@article { author = {Zayyari, Keramatolah and Parhiz, F. and Mahdnezhad, H. and Ashtari, H.}, title = {Assessing the Housing Statues of Income Groups and Plan Presentation for Low-income Housing Provision (Case Study: Lorestan Province)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {1-21}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The housing is a durable, multidimensional, non-homogenous, immoveable, very expensive good, and the main factor signifying the sociability of people within the universe which is accompanied with symbolic values as the sign of status and lifestyle of people. Based on this, the current paper has aimed to evaluate the state of the houses of people of different income classes, to suggest plans for preparing people of low income with appropriate housing at different city spots of the province of Lorestan, and to reveal more about the poor quality of the construction of houses, inappropriate urban planning pattern, and improper materials used for building urban houses, in order to attract the attention of the authorities and managers. Based on the studies we have conducted, nearly two third of the population of the cities in Lorestan live in nondurable houses, deprived from suitable needed spaces. Methodology This study is a fundamental – practical study, conducted within the geographic-politic boarders of the province of Lorestan, in the year 2007, the statistics source of which was Iran's Statistics Center. The methods used include statistics techniques of population tenths. In order to estimate financial states of the groups, the indirect function method is being used. Also, in order to define the opportunities, threats, power points and weak points of the low-income groups, the SWOT model is used. Result and Discussion Findings of this research show the family size has had a reduction from 4.3 in the year 1997 to 3.7 in the year 2007. Within the period of 1997 to 2007, the mean residential areas owned by the first to the last tenths have had fluctuations in different city spots, i.e. the mean residential area owned by the first tenth as the lowest tenth of the society has increased from 57.9 square meters in 1997 to 82.7 in 2007. On the contrary, the mean residential area owned by the last tenth has decreased from 139.5 to 122.1. In the year 2007, the mean residential area owned by the first tenth was 82.7 square meters, and this value was 60.7 square meters for the second tenth, 107.7 for the third, 99.7 for the fourth, 117.5 for the fifth, 105 for the sixth, 1.6 for the seventh, 102 for the eighth, 112.9 for the ninth and 122.1 for the last tenth which is the highest mean value of the residential area. Within the period of 1997-2007 the rate of owning a house in urban areas of the province of Lorestan has decreased from 54.5 percent to 50 percent. This value has had a great reduction in the second tenth and has decreased from 86.4 percent in 1997 to 34.5 percent in the year 2007. The rate of house ownership has increased in the third tenth, decreased in the fourth tenth, increased in fifth, sixth and seventh tenths and decreased in the last tenths. Tenancy percentage has increased in the first, second, fourth, ninth and last tenths and decreased in the others within the period of 1997 to 2007. Based on the mean price per square meter, in the year 2007 house ownership ability is on average 4.8 square meter of a residential area in the first tenth and about 13 square meters in the fifth tenth. Saving tendency is 5 percent in the first tenth, 4 percent in the second tenth, 6 percent in the third tenth, 8 percent in the fourth tenth, 9 percent in the fifth tenth, 9 percent in sixth, seventh and eighth tenths, 22 in ninth tenths and 19 in the last tenth. The income of these tenths is 3.8, 7.14, 3.13, 22.7, 37.3, 39.8, 58, 70.6, 98.3, 331.2 and 447.2 million Rials respectively. The poverty line in the area of housing has increased within the period of 1997 to 2007 based on both mean value and mid value. In the year 2002, the average poverty line was 4 based on mean value and 36 based on mid value. These amounts were 9 and 9.2 respectively in the year 2007. Conclusion The lower tenths of the residents of urban areas in Lorestan province are of the highest unemployment rate, lowest income, and highest rate of tenancy the value of which reduces as we move towards higher tenths. Hence, regarding the volume of housing needs, the first tenths of the society are of higher needs for the tenancy percentage in the province is about 18 percent. The income of the first to fifth tenths is also very low as compared to the average price.}, keywords = {housing planning,Income one-tenths,Lorestan province.,Low- income groups housing,Non-standard housing,Relative and absolute poverty}, title_fa = {ارزیابی مسکن گروه‌های درآمدی و ارائه برنامه تأمین مسکن اقشار کم‌درآمد(نمونه موردی: استان لرستان)}, abstract_fa = {مسکن کالایی با دوام، غیرمنقول، چند‌بعدی، غیرهمگن و بسیار پرهزینه است و در سازمان اجتماعی فضا نیز نقش بسیار مؤثری دارد. فقر مسکن یکی از جلوه‌های بارز کشورهای در حال توسعه به‌شمار می‌آید. بنابر گزارش سازمان بهداشت جهانی، در سال 2000 بیش از 600 میلیون نفر دارای مسکن‌های غیراستاندارد بوده‌اند. بر همین مبنا و با توجه به نتایج بررسی نویسندگان، هم‌اکنون نزدیک به دوپنجم جمعیت شهرهای استان لرستان در محله‌هایی غیرمقاوم و محروم از فضاهای مناسب و زیست درونی استقرار دارند. هدف این مقاله ارزیابی وضعیت مسکن گروه‌های درآمدی و ارائه برنامه برای اقشار کم‌درآمد، با استفاده از تکنیک‌های آماری مورد استفاده در برنامه‌ریزی مسکن به‌منظور کمک به این برنامه‌ریزی در استان لرستان است. روش‌شناسی (متدولوژی) مقاله بنیادی ـ کاربردی است. متغیرهای مورد بررسی مشتمل بر مساحت زیربنا برحسب دهک‌های درآمدی، برآورد تابع مخارج خانوار، برآورد تابع پیشنهاد اجاره در نقاط شهری استان به تفکیک دهک‌های درآمدی، میزان یا درصد مالکیت و اجاره‌نشینی،‌ وضعیت شغلی سرپرستان خانوارها، گروه‌های غیرمالک برحسب دهک، توان مالی خانوار، خط توانمندی خانوار،‌ خط فقر نسبی و مطلق خانوار در تأمین مسکن،‌ برآورد حجم نیاز سکونتی خانوارهای فقیر، برنامه تأمین مسکن گروه‌های کم‌درآمد و منابع مالی تأمین مسکن است.}, keywords_fa = {housing planning,Income one-tenths,Lorestan province.,Low- income groups housing,Non-standard housing,Relative and absolute poverty}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24475.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24475_2b8a31bd5d3879a98aced53e35f0a261.pdf} } @article { author = {Pourtaheri, M. and Einali, J. and Eftekhari, A. R.