@article { author = {Zayyari, Keramatolah and Eshghabadi, F. and Mamdoohi, A. R. and Farhoudi, R.}, title = {Modelling of Behavior Patterns for Work and Service Trips of Residents of Tehran}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {1-22}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30036}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Modeling for explaining complex patterns of behavior of urban residents can address the analysis and description of many urban issues. It can be used in broad sectors of urban planning that need to analyze the current situation and predict future behavioral patterns of population. Because of the complexity of economic activities and social structures in Tehran, any urban planning for the future requires precise analysis of behavioral patterns of residents in this city in connection with determining residence and services as the major human activities. Models of travel distribution between regions are mathematical formulas of distributed trips based on various assumptions and some regularity observed during the trip length frequency. In these models, the purpose is to analyze distribution of trips between pairs of source-destination. Due to incapability of travel forecasting models such as spatial interaction models, the need for models to predict behavior is reasonable in predicting travel behavior patterns and those social and economic differences between source-destination travel. In this study, the Choice Model (type of Multinomial logit model) is employed for modeling the business patterns of and services trips behavior amongst of residents of Tehran in order to understand and analysis the complexities of these trips on various influencing factors. Methodology The purpose of this paper is to model behavioral patterns of the work and services travel for residents of twenty-two districts of Tehran through. Thus, the work-to-home and home-to-service models of selection-type model (multiple logit model) were constructed the maximum likelihood method. After creating many work-to-home and home-to-service desirability functions, their parameters and final coefficients of their variables are made based on multiple Logit model and work-to-home and home-to-service trips in Tehran or using maximum likelihood method, in which the final desirability function is produced. The statistical analysis and producing symptom parameters and variable coefficients for built desirability functions, the modeling accuracy and precision in the reconstruction of observed business trips and services in Tehran are analyzed by linear regression function. Results and Discussion All variables for work-to-home utility function, u_ij^wh, and home-to-service utility function, u_ij^hs, which are the results of modeling in equations 9 and 10 are highly significant in t-statistical value and its zero test is rejected with more than 99% probability. Also, all estimated parameters are marked as expected. Fitness index for these models is estimated by linear regression coefficient. Linear regression functions, 13 and 14 represent compliance rate of work-to-home and home-to-service estimated models relative to corresponding observations in the modeling range (Tehran). As shown in Figure 1 and 2, distribution and diviation of points from the 45–degree line is relatively low. In Table 11, it can be seen that the accuracy of work-to-home and home-to-service models in the reconstruction of observations is adequate and Linear regression coefficients, R_wh^2 and R_hs^2 are 0.885 and 0.940, respectively. t–statistical value for b, is respectively (60.923) and (86.580), at significant level , with degree of freedom equal to , such that it is significantly large and; then its zero test is rejected. Also, t–statistical value for a, is respectively (3.224) and (1.822) at a significant level , with degree of freedom equal to , , such that is small and meaningless; then its zero test is not rejected. In addition, the distribution represents the significancy of regression coefficient and between estimates and observations; hence, the simultaneously zero test for a and b is rejected. Therefore, a is not zero, but too small. Conclusion In this paper, behavioral patterns of work and service trips for residents of twenty-two region in tehran were modeled and processed by creating work-to-home and home-to-service multinomial-logit-type models using maximum-likelihood method. These model could explain the behavioral patterns of work and service trips of Tehran residents and predicted of future pattern.}, keywords = {Home -to- Service Model,maximum likelihood method,Multinomial Logit Model,Tehran.,Utility Function,Work -to- Home Model}, title_fa = {مدل‎سازی الگوهای رفتاری سفرهای کار و خدمات ساکنان شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {تعیین محلّ سکونت و دریافت خدمات به‎عنوان عمده‎ترین فعّالیّت‎های انسان، نیازمند تحلیل دقیق الگوهای رفتاری انسان می باشد. هدف این مقاله مدل‎سازی الگوهای رفتاری سفرهای کار و خدمات ساکنان بیست‎ودو منطقه‎ی شهر تهران، از طریق ساخت و پرداخت مدل‌های کار ـ به ـ خانه و خانه ـ به ـ خدمت، از نوع مدل انتخاب (مدل لوجیت چندگانه) با استفاده از روش بیشینه‎ی درست‎نمایی است. بنابراین، ابتدا مدل لوجیت و نیازهای اطلاعاتی مدل‎سازی بررسی و معرّفی و سپس به توابع مطلوبیّت کار ـ به ـ خانه و خانه ـ به ـ خدمت پرداخته می‎شود که بر اساس ویژگی‎ها و عوامل جذب یا دفع‎کننده‎ی مناطق برای انتخاب محلّ سکونت یا دریافت خدمات ساکنان شهر تهران ساخته می‎شوند. پس از ساخت تعداد زیادی توابع مطلوبیّت کار ـ به ـ خانه و خانه ـ به ـ خدمت، مقادیر ثابت و ضرایب نهایی متغیّرهای توابع، بر اساس مدل لوجیت چندگانه و مشاهدات سفرهای کار ـ به ـ خانه و خانه ـ به ـ خدمت شهر تهران و استفاده از روش بیشینه‎ی درست‎نمایی، توابع مطلوبیّت نهایی تولید می‎شوند. پس از بررسی آماری، علائم و ضرایب متغیّرهای توابع مطلوبیّت ساخته‎شده و درنهایت، صحّت و دقّت مدل‎سازی‎ها در بازسازی سفرهای کاری و خدماتی مشاهده‎شده‎ی شهر تهران، از طریق تابع روندگرای خطّی تحلیل می‎شوند. مقدار خوب و بالای میزان برازندگی مدل‎سازی مشخّص می‎کند، مدل‌های حاصل، برآوردها را در سطح مطلوبی از مشاهده‌های نظیر خود بازسازی می‎کنند. مدل‌های نهایی می‌توانند الگوهای رفتاری پیچیده‎ی سفرهای کاری و خدماتی ساکنان شهر تهران را بر اساس مدل احتمالی لوجیت شبیه‎سازی کنند.}, keywords_fa = {Home -to- Service Model,maximum likelihood method,Multinomial Logit Model,Tehran.,Utility Function,Work -to- Home Model}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30036.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30036_f1dc6c20dde9210c1e8dd307cdaa6e81.pdf} } @article { author = {faraji sabokbar, Hassan Ali and Mansourian, A. and Rezaali, Mansour and Aghanejad Ahmad Chalee, M. R.}, title = {Development of a SDI Conceptual Model for Municipal of Babol}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {23-44}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30037}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Spatial data as one of the most important and most critical factors in decision-making and planning in life are discussed. For this reason, many needs, objectives and activities of different organizations, when it is possible that access to appropriate data integration is possible. One of the major problems today in most organizations, we are faced, lack of proper management of data and ignore its role in improving management and planning processes are. This issue, especially in small local organizations such as municipalities, as the main executive body in the city level, which is faced with lots of spatial data, is enormous. Regarding this issue, and to appropriate management spatial information and improve decision making, planning and implementation within the municipality, is required to, all existing problems that are often technical, economic, political and social aspects, will be exact identified and Rising. In this regard, spatial data infrastructure (SDI), as the activity in context of spatial data management, is able to use their model as a framework to resolve existing problems in context of spatial data management in the municipality and provide the necessary context information. In this article, in the context of a case study project in Babol municipality, various problems for developing Organizational SDI were investigated and solutions for resolving the problems were proposed. Methodology SDI is collection of technologies, policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate the availability of and access to geographic data. The SDI provides a basis for spatial data discovery, evaluation, and application for users and providers within all levels of government, the commercial sector, the non-profit sector, academia and by citizens in general. To make an SDI functional, it must also include the organisational agreements needed to coordinate and adminster it on a local, regional, national, and or trans-national scales. Development of Iran SDI was formally started from 2005 according to the enactment of the parliament in 2004. Referring to the enactment, a high level document entitled "the NSDI Special Development Plan Document (NSDI-SDPD)" was prepared and then approved by the ministerial board. The document includes mandating statements for NSDI development. It also clarifies the Iran NSDI vision, core components, coordinator, and secretary as well as main stakeholders. Figure 1 shows the general Iran SDI model including its core components and their relationship with each other The general model illustrates that, by better use of technologies, proper policy-making, standardization and creating accessing networks, the relation between people and data can be facilitated (Figure 1). NSDI-SDPD has also accepted the hierarchy nature of SDI for Iran, including the horizontal and vertical relationships between different levels of SDI from local to national. Fig 1. SDI general model of Iran Therefore ,the most important components of SDI are people, policies, standards, accessing Network and data. With respect to this framework, a research study in municipality of Babol has been designed