطلوب در همة ابعاد توجه داشته است که حتی در قالب عدالت اجتماعی سعی داشته با توجه به جایگاه اجتماعی و درآمد افراد به توزیع امکانات و تسهیلات شهری بین شهروندان توجه داشته باشد. بنابراین، مدیریت شهری مطلوب از دیگاه اسلام نسبت به دو دیدگاه قبلی از جامعیت بیشتری برخودار است.}, keywords_fa = {حکمروایی شهری,مدیریت مطلوب شهری,مکتب اسلام,مکتب سوسیال,مکتب لیبرال}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77353.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77353_423f50bbdf094b053f7099293017f57c.pdf} } @article { author = {Nasiri Hendeh Khaleh, Esmael}, title = {The Role of Business Centers in Increasing the Lifestyle of Urban Spaces (Case Study of Cyrus Shopping Center in Tehran}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1473-1489}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2020.301816.1008114}, abstract = {.The Role of Business Centers in Increasing the Lifestyle of Urban Spaces (Case Study of Cyrus Shopping Center in Tehran Extended Abstract IntroductionThe concept of the city can be considered as a living organism, which is a kind of functional correlation in order to preserve the life of the whole urban system. (Jacobs, 1961: 1). The city is a socio-spatial phenomenon. With a time dimension, but visible. (Alexander, 1987: 67). Cities are the main centers of human activity, and in addition to creating an environment for social interaction, spaces are also created in which vitality is enhanced. (Golkar, 2007: 43). The main function of public spaces is to provide and pave the way for the presence of the people. (Shojaei and Partovi, 1394: 94). Therefore, the increase in vitality in such spaces provides the dynamics of urban spaces. One of the characteristics of public spaces is liveliness, which attracts more citizens. (Sci, 2014; 61 & Montgomery, 1998: 94) Because increasing vibrancy increases the ability of space to provide a variety of functions for all users. (Lee & moudan, 2004: 148). The shopping center is a twentieth-century adaptation of the market, all of which is designed and managed by a management company. (Ahmed, 2007: 332). Shopping malls first began in the United States in the 1950s and have since spread to European cities. (Babin, 1995: 63). Today, shopping malls in other commercial complexes are no longer just a place to shopMethodology The present study is a applied research and in terms of data collection in the category of descriptive-survey research. In this research, field and library methods have been used. Using the theoretical foundations and background of the studies as well as the field visits made to the Cyrus Commercial Complex, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and distributed among the statistical sample population. The reliability of the questions related to the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.78. The statistical population of the study is the visitors of Kourosh Business Center in District 5 of Tehran Municipality. Because the statistical population was unlimited and citizens from different regions were included in this study, a random method was used to sample the Cyrus commercial complex. Numerous coffee shops are one of the largest leisure and entertainment centers in the country. This research was conducted during the period of Mehr, until February 2017, in Kourosh Commercial Center, and the statistical population consists of the clients of this shopping center. Due to the uncertainty of the population size of the statistical sample at the confidence level of 95% and with P = 0.5 and with the error rate of 5%, the sample size was 385 peopleResults and discussionIn order to study the indicators of urban vitality, eight main indicators and 25 sub-indicators have been used. The results of the data analysis of this table indicate that among the eight main indicators of vitality, the highest impact on safety and comfort indicators with a total average of 4.18 and density with a total average of 4.3 and accessibility and permeability index with a total average of 2.2. 4 have been observed, and among the three mentioned indicators, peace and mental well-being and feeling of security with T = 15.8 statistics and proper arrangement of stores with T = 13.8 and ease of access to the main highway with T = 12.6 statistics, respectively They show the greatest impact on the indicators of urban vitality in urban spaces. The results of this test show that Kourosh Shopping Center has been able to increase the vitality of urban spaces by 22 criteria. It should be noted that the good behavior of sellers with statistics T = 1-5 and public transportation with T = 1.2 = 2 and the criteria for people with special needs T = 1.1 have the least impact on vitality.y. And out of a total of 25 sub-indices measured in this study, 22 indicators are suitable for measuring the vitality of urban spaces. The beta coefficient of 0.841, the variable of peace of mind and the feeling of security among the respondents, shows that changing a standard deviation in the variable of peace of mind and the feeling of security of citizens changes the standard deviation of 0.841 in the vitality of urban spaces. . This indicates that the independent variables in this study have high explanatory and predictive power and confirms the extent of changes in the viability of urban living space in this studyConclusion In the statistical analysis of the effectiveness of Kourosh commercial complex (on Shahid Sattari highway in Tehran) on vitality indicators were examined. The results indicate that the