@article { author = {Meshkini, A and Zayyari, Keramatolah and Kalantari, M. and Parhiz, F}, title = {Spatial-Physical Analysis of Social Abnormalities in Informal Settlement Areas (Case Study: Islamabad Informal Settlement Area in Zanjan)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {1-16}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30420}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Zanjan has recently enjoyed considerable population and physical growth. The rapid irregular growth in population number caused unfavorable formation of informal settlement areas in the city. Islamabad is of the largest informal accommodation regions in Zanjan which was built as a consequence of massive rural migration during 1970s. Although the area, at present, is considered an official area within the city, it is suffering from different skeletal, service systems, demographic, social and cultural matters problems. This research analyses the spatial-skeletal abnormalities in Islamabad region and tries to explain the incidences of these abnormalities. Methodology In this descriptive-analytic study comprehensive statically based methods including mean center test and standard deviation ellipses were used to identity and comprehend the spatial areas of Islamabad. Kernel density estimates in geographical information system GIS and lateral software's Case and Crime Analysis were applied to detect focal urban crime prone. The sample of the present study is the collection of the crimes committed in the city limits of Zanjan within a one-year period. Results and Discussion According to the findings of current study one of the focal areas of crime dotted on an informal settlement regions is slamabad and it matches the spatial distribution of crime in the above mentioned area; i.e. commitment of crimes concentrated in certain parts of the region. Islamabad region, one of the most crime-spotted districts of Zanjan is among the largest informal settlement areas, based on a consequence of massive rural migration in 1970s. Later censures in 2006 indicate that 39439 people i.e. more than 11.2 percent of Zanjan's populations are living in Islamabad. While it has just 1.8% of the total living space in Zanjan, so it encounters high density. So Islamabad informal settlement region is one of the highly populated districts of Zanjan, it equals 422 people per hectares, while the relative population density of Zanjan is 69 person per hectare. In other words, Islamabad is relatively 6 times more dense than Zanjan and is has higher rate of crime occurrence, respectively. Therefore, we can conclude that there exist a direct correlation between the population density and social disorder rate increase. Highest percentage of the areas is devoted to residential district, so that 45.70% of the area is residential. However this proportion is 17.6% for Zanjan. Therefore, the residential area in Islamabad district is 35.81% higher, 11% of which devoted to mixed residence. This population is 2.4% in Zanjan, so it can be concluded that residential and mixed residential districts in Islamabad are 3 times higher than Zanjan itself and shows an imbalance in residential allocation planning. On the other hand, The residents needs and requirements, and other residential- related portables are hardly qualified. And most of the utilities and services are insufficient, if any. Extremely high contribution to residential area without sufficient services and utilities had an undeniable impact on crime increase on the district. Hence, the type and style of urban utilization has a direct affecton committing or preventing crimes and misdemeanors. Conclusion Islamabad region is one of the most important focal occurrences of crime in Zanjan, and spatial distribution of the studied crimes here matches the intensive and clustered pattern. Most committed crimes in the area are villainy, freighting, outbreak, addiction, and drug trafficking. There is also t a direct relation between high population density and crime occurring rate; so that the average population density in this region is 6 times higher than other ports of Zanjan, and so is the rate of crime occurrence. On the other hand, extremely higher residential contribution without sufficient services and utilities has been effective on the geographical distribution of type and rate of different crimes and spatial pattern inventions. Keywords: Social Abnormalities, Informal Settlement, Islamabad, Zanjan.}, keywords = {Informal Settlement,Islamabad,Social Abnormalities,Zanjan}, title_fa = {تحلیل فضایی ـ کالبدی ناهنجاری‎های اجتماعی در مناطق اسکان غیررسمی، مطالعه‎ی موردی : منطقه‎ی اسکان غیررسمی اسلام‎آباد در شهر زنجان}, abstract_fa = {شهر زنجان در دهه‎های اخیر از رشد جمعیّتی و کالبدی چشمگیری برخوردار بوده است، ازجمله پیامدهای ناگوار این رشد شتابان و بی‎قواره، شکل‎گیری مناطق اسکان غیر رسمی در این شهر است. منطقه‎ی اسلام‎آباد، از دسته مناطق بزرگ اسکان غیر رسمی شهر زنجان است که در پی مهاجرت گسترده‎ی روستاییان طی دهه‎ی 1350 به بعد، از سوی مهاجران روستایی ساخته شده است. این منطقه گرچه اکنون جزء مناطق رسمی درون شهر به‎شمار می‎رود؛ اما از دیدگاه کالبدی، نظام کاربری و خدمات‎رسانی، جمعیّتی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی با مشکلات مختلفی روبه‎رو است. هدف این پژوهش تحلیل فضایی ـ کالبدی ناهنجاری‎های اجتماعی در منطقه‎ی اسلام‎آباد و تشریح عوامل مؤثّر در بروز ناهنجاری‎های این منطقه است. روش پژوهش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است و برای شناسایی الگوهای فضایی توزیع جرایم در سطح منطقه‎ی اسلام‎آباد از مدل‎های آماری گرافیک مبنا، شامل آزمون مرکز متوسّط و بیضی انحراف معیار و برای تشخیص کانون‎های جرم‎خیز شهری، از شاخص‌ نزدیکترین همسایه و روش درون‎یابی تخمین تراکم کرنل استفاده شده است. جامعه‎ی آماری پژوهش، مجموع جرایم ارتکابی است که در دوره‎ی زمانی یک‎ساله در این محدوده رخ داده است. یافته‎ها نشان می‎دهند این منطقه، یکی از مهم‎ترین کانون‎های وقوع بزهکاری شهر زنجان است و توزیع فضایی جرایم مورد بررسی در این منطقه، از الگوی خوشه‌ای و متمرکز پیروی می‌کند. بیشترین جرایم ارتکابی در این منطقه، جرم شرارت و درگیری، اعتیاد و قاچاق موادّ مخدّر است. همچنین بین تراکم جمعیّت در این محدوده و نرخ وقوع بزهکاری در آن، رابطه‎ی مستقیم وجود دارد. از سوی دیگر، بالابودن میزان کاربری مسکونی و کمبود و نبود برخی کاربری‎های مورد نیاز شهروندان در توزیع جغرافیایی، نوع و میزان جرایم و شکل‎گیری الگوهای فضایی بزهکاری در این منطقه مؤثّر بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {Informal Settlement,Islamabad,Social Abnormalities,Zanjan}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30420.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30420_cd8aa99802fec816f20c14ba9f985947.pdf} } @article { author = {Pazhuhan, M. and Eliaszade Moghadam, N. and Fathei, S.}, title = {A Comparative Study of Land Use System in Modernism and Postmodernism Schools}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {17-36}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30421}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction School of Modernism started between 1920 until 1930 in both sides of Atlantic Ocean. However, one can see its signs in the first movements in planning about the Garden City ideas. The idea of Modernism happened at the same time in Architecture and this paradigm was dominant until late 1960. In twentieth century, the limitations of natural resources were understood more and more. The growth of awareness about environment is considered as a sign of the emergence of postmodernism school. The modernism school was criticized. Modernization is a process that increases the ability of a political and economical society through the industrial and bureaucracy. In the modernism humanitarian tradition, planning is trying to pave the way for development and distribution of social justice through organizing city in a beauty symbolist and efficient way. The 1960 s is the pick of criticisms on the modern city planning. This was the belief that returns to the history, damage treatment of the modern and here that the place loses him and the revival of the values of the local historical, variety, meaning and authenticity of part of the protection and revival of ancient cities and building new towns like ancient cities an important position in urban development. City and culture receipt as a text in domain of meaning that was not function. Therefore in 1960 s disavow of functionalism, rationalism, vagrancy urban context is a prevalent concept. Instead of present support of the multiplicity, many people rejected the theory of comprehensive and relying on the reality. Products of this postmodern approach are participant’s design, attention to the social sciences, using the historical symbol and the revival of the historical monuments in urban planning. Methodology Descriptive research design is used in the studies which aim at comparing two approaches or two thought schools. Therefore in this paper the research method is descriptive-analytic through which researcher used documents including books, papers and other documents in scientific database like Elsevier, Proquest for gathering data and information. In the next step this dataset is analyzed and land use system in Modernism and Postmodernism schools is compared. Results and Discussion The criticisms against modernism deficiencies and the approaches for solving its deficiencies were named postmodernism. The results of applying the ideas of these two paradigms in land use planning are discussed in this paper. World’s experiences show that the impact of applying each of these paradigms in projects and plans in land use planning have been different, and each has their own consequences. Considering the importance of land use planning and its approaches in urban planning, comparative method was used to do an analysis for the impact of these two paradigms. In other hand, transition of modernism to the Post modernism yield through of motions the social-economic and political sectors that coordinate with the daily human needs and causing rotation of modernism on the Post modernism approach. Specialized movement the change in the field of urban planning of the 1960 s by professionals like Jane Jacob, St. Louis Mumford and Robert Ventury that modernism for destroying life and urban anatomy attacked, was started. The results of using the two paradigms in urban planning and especially the land use are obvious and considerable. As land use system in viewpoint of these two paradigms there are basic differences between the dimensions of theoretical and practical aspects. Results of the comparative study of the land use system show the difference between the two paradigms. Conclusion The results of study show that there has been a turn in laws and regulations of land use planning from modernism to postmodernism. The values of modernism have been considered negatively in postmodernism school and there has been a return to the prevailing values of the pre-modernism era. The land use in modernism paradigm has tendency to the detachment functions and zoning of functions by the rigid zoning of region land use. At the postmodernism, conceptions like base-form instructions that farraginous land use and some functional urban spaces are making as an example of the newest approach of the postmodernism control system in the land use instruction is revised.}, keywords = {Comparative Study.,land use planning,modernism,Postmodernism}, title_fa = {بررسی تطبیقی نظام های کاربری زمین شهری از دیدگاه دو پارادایم مدرنیسم و پست‎مدرنیسم}, abstract_fa = {برنامه‎ریزی مدرنیستی بین سال‎های 1920 تا 1930 در دو سوی اقیانوس اطلس آغاز شد، گرچه می‎توان نشانه‎های آن را در جنبش‎های اوّلیه‎ی برنامه‎ریزی در شهر زیبا یا باغ شهر پیدا کرد. این آغاز با نمودار شدن جنبش مدرنیسم در معماری همزمان بود و در برنامه‎ریزی شهری غرب تا اواخر دهه‎ی 1960 پاردایم مسلّط بود. فاجعه‎های بوم‎شناختی در طول قرن بیستم منجر به درک تدریجی محدودیت‎های طبیعی، از‎جمله زمین شد و رشد آگاهی‎های زیست‎محیطی، به‎عنوان نشانه‎ای از پست‎مدرن شدن فرهنگی بروز کرد. انتقادهای صحیح وارد بر جریان مدرنیسم سبب شد که انتقادها و رویکرد‎های همراه آن، پست‎مدرنیسم نام بگیرد و تنها وجه اشتراک همه‎ی آنها، نقد جدّی بر سبک معماری و شهرسازی بود که خود را به‎نام مدرنیسم مطرح کرده بود. نتایج به‎کارگیری این دو پارادایم در برنامه‎ریزی شهری و خاصّه کاربری زمین مشهود و قابل تأمل است. به‎طوری‎که تجربه‎های سطح جهانی نشان می‎دهد، بازتاب کالبدی ـ فضایی این دو پارادایم در شهرها در قالب طرح‎ها و برنامه‎های کاربری زمین متفاوت از یکدیگر بوده و هر کدام دارای ویژگی‎ها و مؤلّفه‎های خاصّ خود هستند. دراین نوشتار تلاش شده تا با توجّه به اهمّیّت کاربری زمین و راهبرد‎های آن برای آسایش و رفاه انسان شهرنشین، مقایسه‎ای تطبیقی میان این دو پارادایم مهم و اثرگذار بر کاربری زمین انجام شود. نتایج این بررسی حاکی از چرخشی آشکار در قوانین و مقرّرات کاربری زمین در پارادایم پست‎مدرنیسم نسبت به مدرنیسم است، چنانکه ارزش‎های مدرنیستی در پارادایم جدید نفی و بازگشت به ارزش‎های پیش از این دوره، مبنای عمل قرار گرفته است.