}, title = {Capacity Building Role in Reducing Natural Disasters (Earthquake) in Rural Areas (Case Study: Earthquake-Stricken Regions of Khodabande District)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {23-39}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Our country to its geographical position is one of the most susceptible regions of the world in to natural disasters especially earthquake. Iran ranks as 7th country in Asia and 13th in the world in respect of susceptibility to the unexpected events resulting from geophysical risks and particularly earthquake such that because of location of most of overpopulated rural and urban settlements in the mountainsides of Alborz and Zagros, 32% of the area, 70% of population, and 67% of gross domestic production (GDP) in these regions are subject to high risk of earthquake. Therefore, to avoid increasing susceptibility of societies to earthquake, it is essential to identify their capacities as the strengths of the society/region for showing proper reaction to the unexpected events for the purpose of construction a safe route for sustainable development in future. To this end, emphasizing on role of making capacity in order to lower susceptibility to earthquake in rural areas of Khodabandeh Township as one of the centers prone to having earthquakes in Iran, researchers have intended to earn a correct understanding of magnitude of earthquakes in the intended region in addition to clarify the role of capacity-building in reduction the effects of earthquake. From the theoretical view, a sustainable society has capability of tolerance of intensive geophysical processes (earthquake) and immediate recovery after occurrence of such unexpected events. Therefore, stability of a molecule depends on precise planning and organization of capacities of society which helps both improve the impacts of unexpected events and facilitate recovery processes. To this end, the capacity of covering physical, organizational, social, and economic tools has been defined which should be achieved by those who enjoy management skills. Taking this definition into account, making capacity as a process of improving the capacities of people, groups, and societies include such cases as administration, networks, links, persuading innovations, facilitation, education, and supplying sources to encounter with natural disasters. Methodology This research has used descriptive and analytical method based on field studies and is of applied type. Therefore, to clarify the concept of capacity in the villages under study, taking definitions provided in theoretical principles in social, economical, organizational, and structural-environmental aspects into account, capacity of encountering with earthquake has been measured according to Likert scale. To analyze the data obtained from statistical methods based on comparison of averages, Friedman test, Chi-square test, variance analysis, and correlation coefficients in SPSS software package have been used. Statistical population of research includes 72 villages of Khodabandeh Township damaged by the earthquake in 2002 of which 37 villages have been selected using Chocran formula by stratified random method. To complete a questionnaire distributed among households residing in the sample villages, stratified random method based on criteria such as income, housing, type of construction, social class, etc. have been used for sampling. 331 households out of 12100 households residing in these villages have been selected by Chocran sampling method. Results and Discussion - According to Friedman Test, there is a meaningful difference of 0.01 ? among mean capacities of structural, organizational, economic, and social sample households. The highest average ranking is allocated to social capacities and the lowest belongs to organizational capacities which indicate that organizational, economic, and structural-organizational capacities of the sample households are lower than the average limit. - Analysis of numerical average of structural-environmental, organizational, economic, and social capacities of the sample households based on single sample t-test indicates low capacities of encountering with damages arising from earthquake in the villages of the intended region such that scale of the existing capacities ranges between 1 to 5 (based on Likert method) has been estimated under ideal conditions (4) for all scales. - Analysis of statistical relations between susceptibility rate of the sample households to earthquake and total capacity index separated by 37 villages under study based on Chi-square test according to the contingency table indicates a statistical meaningful difference between dependent variables of susceptibility to earthquake and independent variable of total capacity index. Therefore, considering existence of reverse relation, it is accepted that increase in economic, social, organizational, and structural-environmental capacities may decrease susceptibility of the sample villages to the earthquake. -In spatial analysis, it is possible to accept different total capacities of the villages for encountering with earthquake because variance analysis made by explaining the existing capacities indicates meaningful changes in 0.01 ?. Conclusion The result of the present research indicates low economic, social, and organizational-structural capacities of rural settlements in the intended region such that a negative impact mainly dominates on the above four capacities except organizational one. This means that, based on different capacities for encountering with damages arising from earthquake, there is a meaningful difference in intensity of earthquake. Moreover, analysis of statistical relations between rate of susceptibility of the sample households to earthquake as well as total capacity index indicates a meaningful statistical difference between dependent variable of susceptibility rate to earthquake and independent variable of total capacity index. However, it can be said that increase in economic, social, organizational, and structural-environmental capacities have reduced susceptibility rate of the sample villages to earthquake.}, keywords = {Capacity Building,Khodabandeh rural areas.,Reduce of earthquake disasters,vulnerability}, title_fa = {نقش ظرفیت‌سازی در کاهش تأثیرات مخاطرات طبیعی (زلزله) در مناطق روستایی با تأکید بر روش‌های کمّی (مطالعه موردی: مناطق زلزله‌زده شهرستان خدابنده)}, abstract_fa = {کشور ایران به لحاظ موقعیت جغرافیایی از مستعدترین مناطق جهان از نظر بروز مخاطرات طبیعی و به‌ویژه زمین‌لرزه است، به‌طوری که از نظر میانگین سالانه بیشترین تعداد مطلق جمعیت در معرض خطر زمین‌لرزه‌، در جایگاه هفتم آسیا و سیزدهم جهان قرار دارد. با نگاه اجمالی به نقشه‌های پهنه‌بندی زمین‌لرزه، می‌توان دریافت که بیشتر سکونتگاه‌های پرجمعیت روستایی و شهری کشور در دامنه‌های البرز و زاگرس واقع‌اند که از لحاظ تهدید مخاطرات طبیعی و به‌ویژه زلزله آسیب‌پذیری نسبتاً بالایی دارند. از طرفی دیگر، تفاوت در ظرفیت‌های موجود سکونتگاه‌ها در میزان اثرپذیری متفاوت آنها از تأثیرات ناگوار زلزله، سطح آسیب‌پذیری‌شان را نیز از یکدیگر متفاوت می‌سازد. به همین خاطر تأکید این پژوهش، بررسی ظرفیت‌ها و آسیب‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی در برابر خطر زمین‌لرزه در مناطق روستایی شهرستان خدابنده است. پژوهش حاضر درصدد اندازه‌گیری میزان ظرفیت‌های اجتماعی، اقتصادی، نهادی و کالبدی مناطق روستایی مورد مطالعه به‌منظور مقابله با تأثیرات مخاطره زلزله و تبیین عملی نقش ظرفیت‌سازی و یا تقویت ظرفیت‌های موجود با هدف کاهش تأثیرات زمین‌لرزه در منطقه روستایی مورد مطالعه است. برای دستیابی به اهداف تحقیق،‌ از روش‌های اسنادی و میدانی با تأکید بر تکمیل پرسشنامه نزد 321 نفر سرپرست خانوار روستایی در 37 روستا، استفاده شده است. پس از جمع‌آوری داده‌ها، به تحلیل آنها در محیط SPSS اقدام گردیده است. نتایج تحقیق، از کافی نبودن ظرفیت‌های موجود در منطقه روستایی مورد مطالعه برای کاستن از تأثیرات و آسیب‌پذیری خطر زمین‌لرزه حکایت دارد.