independent variable can explain more than 80% of the vitality variance of urban space. And out of a total of 25 individual indicators, in this study, 22 indicators are suitable for expressing the vitality of urban spaces. Indicators such as relaxation, proper lighting and equipping the commercial complex of Kourosh with proper heating and cooling, each with a beta coefficient of 0.783, 0.654, 0.612, have the greatest impact on the vitality of urban spaces. These findings are consistent with the studies of Rahimi and Jafari (1396) and (2006) Jager. The coefficient of explanation in the regression equation also indicates that if other research indicators such as diversity, identity, creativity, communication, organizational capacity are strengthened, the level of citizens' satisfaction with vitality will also increase. Depending on the degree of influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable, the following results can be examined: safety and comfort indicators, density, access and permeability play an effective role in urban sprawl. Proper distribution of attractive units along with a variety of uses and proper layout of stores along with proper lighting has made citizens feel more satisfied with these indicators. Studies (2005) Erkip also emphasizes providing a safe environmentKeywords: Public Space, Urban Space, Business Centers, Cyrus Shopping Center, Tehran City.}, keywords = {public space,urban space,Business Centers,Cyrus Shopping Center,Tehran city}, title_fa = {نقش مراکز تجاری در افزایش سرزندگی فضاهای شهری (مطالعة موردی مرکزخرید کوروش شهر تهران)}, abstract_fa = {مراکز تجاری در کلان‏شهر تهران یکی از مهم ‏ترین کاربری‏ های فضاهای شهری و بخشی از سیستم فضای شهری محسوب می‏ شوند که اثرهای قابل توجهی دارند. این مراکز خرید، به‏ عنوان بخشی از فضاهای عمومی در شهرها، نقش مهمی در سرزندگی شهری ایفا می ‏‏کنند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تحلیل نقش مرکز تجاری کوروش بر سرزندگی فضای شهری است. این مرکز تجاری واقع در اتوبان شهید ستاری در منطقة 5 کلان‏شهر تهران با داشتن بیش از 500 واحد تجاری و بزرگ‏ترین پردیس سینمای کشور، و کافی‏ شاپ‏ های متعدد، یکی از بزرگ‏ترین مراکز تجاری، خرید، و تفریحی در کشور محسوب می ‏شود. هشت مؤلفة اصلی سرزندگی ‏شهری (ایمنی و آسایش، تراکم، دسترسی و نفوذپذیری، ظرفیت سازمانی، ارتباطات، خلاقیت، هویت و تمایز، تنوع) از دیدگاه چارلز لاندری در این پژوهش بررسی شده است. جامعة آماری این پژوهش، بر اساس فرمول کوکران، 385 نفر از بازدیدکنندگان این مرکز تجاری را تشکیل می‏ دهد. برای جمع ‏آوری داده ‏ها از روش‏ میدانی استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ‏ها با استفاده از روش آمار ناپارامتری و نرم‏افزار spss انجام شد. نتایج نشان می ‏دهد که متغیر مستقل می‏تواند بیش از 80 درصد از واریانس سرزندگی فضای شهری را تبیین نماید و از مجموع شاخص ‏های فرعی در این پژوهش 22 شاخص برای بیان سنجش سرزندگی فضاهای‏ شهری مناسب است. شاخص ‏های اصلی همچون ایمنی و آسایش، تراکم، دسترسی و نفوذپذیری نقش مؤثری در سرزندگی فضای شهری دارند؛ به‏ طوری که ضریب تولرانس در این شاخص ‏ها به ‏ترتیب با 98/0، 94/0، و 91/0 بالاترین ضرایب را به خود اختصاص داده ‏اند و نسبت به دیگر متغیرها پیش‏ بینی‏ کنندة قوی ‏تری در این پژوهش ‏اند و عمده ‏ترین رضایت شهروندان از سرزندگی متعلق به سه شاخص ایمنی و آسایش، تراکم، دسترسی و نفوذپذیری است. متغیرهای دیگر این پژوهش همچون ظرفیت‏ سازمانی با شاخص‏ رفتار مناسب فروشندگان با آمارة 5/1- = T و متغیر ارتباطات با شاخص حمل و نقل عمومی آمارة 2/1- =T و شاخص ضوابط برای افراد با نیازهای خاص با آمارة 1/1-=T کمترین تأثیرگذاری را از منظر شهروندان به سرزندگی شهری داشته است. که باید مورد توجه بیشتری قرار گیرد تا میزان سرزندگی مجتمع تجاری کوروش افزایش یابد.}, keywords_fa = {شهر تهران,فضای شهری,فضای عمومی,مراکز تجاری,مرکز خرید کوروش}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76348.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76348_4fe957a746b74dbf6cb889de3c25ff34.pdf} } @article { author = {Salaavarzi zadeh, Mohammad and Sheikhi, Hojat and Goldosti, Zeynab}, title = {Identifying and analysis of factors affecting urban development with a futuristic approach (Case study: Ilam city)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1491-1508}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.303319.1008124}, abstract = {Extended abstractIntroductionWeaknesses of traditional approaches to urban planning, including the inability to cope with the complexity and uncertainty of change, forecast constraints as the main support tools for urban planners and decision makers, the main emphasis on spatial form, short-term planning orientation, lack of comprehensive approach And the holistic view of the urban system, the lack of effective participation and cooperation between stakeholders and the neglect of the vision approach to the future, has led planners and city managers to use new tools in this area.The city of Ilam, as the capital of the province due to the strategic location of the international border of Mehran and the location of this city in transit and transit conditions on one side and the other, urban rural migration, irregular expansion of the city, the annexation of some surrounding villages Within the city limits, the uncontrolled expansion of suburban textures around the city, especially in areas with rugged and sloping topography, the staggering increase in land and housing prices, the growing demand for urban life, witness changes in the performance and appearance of the city. In the near future, it will cause many challenges and issues outside of urban development plans and projects in this city. Therefore, the existence of such conditions requires strategic studies based on the future perspective