with an aim to develop a system based on sectorial-SDI and present a conceptual model for SDI to facilitate the development of an infrastructure for municipality management. Based on subject of research, we review and evaluate the current status of municipalities, from an SDI point of view, was performed. through questionnaires and interview with specialists and experts necessary data were collected. After checking, the data was analyzed by UML and RUP methodology and make a conceptual model for SDI of Babol. Results and Discussion Babol is a big city in north of iran. Municipality of babol include some sectors: Mayor's Office, Construction and Urban Development Affairs, Urban Services, Administrative & financial affairs. To this list are added numerous departments, organizations, and affiliated companies that product and use spatial data. After that, with regard to current status of Babol municipality and identifying problems and existing issues, Babol municipality's SDI conceptual model, was developed. At this stage, relying on Iran national SDI conceptual model, and considering to the features and specifications of Babol municipality, SDI components were identified and important issues related to each component, with more detail were analyzed. At the end, a brief implementation, in order to share data required for multiple units of Babol municipality, which was the previous stages, have been performed. Assessment of spatial data management at municipal of Babol: Social and technical assessment As an assessment framework was used a model of organization behavior. The main feature of this model is possibility of simplifying an organization such as city of Babol. At this vision, we divided it to three levels: individual, group and organization. Assessment of Data standpoint Data were analyzed from four aspects:Availability, Accessibility, Applicability and Usability. Then was proposed data and maps required municipal units. Development a conceptual model SDI for city of Babol Based on Iranian model of SDI, the main components were investigated including organizations and people, network access, standards and policies. Conclusion Accordingly, in this thesis, review and evaluate the current status of municipalities, from an SDI point of view, was performed. After that, with regard to current status of Babol municipality and identifying problems and existing issues, Babol municipality's SDI conceptual model, was developed. At this stage, relying on Iran national SDI conceptual model, and considering to the features and specifications of Babol municipality, SDI components were identified and important issues related to each component, with more detail were analyzed. At the end, a brief implementation, in order to share data required for multiple units of Babol municipality, which was the previous stages, have been performed.}, keywords = {Enterprise GIS.,Geographic Information Systems,Municipality of Babol,Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)}, title_fa = {ارائه‎ی مدل مفهومی برای مدیریت زیرساخت داده‎های مکانی بخشی ـ شهرداری مطالعه‎ی موردی: شهرداری بابل}, abstract_fa = {زیرساخت داده‎های مکانی، به‎اشتراک‎گذاشتن داده‎های مکانی در سطح سازمان یابین سازمان‎ها است. زیرساخت داده‎های مکانی، مجموعه‎ی موافقت‎نامه‎ها در زمینه‎ی استانداردهای فنّاوری، ساختارو گردش سازمانی، سیاست‎ها و خطّ‎مشی‎ها هستند که امکان به‎اشتراک‎گذاشتن اطلاعات مکانی را فراهممی‎کنند و براساس مقیاس و سطح کاربرد دسته‎بندی می‎شوند که از سطح سازمان گرفته تا سطح ملّی و بین‎المللی، پیش می‎روند. مجموعه‎هایی مانند شهرداری برای انجام امور جاری سازمان به اطلاعات و داده‎ها نیاز دارند، این اطلاعات باید به‎شکل مؤثّری تولید و مورد استفاده بخش‎های مختلف قرار گیرند. دراین پژوهش شهرداری بابل،به‎عنوان مطالعه‎ی موردی انتخاب شده است. برای طرّاحی مدل مفهومی مناسب شهرداری بابل اجزای مختلف زیرساخت اطلاعات مکانی بخشی، گردش اطلاعات مکانی و نیازهای اطلاعاتی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. همچنین مدل مفهومی و رابطه‎ی مدل داده مکانی نیز پیاده‎سازی شده است. جریان جاری گردش داده در شهرداری بابل سنّتی است و با کمبود داده‎های مکانی آماده و مناسب روبه‎رو است. با توجّه به مشکل داده در شهرداری بابل، برای توسعه‎ی مدل SDI شهرداری بابل، مدل محصول مبنا پیشنهاد می‎شود.}, keywords_fa = {Enterprise GIS.,Geographic Information Systems,Municipality of Babol,Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30037.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30037_0efe9555e668241d9e9203a1b9a4a359.pdf} } @article { author = {Zarei, B. and Yazdanpanah, K. and Zeinivand, A.}, title = {A Review of Islamic Republic of Iran's National Security Discourse}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {45-64}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30038}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction This paper aims to analyze and review two security discourse existing in Islamic Republic so far: formative trend and reasons for its formation in Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). The first debate receiving its theoretical themes from political thought of Islam, constitution and perspective of decision makers is known as revolutionary debate which presents a supranational and nation-based interpretation of a wide and Mustaz'af-oriented view regarding national security of IRI. Security policy supervises the policies dominated over the trends of decision making in areas related to national security. From this perspective, areas of domestic and international policy and military, information, economic, managerial and even cultural and social arenas make established connection with the category of security policy. Accordingly, phenomenon of security and security policy making in different domestic and foreign perspectives and achieving it has always been among the basic goals of those countries in political life. Following sources of power, structure of government, geographical status and geopolitical qualities and type of ideology, all countries have made attempts to formulate their security policy and use it to gain multi-lateral security. In this study, security is examined in the area of IRI security geography with two different trends (traditional and modern). In Iran, first, regarding political thought of Islam and constitution – based on nation-based and Dar al-Islamic thinking known as revolutionary debate – a supranational thinking of security formed. The attitude visualized theoretical structure and security decision makings of IRI for a decade is based on the necessity of Muslims unification, historical experiences and …. The imposed war (Iran-Iraq war), difficult economic status, geographical requirements, international threats of revolutionary debate and … lead to the rotation and return of security perspectives in the first approach toward the attitude of IRI's national realm. In this study, the period is introduced as national debate of IRI's security. In the end, results of two approaches are reviewed and reflected. Methodology We used descriptive-analytical method, because by review and analysis of two opposing discourse (i.e. revolution-based approach [supranational interpretation of security] and realm-based approach) protecting the security of people and society equal the security of government. The study applies Fiqh resources including Shiite and Sunni in different periods, religious texts, political geography resources, international relationships and political sciences which review and pursue security categories. Also, it takes comparative method in a widely large scale. After the collection of the extensive resources of Fiqh and security and extraction of key points and ideas and categorization and arrangement of information, data analysis is conducted qualitatively so as to derive and introduce two traditional and modern approaches. Results and Discussion Supranational interpretation of security – which has dominated the security policy of the country after victory of Islamic Republic based on Dar al-Islamic (school-based) thinking – has had great effect on mentality and intellectual system and structure of the influential elites of IRI regarding security of nation and school; namely, in planning sublime goals of system security, the issue of revolutionary debate of security. And it had an exclusive role. This ideal quality of the officials of the revolution resulted in that the necessities of system are partially resolved and it rather seeks for realizing its truth. This section is aimed to explain IRI's realm-based security perspective. The end of war (June 1988) can be considered as the beginning of a new period in security considerations of Iran. The war had reduced the ideals of the system out of national realm and consequently focused on the national considerations and its end led the gravity center of national policies into national geography. The period (as a beginning for political evolutions of the country) reduced the level of influence of ideological positions in national security considerations and instead positioned the status of national interests for Islamic nation interests so that the basis of foreign behavior and relationships of IRI also formed based on such an attitude. Conclusion Each country formulates its own security policies based on sources of power, structure of government, geographical status and geopolitical qualities and type of ideology. So, since early victory of Islamic Republic, revolutionary security and spread-based debate has been formed in Iran. Tribal and religious inconsistencies of Iran led to the issue that riots do not consider national images enough for domestic unification because tribal and religious crises made the leaders cautious in taking a national approach in security policies. War and its consequences reduced the areas of Islamic system ideals out of national realm and led the gravity center of national policies into national geography. Gradually, it brought about new debate in the arena of security policies (national debate). In this period, Iran adapted itself to iron geographical policy. From this section on, sustainable elements appeared more than before in foreign relationships of Iran and its security policy. Benefiting from geopolitical capabilities in new period was done with a motivation to help the development and expansion and again considered to be a type of assistant for macro goals of the system.