}, keywords_fa = {Capacity Building,Khodabandeh rural areas.,Reduce of earthquake disasters,vulnerability}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24476.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24476_4e9f4f91254ce4326e6814d08387f272.pdf} } @article { author = {Kalantari, M. and Ghezelbash, S. and Yaghmaie, B.}, title = {Geographical Investigation of Crime Hot Spots in Zanjan City(Case Study: Drug-Related Crimes)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {41-59}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Crime occurrence, especially drug-related crimes are among the most significant problems in Zanjan city which are considered as worrisome problem for police and urban managers in this city. What is more, crime can cause negative and unbearable effects on human, social and economical development. Also it can cause a sense of insecurity and pessimism in the society. In fact individual behavior is a product of an interaction between the person and the setting. Most criminological theories pay attention only to the first, asking why certain people might be more criminally inclined or less so. This neglects the second, the important features of each setting that help to translate criminal inclinations into action. One cannot commit a crime without overcoming its physical requirements. During recent decades some new approaches have focused on environmental criminology and the relations between crime and place. Methodology This paper aimed at controlling the high-crime districts. In order to identify and analyze the spatial patterns of crime and crime facilitators in this city some statistical and graphic models and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been applied. This study is based on analytic-comparative method and the essential data and information has been collected through documentary and survey methods. All the drug-related crimes which are occurred in Zanjan city during a year have been examined in this article, which include drug dealing and drug abuse crimes. The spatial patterns of crime distribution in Zanjan city have been identified by using some statistical methods including: Mean Center, Standard Deviation Ellipse, Tests for Clustering, Nearest Neighborhood Index (NNI) and Quartic Kernel Density Estimation. Results and Discussion This study shows that the Mean Center points for drug-related crimes can be used to generally indicate that drug offences show a greater tendency to occur in the central part of Zanjan city. Levels of dispersion can be presented using Standard Deviation Ellipses. The north-west, south-east orientation of drug-related crimes helps to describe the general direction toward which these crimes have a tendency to be patterned. Testing for clustering is the first step in revealing whether data have hot spots of crime. The NNI is a simple and quick method to test for evidence of clustering. The results of this study show that according to Nearest Neighborhood Index (NNI), spatial distributions of drug-related crimes in Zanjan city are significantly clustered which suggests the existence of hot spots and cool spots in the city area. Areas of concentrated crime are often referred to as hot spots. The most suitable method for visualizing crime data as a continuous surface is Quartic Kernel Density Estimation. According to this method, the major drug hot spot has been identified in Bisim district. Conclusion Having many physical and demographical problems such as high population density, this area faces many restrictions in urban services like lack of some urban services and shortage of some others. However, urban manager and people in charge have tried to obtain some essential services for habitants of this area. Bisim is one of the two biggest informal settlements in Zanjan city which was established about 40 years ago due to high immigrations of rural people during that decade. Occupying 2.2 percent of the city area, Bisim has been gathered 10 percent of Zanjan city’s population. So this area has high population density in comparison to other parts of the city. In addition the major hot spot, two other slight hot spots have been understood in Hosseinie and Foroodgah quarters in Zanjan city. In order to improve security and reducing crimes especially drug-related areas in mentioned areas, these suggestions should be considered as a priority for people in charge of urban management as listed below: • Allocating some essential urban services in Bisim area and making balance in the type and composition of urban land use; • Locating and building some recreation grounds, parks, libraries and some other areas for entertaining youth and habitants of Bisim area; • Designing defensible spaces, rebuilding the urban abandoned areas and improving the light of streets during the night in order to stop criminals taking advantages of darkness; • Locating and building police station in the Bisim area in order to increase formal surveillance; and • Improving the physical conditions of streets in order to facilitate traffic and police patrolling.}, keywords = {Bisim,drug-related crimes,Hotspot,spatial pattern,Zanjan.}, title_fa = {بررسی جغرافیایی کانون‌های جرم‌خیز شهر زنجان(مورد مطالعه: جرایم مرتبط با مواد مخدر)}, abstract_fa = {بروز انواع ناهنجاری‌های اجتماعی، و از همه مهم‌تر وقوع جرایم مرتبط با مواد مخدر در شهر زنجان، از مشکلات عمدة این شهر در مقطع کنونی و دغدغه‌ای برای مدیران شهری و دست‌اندرکاران قضایی و انتظامی آن است. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل سازمان فضایی این ناهنجاری‌ها در شهر زنجان و شناسایی الگوهای مکانی و عوامل تسهیل‌کننده ارتکاب این جرایم و به‌منظور مقابله و کنترل محدوده‌های آلوده به آنها، با استفاده از مدل‌های آماری و گرافیکی و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی انجام گرفته است. روش پژوهش در این مقاله تحلیلی و تطبیقی است و برای شناسایی و تحلیل الگوهای فضایی توزیع جرایم در سطح شهر زنجان از آزمون‌های مرکز متوسط، بیضی انحراف معیار و آزمون خوشه‌بندی و شاخص‌های نزدیک‌ترین همسایه و تخمین تراکم کرنل استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر تمامی جرایم مرتبط با مواد مخدر است که در دوره زمانی یک‌ساله ـ از فروردین لغایت اسفند سال 1383 ـ در محدوده قانونی شهر زنجان به وقوع پیوسته است. نتیجه پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که توزیع فضایی جرایم مورد بررسی در شهر زنجان از الگوی خوشه‌ای و متمرکز پیروی می‌کند و مهم‌ترین کانون جرایم مرتبط با مواد مخدر در شهر زنجان بر منطقه اسکان غیررسمی بی‌سیم (نجف‌آباد) انطباق یافته است. این منطقه از محدوده‌های پرمسئله شهر زنجان از نظر کالبدی، جمعیتی و با نرخ بالای تراکم و با محدودیت‌های زیاد از نظر سرانه‌های خدماتی و تجهیزات و تأسیسات شهری است، به گونه‌ای که بسیاری از کاربری‌های ضروری یا در این منطقه وجود ندارد و یا با کمبود شدید مواجه است. به نظر می‌رسد که برای افزایش ایمنی و کاهش ناهنجاری‌های اجتماعی در این محدوده از منظر جغرافیایی،‌ نیاز به طراحی مجدد فضاهای بدون دفاع، ساماندهی فضاهای متروک و رها شده و تعادل‌بخشی به سرانه کاربری‌ها در این محدوده از شهر زنجان بیش از همه احساس می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {Bisim,drug-related crimes,Hotspot,spatial pattern,Zanjan.