}, keywords_fa = {Comparative Study.,land use planning,modernism,Postmodernism}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30421.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30421_7c393767793045d4683ab83235eac29c.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezaee Mirghaed, M. and Arabiun, A. and Alizadeh, M.}, title = {The Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Business Environment and Economic Development in GEM Countries}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {37-50}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30422}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Economic development is a favorable aim for all nations and meeting this aim requires a good understanding of variables taking part in this process. The role of entrepreneurship in economic development has been mentioned by many authors as an important one. Although creating jobs is a function of entrepreneurial process, but it is not the only one. Entrepreneurship includes searching for opportunities, taking risks, persisting for realization of ideas and turning them to goods, services and other useful solutions. To examine the effect of entrepreneurship on economic development, the research must explain the role of variables which indicate entrepreneurship activities, in economic development indexes like income per-capita, employment, knowledge creation and equality in income distribution. To do this, we plotted our research’s conceptual model as shown in methodology section. Methodology Based on the literature reviewed in this article, we constructed our conceptual model which shows the hypothesized relations between variables. This model is shown as below: Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of study Sample of this study consisted of 59 countries which are members of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Data for entrepreneurial activities were adopted from Acs & Szerb’s 2010 study, as The Global Entrepreneurship Index. To measure knowledge creation in countries we used KEI index from World Bank data as the only measure suitable for this work. The ease of doing business in countries played the role of appropriateness of environment for business in this article. We also gathered data for employment rates from Trading Economics source and income per capita from indexmudy, both continuously cited websites. Finally we adopted GINI Index from United Nations data, cited in Nation Master, (2011), to measure equality in income distribution. We analyzed hypothesized relationships by regression method and finally we reached results below. Results and Discussion In this article we examined variables of entrepreneurship in relation with economic development based on robust literature around this topic in case of 59 countries of global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM). We found that the level of entrepreneurial activities in these countries, positively affects employment. In addition, results show that the mentioned activities positively affect knowledge creation in countries. Results also show that entrepreneurial activities have a positive effect on income per capita and income distribution. That is it has positive effect of entrepreneurship on welfare of people of these countries. We could not find statistical support for any effects of environment on entrepreneurial activities. Conclusion This article analyzed the relationship between entrepreneurial activities in countries and economic development in terms of employment, income per-capita, equality in income distribution and knowledge creation. In addition the role of environment on in entrepreneurial activities has also been analyzed. The results of the of data analysis show that the level of entrepreneurial activities positively affect employment rate. It also implicitly means to have raise in employment in countries we have to have more entrepreneurs and their businesses. The positive effect of entrepreneurial activities on both income per-capita and equality in income distribution implies that the welfare in society is affected by entrepreneurship and these kind activities. In addition, to have a knowledge economy, it is important to reinforce entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activities. Finally the role of environment and its hypothesized positive effect on entrepreneurial activities has not been proved statistically in this research. It may be because of the data we gathered. However, our results mostly support the positive role of entrepreneurship in economic development.}, keywords = {Business environment,Economic Development,Entrepreneurship,Iran & ...}, title_fa = {بررسی رابطه‎ی بین کارآفرینی، محیط کسب‎وکار و توسعه‎ی اقتصادی در کشورهای عضو دیده‎بان جهانی کارآفرینی (GEM)}, abstract_fa = {توسعه‌ی اقتصادی هدفی مطلوب برای تمام ملّت‎ها بوده و نتیجه‎بخش‎بودن فعّالیّت‎هایی که در این مسیر انجام می‎شود، نیازمند شناختی دقیق و جامع از متغیّرهایی است که در این فرایند نقش دارند. در این میان کارآفرینی نقشی مهم در توسعه‌ی اقتصادی کشورها ایفا می‎کند. مفهوم کارآفرینی چیزی بیشتر از ایجاد شغل است. اگرچه ایجاد شغل یکی از جنبه‎های کارآفرینی است؛ اما تنها یکی از کارکردهای آن است. دیدگاه کارآفرینی مشتمل بر جست‎وجوی فرصت‎ها، پذیرش مخاطرات، پایداری برای محقّق کردن ایده‎ها و مفاهیمی از این دست است و به‎طورکلّی با مفاهیم توسعه‌ی اقتصادی ارتباطی نزدیک دارد. این پژوهش با بررسی 59 کشور عضو دیده‎بان جهانی کارآفرینی نتیجه‎گیری شده است که سطح فعّالیّت‎های کارآفرینانه در کشورهای عضو دیده‎بان جهانی کارآفرینی، بر نرخ اشتغالِ آنها تأثیر مثبت دارد. از سویی دیگر مشخّص شده است که سطح این فعّالیّت‎ها، تولید دانش را نیز به‎طور مثبت تحت تأثیر قرار می‎دهد. سطح فعّالیّت‎های کارآفرینانه در کشورهای عضو دیده‎بان جهانی کارآفرینی، بر میزان درآمد سرانه‎ آنها و نیز بر توزیع عادلانه‎ی درآمد این کشور‎ها تأثیر مثبت دارد. بنابراین فعّالیّت‎های کارآفرینانه از سویی سبب بالا رفتن درآمد سرانه و از سویی دیگر، سبب بهبود توزیع عادلانه‌ی درآمد و ثروت شده و نتیجه‎ی همزمان این دو اثر، افزایش رفاه و سطح زندگی آحاد جامعه خواهد بود. اما دلایل آماری کافی برای تأیید تأثیر مثبت مساعد بودن محیط بر سطح فعّالیّت‎های کارآفرینانه به‎دست نیامده است.}, keywords_fa = {Business environment,Economic Development,Entrepreneurship,Iran & ...}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30422.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30422_db4483bb1e344256ee57f4fca6ffb94a.pdf} } @article { author = {kiani, A. and Salari Sardari, F. A.}, title = {Assessment of Accessibility and Utilization Public Spaces in the Coastal City of Assalouyeh}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {51-68}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30423}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction During recent decades, changing the foundations of urban transformation in concepts of work, residence and leisure, public spaces and leisure needs as one of the vital necessity of human society , and one of the preoccupations of planners and managers has become an important issue in zoning regulations, creating public spaces a user has accepted in the main city. Stages of development of Assalouyeh City, the formation of economic capital and location of a new civilization are based on energy. Both before and after the industrial activities of industrial activities (2000) in the South Pars economic region are divided. Accordingly, given the unbalanced development between industrial activities and urban South Pars economic zone Assalouyeh, migrants to the region increased, the role of city services and activities planned and carried out in the city on business and economic perspective and preferred personal space (User Personal - Commercial) on the future of quality public spaces and the role of cities in national and international Assalouyeh need assessment and planning of public spaces for urban sustainable development and planning for health, comfort and welfare of citizens and create a lively environment in peaceful City seems necessary. Ease of access to the concept of "physical intrusion" into various parts of the city and its accessibility to aspects, including sexual status, age, mental, economic, financial, social and family structure depends on individuals (Doi, Kii and Nakanishi, 2008, 1116). Also accessibility to the public spaces of different dimensions of social, political - economic, psychological and geometry is related to the city (Nicholls 2001, 201). A public space should be for all people with any level of income and social status and any physical limitations regardless of the areas in which Residents or not be available. These places should be so equally used by all residents of the neighborhood be (Harnik, 2003, 23). Optimal use of land use planning has a direct relationship, so that the definition of land use plan comes on (rational management of space in order to optimize the distribution pattern of human activities) (Pour-Mohammadi, 2003, 3). Raising the concept of sustainable development with urban land use and views of the optimal and sustainable use of urban land according to social factors, economic, political, etc. is disposed (Rahnema, 2008, 26). In fact, optimal use of public spaces on the dynamics of public space and exploit the right, logical, rational and optimal land emphasizes. Methodology In this research, descriptive - research method was used. Based on library studies, field surveys, going to the main organizations and through the questionnaire the needed data were gathered (views of citizens). Considering the objective of study three types of general public space parks, streets and urban spaces and the seven markets were studied, a total of 200 questionnaires were distributed (sample size) using sampling in public spaces and situational sampling ( possible) location (sample point) in public spaces and residential areas. It also analyzes the main factors and the relevant assessment criteria, using relations of relative access measure gathered in public spaces and opportunities to access public spaces to rank analysis and application of improved accessibility of public spaces has been used Assalouyeh city. Availability and optimal application (utility) of public spaces on the form, structural and natural environment and human (social) were affected the city structure and physical and functional spaces . The city and social conditions are, in fact facilitating factors and user can have an accesses to the public spaces and use them. Including indicators of accessibility and optimal use of public spaces include: indicators of social contact (the presence of people in public spaces), index, occupation and position , people attractive opportunity (rally) to use public spaces, access the index, , proximity to public space (based on spatial distances in meters and time in seconds). Accordingly, the duration and location, travel expenses, limited social spaces and the physical factors and functional public spaces and the type of function and application of public spaces and spaces and surrounding land influence member availability and optimal use of city public spaces as well as all citizens’ access to the other source. In order to study and measure optimal use of public spaces, three-parameter adjustment, comfort, compliance and optimal use have been studied. Results and Discussion Calculating the distance of time and place for