}, keywords = {Constitution,National Debate,Revolutionary Discurse,Security Geography,Software and Hardware Threats.}, title_fa = {بررسی گفتمان‎های امنیّت ملّی جمهوری اسلامی ایران}, abstract_fa = {در این نوشتار کوشش بر این بوده است تا به تحلیل و بررسی دو گفتمان امنیّتی موجود در جمهوری اسلامی از ابتدا تا کنون، سیر تکوینی و علل شکل‎گیری آن در جمهوری اسلامی ایران بپردازد. گفتمان نخست، به‎نام گفتمان انقلابی، مایه‎های نظریه‎ای خود را از اندیشه‎ی سیاسی اسلام، قانون اساسی و دیدگاه‎های تصمیم‎سازان دریافت می‎دارد که تفسیری فراملّی و امّت‎محور و از دیدگاهی گسترده‎تر و مستضعف‎نگر از امنیّت ملّی جمهوری اسلامی ایران ارائه می‎کند. مشکلات درونی کشور، الزامات جغرافیایی و بین‎المللی، به‎معنای آغاز دوره‎ای نوین در ملاحظات امنیّت ملّی کشور بود. در این دوره، تلاش حاکمان جمهوری اسلامی کاهش سطح ایستارهای ایدئولوژیک تأثیرگذار در ملاحظات امنیّت ملّی کشور بود، البّته نباید از تغییرات در سطح کلان و بین‎المللی و تأثیر آن بر ایران در این دوره بی‎توجّه بود. این دوره را می‎توان گفتمان ملّی امنیّت جمهوری اسلامی معرّفی کرد. گفتمان دوم، یک دهه پس از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی ایران و با دوره‎ی ریاست جمهوری آقای ‎هاشمی رفسنجانی آغاز شد که با توجّه به شرایط داخلی و بین‎المللی حاکم بر کشور و ظهور تنگناهای داخلی و تهدیدهای خارجی، همچنین فروپاشی شوروی و پایان جنگ سرد و از سوی دیگر ضرورت بازسازی کشور ناشی از ویرانی‎های جنگ تحمیلی ایران، خود را با قوانین مستحکم جغرافیای حاکم بر این سرزمین هماهنگ ساخت و گفتمان امنیّتی حفظ‎محور مبتنی بر حفظ نظام، کشور و توجّه به داخل و تأمین نیازهای آن را مدّ نظر قرار داد. پس از گذشت چندین سال به مرور زمان، ضعف و ناتوانی این رویکرد امنیّتی نیز آشکار شد و امنیّت سخت‎افزاری و نگاه به بیرون، به‎عنوان بنیاد تهدیدهای داخلی ایران، مورد چالش و نقد اساسی قرار گرفت و ناکارآمدی امنیّتی این رویکرد نیز آشکار شد.}, keywords_fa = {Constitution,National Debate,Revolutionary Discurse,Security Geography,Software and Hardware Threats.}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30038.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30038_0d94466dc5daa81639d1bbfefa1339f5.pdf} } @article { author = {Motiee Langroodi, Seyed Hasan and Farhadi, S. and Zare, Z}, title = {The Reasons for Spread of Addiction in Rural Regions(Case Study: Choardoli’s Rural District in Ghorveh County)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {65-85}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30039}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The countryside is popularly associated with peace and tranquility; yet for many people rural life can be a stressful experience, provoked by isolation, pressures to conform, the inability to escape or hide in close-knit communities, crime, drug, lack of diverting entertainment and strain of economic restructuring, particularly in agriculture. Addiction is one the challenges in rural communities which has spread from the past and resulted in disturbances in rural systems. During the recent years, addiction has caused debilitation in human resources and resulted in less efficient work forces. It has caused imbalance in economic, cultural, social and political situations and has been the reason associated with lots of crimes. Addiction, by itself, loses lots of human and financial resources and prevents villages from developing. The present study is aimed at considering the reasons for trend towards addiction and its spreading in villages located in Choardoli’s rural district in Ghorveh County. The purpose of this study is to know effective factors on increasing the number of addicts, so that one can study and analyze these factors in order to make a plan for reducing the addiction in rural societies. Methodology In this research, the statistical society is those villages located in western part of the Choardoli’s rural district. The sampling method was based on sapling offield in which the villages are selected based on factors such as population, accessibility to the counties and distance from county. The data are gathered by personal interviews and questionnaires. the interviewed persons are selected randomly and the addicted population are recognized and sampled by the snowball qualitative method. The method of analysis is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative criteria. The interviewed person’s opinion is directly reflected in the research results. In the snowball method the addict introduces another person to the researcher and thus, all the real addicts are being found. It must be noted that the person who uses drugs from time to time is not counted as addict. This method of data gathering has a high level of certainty on the data obtained. Results and Discussion The findings of the present study shows that various factors have contributed to an increase of addiction trend, which according to the percentage are: enjoyment and leisure (24.07%), unemployment (20.37%), easy access to drugs (16.67%), existence addicts in friends and relatives (14.81%), family problems (5.56), using drugs as caring elements (5.56), stress (3.70), adventure and curiosity (3.70), failed marriage (1.85). In the opinion of researchers a main factor which is behind the mentioned ones is that increasing of addiction is mainly caused by a new cultural phenomen in which addictive drugs are used extensively in night parties. This study also highlights that the accessibility factor is an important parameter and the villages with better access to urban sites have a higher percentage of drug addicts. For example Nazem Abad which is located between several urban sites and has a good connecting roads showed the highest percentage of addicts. In addition seasonal unemployment and relation with addicted friends have shown to be important factors. Conclusion According to the findings of the present study the most important factors which contribute to the addiction spreading are: easy access to drugs, unemployment, enjoyment and leisure, addicted in friends and relatives, stress, using addicted as cure, adventure and curiosity, failed marriage. Nowever, increasing trends toward use of addictive in night parties makes a great contribution. This factor should be highlighted and rural families should be trained in order to avoid these night parties. Other suggestions to decrease addiction in rural societies are: monitoring children especially in work seasons, training health center operators, and village councils.}, keywords = {Addiction,Choardoli’s Rural District.,Countryside,County Ghorveh,social disorder}, title_fa = {عوامل مؤثّر بر گسترش اعتیاد در نواحی روستایی (مطالعه‎ی موردی: دهستان چهاردولی غربی شهرستان قروه)}, abstract_fa = {با وجودی که نواحی روستایی در بین مردم محیط امن شناخته می‎شود، اما زندگی روستایی نیز می‌تواند تنش‌زا باشد. این وضعیّت می‌تواند با دورافتادگی، بروز فشارهای روانی برای سازگاری، عدم توانایی برای پنهان‎شدن در جوامع یکپارچه، کمبود امکانات تفریحی، اعتیاد، جرم و فشار بازسازی اقتصادی مرتبط باشد. اعتیاد یکی از ناهنجاری‎های جامعه‎ی روستایی است که با گذر زمان فراگیرتر شده و سبب اختلال در زندگی روستایی می‎شود. اعتیاد در سال‎های اخیر، سبب تضعیف و ناکارآمدی نیروی انسانی و عدم تعالی اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و سیاسی جامعه و دلیل بسیاری از بزه‌کاری‌ها شده است. مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی علل گرایش و گسترش اعتیاد در روستاهای دهستان چهاردولی غربی شهرستان قروه، برای شناسایی عوامل مؤثّر بر افزایش تعداد معتادان ارائه شده است. جامعه‎ی آماری روستاهای دهستان چهاردولی غربی است و روش نمونه‌گیری برای تعداد روستاها، نمونه‌گیری مکانی است. برای جمع‎آوری داده‌ها از پرسش‎نامه استفاده شده که در این راستا، افراد ناظر به‎صورت تصادفی ساده و جمعیّت معتاد با استفاده از معتادان در دسترس انتخاب شده‌اند. روش تحلیل، توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با تکیه بر مطالعات کیفی است. نتایج به‎دست‎آمده از این پژوهش بر اثرگذاری عواملی چون، لذّت‌جویی، گذران اوقات فراغت، بیکاری، نزدیکان و دوستان معتاد، ازهم‎پاشیدگی نظام خانواده، فشارهای روانی، کنجکاوی و ماجراجویی، شکست در ازدواج، استفاده‌ی دارویی از موادّ مخدّر و از همه مهم‌تر، به‎وجودآمدن ناهنجاری فرهنگی جدید مصرف موادّ مخدّر، به‎عنوان تنقّل مهمانی‎های شبانه تأکید دارد. مهم‌ترین راهکارهای ارائه‎شده برای کاهش اعتیاد در این پژوهش عبارتند از: آموزش خانواده‌ها برای مقابله با مصرف موادّ مخدّر در مجالس شبانه و نظارت بر فرزندان، به‎ویژه در فصل کاری است.}, keywords_fa = {Addiction,Choardoli’s Rural District.,Countryside,County Ghorveh,social disorder}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30039.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30039_e0751c5c875e0af5e0ef4a1618bc257e.pdf} } @article { author = {Soffianian, A. and Mokhtari, Z. and Khajeddin, S. J. and Ziaei, H. R.