of the city to identify the most important variables affecting urban development. This research intends to identify and analyze the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city with a futuristic approach and examine the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city, which in fact is the basis for developing scenarios and achieving the desired scenarios. Provide. Therefore, according to the purpose, the main question of this research is what are the possible and desirable scenarios in the development of Ilam city?Theoretical BasesDifferences in the views and diversity of origins and areas of knowledge of those who have considered futurism have led to various definitions of it, and on the other hand, the relatively short life of futurism indicates that this concept is still in its infancy. There is a transition. Since the 1970s, Europeans have paid close attention to the field of futurism, using the term futurism for the field. The first futuristic studies in science, technology, and innovation at the national level date back to 1970.The fact is that the lack of foresight in the urban development system is one of the main factors in the weakness of the urban planning system. Methods of recognizing and constructing the future require dealing with social phenomena and then through the path of planning. The level of analysis of the city as a platform for social action is one of the most important components of foresight that should be reflected in the framework of city plans. Urban planners should provide commitment to the generation by preparing a vision and prioritizing issues, evaluating and formulating social criteria. Future people, recognizing the factors of change and transformation in society and paying attention to the present by thinking about the future, with an active and intelligent approach, design the desired future of the urban system.research methodThe research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information and data of the questionnaire is based on library, documentary and field studies. In the documentary and library studies section to achieve the desired information, from Internet sources, books and the latest Persian and Latin articles have been used. The statistical population is the entire geographical area of Ilam city and the statistical sample includes 50 people from the community of experts in the field of urban planning in the departments of road and urban planning, municipality, governorate (technical office and office of urban affairs), environment. To analyze the data and variables, the modeling process and MIC MAC software, Scenario Wizard were used.findingsThe results show that the degree of saturation of the matrix is 84.83%, which indicates that the selected factors have a large and scattered effect on each other and in fact the system has been in an unstable state. Out of 2383 evaluable relationships between the variables of this matrix, 426 items have a value of zero (no direct relationship), 1304 relationships have a value of one (low impact), 910 relationships have a value of two (medium impact) and 169 relationships have a value of three (high impact) They were. ConclusionThis futuristic approach identifies and analyzes the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city and examines the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city. The main results of this research have two stages: The first stage is the results related to the variables that determine the development of Ilam city. For this purpose, 53 factors in 6 study sections (economic, social, political, etc.) and in the impact analysis matrix were adjusted and collected for development and planning experts of the city and analyzed with MICMAC software. Finally, from the initial 53 factors, 10 factors were selected as key factors that will play the most important role in the future development of Ilam city, which are: the existence of non-governmental organizations, the need for integrated urban management, management Executive, urban pollution, location of urban land uses in different parts of the city, implementation of a comprehensive and detailed plan, increase of facilities and public services, organization of social activities, citizen participation, urban culture. Among these, key development variables have a special role and place in the scenario development process of Ilam city. Then, by defining the possible situations of each factor in the future progress of this city, 30 possible situations were designed. Then, using the capabilities of Wizard software, 2 strong scenarios, 93 weak scenarios and 17 believable scenarios were extracted. In general, it should be said that the main result of this research shows that the future development of Ilam city continues}, keywords = {Futures Studies,urban development,Key factors,Scenario,Ilam City}, title_fa = {شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه شهری با رویکرد آینده نگاری (مطالعه موردی: شهر ایلام)}, abstract_fa = {آینده‏ پژوهی نحوه مواجهه و آمادگی در برابر حالت ‏های مختلف وقوع یک رخداد در آینده است. نگاه به آینده و ترسیم چشم‏ انداز توسعه شهری، همواره از جمله مسائل پیش‏روی برنامه ‏ریزان و مدیران شهری بوده است. شهر ایلام علاوه‏بر ویژگی‏ های خاص و منحصر به فرد سیاسی، اقتصادی، زیست‏ محیطی و کالبدی – فضایی در سال‏ های اخیر با توجه به مهاجرت بی‏ رویه با مشکلات خاصی مواجه شده است با توجه به پیچیدگی و ابهام حالت‏ های مختلف آینده، مطالعات آینده ‏پژوهی در برنامه‏ ریزی استراتژیک برای تحقق توسعه شهری ضروری به نظر می‏ رسد و نیز طیف گسترده‏ای از آینده‏ های محتمل را پیش‏روی خود دارد. هدف اصلی پژوهش شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل کلیدی موثر بر توسعه شهری با رویکرد آینده نگاری است. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت توصیفی- تحلیلی مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانه ‏ای اسنادی و پایش محیطی انجام شده است. که با استفاده از مطالعات موجود در زمینه توسعه شهری، شش شاخص(سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی،کالبدی- فضایی و زیست‏محیطی)، انتخاب، طبقه ‏بندی و تدوین شد. همچنین جامعه آماری پژوهش، شهر ایلام و نمونه آماری آن 50 نفر از کارشناسان و متخصصان امر برنامه ‏ریزی شهری و منطقه ‏ای می‌باشند. با استفاده از روش دلفی 53 عامل توسط کارشناسان شناسایی شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ ها با به کارگیری نرم ‏افزارهای میک‏ مک و سناریو ویزارد انجام شده است. در نهایت پس از بررسی میزان و چگونگی تاثیرگذاری این عوامل بر یکدیگر بر وضعیت توسعه آینده شهر ایلام با روش های مستقیم و غیر مستقیم، 10 عامل کلیدی(ضرورت اجرایی مدیریت یکپارچه شهری، مدیریت اجرایی، وجود سازمان‏های مردم نهاد، اجرای طرح جامع و تفصیلی شهر، مکانیابی کاربری‏ های شهری در نقاط مختلف شهر، مشارکت اجتماعی شهروندان، سامان‏دهی فعالیت‏ های اجتماعی، آلودگی شهری، افزایش تسهیلات و خدمات عمومی، فرهنگ شهری) که بیشترین نقش را در وضعیت آینده توسعه شهر ایلام دارند، انتخاب شدند. سپس با استفاده از قابلیت‌های نرم افزار سناریو ویزارد 2 سناریوی قوی، 93 سناریوی ضعیف و 17 سناریوی باورکردنی استخراج شد.}, keywords_fa = {آینده‏ نگاری,سناریو نویسی,توسعه شهری,ایلام}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80146.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80146_5f01dca1ee64892fdf2c62de5cbe4296.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahimifard, Ghasem and Ghorbani, Rasoul and Babayi Aghdam, Freydoun and Heydari Chiyane, Rahim}, title = {Evaluation of Creative City Indicators in Creating a Creative Tourism City (Case Study: Khoy)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1509-1522}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.303752.1008127}, abstract = {Evaluation of Creative City Indicators in Creating a Creative Tourism City (Case Study: Khoy)AbstractTourists are looking for new destinations with different targets for leisure time. Creative outlet seeks to Highlighting subcultures in the local community and revitalizing tangible and intangible heritage and educational, emotional, social interaction of tourist as well as his involvement with the place and culture of destination people. In the era of creative tourism, tourists are not only looking for natural and historical artifacts but also for a deeper understanding of destination community. According to genre of life, cultural diversity and historical monuments and artistic works in khoy are increasingly felt in attention of creative tourism in this city. Due to the importance of the issue of creative tourism and the appropriate geographical location of Khoy in relation to the Turkish border and the existence of tourist attractions, Research has been done to achieve this. Creating a creative tourism location requires application of important creative city indicators, such as participation, urban diversity, vitality of urban spaces, efficiency and communication technology. The statistical population of this study includes citizens of dual regions of Khoy and the required sample size of 383 people was determined. . The purpose of this paper is to evaluate indicators of creative city in creating creative urban tourism in Khoy. In this regard, The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose and Obtaining data and information was in the form of documents and field (citizen questionnaire). The results of multivariate research show that there is a significant relationship between creative city indicators and the rate of realization of creative urban tourism But Khoy city does not have necessary indicators to create creative tourism and there are fundamental weaknesses in the various components of the creative city.IntroductionThe creative tourism has spread over the years to many countries, including New Zealand, Austria, Spain, Canada, the United States and Taiwan.This is how UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities describes creative tourism in 2006. Creative tourism is a journey guided to selected and authentic experiences with collaborative learning in the art, cultural heritage or special features of a place and it connects with those who live in these places and build this living culture(Tan & et al, 2013).Creative tourism experiences lead to the development of economic, the social and cultural conditions in the destination that is presented. Creativity allows the tourist destination city to develop innovative products relatively quickly and gives it a competitive advantage over other destinations. Creative products attract entrepreneurs and people from the cultural sector(Robati Anaraki, 2016: 3).Theoretical basesCreative CityCreative cities are able to provide new solutions to their everyday problems. Another concept of creative city focuses on cultural products, That is, the production of cultural goods and services are associated with activities that constitute center of creativity (Rabbani khorasgani, 2011: 161).Creative tourismThe term creative tourism was coined by Richards and Raymond, The idea for a variety of creative forms of tourism originated in a European project called Eurotex. Idea of creative tourism came not only to meet all needs and wants of the tourist, but also to form a wide range of contemporary policy