citizens to access public spaces of city Assalouyeh, through models such as access to indices measure , the relative measure of access, the opportunity to measure the accumulation and measurement in public spaces, access to stars; ability to access public spaces was evaluated. Assalouyeh according to the coastal landscape within the park setting and the Pearl Coast based and dynamic relations of society and the environment - human optimize utilization of the natural environment along the human dynamics - social and spatial order (structure) in public spaces for solidarity community has been created. Studied public spaces (geographic locations) with each other and other urban spaces (places) for structured and comprehensive, interactive performance and in fact no interaction function space, access and connectivity to the hierarchy between the spaces available there. Accordingly, suitable and easy access to public spaces as a walk in the city of Assalouyeh is not a desirable situation. In fact, inequality in access to walking and access to public spaces using the city Assalouyeh is visible, use the least deprivation and accessibility to public spaces is the Islamic Republic Street. Positive change and the coefficient index ranking access to public spaces in the city based on its position Assalouyeh is thus a coastal town in public spaces is a higher rank and in fact its location as in natural conditions, accessibility has been affected, but the position Market (Trade Section) with regard to physical features (sidewalk furniture) would change the negative coefficient is available. Accordingly, the optimal use of its accessibility and proximity to the user affected by the spaces, but the amount and its impact than the location and physical features is less. Thus, according to research findings and application of optimal accessibility of public spaces in cities affected by coastal Assalouyeh position, proximity, travel time and physical features are. Conclusion Attention to public spaces in urban planning, economic approach to the mechanisms of land has been considered low. Planning and management of public spaces and facilities with only limited review and comment is not possible to citizens and users planned to take place the role it plays. Research findings show that, seaside park setting with a measure of the relative access to the best rating available in 6.428 (9.5) and the situation in terms of optimal use of public spaces and streets in front of the state with 98 percent and the market town with access Rated (4.7) and 5 / 97 percent of the low vision quality and desirability of citizens in assessing optimal use of public spaces has been a relative measure of the lowest access to 18.75, and the opportunity to accumulate 228 Rating 3.99 access to the street is the Islamic Republic. Therefore result research, best public space Assalouyeh city of between public spaces costal sector and central business distract sector (C.B.D) of perspective accessibility and utilization is Nagin Park.}, keywords = {accessibility,Application Optimization,Coastal Cities,Ports Assalouyeh,public spaces}, title_fa = {ارزیابی قابلیت دسترسی و کاربرد بهینه‎ی فضاهای عمومی در شهر ساحلی عسلویه}, abstract_fa = {در طول چند دهه‎ی اخیر با تغییر بنیادهای شهرنشینی و دگرگونی در مفاهیم کار، سکونت و فراغت، فضاهای عمومی به یکی از نیازها و ضرورت‌های اساسی جوامع بشری و یکی از دغدغه‎های برنامه‌ریزان و مدیران بدل شده است. هدف از این نوشتار، بررسی و تحلیل وضعیّت دسترسی و کاربرد بهینه‎ی فضاهای عمومی همچون پارک، خیابان و بازار در شهر عسلویه با توجّه به رشد شتابان فیزیکی ـ کالبدی آن از سال 1377 (همزمان با آغاز فعّالیّت‌های منطقه‎ی ویژه‎ی اقتصادی انرژی پارس جنوبی)، افزایش جمعیّت شهر و منطقه‎ی عسلویه و نقش‌پذیری آینده‎ی شهر در سطح ملّی و جهانی است. روش پژوهش این مطالعه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و برپایه‎ی مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، بررسی‌های میدانی و پرسش‎نامه است. در تحلیل نتایج نهایی، شاخص‎های قابلیت دسترسی از روابط معیار نسبی دسترسی، فرصت تجمّع و رتبه‎ی دسترسی به فضاهای عمومی و در ارزیابی کاربرد بهینه‎ی آن نیز، شاخص‎های سازگاری، مطلوبیت و آسایش مورد استفاده قرار گرفته شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که پارک ساحلی نگین با معیار نسبی دسترسی 428/6 بهترین رتبه‎ی دسترسی (5/9) و وضعیّت را از لحاظ کاربرد بهینه‎ی فضاهای عمومی دارد و در مقابل آن، خیابان دولت با 98 درصد و بازار شهر با رتبه‎ی دسترسی (7/4) و 5/97 درصد از دیدگاه شهروندان پایین‎ترین کیفیت و مطلوبیت در ارزیابی کاربرد بهینه‎ی فضاهای عمومی داشته است. همچنین پایین‌ترین معیار نسبی دسترسی75/18، فرصت تجمّع 228 و رتبه‎ی دسترسی 99/3 مربوط به خیابان جمهوری اسلامی است. در پایان نیز پیشنهادها و راهکارهایی برای استفاده و دسترسی آسان افراد و گروه‎های اجتماعی ارائه شده است.}, keywords_fa = {accessibility,Application Optimization,Coastal Cities,Ports Assalouyeh,public spaces}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30423.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30423_70a4e8eea07336019df5dcbe90278d7d.pdf} } @article { author = {M. B., Qalibaf and PourMousavi, Sayed Mousa}, title = {The Effect of Political Culture on Collaboration of Citizens with Local Government (A Case Study: Tehran)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {69-89}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30424}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Local government is considered as a political-bureaucratic structure, which is formed by the central government as a result of spatial distribution of the political power. As of forming the civilizations, a special type of society and culture has been formed in Iran due to a particular geographic position and getting involved in the path of the mankind movements as well. The political culture, which takes into account as presuppositions of the Iranian society, resulted in specific actions in the community especially in the political arena. Political participation of the citizens in the local government and influencing on the processes and mechanisms of the political culture considered as one of the consequents of such phenomenon. The present research aims to study the roots of citizens’ low participation in a local level, as the citizens have not participated in the local government in a meaningful manner since the formation of the local government in Iran. In this research, thus, we are looking for answering this question: “what is the effect of political culture on citizens’ collaboration in the local government is in Tehran?”The hypothesis of research includes: taking part in Tehran local government is affected by the impact of political culture in a national level, which some factors play a significant role in this regard such as: family, beliefs, symbols, values, dominant structure, tribal roots, and historical, geographical, social, and cultural developments. The results confirmed the claim regarding the study of political culture variables in a political participation in Tehran city. The present research investigated the relations between the political culture and citizens’ cooperation in the local government as a mechanism for participation of the citizens in the political-social destiny through descriptive method using documented resources. Methodology The design of the present is descriptive. It aims at investigating the topic’s nature the effect of political culture on collaboration of the citizens in the local government. In one hand, the goal of this research is to investigate the current condition of the research’s topic and its characteristics as well as to study the relations among the variables. On the other hand, this study is certainly considered as a descriptive-analytic research as the researcher attempted to interpret the reasons for the issue’s condition and its aspects. Results and Discussion The effect of political culture on the citizens’ engagement in local administration of Tehran 1. Family structure and political culture: locating the individual in a complex world, the family shapes the individual’s future political stance by establishing a tribal, linguistic, and religious nexus and by emphasis on social class, reiteration of values and cultural-educational gains and orientation of professional-economic perspectives. 2. Tribal structure and political culture: history is the rise and fall of tribes. The potential and actual capacity of the Iranian tribes caused the local power to be in their hands. They have even had a major part in the central governments. 3. Authoritative political structure and political culture: authoritative political structures throughout Iranian history have deeply affected the way the citizens politically behave. The outcome of such a structure has been such behaviors as submissiveness, being overawed by political power, low engagement, and many other non-engagement inclinations. 4. Religious class and political engagement: cultural concepts and mechanisms in the Iranian society are fed by religious beliefs, and a major part of bias and clash is based on the citizens’ religious beliefs. On the other hand, the existence of religious rule has cherished a religious political culture that rests upon power. 5. Political developments and political culture: what people have been experiencing and what they feel and the conformity between feeling and experience on the one hand, and the political symbols and institutions on the other, forms and maintains the political culture, and as soon as the bases of this conformity are weakened or people begin to feel that they are diverging, the political culture changes. 6. The political culture rooted in gender difference: women feel more at ease with educational and voluntary social affairs, especially participation in religious groups; they show less enthusiasm for political engagement while they are inclined toward social and local issues. 7. The political culture as to media effect: media in Iran are generally state-owned. Therefore, the government can propagate its desired values, leading to the formation of a media political culture in Iran; this media political culture can play a role in the citizens’ engagement in the political affairs. 8. Socio-economic class and formation of specific political culture: individual differences in such variables as job status, income, and education act as a factor that defines political engagement. Political engagement and different forms of it as political behavior can emanate from different beliefs and values. 9. National political culture vs. local political culture: the reflection of national political culture in Iran on the local level (in Tehran) can be viewed in participation level of the citizens in sub-councils. Sub-councils are local institutions who are responsible to help with some affairs of the local councils of the city. Conclusion The most tangible form of the citizens’ engagement in relation to their immediate environment is possible through participation in local administration. As far as engagement and decision-making of the citizens in local affairs is concerned, local institutions in Iran lack a historical record. This mechanism was represented in the constitution as a novel phenomenon after the constitutional revolution; yet it was never actualized. This dormancy continued to the end of 1370s. Since Tehran, as the capital of Iran, bears a centripetal force for the Iranian groups and citizens, its local political culture is in fact a distillation of national political culture. To verify this claim the sub-council elections of Tehran was represented as the national-level participation. The polls of sub-councils in Tehran indicate a low participation of the citizens in local affairs.