}, title = {Gradient Analysis of Urban Landscape Pattern(Case Study from Isfahan City)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {87-104}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30040}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Urban landscape is a heterogeneous mosaic of physical and biological patches. Quantifying landscape pattern and it's change is essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. The recent related research has been greatly promoted by the easier availability of higher resolution remote sensing data and the development of GIS and geospatial techniques, as well as other disciplines such as landscape ecology. The convergence of GIS, remote sensing and other related disciplines has helped in quantifying, monitoring, modeling and subsequently predicting the urban land use development. many landscape metrics have been developed and widely applied for characterizing various landscape patterns in the past few decades. Gradient analysis has been used to detect the urbanization gradient of landscape pattern. In this research combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, were used for analyzing of landscape pattern. Methodology To achieve this aim, land use map of Isfahan city was generated in 6 classes: urban, green spaces, agricultural lands, bare lands, road and water. For gradient analysis two transect from north to south and east to west were conducted across the city. Then appropriate metrics was selected to doing analysis. These metrics consists Percent coverage, patch density, edge density, largest patch index, mean patch size, mean shape index and area weighted mean patch shape index. Landscape metrics were computed along the transects with a moving window technique. These windows are in 3×3 kilometers with a one kilometer overlapping. The application of moving window method could examine the land use change process and link pattern and process easily in the local area. Results and Discussion Most of the land of Isfahan was urban land uses occupying 45 per cent of the area, while agricultural land uses was the second most of lands. The mean patch size (MPS) in bare lands was the most. The maximum value of PLAND, patch density and largest patch index metrics assigned to the agricultural class. And the mean patch size of bare class is the maximum value. In general the results showed that mean patch size is higher in margins than in median blocks and inverse patch density and edge density in median are more than in margins. These results showed not only the land use has been changed but also the shape and density of patches has been changed. The trend of these changes are differ from each other in two transects. Some of similar researchs have the same results. The density of patch and edge has an increasing with the urban developing in both transects. The trend of changes in transects are different from each others. This trend is more symmetric in east-west gradient than the north-south one. Also this research demonstrate that transect is an appropriate tool for studying of gradients in urban regions. Conclusion Spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using landscape metrics with a gradient analysisapproach. In transects not only the land uses percentage has changed but also the shape and density of the different land use changed. The changes in landscape pattern along the transect have important ecological implications, and quantifying the urbanization gradient, as illustrated in this paper, is an important first step to linking pattern with processes in urban ecological studies.}, keywords = {Gradient Analysis,Isfahan.,Landscape metrics,Moving Window and Isfahan City}, title_fa = {تحلیل گرادیان الگوی سیمای سرزمین شهری(مطالعه‎ی موردی: شهر اصفهان)}, abstract_fa = {کمّی‎کردن الگوی سیمای سرزمین شهری برای ارزیابی و پایش کارکردهای اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی و زیست‎محیطی شهری ضرورت دارد. در این مطالعه از ترکیب روش تحلیل گرادیان و متریک‎های سیمای سرزمین، برای کمّی‎کردن الگوی سیمای سرزمین شهر اصفهان استفاده شده است. بدین منظور نقشه‎ی کاربری اراضی سال 1386 در شش طبقه‎ی انسان‌ساخت، کشاورزی، فضای سبز، بایر، جادّه و رودخانه تهیّه شد. برای انجام تحلیل گرادیان دو ترانسکت در جهت شمال ـ جنوب و شرق ـ غرب با عبور از مرکز شهر، هدایت شد. برای محاسبه‎ی متریک‌ها در طول ترانسکت‌ها از روش پنجره‎ی متحرّک استفاده شد و متریک‌ها در دو سطح کلاس و سیمای سرزمین کمّی شدند. در کل، در سطح کلّ سیمای سرزمین شهر اصفهان، بیشترین درصد کلاس و تراکم لکّه و نمایه‎ی بزرگترین اندازه‎ی لکّه مربوط به اراضی کشاورزی است و میانگین اندازه‎ی لکّه‎ی اراضی بایر و مرتع بیشترین مقدار است. در طول ترانسکت‌ها علاوه‎بر تغییر انواع کاربری‌ها، تغییر در مقادیر متریک‌های مختلف نیز مشاهده شد. متریک تراکم لکّه و تراکم حاشیه به‎سمت مرکز شهر افزایش یافت. به‌طور کلّی نتایج حاصل نشان داد، میانگین اندازه‎ی لکّه در حواشی ترانسکت بیشتر است و به‎عکس تراکم لکّه و تراکم حاشیه در مرکز شهر مقادیر بیشتری دارد. از این نتایج می‎توان چنین برداشت کرد که مقادیر تراکم لکّه و تراکم حاشیه با توسعه‎ی شهری افزایش یافته است. این مطالعه نشان داد در طول ترانسکت‌ها علاوه‎بر تغییرات کاربری‌ها، شکل و تراکم لکّه‌ها نیز تغییر کرده است و روند این تغییرات در دو ترانسکت از هم متفاوت است.}, keywords_fa = {Gradient Analysis,Isfahan.,Landscape metrics,Moving Window and Isfahan City}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30040.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30040_31727a9c1246be64a4569af2ff889ddc.pdf} } @article { author = {Movahed, A. and Goli, A. and Izadi, P.}, title = {Application of Urban Regeneration Approach in Marginal Sectors (Case Stady: Saadi-Shiraz)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {105-122}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30041}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction During last decades, it has been adopted various approaches in order to organize suburb regions which most of them have noticed to physical dimension of regions more than other dimensions. Among these approaches, it has been used sustainable urban regeneration (SUR) approach as a strategy which has comprehensive attitude and practice and tends to improve various kinds of sustainability including economical, social, physical and environmental stabilities as dominant approach in this research. In this study, we examine Saadi slum as one of suburb regions in Shiraz city. Methodology In this paper a descriptive-applicable method is used as the research method and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Treats matrix (SWOT) used to nominate strategies of sustainable urban regeneration approach. Results and Discussion Attention to sustainability dimensions is too important which are mentioned in SUR. In this research used Economic, Social, Physical and Environmental factors. All factors include dimensions. Economic sustainability indicators: household monthly outcome, occupation and unemployment percent and responsibility. Social sustainability indicators contain family size, immigration, identity and sector security, sex ratio. Physical sustainability indicators take in user’s capitation, gradient, informal structure, accessible network, builder materials and sector public establishments. Environmental sustainability indicators are green spaces level and capitation, correct distribution of population and waste-gathering system. SUR is a comprehensive approach to recover the life quality. Strategic planning for sustainable urban regeneration has some process which is including: 1) Study the challenges of SUR: this approach requires communities to collaborate and build consensus. It requires strategic alliances and coalitions to form, developing the capacity for stakeholders to participate in and lead the urban regeneration process. This requires that integrated strategies and cross-cutting measures do more than define the nature of the problem. It requires the community to develop a vision of the regenerated urban district and neighborhoods. This vision then provides the policies for making urban regeneration sustainable. 2) Diagnosis: in this stage the distressed situation is being recognized, in terms of environmental, social, economical and physical conditions. This picture of the situation provides the context and the ‘springboard’ for creating the vision of the desired stress-free future, and also we should recognize the beneficiaries. Beneficiaries in Saadi neighborhood are habitants, politicians, stakeholders and services provider. 3) Visioning: The overall aim of this step is to produce a shared and desirable vision for the future through collaborative work with all stakeholders and to present this vision first as a scenario and consequently as a set of sustainable urban regeneration policies. In attention to existence of Saadi tomb, Delgosha garden and beautiful mountain around the sector we can say that, the vision of Saadi neighborhood is a tourism sector. 4) Codify SUR strategies and select the best strategies: SUR strategies change distressed area gradually and put it in a better situation. In order to select the best strategies SWOT matrix is used. Assessment of internal and external environment: at first internal and external factors which are efficient in Saadi sector are evaluated in a matrix. The last score of internal matrix of Saadi sector was 2.47 that mean Saadi sector cannot use from opportunities or get away from treats. And also the last score of internal matrix was 1.58 that shows the weakness of Saadi sector, and then the location of Saadi is determined in eternal-external matrix (EI) and acceptable strategies are chosen. These strategies are more effective to annihilate sustainable obstacles of sector. Conclusion Our findings in term of analyzing the sustainability in Saadi sector according to selected factors showed that family size (4.2) high sex ratio(105), illiteracy percent (20.3), high density (219 person in each Hectare), low sector security level, poverty culture and high number of Afghani immigrants are cause to some problems which made the sector unsustainable. Unemployment percent in this sector is 14.2, this ratio is higher than Shiraz (11.4 Unemployment rate in Shiraz). Also problems such as employment of people in low level occupations and consequently low monthly outcome are some reasons which made Saadi sector unsustainable. Also study the physical and environmental factors show the low level of sustainability in Saadi slum, so sustainability level in all variables is too low in this sector and urban regeneration strategies which are results of SWOT model show that we should emphasize on defensive strategies which are mentioned in WT strategies.