making. Creative tourism is recognized as one of the key development options for a variety of reasons and can serve specific purposes( Babaei hemmati & mousavi, 2014).Pappalepore and et al( 2014), In a study concluded that the important role of creative clusters in development of creative tourism is that the focus of creative industries provides opportunities for consumption and accumulation of cultural capital and factors such as morphology, day-to-day activities, the authenticity of area, unusual atmosphere, and keen mental image support creative tourism.MethodologyThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate indicators of creative city in creating creative urban tourism in Khoy. The method is descriptive analytical and the statistical tests of single - sample t test, variance and multivariate regression analysis were used. Due to the nature of subject and indices studied, documentary research and field studies (questionnaire) were used for data collection. Questions were adjusted based on the 5-item components and the Likert spectrum and the sample size was 383 questionnaires.Results and discussionAccording to the responses of the participants in the research, the participation index with According to the answers of the participants in the research, The participation index with average (1.78), urban diversity index with average (2.23), The vitality index of urban spaces with (2.29), The efficiency and effectiveness index with (2.12) And the the communication technology index is with the average (2.55).From the citizens' point of view, the worst situation was the participation index and the efficiency and effectiveness index of urban spaces. Regarding the participation index, the most criticized was the lack of necessary bedrock for participation (psychological security) and the lack of suggestions and opinions of people and tourists in tourism affairs and the most critical of the efficiency and effectiveness index; There has been a lack of adequate planning by city officials to prevent corruption and crime, lack of green space expansion, and lack of the creativity in creating urban green spaces.ConclusionThe results of multivariate regression analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between creative city indices and the degree of realizability of urban creative tourism . Among the studied indicators, the worst situation was the participation index and the efficiency and effectiveness index and the communication technology and vitality index of urban spaces has the highest score among the indicators. . Overall, the average of the creative city of Khoy is lower than average and is in poor condition.Key WordsCreative City; Urban Tourism; Creative Tourism; Evaluation Indicators; Khoy city.}, keywords = {creative city,Urban Tourism,creative tourism,Evaluation indicators,Khoy city}, title_fa = {ارزیابی شاخص ‏های شهر خلاق در ایجاد گردشگری خلاق شهری (مطالعة موردی: خوی)}, abstract_fa = {گردشگران به دنبال مقاصد جدیدی با اهداف متفاوت برای اوقات فراغت‏ اند. گردشگری خلاق به دنبال برجسته ‏نمودن خرده ‏فرهنگ ‏ها در جامعة محلی و احیای میراث ملموس و ناملموس و تعامل آموزشی، احساسی و اجتماعی گردشگر، و همچنین مشارکت وی با مکان و فرهنگ مردم مقصد است. در عصر گردشگری خلاق، گردشگران فقط به دنبال دیدار آثار تاریخی و طبیعی نیستند، بلکه به دنبال درک عمیق ‏تری از جامعة مقصدند. با توجه به تنوع فرهنگی و پیشینة تاریخی و آثار هنری و صنایع‏ دستی در خوی، توجه به گردشگری خلاق در این شهر بیش ‏از پیش احساس می ‏شود. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع گردشگری خلاق و موقعیت جغرافیایی خوی در رابطه با مرز ترکیه و وجود جاذبه‏ های گردشگری آن، این پژوهش در راستای تحقق چنین امری انجام گرفته است. ایجاد یک مکان گردشگری خلاق به ‏کاربستِ شاخص ‏های مهم شهر خلاق اعم از مشارکت، تنوع شهری، سرزندگی فضاهای شهری، کارایی، و تکنولوژی ارتباطی نیاز دارد. جامعة آماری این پژوهش شامل شهروندان مناطق دوگانة خوی است و حجم‏ نمونه ‏383 نفر ‏تعیین ‏شد. هدف از این مقاله ارزیابی شاخص ‏های شهر خلاق در ایجاد گردشگری خلاق شهری در خوی است. در این راستا، روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و به لحاظ هدف کاربردی است. اخذ داده ‏ها و اطلاعات به‏ صورت اسنادی و میدانی (پرسش‏نامه از شهروندان) است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می ‏دهد میان شاخص ‏های شهر خلاق و میزان تحقق ‏پذیری گردشگری خلاق شهری رابطة معنی ‏داری وجود دارد. اما شهر خوی دارای شاخص ‏های مناسب برای ایجاد گردشگری خلاق نیست و در مؤلفه‏ های گوناگون شاخص ‏های شهر خلاق در خوی ضعف‏ های اساسی وجود دارد.}, keywords_fa = {شاخص ‏های ارزیابی,شهر خلاق,شهر خوی,گردشگری خلاق,گردشگری شهری}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79403.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79403_07dfb7b13abcf1135b8f6903bc210bc8.pdf} } @article { author = {Masrournejad, Naser and Molaey Hashjin, Nasrollah and Pourramzan, Eisa and Ghorishi, Mohammadbaset}, title = {Explaining the factors affecting the efficiency, effectiveness of management and rural participation in the development of the villages of Soomehsara city with a good governance approach}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1523-1541}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.303827.1008129}, abstract = {IntroductionRural governance is an approach against the rural government in the system of administration and control of rural affairs and is a process that is formed based on the interaction between organizations and official institutions of rural administration and organizations and problems of civil society and private sector. Good governance as a new concept in management Rural is important