}, keywords = {Local government,Political Collaboration,political culture,TEHRAN}, title_fa = {تأثیر فرهنگ سیاسی بر مشارکت شهروندان در حکومت محلّی (مطالعه‎ی موردی: تهران)}, abstract_fa = {حکومت محلّی، سازه‎ای سیاسی، اداری است که درنتیجه‎ی فرایند توزیع فضایی قدرت سیاسی به‎وسیله‎‎ی حکومت مرکزی پدید می‌آید. کشور ایران با موقعیّت ویژه‎ی جغرافیایی و قرار گرفتن در مسیر تحرّکات بشری، از آغاز شکل‌گیری تمدّن‌ها، نوع خاصّی از جامعه و فرهنگ را شکل داده است که دارای اختصاصات فضایی خاصّ خود است. این فرهنگ سیاسی که تصورّات و انگاره‌های جامعه ایرانی است، سبب کنش‌های خاصّی در جامعه، به‎ویژه در عرصه سیاسی شده است. یکی از پیامدهای فرهنگ سیاسی، مشارکت سیاسی شهروندان در حکومت محلّی و تأثیرگذاری بر فرایندها و سازوکارهای این پدیده است. از آنجاکه پس از شکل‌گیری حکومت محلّی در ایران، شهروندان مشارکت معناداری در این نهاد سطح محلّی نداشته‌اند، بنابراین نوشتار پیش رو، ریشه‌های این کاهش مشارکت در سطح محلّی را مورد مطالعه قرار داده است. بر این اساس سؤال این پژوهش عبارت است از "فرهنگ سیاسی چه تأثیری بر مشارکت شهروندان در حکومت محلّی در تهران دارد؟" فرضیه‎ی پژوهش عبارت است: مشارکت در حکومت محلّی تهران، متأثّر از تأثیر فرهنگ سیاسی در سطح ملّی است که در این ارتباط خانواده، باورها، نمادها، ارزش‎ها، ساختار مسلّط، بنیان‌های عشیره‌ای، دگرگونی‎های تاریخی، جغرافیایی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی نقش‌آفرین هستند. نتایج پژوهش ادّعای مطرح شده را در ارتباط با مطالعه‎ی متغیّرهای فرهنگ سیاسی در مشارکت سیاسی در تهران را مورد تأیید قرار داد. پژوهش پیش رو با شیوه‎ی توصیفی، زمینه‎یاب و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی، به بررسی رابطه‎ی فرهنگ سیاسی و مشارکت شهروندان در حکومت محلّی به‎عنوان سازوکار مشارکت شهروندان در سرنوشت سیاسی ـ اجتماعی را مورد مطالعه قرار داده است.}, keywords_fa = {Local government,Political Collaboration,political culture,TEHRAN}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30424.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30424_10af2fb248452901186bb5056ba62eeb.pdf} } @article { author = {hosieni, seyed ali and Vaisi, R. and Ahmadi S., S.}, title = {Analysis of Trend of Spatial Development of Rasht City and Determining Optimal Directions of its Development Using of GIS}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {83-104}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30425}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Disproportionate development of cities and extended accumulation cause the phenomenon like as informal settlements. And the results of developing the informal settlements are forming different damages of economy, society and environment. Results of thisseductions are inability of city a spaces in answering to largess necessity. Generally this unbalance urban growth forms in unprepared lands of city and its results are like as increasing unutilized lands, increasing open spaces, decreasing the accumulation of population separation of urban and social units: so the important issue that stays against the urban development is their future develop place. Recognizing and choosing a best place to future develop of city requires observing the roots and best development of criteria orientation. In finding place we try to rest the different parameters of relationship with each other. Methodology All the opinions and patterns of developing city can’t perform in a city because each of them have its own morphology, but can be useful as principal lines to know the studied pattern of developing city and in other cities. Each of these opinions don’t show special facts and a city may compose of several pattern and opinion. Harris and Oilman the famous American geographers discussed “multi cores structure” by using of Berges opinions. This opinion shows that the units of city develop in several surrounding of a separate center and each core can be a first point of city stability. Among other opinions that used in relationship with developing of city space, there is the opinion if stellar shape if town, the city in a shape of star can’t prove a stable and resident town. But it is often because of development of town movable and unstable. The development of city can be practical in two ways: develop around of it or develop by using of focused operation in itself, in star shape city has a principal center that have important networks and usually, there are spaces in linear shape and distance of basic networks in an empty spaces including forming or open land and generally, the cyclic into inner and outer graders. Results and Discussion Purpose of this paper is studding the way of frame – physical development in Rasht, knowing the effective factors in areal development of town, analyzing the direction of development and patterns of physical growth in town, recognizing the abilities and limitations of physical growth and providing solutions to basic and operational programming to develop the area of town. The method of research is descriptive – analytic and after analyzing the process of historic development in town. We analyzed effective factors and limitations in frame – physical development of town. Then, the plan and programs of expanding (general and detailed plans, preparing, residence cooperatives, mehr residence and …) had analyzed in physical expanding of Rasht, in last part, by preparing the information levels like as lands capability, high levels, incline, stability of land, communicational network, airport, cemetery, River, natural settlements, industry town, marsh and rural places around the city, preparing levels in ArcGIS software and analysis them in geographical information system and by using AHP model recognized suitable lands to develop the future of city. Conclusion Results show that natural and human factors and obstacles play an important role in directing the areal development of city, also it is shown that residence cooperatives, composing the surrounding villages of city around the servicing areas and informal habitation play a role in developing lf city that three mentioned factors added 4051 hectare of servicing areas during the years after Islamic Revelation and this number includes 40% of present area of Rasht, Also, findings of analytic model in AHP shows that suitable lands placed in south of town to develop the city and this lands in developing is better than other parts. Suggestions 1. According to find of suitable places in southern part of city, we suggest that city foundations like: training centers, universities, medical and sport centers and other servicing places distinguished in this direction. 2. Existing of many barren and loose lands in legal area of city causes the discordant development in town, so we suggest a program to operate on barren lands that hoard of profiteer motivation and to use them for owners, provide executives and technical package. 3. Preparing a general and executive plan of keeping the water areas, ponds and the forest lands, also, we can use the house – garden policy in southern area (to future develop) to keep the forest and besides river areas. 4. The regulation and continuous review is for avoiding of land separation and controlling the owners of land, around the city in a way that all constructions can be in public policy of country and advance plan in Rasht. 5. We suggest to create green zonal in east, north and west direction of town obstacle to dissymmetric development. Reviewing in areal regulations and principles and medium and low accumulation in a way that accumulations increase about 25% legally, while in new preparation plans, there are no policy of creating villa and low accumulation houses, because of suitable usage of lands.}, keywords = {Geographical Information System. Rasht City,Iran,Spatial development,urban development}, title_fa = {تحلیل روند توسعه‎ی فضایی و تعیین جهات بهینه‎ی توسعه‎ی شهر رشت با استفاده از سامانه‎ی اطلاعات جغرافیایی}, abstract_fa = {در ارتباط با مباحث شهر و شهرنشینی در ایران، هدف کلّی برنامه‌ریزی شهری، تأمین رفاه مردم از راه ایجاد محیطی بهتر، سالم‌تر، آسان‌تر، مؤثّرتر و دلپذیرتر است. همین دلیل تحلیل تناسب زمین برای توسعه‎ی شهری و شناسایی اراضی مناسب و اولویت‌دار برای توسعه‎ی فضایی ضرورت دارد، در شهر رشت هرچند مهندسان مشاور طرح‌های جامع شهر در اوّلین طرح، جهت شمال و در دو طرح اخیر، جهت جنوب را جهت توسعه تعیین کرده‌اند، اما به‎کار نگرفتن روش‌های مناسب در این پیشنهادها و نیز، شرایط ویژه‌ی اراضی اطراف شهر رشت، لزوم استفاده از روش‌های جدید مکان‌یابی را ضرورت می‌بخشد. بنابراین هدف این مقاله، مطالعه‎ی روند توسعه‎ی کالبدی ـ فضایی شهر رشت و عوامل مؤثّر در آن، همچنین تعیین جهت‎های مناسب توسعه آتی آن است. روش پژوهش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهند که عوامل و موانع طبیعی و انسانی، نقش عمده‌ای را در جهت‌دهی به توسعه‎ی فضایی شهر داشته‎اند، همچنین مشخّص شد که تعاونی‌های مسکن، ادغام روستاهای حاشیه‎ی شهر در محدوده‎ی خدماتی و اسکان ‌غیر رسمی، نقش چشمگیری در توسعه‎ی کالبدی شهر داشته‌اند. در بخش پایانی با تهیه‎ی لایه‌های اطلاعاتی مختلف ازجمله، قابلیت اراضی، سطوح ارتفاعی، شیب، پایداری زمین، شبکه‎ی ارتباطی، فرودگاه، گورستان، رودخانه، زیستگاه‌های طبیعی، شهرک صنعتی، مرداب و نقاط روستایی اطراف شهر و تهیه‎ی لایه‌ها در نرم‎افزار ArcGIS و تجزیه و تحلیل آنها در سامانه‎ی اطلاعات جغرافیایی، با استفاده از مدل AHP ، اراضی مناسب برای توسعه‎ی آتی شهر مشخّص شد. یافته‎های پژوهش بیانگر مکان‎یابی توسعه‎ی آتی شهر به‎سمت جنوب شهر رشت است.}, keywords_fa = {Geographical Information System. Rasht City,Iran,Spatial development,urban development}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30425.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30425_8119456e422ce36eab8da44d16a29776.pdf} } @article { author = {Gharakhluo, M. and Hataminezhad, H. and Baghvand, A. and Yalve, M.}, title = {Urban Sustainable Development Assessment with Regard to Footprint Ecological Method (Case Study: Kermanshah City)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {105-120}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30426}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The present paper examines the ecological footprint of Kermanshah as the 9th largest city of Iran. It also tries to answer the following question: Dose the ecological environment of Kermanshah Support the basic needs of it's population? And are the Biological systems of Kermanshah able to answer all socio- economic questions related to different activities of residents. This study is completed based on a descriptive method in which the whole urban households of Kermanshah city are considered as the statistical sample. The statistics related to their consumption of Dvtryq authorities and researcher questionnaire consists of 14 items have been collected. The sample size of the present study was 322 households which were selected by cluster random method. The findings of this study show that the ecological footprint in Kermanshah city indifferent consumption groups of food, transportation, natural gas heating, drinking water, electricity and required land for waste disposal is 1.82 hectares. Although the mentioned list is not a complete inventory of city expenditures, But the comparison of these items with the occupied spaces by the city and even with the supporting spaces such as county and province. Indicates that to fulfill its biological needs and sustainability, the city depend on a geographic realm beyond the Kermanshah Province. A glance to the consumed item in Kermanshah city Confirms that the share of food with 1.22 hectares is the largest share among all other consumed item, other items used in this study has been calculated less than their share of food. The lowest rate belong to required land for garbage with approximately 0.000006 hectares or 0.06 m2.Since Iran's biological capacity is 0.8 hectares, 1.82- hectare ecological footprint in Kermanshah it means that the average bearable biological capacity of Kermanshah city is 2.275 times more than the average country .in other words, can be expressed With current consumption trends continue, Kermanshah city for food Energy and land needed to absorb carbon dioxide. the space is about 180 times the area of your current needs. Methodology In this general description of the methods - and a bit of explanation and analysis has been used throughout the study. This research is primarily a data type the study population on sisted of all households residing in the city of Kermanshah. Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 This study documents the methods and field data collection has been Receipt of documents by using the method of operation as well as library and refer to the websites and scientific databases, and various organizations, data collection is necessary Part of the data that they collect from the way documents are not possible .Is obtained through a questionnaire. Major statistical researcher who failed to achieve them through official sources. Statistics of food consumption was. Example of using this formula Kutcher (Hafeznia, 117, 1377), the accuracy level of 5%, and 95% confidence level was calculated per 322 households In this study, cluster random sampling method is used. City of Kermanshah on the sixth district council areas and each area of several blocks to the lottery and were harvested. In the next compilation, using the ecological footprint of the combined application of inductive methods (detailed) and analog (compound) is formed, to calculate the EF will apply in urban areas. Prerequisite for applying this method, information processing and evaluation of the ecological city of Kermanshah in the area is 10 thousand hectares, which is used to map regions of Kermanshah city. Perhaps the most important stage of research is to obtain data necessary to measure the EF. Data necessary to measure the initial state can be obtained from statistical tables. Including data needed to analyze the energy, food, forest products and its consumption was noted. The general method devised by Wackernagel and Ress (1996), these calculations include the following main steps. The estimated annual per capita consumption of main materials based on regional data and divided by the total population of total consumption. Estimates of land allocated to each consumer for each case by dividing average annual consumption per case on average annual production, or efficiency of the ground. Calculate the total average per person Ecological Footprint (EF) by the sum of each person is dedicated to handling all areas of the ecosystem. To obtain the ecological footprint (Efp) for the planning area population (N), with the result calculated by multiplying the average footprint per person in population size (Efp = N * EF) Wackernagel and Ress (1996). Results and Discussion To assess the environmental impacts related to energy consumption and in Kermanshah, The method of ecological footprint by Professor William Small, a biologist and regional planner has been developed at the University of British Columbia, Canada, Used. In this method, the amount needed annually in Kermanshah to the amount of productive land and sea( The ecological ) with existing technology, to meet all their needs, were calculated (Table 1) . Table 1. Ecological Footprint in Kermanshah different elements and materials Components EFP (a hectare) EF (hectares/person) Food 1000840.269 1.22 Waste 4.98 0.0000006 Transport 263562 0.322 Electricity 2,202,29 0.27 Natural gas heating 4714 0.0058 Water 6862 0.008 Total 1496212 1.8 Given a population of 818 362 people living in urban areas, six triple Kermanshah and area of 10 thousand hectares in 2010 Average of 0.01 hectares of land allocated to each of its residents . It is noted that taking over an area of land equal to 180 residents in Kermanshah city is now occupied And even if it is under cultivation with a total surface of 670 893 hectares which is equivalent to the checks , it will be 2.23 times The consumer needs to provide residents a space more than twice the area of Kermanshah Province is required To discuss other biological systems that are necessary to support the city of Kermanshah .Range far beyond the political or geographical scope encompasses. Conclusion This article has been attempted using the ecological footprint of urban sustainability should be evaluated in Kermanshah city. The main default of this review is based in Kermanshah without the necessary and sufficient ecological space for its residents needs to be The findings of this study indicate that the ecological footprint in Kermanshah in groups of food, transportation, heating, natural gas, water, electricity and land required for waste disposal is 1.82 acres Although this is not a complete list of city expenditures, But the comparison with the spaces occupied by the city and its support spaces such as city and province. Suggests that biological needs in Kermanshah and Kermanshah Province is beyond the stability of regional self- reliant Compared with results similar to previous findings indicate that significant points The ecological footprint of metropolitan Tehran , Tabriz University of Sassan Pour in approximately 2.46 hectares in 2007 has been calculated In this study, the largest food footprint is allocated to Approximately 0.9 acres and is estimated Overall footprint of Tehran Metropolis is 0.64 hectares more than in Kermanshah Since consumer groups to calculate the ecological footprint of these two cities are not similar Perhaps the overall footprint than they seem somewhat pointless, But a comparison of individual cases, such as transportation and food , which is the same in both cities , Represents the fundamental point is that consumption patterns are largely similar Consistent with these results This research also indicates that High ecological footprint of food consumption in Kermanshah to share food with 1.22 hectare and other consumer items has been calculated in this study Share of food are far less The minimum land required for waste disposal approximately 0.000006 hectares or 0.06m2 . Since Iran's biological capacity is 0.8 acres 1.82 -hectare ecological footprint means that if all the Iranian city of Kermanshah. because Kermanshahi residents take to the space over 2.275 times the tolerable biological capacity is needed .In other words can be stated that the current trend continues, consumption Kermanshah city for food , energy and land needed to absorb carbon dioxide The space required is about 180 times its current area. This means that if current consumption trends continue the way in the future No other natural environment and local population needs to be greater support for the provision of these needs will require Methods and strategies used in this study And results that are obtained Can the study of other In every corner of the world, especially in the field of environmental science and geographic areas to be used.}, keywords = {carrying capacity.,Ecological Footprint,Kermanshah,Sustainablity,Urban sustainable Development}, title_fa = {ارزیابی پایداری توسعه‎ی شهری با روش جای پای اکولوژیکی(نمونه‎ی موردی: شهر کرمانشاه)}, abstract_fa = {این مقاله به بررسی جای پای اکولوژیکی شهر کرمانشاه، می‎پردازد و تلاش می‎کند به این پرسش پاسخ دهد: آیا فضای بوم‎شناسی شهر کرمانشاه توان حمایت و برآوردن نیازهای اساسی جمعیّت شهر را دارد؟ این پژوهش با روش توصیفی انجام گرفته و جامعه‎ی آماری آن تمام خانوارهای شهری کرمانشاه بوده که آمار مربوط به میزان مصرف آنها از دو روش مراجع رسمی و پرسش‎نامه‎ی پژوهشگر ساخته، متشکّل از 14 گویه جمع‎آوری شده است. حجم نمونه 322 خانوار بوده است.یافته‎های این پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که جای پای اکولوژیکی شهر کرمانشاه در گروه‎های مصرفی موادّ غذایی، حمل‎ونقل، گرمایش گازهای طبیعی، آب، برق و زمین مورد نیاز برای دفع موادّ زائد 82/1 هکتار بوده است، که مقایسه‎ی آن با فضاهای پشتیبان آن، مانند شهرستان و استان، بیانگر این است که شهر کرمانشاه برای برآوردن نیازهای زیستی و پایداری خویش متّکی به منطقه‎ای فراتر از استان کرمانشاه است. نگاهی به میزان مواد مصرفی شهر کرمانشاه، نشان می دهد که سهم موادّ غذایی با 22/1 هکتار، بیشترین سهم را در بین سایر مواد دارد. کمترین میزان مربوط به زمین مورد نیاز برای دفع زباله 06/0متر مربّع به ازای هر نفربوده است. از آنجایی که ظرفیت زیستی ایران 8/0هکتار است، جای پای اکولوژیکی 82/1 هکتاری شهر کرمانشاه بدان معناست که 275/2 برابر بیش از سهم خود، از ظرفیت زیستی قابل تحمّل کشور را به خود اختصاص داده است. به‎گفته‎ی دیگر با ادامه‎ی روند کنونی مصرف، شهر کرمانشاه برای تأمین غذا، انرژی و زمین مورد نیاز برای جذب دی‎اکسیدکربن، به فضایی حدود 180 برابر مساحت کنونی خود نیازمند است.}, keywords_fa = {carrying capacity.,Ecological Footprint,Kermanshah,Sustainablity,Urban sustainable Development}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30426.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30426_9d158a23d317e8bfdb2055963bd386dc.pdf} } @article { author = {Mojtahedjade, P.}, title = {Emergence of Iranian Identity and Evolution of the Concept of State in Iran}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {121-138}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30427}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction: Whither Iran? It is widely believed that a combination of ancient Greco-Roman and Persian civilizations is a major contributor to what culturally constitutes ‘West”. Later in the Sassanid period, the inter-linked notions of state, territory, and boundary developed substantially, coming quite close to their contemporary forms. On the other hand, considering that 'justice' was the corner stone of ancient Persian political philosophy, the idea that the ancient Persian spatial arrangement might have contributed to the evolution of the concept of democracy in the West may not be too difficult to contemplate. The term Iran has constituted the official name of the country or state known by that name at least since the emergence of the Achaemenid federative state in the 6th century BCE. The West came to know this country as Persia through the Greeks of the city-states, which in the 6th century BCE, were not as yet familiar with the concept of state–cum–country. They named Iran Persia in accordance with their on-going tradition of naming places after the name of the dynasties or the ethnicities ruling them, in much the same way that Iranians – and through them, the entire Muslim world - named Greece Yunan in their historiography of that entity, simply because in antiquity, the Iranians first came into contact with the Ionian ethnicity of Greece. Thus, it is obvious why the Greeks named Iran Persia, which originally was and still is but a province in southern Iran where the ancient Achaemenid and Sassanid dynasties had emerged. The term Persia, however, became more solidly founded in Western culture when it entered biblical texts and became somewhat sanctified. Nevertheless, the term Iran maintained its place in Western cultural thinking in more obscure forms such as a feminine name; i.e. Iran in the Persian language; Irene in Latin, Germanic, Armenian, and other Western languages, while its prefix ‘ir’ representing the mysticism of the land of Aryans, is to be seen in country names like Ireland, which comes from Eire of Proto-Celtic origin, reflecting its Proto-Indo-European roots. In today’s common and official usage of the variation, it is worth noting that while the language and literature, art and culture are all Persian, the civilization and the name of the country are attributed to the term Iran. Methodology State & Border: ancient Iranian concepts In an empirical methodology of research into the emergence and evolution of the concept of state no doubt remains that ancient civilizations were familiar with the notion of state in connection with an elementary form of territoriality and its frontier characteristics. The Great Wall of China, the Hadrian Wall of Roman Britain, and Sadd-e Sekandar (Alexander’s Wall) in northeast Iran (1) might indeed have been parts of wider peripheral zones of contact in the ancient world (Taylor 1989), yet, it is certain that even in that capacity, these walls represented the notion of a ‘line’ in space designed to separate the proverbial ‘us’ from ‘them’. Indeed, there are references in ancient Persian literature to modern-like conceptions of state, territory, and border. Similarly, when considering the extent of both belligerent and peaceful contacts between Rome and Iran, the likelihood exists that these Persian notions could have influenced Roman civilization. The Achaemenian concept of state was more culturally oriented than concerned about the exactness of physical space. Various satrapies were defined along the lines of cultural and ethnic divides. Indeed, eminent scholars like Will Durant (trans.1988: 412) and Pio Filippani-Ronconi (1978:67) maintain that the concept of ‘state’ is an original Iranian invention, which was later adopted by the West through the Romans. A.H. Nayer-Nouri, an eminent writer on ancient Persian civilization, quotes T.R. Glover on Persian civilization as saying:The Persians set new ideas before mankind, ideas for the world's good government with utmost unity and cohesion combined with the largest possible freedom for the development of race and individual within the larger organization (Nayer Nouri, 1971: 196). Conclusion The concept of state seems to be much older than its contemporary variation since its modern version exists only because its legitimacy is tied to normative territorial ideas; as Alexander Murphy(2003) reminds us, “…(t)he pattern of modern states reflects the pattern of nations.” Hence, there is little doubt that modern concepts of state and territory developed in medieval Europe; nevertheless, it is difficult not to note that they are rooted in the periods prior to the emergence in Europe of nation-states. Taking into consideration the extent to which Greek and Roman civilizations interacted with that of ancient Iran, little doubt remains as to the validity of Jean Gottmann’s assertion in his letter (1978) to this writer that: Iran must have belonged to the 'Western' part of mankind, and I suspect that this was what Alexander the Great of Macedonia, a pupil of Aristotle, therefore, in the great Western philosophical tradition, found in Iran and that attracted him so much that he wanted to establish a harmonious, multi-national cooperation between the Iranians and Greeks within the large empire he was building.