}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24477.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24477_89a995f5fa29b940e28d435f1ac028da.pdf} } @article { author = {Jahanian, M. and Zandi, E.}, title = {Exploring the Ecotourism Potentials of Deserts of Yazd Province, A SWOT Analysis}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {61-74}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Ecotourism is a new issue in the tourism industry which is only a part of the whole industry. This type of tourism makes possible human recreation activity mainly in the nature and is on the basis of targeted travels along with spiritual and cultural themes, visiting and studying of natural attractions and enjoying of divers phenomena. The most important motivation which these days encourages tourists to visit natural attractions is the curiosity of the probe tourists in order to recognition and studying of rare flora and fauna species and natural reserves which causes their deeper appreciation towards the nature that finally results in enriching of the sense of protection and reservation of natural environments. What is important in this sort of tourism is the problem of sustainability. Desserts are the most important natural attractions that include 90 percent of Iran’s area. The existence of such a wide area of deserts and dry regions makes it necessary to pay attention to these regions’ ecotourism and geotourism potentials. According to this fact, in this essay, the ecotourism potentials of deserts located around Yazd province will be discussed and sustainable tourism management aspects will be considered. Methodology This paper focuses mainly on three elements of ecotourism, deserts and sustainable development, and discusses tourism sustainable management from an ecotourism perspective applying a SWOT analysis model on the strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) as well as opportunities and threats (external factors) of the region. In light of the preceding remarks, the main research questions are as follow: What are the ecotourism potentials of Yazd Province and Lut Desert and how can they is exploited sustainably in order to develop the tourism of the country? What are the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats of the region; and how can the weaknesses and threats be removed and the strengths and opportunities be efficiently handled? Results and Discussion A requisite of sustainable development in deserts is to preserve natural resources as mankind's collective heritage in such a way that the needs of the contemporary as well as future generations be met. Given the attractions of the region, ecotourism is regarded as a means of [regional] development. Considering the underdevelopment of these regions, especially the villages, due to being situated in desert, this industry can serve as an income generating and job creating means for the residents of the region and prevent them from migrating and in long term, stimulate them in preserving this rich desert ecosystem and preventing them from overgrazing and shrub-cutting in this fragile ecosystem as a result of ignorance about its benefits. Ecotourism contributes to cultural promotion and self-esteem of those who live in deserts and can lead to sustainable development of the region. Conclusion With respect to the numerous attractions and potentials of Yazd Province and Lut Desert, such as yardangs, unique geographical phenomena, nebkhas, castles, diversified flora, … and abundance of people interested in ecotourism, ..., some desert-based activities and practices can be proposed in order to develop tourism in general, and ecotourism in particular. Respecting the interests, motivations, physical capabilities and types of tourists (eco-tourists) and with regard to the aforementioned classifications, different kinds of tours and activities can be organized such as desert public tours, special tours for adventure tourists, educational tours to visit geotopes, etc.}, keywords = {Deserts of Yazd Province,Ecotourism,Sustainable Development,SWOT analysis.}, title_fa = {بررسی پتانسیل‌های اکوتوریسم مناطق کویری و بیابانی اطراف استان یزد،با استفاده از الگوی تحلیل SWOT}, abstract_fa = {اکوتوریسم پدیده‌ای نسبتاً تازه در صنعت گردشگری است که تنها بخشی از کل این صنعت را تشکیل می‌دهد و بسیاری از کشورهای جهان را بر آن داشته است که سرمایه‌گذاری‌های عمده‌ای را به این بخش، به لحاظ درآمدزایی فراوان آن، اختصاص دهند. این شکل از گردشگری فعالیت‌های فراغتی انسان را عمدتاً در طبیعت امکان‌پذیر می‌سازد و موجب افزایش و قدردانی عمیق‌تر آنان از طبیعت می‌شود که در نهایت حس حفاظت و حراست از محیط‌های طبیعی را در آنان برمی‌انگیزد و تقویت می‌کند. آنچه که در این نوع گردشگری اهمیت فراوان دارد موضوع پایداری است، زیرا صنعت گردشگری بدون برنامه‌ریزی دقیق و توجه به قابلیت‌های بوم‌شناختی،‌ محلی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی، مشکلاتی را برای هر منطقه در پی خواهد داشت. از جمله مهم‌ترین جاذبه‌های طبیعی، مناطق کویری و بیابانی هستند که حدود 90 درصد از مساحت کشور را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. وجود چنین وسعتی از نواحی خشک، لزوم توجه به پتانسیل‌های مناطق مذکور را در زمینه صنعت اکوتورسیم و ژئوتوریسم، به‌ویژه در استان یزد که در مرکز ایران و در حاشیه دشت کویر و دشت و بیابان لوت قرار گرفته است، ضروری می‌سازد. بر این اساس در نوشتار حاضر سعی شده است تا به معرفی پتانسیل‌های اکوتوریستی کویرهای اطراف استان یزد و دشت و بیابان لوت پرداخته شود و جنبه‌های مدیریت پایدار گردشگری در این مناطق با رویکرد اکوتوریسم مورد دقت و توجه قرار گیرد. در این تحقیق، تجزیه و تحلیل برمبنای الگوی تحلیل SWOT استوار است و در نهایت با در نظر گرفتن عوامل تأثیرگذار در منطقه شامل چهار گروه ـ‌ نقاط ضعف، قوت، فرصت‌ها و تهدید‌ها ـ راهبردهایی هم‌سو با توسعه پایدار گردشگری در این مناطق ارائه گردیده است.}, keywords_fa = {Deserts of Yazd Province,Ecotourism,Sustainable Development,SWOT analysis.}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24478.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24478_e45f6c096b72d1cb9a5eb235d3d380f6.pdf} } @article { author = {Azarbad, N. and Salmani, M. and Motiee Langroodi, S. H. and Eftekhari, A. R.