because in recent years the country has sought to implement a significant role for people's participation at all levels, including rural, and to create management mechanisms such as rural councils and rural councils. Good governance is one of the new approaches of the General Directorate of Rural Affairs in the transnational, national and local spheres. One of the regional dimensions of governance is local governance or rural management in both dimensions of supervisory management (councils) and executive management (Dehyar), which refers to the quality of rural affairs management. To analyze and evaluate the factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management. In both supervisory and executive oversight, this study seeks to analyze in detail the relationships between what is happening (activities, decisions, and arrangements) and what we expect to achieve (goals and values). There were features that both explained the resources and processes and included the effective result, which can be used to find the unknown and obscure aspects in practice, at which time we can say that good rural governance is a means to one or more goals. It is desirable that it can play an irreplaceable role in the life of rural communities.MethodologyIn this research, first, the required data have been collected, classified and organized, and then the obtained information has been analyzed using descriptive tables, graphs and statistics. In this study, the following statistical methods have been used:1) Methods of statistics Description: In the description of the collected data and information, the methods used are: frequency, mean, standard deviation.2) Inferential statistical methods: In this section, according to the research hypotheses, first from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (to determine whether the data is normal or abnormal) and if normal, Pearson correlation coefficient and paired t-test. , Was used by SPSS statistical software to prove the hypotheses.Library studies were used by Soomehsara Governor's Office regarding the information of the city's rural districts and rural management experts, statistical yearbooks, articles, specialized books, and information available in government organizations, including the Management and Planning Organization.Result and DiscussionEvaluation of performance and effectiveness variables in order to study rural management and good management shows that more than 70% of respondents averaged the amount of donors to the tasks of their organizational structures in relation to villages, 59.3% of respondents use the correct usage Dehyaran averages the available resources of the village, more than 48% of the respondents moderate the role of the effectiveness of Dehyaran's actions and activities and continuous reduction of village expenses by Dehyaran in institutionalizing culture, more than 40% the role of village managers in preserving natural resources And highly evaluated its optimal use. More than 70% of rural investment attraction, participation in paying attention to the deprived, pursuing development projects and informing the people are moderate and high. On the other hand, more than 65% of the people have commented on the opinions and suggestions of the villagers, the opinion of the people in choosing Dehyar and the existence of a long-term financial outlook for the village, contrary to the opinions of many middle and high managers.The results generally show that the presence and follow-up of villagers and other rural managers from the perspective of managers between 40 and 70 percent has a direct impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good management. More than 77% of the respondents moderated their contribution to the tasks of the organizational structures towards the villages, more than 70% of the respondents the effect of continuous reduction of village expenses by villagers in institutionalizing culture, improving the work process of the village and the satisfaction of the villagers was considered moderate and high. The standard deviation of less than one and the opinions of the villagers vary from very low to very high in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. From the perspective of managers in increasing the participation of villagers in good governance management and improving it in the village, more than 55% of the role of managers in encouraging and paying attention to women's participation in the village, attention to the deprived, pursuing development plans and informing the public And more than 50 percent of them have considered the impact of paying attention to the opinions and suggestions of the villagers, the opinion of the people in choosing Dehyar and the existence of a long-term financial outlook for the village. According to Pearson correlation test, there is a significant relationship between the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance and improving management and governance. The relationship between these two variables is direct and the coefficient of t-test. Since the error rate of the relationship is less than 0.05 and according to the coefficient of determination of the relationship, which is considered to be 95% in this research, the research hypothesis is thus confirmed. According to Couple sample test there is a significant relationship between the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance and improving management and governance. ConclusionThe results on the efficiency and effectiveness variables of rural management show that the factors of the amount of villagers' assistance to the tasks of their organizational structures in relation to villages are average, the extent of proper use of rural resources by villagers, Dehyaran has an important role in institutionalizing culture, the role of village managers in maintaining natural resources and its optimal use from the perspective of managers and villagers as effective factors for the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance. There is a relationship between increasing the efficiency of rural management and good management and improving good management and good management in the study area.