}, keywords = {Ancient World,Border,boundary,Civilization,Iran,Persia,state,West}, title_fa = {پیدایش هویت ایرانی و تطوّر مفهوم کشور State در ایران}, abstract_fa = {در جغرافیای سیاسی نیز همانند علوم سیاسی، متأسفانه ایده‎ی پیدایش مفاهیم درهم‎تنیده‎ی حکومت، سرزمین و مرز که به‎مفهوم کشور state واقعیّت می‎بخشند، به پیمان وستفالیا در سال 1648 بازمی‎گردد و این واقعیّت نادیده انگاشته می‎شود که این مفاهیم مدرن، ریشه در دوره‌های قبل از پیدایش حکومت ـ ملّت‌ پایه در اروپا دارند. متأسفانه این شناسایی وجود ندارد که در مواردی، تمدّن‎‎های دوران باستان با مفهوم "حکومت state"که با مفاهیم "سرزمین" و "مرز" پیوند دارد، آشنا بودند. متون دوران باستان آشکار می‌کنند که این اصل اساسی در ادبیّات جغرافیایی ـ سیاسی ایران باستان در مورد موضوعات حکومت، سرزمین، و سامان وجود داشت. همین‌طور این احتمال وجود دارد که این مفاهیم ایران باستان بر تمدّن‎ روم تأثیر نهاده باشد.این باور گسترده نیز وجود دارد که تلفیقی از تمدّن‎‎های یونان ـ روم باستان و ایران باستان سهم عمده‌ای داشته است، در آنچه زیربنای فرهنگ غرب را تشکیل می‌دهد. بعدها در دوران ساسانیان مفاهیم درهم‎تنیده‎ی حکومت، سرزمین، و سامان به‎گونه‎ی چشمگیری گسترش یافتند و از همان دوران به شکل‎های امروزین خود نزدیک شدند. از سوی دیگر، با توجّه به این حقیقت که "دادگری = عدالت" شالوده‎ی اصلی فلسفه‎ی مدیریت سیاسی کشور در ایران باستان بود، تأمل در مورد این ایده‎ی چندان دشوار نخواهد بود که سازمان فضایی کشور در ایران باستان، چه بسا به سیر تکاملی مفهوم دموکراسی در غرب کمک کرده است.}, keywords_fa = {Ancient World,Border,boundary,Civilization,Iran,Persia,state,West}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30427.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30427_88d66d362a335c91f613f47c6033ff57.pdf} } @article { author = {Amini, A.}, title = {Locational Evaluation and Analysis of Rural Industrial Areas (Case Study: Markazi Province)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {139-156}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30428}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction The widespread and great inequalities in income generation, commonwealth, job opportunities and developmental facilities between urban and rural areas, have leaded the rural population towards the decline and in some instances the rural exodus. Additionally, the rural poverty and deprivation has also caused major urban crisis, due to the vast rural migration and consequently the suburbia phenomena. Diversification of economical activities and opportunities is an essential requisite in comprehensiveness of rural planning and development programs. Rural industrialization is one of the most important and dominant economical alternatives for employment and income generation opportunities in rural areas, beside the agriculture. This approach has also an important role in regional development planning by facilitating of the industrial decentralization procedures. The rationale of the rural industrialization is therefore the necessity to reduce the rural-urban economical imbalances and inequalities; avoid and mitigate the social costs of irregular urbanization or in the other word, urban sprawl phenomena; and provide appropriate and profitable employment opportunities for rural over plus labor forces. A considerable contribution of the rural industrialization projects success depends upon the optimum location and establishing of them in the selected capable locations based on the set of criteria. Establishment of appropriate industries, in type, scale and location, in rural areas as the most feature of industrial decentralization, is an aspect of regional planning toward rural development. This study assesses the site selection of the operant and candidate rural industrial areas of the Markazi province, which has the first order in both operant and candidate rural industrial sites among the Iran provinces. There exist 9 operant industrial corporations located at rural areas (industrial rural areas) in the Markazi province, the central province of Iran, and 10 other sites are also candidate to establish such industrial rural areas. According to the existence of the most of the basic industries of the country in this province and also the high potentials for various agricultural and livestock productions circumstances, the present study strives to assess the appropriateness and optimality of the carried out proceedings as for rural industrialization in the region or not. Methodology The study region is rural areas of Markazi province in central Iran with the capital of Arak city. The region is situated between the north latitudes of 33? 23? to 35? 33? and east longitudes of 48? 56? to 51? 03?, covering an area of 29127 km2. Geographically and from spatial equality point of view, taking the spatial and locational dimension of developmental programs into account is unavoidable and very important, as well as the economical and social dimensions, nowadays. 19 rural industrial areas located at the Markazi province of central Iran, as the industrial pole of Iran, were investigated in this study in order to assess the existent situations and also the optimum planning in future. 11 sites of these industrial sites are operant and else 8 sites are also candidate to establish. Several environmental and geographical factors and also many economical and social development indicators, as the influential factors in location and establishment of such areas, were measured and used for analysis. Following the collection and processing of data for various economical, social and environmental variables, the prioritization of the locational appropriateness and optimality of 19 rural industrial areas of the province were ordered, using the Entropy and TOPSIS multi criteria decision making methods. The statistical multivariate cluster analysis was also used to determine and classify the homogenous areas in order to establishing of industrial areas. The prioritized clusters and also degrees of locational optimality of the 19 locations for establishment of rural industrial areas were determined. Results and Discussion In order to prioritize and identify which sites (rural districts) is appropriate to establish the industrial area, data was analyzed using TOPSIS multi attribute decision making method. Aimed to this, the criteria were firstly weighted using another multi attribute decision making method, Entropy. Results revealed that although the first orders belong to some of the operant sites, but some other of operant ones have also very low orders. It seems that some non-scientific considerations have influenced selection of these sites, whereas some of the candidate sites have the better situations and upper priorities. Therefore, the rational continuance of the industrialization procedure in the province's rural areas entails some revision and verifications in deciding and policy making for both of the operant and candidate industrial rural areas at the future. In order to distinguish and classify the homogenous locations (operant and candidate sites), the hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) was also done on the set of indicators, based on the ward method using SPSS 16.0. Two first clusters including 9 sites have been combined at a few later on the distance scale and so, the clustering procedure of rural areas has been finished with only these two major clusters, which classified the 19 rural districts of the 8 townships in two homogenous subsets. Conclusion The contribution of rural industrialization in rural development policies is not only unavoidable, but the role of such procedures and operations is very crucial in success of the rural development and poverty alleviation projects, especially in developing countries. In addition to the type and scale, the locational or spatial situations is one of the most important and effective prerequisites for rural industries to meet the success. In fact, the location is a contexture of the all of environmental, economic and also social situations. Hence, a quantitative locational analysis is required before any decision and operation for developmental projects, so that the appropriate decisions can play even the role equivalent to the resources. The spatial assessment presented in this study revealed that the location allocations are not so rational to industrialize the rural study areas. Such locational inoptimality encounters the rural industrialization practices with some of difficulties, which decrease the success of the operations. Therefore, activating the low ranked candidate sites instead of the high ranked operant sites and discontinuing their more complementary operations will be a more rational decision to promote the efficiency of the industrialization process of the rural study areas.}, keywords = {Industrial Rural Areas,Markazi Province.,Multi-Criteria Decision Making,Optimum Location,Rural industrialization}, title_fa = {ارزیابی و تحلیل مکان‌گزینی نواحی صنعتی روستایی (مطالعه‎ی موردی: استان مرکزی)}, abstract_fa = {تنوّع‌بخشی به فعّالیّت‌ها و فرصت‌های اقتصادی، لازمه‎ی جامع‌نگری در برنامه‌ریزی‌های توسعه‎ی روستایی است. صنعتی‌شدن و صنایع روستایی نیز، از دیرباز مطرح‌ترین گزینه‎ی اقتصادی برای ایجاد فرصت‌های اشتغال و درآمد، بعد از فعّالیّت‌های کشاورزی در مناطق روستایی بوده است. این رهیافت همچنین با کمک به فرایند تمرکززدایی از فعّالیّت‌های صنعتی، نقش مؤثّری در برنامه‌های توسعه‎ی منطقه‌ای نیز خواهد داشت. سهم عمده‌ای از پروژه‌های صنعتی‌سازی روستایی، در گرو مکان‌یابی بهینه و استقرار آنها در مکان‌های گزینش‌شده‌ای است که به‌لحاظ جمیع معیارهای موردنیاز، از مناسبت و برتری نسبی برخوردار باشند. پژوهش پیش رو به ارزیابی مکان‌گزینی نواحی صنعتی فعّال و در دست مطالعه‎ی مناطق روستایی استان مرکزی می‌پردازد که از هر دو جهت مقام نخست را در میان استان‌های کشور دارد. با گزینش و جمع‌آوری اطلاعات متغیّرهای مرتبط و تهیّه‎ی شاخص‌های ترکیبی کمّی در ابعاد مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیطی و بهره‌گیری از روش‌های آماری و تصمیم‌گیری‌های چندمعیاره‌ای، مانند روش آنتروپی و روش تاپسیس، میزان بهینگی و اولویت‌های مکانی 19 ناحیه‎ی صنعتی مورد مطالعه به‎دست آمد. با توجّه به نتایج حاصل، گرچه برخی از نواحی فعّال دارای برترین رتبه‌ها هستند، اما تعدادی از آنها نیز از رتبه‌های بسیار ضعیفی برخوردارند و گمان می‎رود در گزینش مکان برای ایجاد و استقرار آنها، ملاحظاتی غیرعلمی نیز دخیل بوده باشد. درحالی‌که برخی دیگر از دهستان‌های کاندید برای ایجاد این نواحی از اولویت‌ها و رتبه‌های بسیار بهتری برخوردار هستند. بنابراین ادامه‎ی منطقی و اصولی روند صنعتی‌سازی در مناطق روستایی استان، مستلزم پاره‌ای بازنگری‌ها در سیاست‌گذاری‌ها و تصمیم‌گیری‌ها برای ادامه‎ی فعّالیّت نواحی فعّال و همچنین آغاز به‌کار پروژه‌های در دست مطالعه در آینده است.