}, title = {An Analysis on a Settlement’s Network with an Emphasis on Population Flows in Firuzkooh Township}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {75-89}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The relations between both rural and urban settlements in the township of Firuzkooh are established based on population flows. These relations have led to the development of some structural networks and a settlement network pattern at the local and regional levels. This study already provides a key question on the features of this pattern. Methodology Data concerning this study have been derived from enquiries of 25 model villages and 436 operational model families of Firuzkooh Township which are selected based on Chocran and by considering far and near distances of the villages compared to Firuzkooh town. Results and Discussion It contains the size of networks, density and internal / external degree of network, flow intensity or internal degree of the whole communities enjoyable by each village as the key standards of network and varieties of centralities with commanding standards of a settlement network. Based on findings, the metropolis Tehran, qualified as a degree centrality, eigenvector centrality and betweenness centrality are known as key settlement as far as the network structure of Firuzkooh Township is concerned. Again, Mehdishahr, Karkebeneh, Mahmiodabad, Najafdar and Fereydounkenaar qualified as farthermost centralities, were identified as the poorest settlements in this network. Conclusion Based on study finding, the general pattern governing the settlement network in Firuzkooh, is a seasonal pattern of population flows in the forms of regular and cyclic one also in the forms of summer and winter network pattern at local and regional levels. This pattern is in line with the characters of views expressed on growth pole. However, it runs away from network views patterns. Multiple and directional linkages belonging to rural and urban settlements are owned by settlement network characters of our area under study.}, keywords = {Centrality,Firuzkooh.,network,Population Flows,settlement}, title_fa = {تحلیل شبکه سکونتگاهی با تأکید بر جریان‌های جمعیتی در شهرستان فیروزکوه}, abstract_fa = {روابط بین سکونتگاه‌های روستایی و شهری در شهرستان فیروزکوه به واسطه جریان‌های جمعیتی تحقق می‌یابد. این روابط در سطح محلی و ناحیه‌ای به ایجاد شبکة ساختاری و شکل‌دهی الگوی شبکه سکونتگاهی منجر شده است. حال، ویژگی‌های الگوی این شبکه سکونتگاهی پرسش و مسئله اصلی این تحقیق است. داده‌های تحقیق منتج از 25 روستای نمونه و 436 خانوار نمونه عملیاتی شهرستان فیروزکوه است که براساس فرمول کوکران و با در نظر گرفتن فاصلة دوری و نزدیکی روستاها نسبت به شهر فیروزکوه انتخاب شدند. اندازه شبکه، تراکم شبکه و درجه (درونی و بیرونی) شبکه، شدت جریان یا درجه درونی جامعه کل هر روستا مهم‌ترین معیارهای شبکه و انواع مرکزیت‌ها، معیارهای تسلط شبکه سکونتگاهی را نشان می‌دهند. براساس یافته‌های تحقیق، شهر تهران با احراز مرکزیت درجه‌ای، بردار ویژه و بینابینی به‌عنوان سکونتگاه اصلی در ساختار شبکه‌ای شهرستان فیروزکوه شناخته شد. همچنین مهدی‌شهر، کرکبنه، محمود‌آباد، نجفدر و فریدون‌کنار با احراز مرکزیت دوری، به مثابة ضعیف‌ترین سکونتگاه در شبکه شناسایی شدند. براساس نتایج تحقیق، الگوی کلی حاکم بر شبکه سکونتگاهی شهرستان فیروزکوه الگویی فصلی و منظم و چرخه‌ای از جریان‌های جمعیتی است که در قالب الگوهای شبکه‌ای تابستانه و زمستانه در سطح محلی و منطقه‌ای مطرح است. این الگو هم‌سو با مشخصات نظریه‌های قطب رشد است و با الگوی نظریات شبکه‌ای فاصله دارد. چندسویه بودن و جهت‌دار بودن پیوند سکونتگاه روستایی و شهری نیز از ویژگی‌های شبکه سکونتگاهی ناحیه مورد مطالعه است.}, keywords_fa = {Centrality,Firuzkooh.,network,Population Flows,settlement}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24479.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24479_56b65ad2987d3dca5a1cfe130081fde5.pdf} } @article { author = {Meshkini, A. and habibi, kyoumars and Tafakor, T.}, title = {Location-spatial Analyses for Urban Equipment and Using AHP in the GIS Environment}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {91-102}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the land use management of urban infrastructure is the main challenge of most of the urban authorities and planners. Urban land use can be review of the two main perspectives. Firstly, the most important concepts that are based on fundamentals thoroughly urban therefore need a way to recognition carefully. Second, that is important tools for achieving the of macro social, economic and physical objectives. This index, the investment of public and private decisions affected on urban growth and quality of physical environment, as well as playing an important role in it. One of the most important problems in Iranian cities is their vulnerability to natural hazards such as earthquake, storms, etc. This is particularly more critical in old parts of the cities due to the low conditions of their physical fabric considering the quality of materials, less permeability, lack renovation, etc. Iran with its specific geographical position is always exposed to the hazard of earthquake. Fire stations as places for preparation and readiness of emergency personals and trucks are among the major factors for addressing vital services in the cities. They play an important role in providing security and comfort for citizens and developing the economy for cities. It is obvious that giving proper service without delay and burden and without any limitations of urban environment on one, hand and negatively affecting the lives of citizen on the other hand, require the fire stations to be established and located in the proper places and locations. Methodology The method of the present research is based on four stages. In the first stage the literature of the subject was reviewed in the national and international researches to understand the process of urban mal-growth in other regions. Secondly a field work was conducted to collect data, maps and a study on the Master and Detailed plans of the city and zone 6 in Tehran. Thirdly, the different information layers were extracted from various maps (land use, The quality of building, The size of plot, The building age, The level of occupation, The number of floor, Building materials, Density of population and so on) and the satellite images IKONOS 2007 with Arial photos. All the data were corrected geometrically and digitized by applying ARC GIS and CAD. The preparation of these layers was implemented in the context of topology structure, review and geometric correction of images, the Boolean method and weighing and by reaching an appropriate method of integration and recognition. The functions of composite layers were conducted in the framework of union, intersection, clipping, buffering, merge and update. The results of spatial and descriptive of three stages were integrated and weighted by using Boolean Logic and fuzzy logic. Then by analyzing the integrated tables of information data the sites were evaluated. Then the most appropriate land use for fire station is recommended. By using this model, new locations were proposed for establishing fire stations, so that all the area could be completely covered. Results and Discussion There are lots of factors that have influence on locating the urban facilities like fire stations. Analyzing all these factors, by using traditional methods of locating such as manual overlapping of the maps, is not possible; because the amount of available data is enormous. In addition, lack of attention to these factors in location the urban facilities will result in wasting a remarkable amount of financial resources and human labor force and energy in the cities and it will impose serious damages on people and governments. Therefore, the appropriate use of data analyzer system like geographical information systems (GIS), which can process a huge bulk of data, is crucial. One of the main capability of GIS as an exclusive system is its potential of integration, modeling