}, keywords = {Saadi Slum,Shiraz,Shiraz.,strategic planning,Suburb Regions,sustainable urban regeneration}, title_fa = {کارکرد رهیافت بازآفرینی پایدار شهری محلّه‎های حاشیه‎نشین (مطالعه‎ی موردی: محلّه‎ی سعدی شیراز)}, abstract_fa = {با مطرح‎شدن اصول توسعه‎ی پایدار و لزوم توجّه به همه‎ی ابعاد وجودی شهر، شامل زیست‎محیطی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و کالبدی، به‎عنوان اساس توسعه‎ی پایدار شهری، مشکل مناطق حاشیه‎نشین نیز وارد مرحله‎ی مطالعاتی جدیدی شده است. در مقاله‎ی پیش‎رو، برای دست‎یابی به هدف پژوهش که همانا تحلیل میزان پایداری مناطق حاشیه‎نشین و استفاده از رویکرد بازآفرینی پایدار، برای حلّ پایدار مشکلات این مناطق است، از روش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی با استفاده از تعیین متغیّر‎هایی در هر یک از ابعاد پایداری شهری استفاده شده است. در ادامه برای تعیین راهبردهای بازآفرینی پایدار شهری، از ماتریس نقاط قوّت، نقاط ضعف، فرصت‎ها و تهدیدها (SWOT) استفاده‎شده و با تعیین موقعیّت محلّه‎ی سعدی در ماتریس داخلی و خارجی (EI) راهبردهای قابل ‎قبول مشخّص شده‎اند. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‎دهد، بُعد بالای خانوار، نسبت جنسی بالا، درصد بی‎سوادی، تراکم جمعیّتی بالا، میزان پایین امنیّت، فرهنگ غالب فقر و جمعیّت بالای مهاجران غیر ایرانی، مشکلاتی را در محلّه ایجاد کرده که به ناپایداری اجتماعی و فرهنگی منجر شده است. هچنین به‎دلیل پایین‎بودن سطح سواد و تحصیلات، سطح پایین درآمد، نرخ بالای بیکاری و اشتغال افراد به مشاغل سطح پایین و به‎دنبال آن سطح درآمد پایین ساکنان، از عوامل عمده‎ی ناپایداری اقتصادی محلّه هستند. بررسی‎های به‎عمل‎آمده در مورد شاخص‎های کالبدی نیز بیانگر سطح پایین سرانه‎های شهری محلّه نسبت به سرانه‎های استاندارد است. به‎طورکلّی میزان پایداری در تمامی متغیّرهای انتخاب‎شده بسیار پایین است و همچنین با توجّه به راهبردهای بازآفرینی ارائه‎شده با استفاده از مدل سوات، این نتیجه به‎دست می‎آید که تأکید این راهبردها باید بر راهبردهای تدافعی باشد.}, keywords_fa = {Saadi Slum,Shiraz,Shiraz.,strategic planning,Suburb Regions,sustainable urban regeneration}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30041.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30041_4bd98a46a4301d79d3e819125cb00bbb.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahdavi, D. and Akbari Samani, N.}, title = {Presentation of a Model of Sustainable Tourism Planning in Rural Development Strategy (Case Study: Lavasan Small Village)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {123-146}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30042}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Rural tourism is one of the tourists, the different dimensions of sustainable economic, social and environmental sustainable development of local communities to achieve bidder. Therefore, to achieve this requires the design, development and implementation of the strategic model, together with appropriate strategies and specific areas of the tourism planners and managers. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a strategic model for rural tourism development in the study area has been carried out. This is a fundamental question Strategic model for sustainable development of rural tourism development that will lead to what? Accordingly, such documents and field research as well as pre Rvbabrrsy, analytical methodology, and the three groups of participants (the village, tourists, officials) in 14 rural villages and Lavasan kochak their views aspects of economic, social, environmental studies is considered. Model for data analysis and presentation in the context of a comprehensive strategy of rural tourism development strategy, SWOT analysis is used The results indicate that this is The most vulnerable villages is very high due to tourism development Distribution and reallocation of resources in areas with limited opportunities and high points, is necessary. Methodology Using descriptive research methodology and practice survey was conducted. The study collected information, refer to the documents, notes and records and documents taken from the library In field studies, direct observation, interviewing, producing photographs, films, and methods for data analysis software SPSS and EXCEL and Strategic SWOT is used. Statistical population of this study consisted of three groups to include rural families living in 14 villages Lavasan kochak villages, officials and entities associated with the village and the tourists that travel to this area. Using Cochran sampling of households (population) and 170, 140 tourists and staff of 25 people, have been chosen. For data analysis and presentation patterns of rural tourism development strategy, SWOT analytical method has been used The first measurement of the internal and external environment of the area, a list of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified. Then by the opinions of people, tourists and authorities, and giving weight to calculate and analyze each of these issues, their priorities were identified. For eliminating or reducing threats and strengthen weaknesses and improve strengths and opportunities available in connection with the expansion of tourism in rural areas, depending on the type, the variety and nature of the changes in the environment can be a combination of strategic planning models used. Finally (based on the process and content) strategies are appropriate.. Results and Discussion Charts for the district rural tourism development model for strategic planning in Lavasan kochak the total considerations of both process and content perspectives for the development of tourism in rural areas is presented. In view of the drawing process model that logical phases and steps in preparing a strategic plan of rural tourism as desired outcomes of the program will be over. The content reflects the views of the structures, frameworks, concepts and elements of the program obviously, addressing both the simultaneous approach is necessary to achieve the stated model. Considerable attention devoted to one another without understanding the patterns makes it difficult. Conclusion The results from total internal factors, number 9, number 11 of strengths and weaknesses The sum of external factors, the number 7, as the external opportunities and factor 11, these areas were identified as facing external threats. The result of this is that the most vulnerable villages for Tourism Development distribution and reallocation of resources are very high and the surface area of the limited opportunities and high points is necessary.}, keywords = {Pattern,Planning,Rural Development,Rural tourism.,strategic planning}, title_fa = {ارائه‎ی الگوی برنامه‎ریزی راهبردی توسعه‎ی گردشگری پایدار روستایی(مطالعه‎ی موردی: دهستان لواسان کوچک)}, abstract_fa = {گردشگری روستایی یکی از انواع گردشگری است که شکل پایدار آن در ابعاد مختلفِ اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیطی، بسترساز دست‎یابی به توسعه‎ی پایدار جوامع محلّی می‎شود. از این‎رو، دست‎یابی به این مهم، نیازمند طرّاحی، تدوین و به‎کارگیری الگوی راهبردی، به‎همراه راهبردهای مناسب و ویژه‎ی این نواحی از سوی برنامه‎ریزان و مدیران گردشگری است. بنابراین این پژوهش با هدف تدوین الگوی راهبردی مناسب برای توسعه‎ی گردشگری در روستاهای منطقه‎ی مورد مطالعه انجام شده است. سؤال اساسی پژوهش این است که الگوی راهبردی مناسب برای توسعه‎ی گردشگری که به توسعه‎ی پایدار روستایی منجر شود، کدام است؟ بر این اساس، پژوهش پیش‎ِرو با بررسی‎های اسنادی و میدانی و نیز، روش‎شناسی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و از سه گروه مشارکت‎کننده‎ی (مردم روستا 170 نفر، گردشگران 140 نفر، مسئولان 25 نفر) در 14 روستای دهستان لواسان کوچک و دیدگاه‎های آنها در ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی، محیطی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات و ارائه‎ی الگوی راهبردی توسعه‎ی گردشگری روستایی در چارچوب جامع راهبردی، از روش تحلیلی سوات استفاده شده است. با توجّه به نتایج از بین مجموع عوامل داخلی، تعداد 9 قوّت و تعداد 11 ضعف و از بین مجموع عوامل خارجی، تعداد 7 عامل، به‎عنوان فرصت خارجی و تعداد 11 عامل، به‎عنوان تهدید خارجی پیش روی این نواحی شناسایی شدند. این نتایج بیانگر این مطلب است که سطح آسیب‎پذیری اغلب روستاها، به‎دلیل توسعه‎ی گردشگری بسیار بالاست و توزیع و تخصیص مجدّد منابع در سطح نواحی مورد مطالعه با توجّه به محدود بودن فرصت‎ها و بالابودن نقاط ضعف، امری الزامی است.}, keywords_fa = {Pattern,Planning,Rural Development,Rural tourism.,strategic planning}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30042.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30042_57cbebb49e85890e475094ce8fccd0c0.pdf} } @article { author = {ahmadipor, zahra and Ghaderi Hajat, M. and Mollahossiani Ardakany, R.}, title = {Modeling of Place Rivalries Due to Place Amour in Cultural Congruent Vicinal (Case Study: Ardakn and Meybod in Yazd Province)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {147-168}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30043}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the land component in the concepts of place, space, location, region and area, as defined by the restriction is the identity of human communities, regions and locations; it is valuable for individuals and groups of elements and components of their identity to (Kaviani Rad, 1389: 56). One result of such an event, where the incidence of competition is the competition in different geographical regions and in different periods of time, shows its various forms. In the present study attempted to examine the roots and the main factors in the regional competition to be the perfect congruence of language, cultural, religious, and ethnic and ... Has, despite this, competition between cities where Meybod and Duck in Yazd province since the issue has become complicated and sensitive. Methodology The main research question is: where the continuing rivalry between city Ardakan and Meybod the complete assimilation of culturally learned, and what are lies? Administrative divisions. Also according to what I was told it was designed for a specific pattern? Competitions where the origin of the various factors affecting the political, economic, social and geographic, as political geographers has been an interest of this research will be classified in the range of applied research. Study with a descriptive - analytical and using library resources, documents and software SPSS field test is intended to be theoretical and practical solidarity, where the roots campaigns, in the sense of spatial data and the relationship between two variables can explain. In this connection, the result of developments occurring on effective of Belong place where rivalries between the