}, keywords = {Effectiveness of Management,rural participation,Good Governance,Efficiency,Effectiveness}, title_fa = {تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر کارایی، اثربخشی مدیریت، و مشارکت روستایی در توسعة روستاهای شهرستان صومعه‏ سرا با رویکرد حکمروایی خوب}, abstract_fa = {حکمروایی خوب به ‏عنوان مفهومی جدید در مدیریت روستایی از آن جهت اهمیت دارد که کشور در سال‏ های اخیر به دنبال اجراکردن نقش پُررنگی برای مشارکت مردم در همة سطوح است؛ از جمله روستایی و ایجاد سازوکارهای مدیریتی چون شوراهای روستایی و دهیاری‏ ها. از این رو، حکمروایی روستایی را می ‏توان چنین تعریف کرد: فرایند تأثیرگذاری همة ارکان دخیل روستایی بر مدیریت روستایی با همة سازوکارهایی که با آن‏ها بتوان به سوی تعالی و پیشرفت روستا و مردم روستایی حرکت کرد. حکمروایی روستایی همانا به ‏اجرا درآوردن تصمیمات و سیاست‏ های مردم روستایی هم‏سو با منافع خودشان است که درعین حال با منافع ملی، منطقه ‏ای، و محلی نیز سازگار است. با توجه به اهمیت روستاها و مدیریت آن‏ها، این پژوهش در پی تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر کارایی، اثربخشی مدیریت، و مشارکت روستایی در توسعة روستاهای شهرستان صومعه ‏سرا بوده است. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت توصیفی- تحلیلی و از نظر روش‏شناسی کمی- کیفی است. از آزمون کولموگروف- اسمیرنوف برای مشخص‏ کردن نرمال یا غیرنرمال‏ بودن داده ‏ها استفاده شد. با توجه به نرمال‏ بودن داده ‏ها، از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و آزمون نمونة زوجی t در نرم‏افزار آماری SPSS برای تحلیل یافته‏ ها استفاده شد. از آنجا که میزان خطای رابطه کمتر از 05/0 بود و با توجه به ضریب تعیین رابطه که در این تحقیق 95 درصد درنظر گرفته شده بود، نتایج به ‏دست ‏آمده بیانگر آن است که بین افزایش کارایی، اثربخشی، و مشارکت روستایی و حکمروایی خوب و بهبود آن در محدودة مورد مطالعه رابطه مستقیم وجود دارد.}, keywords_fa = {اثربخشی مدیریت,حکمروایی خوب,کارایی و اثربخشی,مشارکت روستایی}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79401.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79401_d47b9f5449063e589025f9cb1b35f083.pdf} } @article { author = {Kamran, Hassan}, title = {Investigating the policies in urban space (Case study: Tehran)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {53}, number = {4}, pages = {1543-1564}, year = {2021}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2021.333829.1008411}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionGiven that space has different political, social, economic and cultural dimensions, addressing the political dimension of urban space and examining how urban space policymaking is one of the issues discussed in political geography. If, however, policies are taken without regard to the spatial context and geographical scope of the city; the mismatch between the policies and the urban space creates problems that can cause a great deal of damage. Therefore, one of the areas that today obliges political geographers to deal with is the discussion of how to politicize and manage the political space of a city with a geographical infrastructure. In Tehran, as the political capital of Iran, the geopolitical views of geographers, especially political geographers, need to be used to organize operations in the city's political space. Any kind of project and project for the political development and management of Tehran's space is impossible without the cooperation of geography. Because all projects and projects in the form of space and space come from potential to actual state of experience and experience; any project that has been formulated and implemented without the presence of geography has many problems, especially tectonic problems. Climatology and spatial inefficiency are encountered. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical way, seeks to address the issue that, in order to organize and develop Tehran, policies must be made in terms of geographical conditions and facilities, especially spatial potentials. In this context, the local government as a geographical symbol and the creation of security as a political element in Tehran's urban space has been emphasized.MethodologyThis article is a fundamental and theoretical research. The sources used include documentary and library texts and inferential analyzes and are organized in a descriptive-analytical method.Results and DiscussionTehran's environment as a metropolis has opportunities and challenges that if planned and managed properly and efficiently, many disadvantages will be eliminated and a high percentage of potentials and opportunities will find their way to the practical space and make the capital They become an important political point in the world. The increasing complexity of people's relationships in modern societies has led to problems and problems in the social environment, especially in the capitals of countries. On the other hand, changes in the structure and social framework and the way it is formulated in the implementation and the new social