and site selecting through land valuation. By integrating and compositing the different criteria the most appropriated location can be selected. There are different methods for criteria composition. Which some of them include as follows: Boolean logic, Index overlay, Probability logic, Coefficient correlation, Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy logic or the logic of black and uncertainty, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is one of the most efficient techniques in decision making. In this model, the first time by Thomas L. Satty was introduced in 1980. The AHP approach is one of the more extensively used MCDM methods. The AHP has been applied to a wide variety of decisions and the human judgment processes.This technique is one of the MCDA methods with many capabilities which are used in different scientific disciplines. The previous researches show that the technique of MCDA which is known AHP is very suitable for solving complicated issues. Obtaining solutions in the AHP is not a statistical procedure, because it can help either a single decision maker or a decision group to solve a MCDM problem .One of the most important advantages of AHP relates to its ability to measure quantitative and qualitative characteristics of a decision. This technique is based on pair comparison and gives the possibility to study different options by the urban managers. Many researches show that AHP technique has proved to be quite useful when is integrated with GIS for site selection. In the present study, there was a try to bring up a new model for locating fire stations in the cities, through integrating hierarchical analyzing model (AHP), and layers evaluation logic and through the use of Geographical Information System (GIS). This model was practiced in the region 6 of Tehran. Fire stations are located at the southern part of this area and the majority of the north and the central parts of this region cannot be covered and properly serviced by these stations. Besides, these fire stations suffer from some weak points like being located in single – direction streets and lack of coverage for all the relative areas. Conclusion Results of the model which has been applied on the region fabric illustrate that an AHP approach is a basic tool to identify vulnerability of the region. Its application to the problem helps to unify relevant theory and practice. It also generated maps of vulnerable spots that can be more adaptable to changes and can greatly assist planners and policy makers in decision-making.}, keywords = {AHP,Fire station,Geographical Information System,Land Use,Layers evaluation logic.}, title_fa = {تحلیل فضایی ـ مکانی تجهیزات شهری و کاربست مدل تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی در محیط GIS (مطالعه موردی: ایستگاه‌های آتش‌نشانی هسته‌ مرکزی تهران)}, abstract_fa = {ایستگاه‌های آتش‌نشانی از جمله مراکز مهم و حیاتی خدمات‌رسانی در شهرها هستند که نقش مهمی در تأمین ایمنی و آسایش شهروندان و توسعه شهرها دارند. بدیهی است خدمات‌رسانی به‌موقع ایستگاه‌های آتش‌نشان بیش از هر چیز مستلزم استقرار آنها در مکان‌های مناسب است که بتوانند در اسرع وقت و بدون مواجه شدن با موانع و محدودیت‌های محیط شهری از یک‌سو و با ایجاد کمترین آثار منفی بر زندگی ساکنان شهر از سوی دیگر، به محل حادثه برسند و اقدامات امداد را به انجام برسانند. عوامل متعددی در مکان‌یابی تجهیزات شهری دخالت دارند که تحلیل همه‌جانبة آنها به‌وسیله روش‌های سنتی مکان‌یابی به دلیل حجم زیاد داده‌ها امکان‌پذیر نیست. از طرفی، عدم توجه به این عوامل در مکان‌یابی تجهیزات شهری موجب هدر رفتن سهم عمده‌ای از منابع مادی و از دست دادن حجم زیادی از انرژی و نیروی کار انسانی در شهرها گردیده است. لذا استفاده از ابزار تحلیل‌گر توانمندی چون GIS که بتواند با حجم وسیعی از داده‌ها کار کند، ضروری است. ایستگاه‌های موجود در قسمت جنوبی منطقه واقع شده‌اند و شمال و مرکز منطقه در خارج از سطح پوشش آنها قرار می‌گیرند. همچنین از لحاظ موقعیت مکانی دارای ضعف‌های مهمی مانند واقع شدن در معابر یک‌طرفه، پوشش ندادن کل منطقه و جز اینها هستند. در این پژوهش به کمک تلفیق مدل تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی و منطق ارزش‌گذاری لایه‌ها در GIS، مدلی برای مکان‌یابی ایستگاه‌های آتش‌نشانی ارائه می‌شود. این مدل بر روی منطقه مرکزی تهران که از آن به عنوان قلب تهران یاد می‌شود، پیاده شده است. در نهایت سایت‌هایی به‌منظور احداث ایستگاه‌های آتش‌نشانی پیشنهاد شده‌اند که با کمک ایستگاه‌های موجود قادر خواهند بود کل منطقه را تحت پوشش قرار دهند.}, keywords_fa = {AHP,Fire station,Geographical Information System,Land Use,Layers evaluation logic.}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24480.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24480_4b16b6ab2feef6b6d34a1976fd79ebf8.pdf} } @article { author = {anabestani, aliakbar}, title = {Process of Rural Second Homes Formation and Factors Affecting it (Case Study: Summer Villages in West of Mashhad)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {103-118}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction To escape different effects of environmental pollution, residents of urban areas try to spend part of their time in quiet, untapped nature. Thus tourism in the form of rural second homes is a recent phenomenon which has affected rural areas, especially in summer villages around Mashhad. Mashhad, as the second religious metropolis in Iran, has experienced radical population changes and expansion of physical texture, so that its violent expansion after Islamic Revolution has had second consequences which are prevalent in metropolis cities. Therefore, people residuary in Mashhad would need some locations to spend their leisure time. Those locations should be in near distance to Mashhad and they should also provide a quiet place when weekends in the city are noisy. This study tries to investigate the process of rural second homes formation as well as the factors affecting on it in the study area, namely summer villages in west of Mashhad, so that the finding results could be used in future plans for second homes in the studied area. Methodology Research method in this study is a descriptive- analytical one, part of the required data are collected through field method (questionnaire). The questionnaires data are collected from councils and municipalities of 24 villages and 238 households, using Cochrane formula. The study area is approximately 1160 square kilometers located in northern outskirt of Binalood Mountains, in southwest and west of Mashhad which includes two urban spot (Torghabeh and Shandiz) and 60 villages with a population of 30,772 in 2006. After data collection and processing in software environments SPSS, ArcGIS etc, the data and the issue addressed in this study, have been analyzed. Initial research question is that given the relatively small distance between rural settlements and the city of Mashhad, if there is a connection between this problem and what have rolled other factors in the formation of rural second homes in the area. Therefore the present study is looking for answering the above mentioned question and estimating the formation of homes in various intervals in the area. A few scholars have conducted some studies on rural second home tourism. Some of them are as follows: Rezvani: He believes that the emergence of this phenomenon and its rapid growth is related to social and economic changes in the country as well as in Tehran, and is especially consistent with this city's physical development, population growth and environmental pollutions. Some other pay to undesirable consequences such as water pollution, destruction of natural perspectives, destruction and change of agricultural lands and orchards, increased immigration, recession agriculture and polarized social activities due to rural second homes of tourism. Results and Discussion Survey of population changes in villages of the studying area during 1956 to 2006 reveals that in all of the mentioned periods, the annual growth rate of the rural population was lower than average growth rate of the country. Nevertheless, huge population movements during 1986-96 which dragged large population from rural areas to the urban ones in Mashhad should not be ignored. 