cities of Yazd, Ardakan and Meybod about to be dissected and analyzed the relationship between two variables and due to be tangible. In addition to the character of the place due to a pattern of competition from September to reach the place. Results and Discussion Today, the land component in the concepts of place, space, location, region and area, as defined by the restriction is the identity of human communities; Area and place for individuals and groups of elements and components is valuable because it represents their identity. One result of such an event, where the incidence of competition is the competition in different geographical regions and in different periods of time, shows its various forms. Spatial competition model can be used in a variety of measures, including the scope and location in the following categories offered: Mental levels: the level of scale that most people who happen to belong to a particular location with respect to the other places comes to prefer, This state of mind and more often there are people in all. Spoken level: This level is significant from two aspects, one of the poems and articles in praise of human habitats and other open areas adjacent to Objective that can be used in making various jokes that the place is awarded to the competitor's sites. Behavioral level with the spatial manifestation of this scale that it is referred to the behavioral level Due to competition from October to find a space and place, presenting a vision of the creator in the geography space is competitive For example, conflicts occurred, protests and collective petitions and writing. Conclusion Considering that the main research questions were: to identify the spatial continuity of competitions Ardakan and Meybod the complete assimilation of those two cities was culturally, According to the literature in relation to the original premise of this paper was formulated so that the roots of this conflict Should take place in affiliations of those who knew the city can be seen in the last interaction Administrative divisions not only in contemporary issues.}, keywords = {ARDAKAN,Competitive Modeling,Meybod,Place Competition,Sense of Place,State Divisions.}, title_fa = {الگویابی رقابت‎های مکانی ناشی از مِهر مکان در نواحی متجانس فرهنگی(مطالعه‎ی موردی: شهرهای اردکان و میبد در استان یزد)}, abstract_fa = {مکان علاوه‎بر بُعد مادی، از بُعد غیرمادی نیز برخوردار بوده و احساساتی را در ساکنان خود ایجاد می‌کند. به‎واسطه‎ی این احساسات، نوعی تعلّق به مکان در افراد ایجاد شده که به شکل‌گیری هویّت مکانی منجر می‌شود و از این نیروی معنوی، به‎عنوان حسّ مکان یاد می‎شود. تعلّق مکانی، به‎عنوان نتیجه‎ی منطقی زندگی اجتماعی انسان در یک مکان جغرافیایی خاص، در همه‎ی دوران‎های تاریخی وجود داشته است و احساس متفاوت‎بودن از دیگران، زمینه‎ساز بروز رقابت‎‎های مکانی شده است. این رقابت‎‎ها، در سطوح مختلف خرد تا کلان مطرح هستند. یکی از مصادیق رقابت‎های مکانی در ایران، رقابت شهرستان‎های میبد و اردکان در استان یزد است. از دلایل اصلی اهمّیّت مطالعه‎ی این رقابت، تجانس فرهنگی، تشابه هویّتی و مجاورت جغرافیایی و درواقع، درهم‎تنیدگی جغرافیایی این دو شهر است. آنچه در بررسی رفتار مردم این دو شهر مشاهده می‎شود، رقابت مکانی شدید بین آنهاست که نشان از شدّت مهرِ مکان است، به‎گونه‎ای که وجوه مختلف آن در بسیاری از موارد آشکارا دیده می‎شود. این مقاله با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و تکیّه بر منابع کتابخانه‎ای، اسناد و همچنین مطالعه‎ی میدانی با استفاده از نرم‎افزار SPSS و آزمون همبستگی، در پی آن است تا ضمن طرّاحی الگوی رقابت‎های مکانی در مطالعات جغرافیای سیاسی، به ریشه‎یابی شدّت‎گرفتن رقابت‎های مکانی بین این دو شهر و تأثیرات برگفته از آن بپردازد. یافته‎های پژوهش بیانگر این مطلب است که ریشه‎ی این رقابت را نباید تنها در مسائل امروزی بخش‎بندی‎های کشوری، بلکه در حافظه و رفتار تاریخی این دو شهر نسبت به هم جست‎وجو کرد.}, keywords_fa = {ARDAKAN,Competitive Modeling,Meybod,Place Competition,Sense of Place,State Divisions.}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30043.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30043_a8d4c3624b437c6405db8f2274c5cb4e.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghi, M. and Rahnama, M. R.}, title = {Structural - Functional Explanation of Urban Participative Management (Case Study: Mashhad)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {169-184}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30044}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Since any structure has a special function and each special function is rooted in a structure, target of this paper is describe and explain structure and function of participation management in Mashhad. Explain structure and function of participation management in Mashhad need describe structure and function of participation management in Mashhad. So, for explain structure and function participation management in Mashhad, we have to describe Characteristics of structure and function urban management in Mashhad. Some of Characteristics: numerousness of organizations, disharmony among organizations, ambiguity in tasks of organizations and etc. Methodology Research methodology is descriptive-analytical method with structure- and function-oriented perspective. the first, this article describe structure and function of urban management Mashhad, then, made a causal relation between structure and function of urban management Mashhad. This is a method for Structural and functional explanation of urban participative management. Sampling method of this article is sampling method of Cochran. Two kinds of questionnaire were distributed among citizens (384) and urban experts (21). Results and Discussion Findings indicate that two halves of ''up to down'' (urban organizations) and ''down to up'' (city council and municipality) operate simultaneously and in parallel in structure of urban management of Mashhad (structural binary) such that the half ''up to down'' reveals an almost non-participative function and the half ''down to up'' a participative function( functional binary). Findings indicate that average index of participation is 2.4 which is a little less than the average in five-item Likert range (2.5). So, following structural binary, ''semi- participative function'' is one of characteristics of urban management in Mashhad. Conclusion Finally, ''semi- participative function'' that it is Consequent of functional binary, itself is Consequent of ''semi- participative structure''. ''Semi- participative structure'' (structural binary) is a reason for rise ''semi- participative function'. So we must research roots of “functional binary” in the” structural binary” To explain this binary, in half ''up to down'' (urban organizations) the main resource of effectiveness and accountable party are super-ordinate organizations. However, in half ''down to up'' (city council and municipality) the main resource of effectiveness and accountable party are citizens. Non passing of urban organizations programs from filter of city council as well as lack of integrated management is one of the most important challenges urban participative management faces with.}, keywords = {Explanation,Function,Mashhad City.,Participative management,Structure,Urban Participative Management}, title_fa = {تبیین ساختاری ـ کارکردی مدیریت مشارکتی شهری(مطالعه‎ی موردی : شهر مشهد)}, abstract_fa = {در راستای اینکه هر ساختاری را کارکرد ویژه‌ای است و هر کارکرد ویژه‌ای، ریشه در ساختاری دارد، هدف این نوشتار، توصیف و تبیین ساختار و کارکرد مدیریت مشارکتی در شهر مشهد است. تحلیل ساختاری ـ کارکردی روشی است که در این پژوهش به‌کارگرفته شده است. تعداد پرسش‎نامه‌‌ها (384 نفر شهروند و 21 کارشناس شهری) از فرمول کوکران به‎دست آمده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که دو نیمه‌ی "از بالا به پایین" (سازمان‎های شهری) و "از پایین به بالا" ( شورای شهر و شهرداری) در ساختار مدیریت شهری مشهد، به‎طور هم‎زمان و هم‎تراز فعّالیّت دارند (دوگانگی ساختاری)، به‎گونه‎ای که نیمه‌ی "از بالا به پایین"، یک کارکرد به‎نسبت غیرمشارکتی و نیمه‌ی "از پایین به بالا" یک کارکرد نسبی مشارکتی را از خود آشکار می‌کند (دوگانگی کارکردی). یافته‎ها نشان می‎دهد که میانگین شاخص مشارکت، برابر 4/2 بوده که این مقدار کمی کمتر از حدّ متوسّط در طیف پنج گزینه‌ای لیکرت (5/25) است. بنابراین به‎دنبال "دوگانگی ساختاری"، "کارکرد نیمه‎مشارکتی" نیز از ویژگی‌های مدیریت شهری مشهد است. در تبیین این دوگانگی باید گفت: در نیمه‎ی "از بالا به پایین" (سازمان‎های شهری)، منبع اصلی تأثیرپذیری و به‎دنبال آن، طرفِ پاسخ‌خواه، سازمان‎های فرادست هستند، در صورتی که در نیمه‌ی "از پایین به بالا" ( شهرداری ـ شورای شهر)، منبع اصلی تأثیرپذیری و به‎دنبال آن، طرفِ‌ پاسخ‌خواه، شهروندان هستند. گذرنکردن برنامه‌های سازمان‎های شهری، از صافی شورای شهر و همچنین، نبود مدیریت یکپارچه نیز، از مهم‎ترین چالش‌های پیشِ‌روی مدیریت مشارکتی شهری است.}, keywords_fa = {Explanation,Function,Mashhad City.,Participative management,Structure,Urban Participative Management}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30044.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30044_16d14186efcadc181d5b82c6dcbe30a5.pdf} } @article { author = {Hasanimehr, S.S.