order have multiplied the solution of problems and problems. Based on this situation and depending on the political and social framework and the available facilities, the relevant policymakers and agents have adopted various strategies and measures to create and maintain security (political, social, cultural and environmental) as well as to prevent the occurrence of injuries. . Here, it is important to provide information about the establishment of an efficient local government in the city of Tehran, as well as explanations about ways to create security in the city of Tehran for the peace of citizens.In fact, the management of the political space of the city means to create material and spiritual security with the help of local organizations in a place (region, district, a geographical area) and with the cooperation of citizens. That is, without the presence of geography and geographical features, policies do not act in accordance with the space and in harmony with the spatial situation, and as a result, how to make policies in space requires the application of geography. Both in the natural field and in the human field.As mentioned in the abstract, this article seeks to express the issue that, in order to organize and develop the city of Tehran, policies should be made in line with geographical conditions and facilities, especially spatial potentials. Today, the administration of urban affairs has undergone or should have undergone fundamental changes compared to the past. Because the possibility of public administration, with a traditional attitude, does not exist at all. At the forefront of these changes is a shift in the way public management (urban and neighborhood) is organized. Given the breadth, complexity, and diversity of government functions, the concentration of authority in ministries and senior government management agents makes it difficult to achieve development goals. Decentralization and transfer of power refers to the transfer of authority in the geographical dimension and means the transfer of authority from the central branches to the sub-branches.The purpose of creating environmental security is to create good conditions for achieving the physical and mental health of the citizens of Tehran. Unfortunately, in Tehran, many aspects of health that are very easily accessible have been neglected, and this endangers people's health and endangers social health if it is contagious. In this regard, officials should pay attention to three key points.1- Health services throughout the city2. Trash cans3- Air pollution and the environment of the cityConclusionAccording to the material presented in the article, we conclude that: There is a connection between politics and geography in general and politics and urban space in particular. The knowledge of geography has long been considered and used by city rulers. In the last century, the establishment of associations, institutes of geographical and strategic studies in the capitals of the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Russia and France, etc., all show the importance and role of geographical knowledge for governments and governments in advancing their goals. Therefore, geographical worldview, in analyzing issues and also recognizing the values and importance of situations, spaces, places, capabilities and in general the secrets of their nation and other nations, gives a deep insight and comprehensive view to the rulers.Among the mentioned factors, the share of vehicle traffic in environmental pollution is more than other factors. Of course, all the pollution caused by cars is not related to the movement of vehicles in the city, and sometimes the type of vehicle, its wear and tear and the breakdown of vehicle components cause environmental pollution.}, keywords = {city,Tehran,management,Political Space,geography}, title_fa = {بررسی چگونگی سیاست‏گذاری ‏ها در فضای شهری (مورد مطالعه: شهر تهران)}, abstract_fa = {بررسی فضای شهر و چگونگی سیاست‏گذاری‏ ها در فضای شهری یکی از موضوعات مورد بحث و بررسی در جغرافیای سیاسی است. در صورتی که، بدون توجه به چارچوب فضایی و قلمرو جغرافیایی شهر، سیاست‏گذاری ‏ها انجام گیرد، عدم تطابق بین سیاست ‏ها و فضای شهر مشکلاتی پدید می‏ آورد که جبران آن‏ها خسارت‏ های بسیار زیادی ایجاد می ‏کند. بنابراین، یکی از حوزه ‏هایی که امروزه جغرافی ‏دانان سیاسی را موظف ساخته تا به آن بپردازند موضوعِ چگونگی سیاست‏گذاری و مدیریت فضای سیاسی شهر با زیر بنای جغرافیایی است. در تهران، به‏ عنوان پایتخت سیاسی ایران، برای سازمان‏دهی سیاسی فضای شهر باید از آرای جغرافی‏دانان، به‏ ویژه جغرافی‏دانان سیاسی، برای بهکرد عملکردها استفاده کرد. هر نوع پروژه و طرح در راستای توسعه و مدیریت سیاسی فضای شهر تهران بدون همکاری و همیاری جغرافیا امکان‏پذیر نیست. چون که همة پروژه ‏ها و طرح‏ ها در قالب و ظرف مکانی و فضایی از حالت بالقوه به حالت بالفعل درمی ‏آیند و تجربه نشان می‏ دهد هر طرحی که بدون حضور و نظرخواهی جغرافیا تدوین و اجرا شده است با مشکلاتی عدیده به ‏ویژه مشکلات زمین‏ ساختی و اقلیم‏ شناسی و عدم کارایی مکانی مواجه شده است. مقالة بنیادی حاضر، با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، درصدد بیان این مسئله است که برای سامان‏دهی و توسعة شهر تهران باید سیاست‏گذاری ‏ها در راستای شرایط و امکانات جغرافیایی به ‏ویژه پتانسیل‏ هایی فضایی انجام گیرد. در این زمینه، بر دولت محلی به‏ عنوان نماد جغرافیایی و ایجاد امنیت به‏ عنوان عنصری سیاسی در فضای شهر تهران تأکید شده است.}, keywords_fa = {تهران,جغرافیا,شهر,فضای سیاسی,مدیریت}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_84437.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_84437_ad00a542a7f5e669d44977fe9db8eaac.pdf} }