2525 rural second homes have been identified in 2009, in which Torghabeh with 39.2% and Jaghargh with 12.1% were respectively in the highest and lowest rank. In spatial distribution of houses in study area villages, Zoshk with 500 second homes (84.4 percent of the total home) and Kang village with 10 second homes (2.1 percent of the total homes in village) had the greatest and the lowest rank respectively. Totally speaking, villagers in Kang, Noghondar, Dehbar, Sarasiyab and Gerakhk, despite their large population, could not be respective of second homes because of their restricted social contexts. Results show that appearance of rural second homes in Mashhad rural areas dates back to 1990and 2000s. So that the most significant results between second homes number and annual population growth rate belonged to years between 1996 and 2006 with r=0.228 (r=regression), which reveals that most of the second homes are constructed after 2001. There is weak significant relationship between number of houses and the villages' natural location (r=-0.215). This means that the more one goes to the mountainous villages, the less becomes the number of second homes. The relation between numbers of homes and non-native owners in the village is the most significant one, which has a regression of r=0.994. Thus, contrary to the results of the lost studies on appearance of second homes in rural dears in which the role of owners were very significant, in the study area the roles of the non-natives are of prime importance. Conclusion Rural tourism and Ecotourism of Mashhad residents with a relatively long history, in the form of construction of second homes or vacation homes in the summer areas (south west Mashhad) has a little history, this is why, at the same time expanding the physical texture of Mashhad in two decades, despite recent and consequently environmental pollutants in urban areas, formation of this phenomenon in the 2000 decade growing, has, in such a way that today almost all the villages and north hillside of Binalood and West of Mashhad (as the fields of Austria Leisure), see second homes and expanding their presence is expanding. Results show that: 1. The process of emergence of second homes in the study area shows that the emergence and formation history of the homes in villages is relatively small, so that about two-thirds (64.4 percent) of homes in the decade 2000, namely less than 8 years ago in the study villages were constructed. 2. Based on the research findings, a direct relationship doesn't exist between natural factors such as inequality, climate, water, soil and vegetation and the number of second homes in rural study, so that the highest correlation coefficient between the natural situation of village and the number of second homes have non acceptable level significant is. 3. Studying the relationship between the number of houses and villages away from the Mashhad, the significant level of correlation coefficient equal r=0.04 and can't be analyzed. Therefore, the maximum distance of 30 km. rural roads and access to appropriate, the possibility of a significant relationship between the number of houses and then there is no distance from the city of Mashhad. 4. The results showed that there is a significant relationship (r=0.944) between the presence of non-native owners and second homes in the villages. Physical development of Mashhad, the consequences resulting from urbanization (development of various environmental pollutants in cities) and market boom resulting from land and housing in the years after 2006 this hypothesis does not profe. Finally, based on the initial questions and possible hypotheses, can be expressed that among various factors in process of formation the second homes in summer villages of Mashhad, regard to the results, only the role of non-native owners is prominent and important, afterwards, large and small villages (the number of residential homes) have been established a direct linear relationship with the number of second homes. Therefore, it was supposed to default after the initial communication, good natural conditions and especially the presence of local owners operating in the region is construction of second homes, not to prove this hypothesis.}, keywords = {Mashhad,Non-native owners,Rural Regions,Rural tourism.,Second Homes}, title_fa = {فرایند شکل‌گیری خانه‌های دوم روستایی و عوامل مؤثر بر آن(مطالعه موردی: روستاهای ییلاقی غرب مشهد)}, abstract_fa = {امروزه ساکنان نواحی شهری برای فرار از انواع آلودگی‌های زیست‌محیطی که آنها را تهدید می‌کند، می‌کوشند تا پاره‌ای از وقت خود را در نواحی آرام و بکر و دست‌نخوردة طبیعی سپری کنند. بنابراین گردشگری در شکل خانه‌های دوم روستایی از پدیده‌هایی است که در دهه‌های اخیر، نواحی روستایی و به‌ویژه روستاهای ییلاقی غرب شهر مشهد را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی روند پیدایش و شناسایی عوامل مؤثر در شکل‌گیری خانه‌های دوم پیرامون کلان‌شهر مشهد بوده است. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است که برای گرد‌آوری اطلاعات از روش‌های میدانی (پرسشنامه) کمک گرفته شده و براساس آن علاوه بر شوراها و دهیاران 24 روستا از 238 خانوار نمونه پرسشگری به عمل آمده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ظهور خانه‌های دوم در نواحی روستایی مورد مطالعه به دهه‌های 70 و 80 برمی‌گردد، به نحوی که در دهه‌ی 1380 روند فزاینده‌ای به خود گرفته است، و رابطة معناداری بین عوامل طبیعی و انسانی در شکل‌گیری این خانه‌ها وجود نداشته است بلکه ضریب همبستگی بین تعداد خانه‌ها و مالکان غیربومی در روستاها به حداکثر خود یعنی 944/0 نزدیک می‌شود، که نشان از وجود انگیزه‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی دیگری در زمینة حضور مالکان غیربومی در منطقه دارد. با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش، پیشنهاد می‌شود که به شناسایی پیامدها و تأثیرات احتمالی پیدایش خانه‌های دوم در نواحی روستایی اقدام گردد.}, keywords_fa = {Mashhad,Non-native owners,Rural Regions,Rural tourism.,Second Homes}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24481.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24481_1cfe597ee7917958bb943dc0f75bae3f.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimian, H.