}, title = {Recognizing the Usage of Guilan Forests Potential based on Development Attitude Approach}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {185-198}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30045}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Guilan forests include some areas from Astara Chay River which is located in Iran and Azerbaijan Republic boundary to Chaboksar River in the east of Guilan. There are 2041 villages in this area which are as the permanent or temporary residence location of 61110 families and population of 368120 people. Guilan forests, like a narrow band, have covered the mountain areas of Northern Alborz with an area of 550000 ha. According to the population living in this area, the population density is about 0.7 people in ha. The geographic situation and topography of Guilan forests and accessible facilities to different areas and drinking water have a fundamental role in the density and transmittance of cattle and forest living people. In Guilan forests, the presence of small and dispersed forest villages and agricultural and animal husbandry activities is more than the ability and capacity of forest which has led to forest destruction. Although, the numerous number of villages and their smallness and dispersion are figured to the barrier for regions development and have not created economic servicing. Animal husbandry in forests, in its traditional and old method is in consistent with industrial exploration of forests. Methodology The information gathering method of this article is based on the library studies and direct visiting of some of forest areas of Guilan. Results and Discussion Traditional methods of animal husbandry and increase in the population of native cattle in forests of Guilan in combination to forester's people unique way of life have created a specific type of scattering and population structure. The number of forest living population in forests of Guilan has reverse relation with agricultural ability and possibilities. Because more gain through agricultural activities has led to attraction of human force to this region, and more welfare and better exploitation of sanitary, training and cultural possibilities. So, more and better existence of this kind of attractions and economical possibilities in plainly and central and northern parts of eastern Guilan in comparison to western Guilan has led to lower density of foresters. Before forest nationalization law in 1962, there were a lot of virgin and original forests in Guilan, but nowadays it can be declared that there are not any kind of these forests in Guilan; and in every part of these forests, there are some rural houses with some castles and fields. The main reasons of Guilan forests destruction are as follows: a) using forests as a pasture; b) impermissible cutting of trees and traditional exploitation; c) forests fire. Dividing the plainly fields into 10 ha pieces and transferring it to capitalists can also accelerate the destruction process of forests. During two decades (1970s through 1990s) with population increase in forestry and rural regions of Guilan, the process of destruction has accelerated in Guilan province. During the Revolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, impermissible cutting of trees and people invasion has increased severely. On the other hand, the forests surface became free for cattle grazing and it led to increase in cattleman number. The location of foresters is plain or mountains. Forest, this national capital, more than economic value, has other environmental values, too. Soil revival through hummus formation and increasing its growing ability, conservation of soil from erosion, making the air pure through photosynthesis and plant evaporation and Perspiration and balancing the climate all are from forest advantages. The role of forests is not summarized only to wood exploitation, because systematic exploitation of forests parallel to economical output of it can lead to working opportunities and creation of big and small industries. Conclusion The results show that despite the plans and attempts carried out on the optimum usage of natural resource, there is over usage of forest resources. It can be expressed that according to present process on forest trees, natural resources including plant, soil and water may encounter a serious damage. In order to revive of geographic environment of Guilan and preverve the natural elements of living in it, fundamental proceedings were suggested.}, keywords = {Forest Area,Forester,Guilan.,Regional Development}, title_fa = {بازشناسی استفاده از پتانسیل جنگل‎های گیلان با نگرش توسعه}, abstract_fa = {مناطق جنگلی گیلان از رود آستاراچای در مرز ایران و جمهوری آذربایجان تا رود چابکسر در شرق گیلان را شامل می‌شود و در آن تعداد 2041 آبادی وجود دارد که محلّ سکونت دائم یا موقّت 61,110 خانوار و جمعیّتی برابر 368,120 نفر است. جنگل‎های گیلان که هم‎اکنون به‎صورت نوار باریکی مناطق کوهستانی دامنه‎های شمالی البرز را پوشانده است، دارای سطحی برابر 550,000 هکتار برآورد شده که با توجّه به تعداد جمعیّت ساکن در این سطح، تراکم جمعیّت برابر 7/0 نفر در هکتار است. وضعیّت جغرافیایی و پستی و بلندی‌جنگل‎های گیلان و نیز، امکانات دسترسی به مناطق و آب قابل شرب، نقش اساسی در تراکم و پراکنش دام و جنگل‎نشین دارد. در طول دو دهه‎ی 1350 و 1360 با افزایش جمعیّت در مناطق جنگلی و روستایی، روند تخریب و نابودی جنگل‎ها نیز در استان گیلان شدّت یافت. علل تخریب جنگل‎های گیلان را می‎توان در سه عامل: استفاده از جنگل به‎عنوان چراگاه و چرای بی‎رویه، قطع غیرمجاز درختان و بهره‎برداری سنّتی و آتش‎سوزی جنگل‎ها دانست. روش جمع‎آوری اطلاعات در این نوشتار برپایه‎ی مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و مشاهده‎ی مستقیم از برخی مناطق جنگلی گیلان بوده است و نتایج نشان می‌دهد که با وجود تلاش‌ها و اجرای طرح‌هایی در جهت استفاده‎ی بهینه از منابع طبیعی، افزایش بی‎رویه‎ی برداشت از منابع جنگلی وجود دارد. درنهایت، برای زنده نگه‎داشتن محیط جغرافیایی گیلان و حفظ عناصر طبیعی حیات در آن، اقدامات اساسی به‎صورت پیشنهاد ارائه شده است.}, keywords_fa = {Forest Area,Forester,Guilan.,Regional Development}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30045.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30045_11dde02ddc92e53d8ce813ba1677f265.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezvani, M. R. and Mohammadi, S. and Piri, S.}, title = {Performance Assessment of Rural Municipalities (Dehyari) using Common Assessment Framework (CAF) (Case study: Dehloran County)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {199-216}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30046}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Today, every organization needs to assess its activities for more efficient and effective performance. In Iranian rural areas, there are organizations that provide services and facilities to the local people and they are responsible for doing it. Dehyary or rural municipality is an organization that has been expanded rapidly in recent years in rural areas. Dehyary has an important role in the rural management and development, which performance assessment can increase the success of this institution. In other words, the performance assessment can reduce many of costs as well as prepare the environmental conditions to better efficiency any Rural Municipality through recognizing strengths and weaknesses.The Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. It can involve studying processes/ strategies within organizations, or studying executive processes/parameters/phenomena, to see whether output are in line with what was intended or should have been achieved .In addition, organizational performance assessment is a practice-based framework that builds on the synergy between planning and assessment, and results in the discernment of impact and value. It promotes a set of practices that enable the organization to effectively integrate planning, strategy, performance, assessment, and organizational development in order to advance the institution’s mission. The objective of this paper is performance assessment of Rural Municipalities (dehyari) in Dehloran County that was established more than 4 years ago some indicators such as efficiency, affectivity, and empowerment were employed due to responding ability in framework of scientific management principles and concepts to act in framework of organizational goals and executive tasks and plans. In this matter there are a few questions including: What is the level of performance in Rural Municipalities in the study areas? Is there significance different in performance of Rural Municipalities from the point of view of people? And finally is there significance different between view of people and Islamic Council members about performance assessment of Rural Municipalities (Dehyari)? Methodology The principle model used in this paper is the Common Assessment Framework (CAF). The research method is descriptive and analytic and questionnaire is used to collect data. Also we used the statistical methods to analyze the data. To measure of performance we used 11 indicators including strategic management, administrative- personal matters, social and administrative relations, administrative health, establish of conservational infrastructure, improve of rural environment, sewage disposal, and improve of transportation, sport, cultural and tourism facilities. The statistical populations are three groups including local people, rural managers and Rural Islamic Councils. The sampling method was random sampling and therefore we selected 27 council members, 9 rural managers and 238 local people as sample size. There are many closed questions in researcher-made questionnaire using the 5-level Likert spectrum that satisfactory rate is measured from very low (1) to very high (5). Results and Discussion The results indicate the performance of Rural Municipalities in study area using Common Assessment Framework (CAF) has been low according to the used indicators. Also according to calculated mean, the performance of Rural Municipalities from point of view of people, rural managers and rural council members is calculated 2/61 and therefore is undesirable. Some factors including low education of rural managers, unawareness of them due to the performance assessment principles, lack of approved plan in Rural Municipalities, lack of people participation in development projects and finally financial problems are the most important factors influencing on of performance level in Rural Municipalities. Conclusion According to results, there is a different on performance of Rural Municipalities in every village from point of view of people. In other words, in some village there is a partly desirable opinion about performance of Rural Municipalities. In addition, there is a positive relationship between people and rural council members’ opinion on performance of Rural Municipalities. Since most of rural managers don’t have the sufficient education, therefore existence of rural managers with high education can be useful for improving performance in Rural Municipalities. In fact, lack of sufficient recognition on place and legal obligations of Rural Municipalities is very important to improve of the performance. Therefore this matter can be affected to decline participation and collaboration to Rural Municipalities. Furthermore, the active participation between people and rural managers, and use of people opinion and views is very important to rural planning and management.}, keywords = {CAF Model,Dehloran County.,Performance Assessment,rural management,Rural Municipalities (Dehyari)}, title_fa = {ارزیابی عملکرد دهیاری‎ها با استفاده از مدل چارچوب عمومی ارزیابی (CAF) (مطالعه‎ی موردی: شهرستان دهلران)}, abstract_fa = {در عصر کنونی، شرایط‌ به‌‎گونه‌ای است که هرسازمانی برای کارایی و اثربخشی بیشتر فعّالیّت‎های خود و به‎ویژه رضایتمندی مردم، نیازمند ارزیابی‌ دقیق عملکرد است. در مناطق روستایی نیز سازمان‌هایی ‌وجود دارد که از این امر مستثنی نیستند. هدف مقاله‎ی پیش رو، ارزیابی عملکرد دهیاری‎های شهرستان دهلران است. جامعه‎ی آماری پژوهش تعداد نُه دهیاری‌ این شهرستان‌ است که ‌سابقه‎ی آنها بیش از چهار سال است و در ‌سه‌ گروه دهیاران، اعضای‌ شوراهای ‌اسلامی‌ روستایی ‌و‌ مردم محلّی دسته‎بندی شده‎اند. روش پژوهش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی ‌و ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‎ها، پرسش‎نامه است. مدل مورد استفاده برای ارزیابی، چارچوب عمومی ارزیابی (CAF) است که چارچوب قدرتمند و مفیدی برای بهبود عملکرد سازمان‎ها فراهم می‎کند. برای تجزیه‌ و ‌تحلیل داده‌ها، از روش‎های آماری آزمون‎های پارامتریک شامل آزمون ‌کلموگرف- اسمیرنف، آزمون تی تک‎متغیّره، آزمون F تحلیل واریانس، آزمون‌های تعقیبی شفه استفاده شد، نتایج ‌پژوهش‌ نشان‌می‌دهد، عملکرد دهیاری‎ها بر اساس مدل چارچوب‌ عمومی ارزیابی و شاخص‎های استفاده شده برای ارزیابی عملکرد، نامطلوب بوده است، عواملی مانند تحصیلات پایین‌ دهیاران، آشنا نبودن آنها با مبانی ارزیابی عملکرد، نبود برنامه مصوّب پنج‎ساله در دهیاری‎ها، عدم مشارکت مردم‌ در طرح‌های عمرانی و مشکلات مالی و اعتباری دهیاری‎ها، در ناکارایی عملکرد آنها تأثیرگذار بوده است. در این راستا، آموزش‌ همه‎جانبه‌ی دهیاران، دقّت در انتخاب و گزینش دهیاران، تقویّت مشارکت مردم در مدیریت امور روستاها، توسعه‎ی منابع مالی دهیاری‎ها و درنهایت، اجرای سامانه‎ی نظارت و ارزیابی عملکرد، می‎تواند در تقویّت عملکرد دهیاری‎ها اثربخش باشد.}, keywords_fa = {CAF Model,Dehloran County.,Performance Assessment,rural management,Rural Municipalities (Dehyari)}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30046.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30046_1996cd57d55317068c862c480698a053.pdf} } @article { author = {Afzali, R. and Qalibaf, M. B. and Ahmadi Firozjaei, M.}, title = {Explanation of Evolutions Border in the Political Cyberspace}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {217-218}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30047}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Weakening national states diluting international borders ongoing wane of governing and reconstructing are of phenomenon that will change the political geography of the world which has been formed based on international system. Border are made to let the states govern their sub ordinate regions and the inhabitant. However the changes in the world dilated the states control over their regions. So the traditional concept of border has revolutionized. In the view of different science specialists the borders have diluted or vanished. Based on these political geography phenomenon goods, people, minds and complete independence of government can't be controlled. Nowadays the borders maintaining some of their old properties are taking new functions based on ICT in the globalized word which is different from their previous ones. Evolving information and communication technology, affected political security and economic and social aspects of countries. These changes are more outstanding in Geographical elements factors and concepts the cyberspace created by computers and electronic network is an aspect of globalizations which has been appreciated as a reality plus the real space. Considering these changes in addition to the real space in which the borders are made to control the different flows, in the uneducable cyberspace there must be virtual borders to control the flows. Methodology In this research using analysis-descriptive method and Library data, documentaries and records, related 2 the subject and also the internet we tried to define he changes happened to the subject of border as a geographical phenomenon in the globalization age and cyberspace. So in this research, cyberspace and information technologic in general is the independent and the concept of border is the dependant variable. Results and Discussion Increasing improvements of ICT in the globalization age and emergence and development of cyberspace has made political and international borders lose some of their functions. Cyberspace which is resulted from the developments of information and communication technologies has become a tangible reality and continuously expands in the lives of human beings. Cyberspace like the real space has different elements, the concepts such as governing, security and threat in the cyberspace is totally different from those of real space and geography. For example state governing winches includes political, economic and military governing and also threats and security have been changed in cyberspace. And new threats owners have emerged in cyberspace such as hackers, viruses and computer worms, terrorism in cyberspace and unethical sites. Since we set borders to define the limits of our activities and considering that the nature of border never changes but its function changes it can be said that we have virtual borders and border controls. Considering that there are borders on geographical and real space of the countries and through which the different flows are controlled how can the borders be made in a way that reflects most of the different political phenomenon of real space. Wherever there are phrases such as cyber terrorism flow of information and hackers, regulating the cyberspace and internet is completely essential. Filtering, credit card, internet cods are of the most important virtual borders. Conclusion Political borders are the main factor that separate political unites from each other. Moreover these borders create unity in a territory. Border lines are conventional lines which are made in order to define the boundaries of a political unit. Borders are of the most subjects of political geography subjects. However globalization caused lots of issues in destroying the borders. Cyberspace and internet have totally developed in globalization age. Cyberspace is defined in this way: the space in which different activities, data processing and information distribution, communications and control and management services are done through electronic and virtual mechanisms. Moreover some political elements are illustrated differently. The terrorism exists in cyberspace too, unethical and anti religion websites or racist activities necessitates regulating cyberspace and the internet. However territory and government concepts passed variety of changes. In the past: a) There was basic and wide governing in territories of states; b) Territories were completely controlled by governments; c) The executive and official systems were hierarchically controlled; d) The borders were completely closed and the were externally controlled. But at the time being: a) The borders are penetratable; b) International low that cover crossing the borders has developed very much; c) Internal players in political area have gained more power; d) Ignoring the distance all countries got neighbors; e) Globalization developed the relation but in many areas there are no managerial tools for them; f) ICT affects the external policy. The main question of this paper is: what changes happened to the borders in the globalization age and cyberspace. The results indicate that there have been functional changes in globalization and cyberspace. The most important subject was the virtual borders filtering internet cods, telecommunication cods, credit cards and password are considered as virtual borders. Which are named electronic borders too. So electronic borders represents changes in the function of cyber political space.}, keywords = {Border,cyberspace,Globalization,Information Technology,Sovereignty.}, title_fa = {تبیین تحوّلات مفهوم مرز در فضای سیاسی مجازی}, abstract_fa = {مرز به پدیده‎ای فضایی گفته می‎شود که بازتابنده‎ی قلمرو حاکمیّت سیاسی یک دولت بوده و مطابق قواعدی خاص در مقابل حرکت انسان، انتقال کالا و نشر افکار مانع ایجاد می‎کند. جهانی‎شدن و بحث گسترش فزاینده‎ی فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات که از آن به‎عنوان "جامعه‎ی شبکه‎ای" یاد می‎شود، به تحوّل و دگرگونی در ابعاد مختلف سیاسی، امنیّتی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی منجر شده و ویژگی‎های جامعه‎ی شبکه‎ای همچون اقتصاد اطلاعاتی، فرهنگ مجازی و کاهش اهمّیّت زمان و مکان در تعاملات اجتماعی، ویژگی متمایزی به هزاره‎ی سوم بخشیده است که ملموس‎ترین این دگرگونی‎ها را می‎توان در عوامل، عناصر و مفاهیم جغرافیایی مشاهده کرد. در چنین فضایی که با عنوان "فضای سایبر" توصیف می‎شود، مجموعه‎هایی از ارتباطات درونی انسان‎ها از طریق رایانه و مسائل مخابراتی بدون در نظر گرفتن جغرافیای فیزیکی شکل می‎گیرد. بدین ترتیب، مرز به‎عنوان یکی از مفاهیم پایه‎ای جغرافیای سیاسی مانند مفاهیم دیگر همچون سرزمین، ملّت، دولت و حاکمیّت در عصر جهانی‎شدن و فضای مجازی دچار دگرگونی‎های فراوانی شده است. در این پژوهش با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی در پی این مطلب هستیم که مرز به‎عنوان یک پدیده‎ی جغرافیایی در عصر جهانی‎شدن و با پیدایش فضای مجازی دچار چه تحوّلاتی شده است؟ یافته‎های پژوهش نشان می‎دهد، هر چند تحوّلات دوران معاصر و فناوری‎های ارتباطی و اطلاعاتی توانسته‎اند برخی کارکردهای مرز را تغییر دهند؛ و لی نتوانسته‎اند ماهیّت آن را از بین ببرند.}, keywords_fa = {Border,cyberspace,Globalization,Information Technology,Sovereignty.}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30047.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30047_0cceff493f3cc5efe12e612fd1859dd0.pdf} }