}, title = {Cultural Symbols in Urban Views: Demonstration of Meaning, Sense of Identity & Spiritual Relief}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {42(74، زمستان 1389)}, number = {4}, pages = {119-132}, year = {2011}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Iranian ancient cities demonstrated the cultural features and social organisation of their inhabitants in the most convenient manner. This would mean that people could infer the role and function of buildings in these cities, just by looking at their façades and the walls on the two sides of streets and public pathways. In fact, the architectures and urban developers used special symbols and signs, when constructing private, public and governmental buildings that helped revealing the function and use of these units at the first sight. Thus, all visible components of old cities communicated with the pedestrians introducing their function, and providing information on beliefs and even social rank of their owners. Modern cities’ view, however, lack such capability, despite the immense progress in the communication sciences. In other words, external appearance of the elements of newly built cities does not reflect their inhabitants’ identity and it seems that there has been no informed and targeted effort towards implicating such features. By development of modern cities, most of symbols and signs of cultural identity, embedded in their old structures, have either completely perished or faded in such a way that are not distinguishable anymore. Presently, the appliance of cultural symbols on the face of few buildings can be considered as individual efforts of some employers and architects. However, the usage of these symbols can sometimes be a disproportionate imitation of forms, patterns and pictures of ancient world, and therefore, cannot illuminate a meaningful picture in the observer’s thoughts. If one could consider the urban spaces as the arena of emanation of nations’ cultures and histories, it should then be accepted that what is currently occurring in Iranian cities is a kind of deviation from the rich cultural and ancient values of the habitants of this land, which is in essence the “reversal of the contemporary art” (Nadimi 1378: 32). Since urban spaces have been the centres of concentration of societies, these spaces can be considered as the most suitable manifestation of human’s culture. Therefore, urban programmers should thrive and strengthen the positive aspects of national culture by implementing short and long-term programs in such areas. Methodology The specialists, who criticise the conditions governing the Iranian modern cities spatial structure and architecture, have offered several suggestions for national and religious values to emerge. For instance, in the closing manifesto of the symposium of “Public Culture, Architecture and Urbanism in Iran”, in addition to the commiseration expressed for the lack of attention given to the aspect of public culture in the architecture and construction of newly built cities, it has been emphasised to strongly include “... promotion and prevalence of Iranian-Islamic cultural signs and symbols” and also “... attention to the cultural aspects of the society” into urban programming. The question that arises here is that what should be done for identification of the Iranian cities, and transforming them into manifestation of Islamic civilisation and culture? And if employment of the above-mentioned Islamic signs and symbols in modern constructions is possible, which suitable and meaningful ways, and what implementation process(es) would be suggested? In the present research, it has been tried to study the communicative role of symbols and signs in the ancient cities, as well as discussing the justification and the know-how of employing these signs; with the aim of determining practical ways of using them in new born cities. The main aim of this research, therefore, is to present practical suggestions that could transform the contemporary cities to visual manifestation contexts of their habitants’ cultural values. Results and Discussion Results of the analysis carried out in this research clarifies that: (1) the reduction of foreign symbols used in urban spaces; and (2) strengthening of national identity, using symbols which reflect the cultural and beliefs of the habitants of this land, are two possible and beneficial realistic methods. Conclusion Therefore, it is offered as a practical suggestion to the Ministry of Housing & Urban Development to establish “the Commission of Cultural Symbols & Signs” to manage the above mentioned tasks. As a matter of fact, this commission will be able to approve necessary regulations in order to oblige public (governmental) and private (non-governmental) employers to reduce the usage of foreign symbols in building façades. The mentioned commission could also encourage private employers, in the form of granting special incentives, to use cultural symbols in the buildings.}, keywords = {Iranian ancient cities,Iranian modern cities.,Iranian urban spaces,Islamic signs and symbols,National Identity}, title_fa = {نمادهای فرهنگی در مناظر شهری: بیان معنا، حس هویت و آرامش روحی}, abstract_fa = {شهرهای کهن ایران به زیباترین وجه بیانگر هویت کالبدی و بصری برای درک کارکردهای‌شان بوده‌اند؛ لیکن امروزه منظر شهرها فاقد چنین هویتی‌اند. به عبارت دیگر، سیمای بیرونی عناصر شهرهای معاصر انعکاس‌دهندة هویت ساکنان آنها نیست و چنین به نظر می‌رسد که هیچ تلاش آگاهانه و هدفداری به‌منظور هویت‌بخشی به آنها صورت نپذیرفته است. در این شهرها، بسیاری از نشان‌ها و نمادهای هویت فرهنگی یا به کلی از بین رفته‌‌اند و یا به شدت کمرنگ شده‌اند و کاربرد این علائم بر پیشانی تعداد اندکی از بناها، تنها تلاشی انفرادی از سوی معدودی از کارفرمایان و معماران و یا گاه صرفاً تقلیدی ناموزن است. چنانچه کاربرد این عناصر نمادین تلاشی باشد برای هویت‌بخشی به شهرهای ایران، ‌و در صورتی‌که کاربرد نشان‌ها و نمادهای اسلامی در بناهای تازه احداث‌شده میسّر گردد، بایستی راهکارهای استفادة بجا و محتوایی از آنها و نیز فرایند انجام این امر را مطالعه و معین کرد. در پژوهش حاضر تلاش گردیده است تا ضمن بررسی نقش ارتباطی نمادها و نشان‌ها در شهرهای کهن، فلسفه و چگونگی کاربرد این علائم مورد بحث قرار گیرد و راهکارهای اجرایی استفاده از آنها در شهرهای نوبنیاد مشخص گردد. در نتیجة این پژوهش، روشن گردید که کاهش روند استفاده از نشان‌های بیگانه در نماد فضاهای شهری و تقویت هویت بصری شهرها با بهره‌گیری از نمادهایی که انعکاس‌دهنده فرهنگ و اعتقادات ساکنان آنها باشند و در تعدیل روحیات اجتماعی شهرنشینان سودمند گردند، امکان‌پذیر است. بدین منظور و در جهت تشخیص کاربری بجا و محتوایی نمادها و نشانه‌ها، تعیین ضوابط و مقررات ذی‌ربط و توقف کلیه برنامه‌های مخرب به‌وسیله واحدهای نامتجانس، پیشنهاد گردیده است تا کمیسیونی با عنوان «کمیسیون نمادها و نشانه‌های فرهنگی» در وزارت مسکن و شهرسازی تشکیل گردد تا به انجام این امر مهم مبادرت ورزد.}, keywords_fa = {Iranian ancient cities,Iranian modern cities.,Iranian urban spaces,Islamic signs and symbols,National Identity}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24482.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24482_c1f771c8a3fb31ab5b26bb001dc63563.pdf} }