}, keywords_fa = {Industrial Rural Areas,Markazi Province.,Multi-Criteria Decision Making,Optimum Location,Rural industrialization}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30428.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30428_bc91694a3cdbb188dcdb0378e7db0990.pdf} } @article { author = {shaterian, mohsen and Ganjipour, M. and Oshnooi, A.}, title = {Land Use Planning Study of the Impact of Social - Economic Border Residents on Smuggling (Case Study: the Province of Sistan-Baluchistan, Boushehr and the Kurdistan)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {157-178}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30429}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction There are some significant differences from the point of view of welfare and development between a part of the country which has an important geographical region such as border areas and main population centers. This can be due to reasons such as being far from the center, geographical solitude and under-development. In spite of the of capacities of central areas of the country, there are no social and economical indicators in optimal level and its promotion to national average of indicators level needs a lot of investments and measures. Definitely, it takes time for such regions to develop and the government to fulfill its responsibilities. Therefore, analyzing the socio-economical indicators of border areas and considering its relation with the increase and reduction of smuggling through planning of land preparation can be an effective step in the path of sustainable development in border areas such as Kurdistan, Boushehr , Sistan and Balouchestan provinces. Methodology Due to the nature of the issue and reviewed components, the research method is documental and methodically it is descriptive-analytic and the tool is used was questionnaire. In analytical method, descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. Accordingly, by using "SWOT" model, the current position of the studied areas, advantages and disadvantages, opportunities, and threats were evaluated and eventually solutions are suggested to achieve the priorities based on orientation of preparation. Statistical society being studied is eleven offices and organizations concerned with increase and decrease of smuggling in border areas such as Kurdistan, Boushehr, Sistan and Balouchestan which are somehow involved with the issue. A sample of 165 officials participated in the study. Based on Cochran formula, 55 experts working in organizations that dealt with smuggling took a questionnaire and provided the data for answering the research questions. For each province 5 experts participated in the study. Results and Discussion In this part of the research, to get to know the four strategic factors, all the documents and books related to smuggling and currency in the mentioned provinces were studied. Then by filtering, summarization, combination and summarize the findings, a comprehensive list was developed. Some 17 internal strategic factors (9 advantages and 8 disadvantages) and 19 external strategic factors (9 opportunities and 10 threats) were identified and a value was given to each according to the importance and ranking. According to the participants (state agencies experts), the most important advantages of their province were ranked as 1) being placed in transit route with a relative weight of %233, 2) existence of sufficient labor force with a relative weight of %227, 3) Pole crop with a relative weight of %198, 4) existence of minerals and mineral-rich Arctic resources with a relative weight of %193. The following rankings are; the frontier cooperative, facilities and development of processing industries, border markets, relative security, export handicrafts. The most important disadvantages of these three provinces were 1) Profitability due to the gross price of goods between the neighbor countries and the Islamic Republic of Iran with a relative weight of %328, 2) Low quality of life and lack of adequate resources for suitable and legal subsistence with a relative weight of %317, and 3) poverty and deprivation and lack of industrial centers and labor absorption in the region and consequently Attitudes toward labor trafficking as job easy, low risk and high income with a relative weight of %317. Unfair distribution of facilities and remoteness from major population centers and development axes of the country with a relative weight of %302 is the fourth. Lack of private sector investment, rapid growth in population and especially the urban population and the actual lack of response capabilities of these areas to the frontier needs of subsistence, cultural fabric of the families, change of social value system in considering smuggling as a violation, the low level of education and training are next ranks. The most important opportunities being studied are: Excellent conditions for the enterprise role of provinces in the national commercial. And external transit with a relative weight of %242 is above all and ranked first. Enjoyment of economic and geostrategic, position with the relative weight of %231 is the second. Increasing importance to creativity and innovation with a relative weight of %215 is the third .Using the capacity of young and educated workforce with A relative weight of %202 is the next. Expand the university's role in solving social problems, strengthen national identity and convergence, proximity with neighboring countries, ability of certain economic exchanges, interests of investors to participate in an area are the next rankings. Having spirit of consumerism rather than production-oriented spirit with a relative weight of %234 is the most important threat in these provinces. Competition between regional and extra regional countries to seize market with a relative weight of %205 is next. Culture of disobeying the rule with a relative weight of %199 is ranked as the third. Cultural isolation - social border with a relative weight of %198 is the fourth. Undermine the economic security with a relative weight of %192 stands at lower rank. Loss of social capital (reduced correlation, security and social cohesion), Expanding the underground economy, the immigration of skilled labor and impact of regional, the relative affinity and causative relationships between residents of the two sides of the border, increasing involvement of ethnic and tribal are the next. Conclusion Economic development of border areas and increasing economic welfare and income of the frontiers through healthy economic activities and government support and investment on smuggling can have a positive impact. On the other side, through healthy economic activities and government support and investment in border areas subject to lack of gross differences in economic in two sides of the border can also have an impact on communication function which has a positive impact on decreasing smuggling. Government support for investment in small industries in border areas, Enable cross-border tourist areas, having border markets… are those methods which can have an impact on increasing legal transactions and reduce smuggling. Thus the need for regional land use preparation and planning can be doubled. Since from one side it has helped balance the socio-cultural development of the areas and looking at the neighbor countries, it has provided the ability to develop and promote the economic relationship between these lands with other areas .On the other side, it increases a presence of comprehensive plan of capabilities, opportunities, weaknesses and threats in each region.}, keywords = {Border,economic,land use planning,smuggling,Social.}, title_fa = {تأثیر وضعیّت اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی مرزنشینان بر قاچاق کالا (مطالعه‎ی موردی: استان-های سیستان و بلوچستان، بوشهر و کردستان)}, abstract_fa = {توسعه‎ی بدون برنامه و یک‎سویه در پهنه‎ی سرزمین، بسیاری از ظرفیت‌های کشور را بدون استفاده گذاشته، مشکلات بسیاری را در سطوح مختلف به‎وجود آورده و موجب افزایش نابرابری‌های فضایی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی در سطح کشور شده است. از این رو، استفاده از دیدگاه آمایش‌ سرزمین‌ به‌ توازن‌ توسعه‎ی‌ اجتماعی‌ ـ اقتصادی‌ مناطق‌ مختلف‌ کمک‌ کرده‌ و از قاچاق کالا که یکی از پیامدهای شوم توسعه‎ی ناموزون و ناعادلانه است، جلوگیری می‎کند. این پژوهش با روش مطالعه‎ی کتابخانه‌ای و پیمایشی با استفاده از ابزار پرسش‎نامه انجام شده است. بر این اساس با استفاده از مدل سوات (SWOT) موقعیّت کنونی مناطق مطالعه و نقاط قوّت، ضعف، فرصت‌ و تهدید بررسی شده و درنهایت، راهکارهای رسیدن به اولویت‌های مبتنی بر جهت‎گیری‌های آمایشی و چشم‎انداز ارائه شده است. جامعه‎ی آماری مورد بررسی، کارشناسان 11 اداره و سازمان‌ مرتبط با قاچاق کالا در مناطق مرزی استان‌های کردستان، بوشهر و سیستان و بلوچستان را دربرمی‌گیرد. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، تعداد 165 نفر تعیین شد. نتیجه اینکه راهکارهای آمایشی برای کاهش قاچاق کالا از طریق بهبود وضعیّت اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی مرزنشینان ارائه شد. اولویت اوّل برای سه استان، راهبرد تغییر جهت هوشمندانه است؛ به‎گونه‎ای که این راهبرد شامل: ایجاد زمینه‎ی مناسب برای بهره‎مندی از خلاّقیّت و نوآوری جوانان در کارآفرینی و بنگاه‎های زودبازده، گسترش مبادلات اقتصادی به‎ویژه در بخش کشاورزی، استفاده از موقعیّت اقتصادی و ژئواستراتژیک منطقه در همجواری با کشورهای همسایه، ایجاد شرایط مناسب برای گسترش سرمایه‎گذاری در منطقه با استفاده از نیروهای متخصّص و بومی، شفاف‎سازی قیمت‌ها است.}, keywords_fa = {Border,economic,land use planning,smuggling,Social.}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30429.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30429_9b49ae59ab4544e9ebd9e7942447f17b.pdf} } @article { author = {Jafari, F. and Shabanali Fami, Hossein and Daneshvar Ameri, J.}, title = {Investigating and Analysis of Farmer's Willingness to Participate in Drought Management Projects in Tarom Olia County}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {179-194}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30430}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Since the commencement of human civilization, drought has had severe impact and sometimes disastrous on the vital human activities throughout the world. Drought is not considered in it as a tragedy” (disaster) but its effect on people and environment is catastrophic. Therefore the key point in understanding drought is to know its ecological and social aspects. Drought is occurred in both arid and humid regions. It is clear that the first step in drought management is to know its impacts in different dimensions followed by the second step which is managerial actions to reduce negative impacts. Hence effective drought management is comprehensive involvement and collaboration of government and farmers. Iran is a vast country that due to its specific situation has different climatic and topographical characteristics. While, the amount of average annual rainfall in Iran is about 224 to 275 millimeters, the average rainfall of drought-prone areas is defined as equal to 800 millimeters rainfall and the average 133 millimeters. Iran in southern part of the northern region existences took 25 to 40 degrees north latitude is part of a vast realm of Iran in water and dry air the world. About 10 percent of the country's agriculture rainfall levels more than 500 millimeters in years (do not need the irrigation) and the remaining 90 percent irrigation needs. The investigations indicated that the country has always been exposed to various natural disasters so that out of 40 disasters that happen in the world, 31 are occurred in Iran. The drought is of the most important natural disasters that affect many of the agricultural sub-sectors and water resource. Since drought hit vast geographical areas is seen as a more complex disaster. It also affects more people and is a costly disaster to control particularly by farmers. On the other hand, there was an increase in the world population especially in recent decades because of rising demand for increasing agricultural production. Although the increase in the lands under cultivation and eye-catching progress of science and technology in the agriculture sector will provide useful solutions to the needs of society’s food, but in many cases these methods because of non-controlling forces, cannot provide useful solutions for drought control. Since the majority of the adult population of Tarom County are active in farming sector and they consists 69.4 percent of active people, it is to be said that Tarom is basically an agriculture county. It is while the annual trend of precipitation during the past 20 years in the area indicates that the drought is ever expanding. In fact drought is the main obstacle of agricultural development in the area. The present research is going to analyze farmer’s willingness to participation in drought management projects. Methodology The present study aims to examine and analyze farmer's willingness to participate in drought management projects in Tarom Olia County in Zanjan province. This was a descriptive correlational study conducted through survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all farmers activating in Tarom Olya area (N=12000) out of which 375 people were selected as sample. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to reach the respondents. The Sample size was determined using the Cochran formula. A questionnaire was developed and used to gather the data. For the analysis of data descriptive and inferential methods were used in SPSS software. The Validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of expert judgment .In order to measure the reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire was examined by Cornbrash’s alpha. The coefficient was equal to 0.908 which indicates an appropriate reliability. Results and Discussion An Analysis of data indicated that the respondents perceived the first three motivators to participate in drought management projects as follows: "insurance of horticultural and agronomic crops against drought", "adoption of pressure irrigation practices "and" participation in distilling canals ". Survey results showed that the majority of the participants were middle-aged (30-60 years) with an average age of 42 years. The “gender of 97.9 percent of the participants was male, the majority of them (94.4 percent) were married with an average number of members of families equal to 4 people. The majority of respondents (71.2 percent) was at guidance level of education and lower ones. The results also indicated that the majority of farmers (51.7 percent) were jointly active in two areas of gardening and crop farming. The average annual income of agriculture was about 138.88 million Rials, the average level of landholding was equal to 2.02 hectares of land and for garden ownership about 1.97 hectares. The findings revealed that there were positive and significant relationship at one percent level between farmer’s willingness to participate in drought management projects and taking part in training courses, workshop participation, knowledge on drought control, perception on economic impacts of drought, perception on environmental impacts of drought and extension visit’s participation. In addition, there were positive and significant relationship at one percent level between farmer’s willingness to participate in drought management projects and construction of demonstration farm and farmer’s perception on social impacts of drought. According to research findings, 60 percent of farmers do not use of insurance services which is due to their lack of satisfaction of these services. This may affect the efficiency of drought management programs. There were positive and significant differences at one percent level between farmer’s willingness to participate in drought management projects in different Dehestan (Blocks) of Tarom Olya County. The post Hoc test of Duncan showed that the extent of applying operations to cope with drought problems is more in Doram and Chozogh than in Abbar and Dastjerde blocks. Conclusion The research recommend some measures to improve the farmer's willingness to participate in drought management some of which are as follows: enhancing crop insurance services by the Ministry of Jihad-e-agriculture., governmental support of water transfer and reconstructing project, credit provision for modern irrigation system, consolidating farmers and expert's linkages in extension education activities and women's education with regard to drought control and management.}, keywords = {Drought,Drought management,farmers,Tarom Olia County,Willingness to Participate}, title_fa = {بررسی و تحلیل میزان تمایل کشاورزان به مشارکت در پروژه‎های مدیریت خشکسالی در شهرستان طارم علیا}, abstract_fa = {پژوهش پیش رو با هدف بررسی و تحلیل میزان تمایل کشاورزان به مشارکت در پروژه‎های مدیریت خشکسالی در شهرستان طارم علیا، واقع در استان زنجان، انجام گرفته است. این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی ـ همبستگی است که به‎روش پیمایشی اجرا شده است. جامعه‎ی آماری این پژوهش، همه‎ی کشاورزان شهرستان طارم علیا بوده (12000=N) و روش نمونه‎گیری، تصادفی طبقه‎ای با انتساب متناسب است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول کوکران برای جمعیّت‎های کوچک محاسبه و تعداد 375 نفر تعیین شدند. برای جمع‎آوری اطلاعات میدانی از پرسش‎نامه استفاده شده است. روایی پرسش‎نامه با استفاده از نظرات تنی چند از استادان و کارشناسان مورد تأیید قرار گرفت و به‎منظور سنجش میزان پایایی ابزار پژوهش، از آماره آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد که مقدار آن برای مقیاس پرسش‎نامه 908/0 به‎دست آمد که بیانگر قابلیت اعتماد مناسب این مقیاس‎ها برای سنجش مقیاس اصلی مطالعه است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‎ها از دو روش توصیفی و تحلیلی در نرم‎افزار SPSS استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات به‎دست‎آمده از پاسخ‎گویان برای اولویت‎بندی میزان تمایل کشاورزان به مشارکت در پروژه‎های مدیریت خشکسالی، نشان می‎دهد که به‎ترتیب "عقد قرار داد برای بیمه‎ی خشکسالی محصولات زراعی و باغی"، "پذیرش شیوه‎های آبیاری تحت فشار" و "مشارکت در لایروبی رودها" در اولویت اوّل تا سوم قرار دارند.}, keywords_fa = {Drought,Drought management,farmers,Tarom Olia County,Willingness to Participate}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30430.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30430_6a6552555b6d557e14843026f79ff820.pdf} } @article { author = {Alizadeh Aghdam, M.B. and Abbaszadeh, M. and Koohi, K. and Mokhtari, D.}, title = {Urban Institutions and Citizen Participation in Urban Affairs(Case Study: Esfehan City)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {195-214}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.30431}, abstract = {Extended Abstract Introduction Participation, as the key element in achieving development goals especially civic development, has considerable importance. When people have much more participation in affairs, it is more possible to be successful. In these societies, low and deprivated class of society will benefit from participation results and its advantages. From the other hand, these days, participation is not a choice for citizens but a necessity. It is a necessity which leads to sustainable civic development. There are many influential factors in people’s participation in civic affairs considered in this paper. Therefore, aim of this paper is to study effects of civic institutions on civilians’ participation in affairs. These days citizen’s participation in urban affairs is not a choice. It is a necessity that can lead to sustainable development. In Iran’s society, the need for participation is considerable since that developing and industrial societies have been faced with pervasive phenomenon such as urbanization and population growth during a hundred years ago. So in Urban management there is an essential problem that is human empowerment, reduction of urban problems and development of Iranian’ society during the transition from traditional to modern society that leads to optimal utilization of existing capabilities and talents of citizens in participatory programs. The metropolises of country such as Isfahan metropolitan increased the human needs and urban environmental problems in a vast area. Some cases such as observing traffic, paying attention to green space, corporation with municipalities about construction, collecting garbage and the other serious problems are symbols of cases that Urban managers have been facing with them from theorists point of view, there are many influential factors that affects people’s participation in Urban affaires. Here we try to study the urban organizations’ effect on citizen’s participation in urban affairs. Methodology The research method is qualitative one. We used survey method to collect the data and analyze them. The population of this study includes the heads of household citizens in Isfahan who were 444552 based on census statistics. In order to study the variables such as citizen’s participation in Urban affairs, satisfaction from municipality function, civil council, parliament member, dispute resolution council, organization trust and social satisfaction. We choose 700 people as samples through multi stage sampling method. The measuring tool was questionnaire. The reliability of variables (0.7) was in suitable degree. We used regression, descriptive and deductive analysis, and multi variable and path analysis. In order to study the whole direct and indirect effects we used LISREL method. The data were analyzed by SPSS16 software. Methodology of this study is an applied one. That is, aim is to develop the knowledge in an especial field (participation). Data collection method was survey and we focused on characteristics of statistical population and tried to explain the present situation and find correlation between them. This study is in large scale and cross sectional one. It means that we gathered the data in different times and from different cases. In order to evaluate the validity of measurement took related to social participation items; we used content validity through referring to sociology and civic geography professors. To test the reliability of items, we used Cronbach Alpha which was in acceptable level. Results and Discussion The data analysis shows that firstly, mean of Isfahan citizen’s participation in urban affaires were more than average. Secondly, mean of citizen’s satisfaction from municipality function was less than average. Thirdly, citizens were not satisfied by council’s functions. Fourthly, they were not also satisfied by MP functions. Fifthly, most of citizens were satisfied by dispute resolution council member’s activities. The results of deductive analysis show that there is a positive, direct and meaningful relationship between municipality, dispute resolution council, MP, council member’s activities and citizen’s social participation in Urban affaires. In the other words, the more citizens satisfaction, the more citizens participation. According to regression and structural models, citizen’s social participation have been affected by urban organizations (municipality Islamic Urban councils, dispute resolution council).the social satisfaction had the least affect on dependent variable. It should be noted that MP works in parliament were rejected in regression model. On the whole, the variables in regression model could explain 36% of citizen’s participation changes. Isfahan citizens have had high rate of participation in social affairs. Their trust to civic authorities was in lower level. On the whole, social satisfaction was more than average. That is, majority of citizens were not satisfied by municipality, civic council’s officials, and parliament members. However, they were satisfied by performance of Dispute Resolution Councils. Also, the results show that: There was significant correlation between municipality, civic council’s officials, and parliament members, Dispute Resolution Councils performance with social participation. It means that institutions responsible for civic affaires have been influential in participation of citizens in civic affairs. Findings of this study show that there is significant correlation between institutional trust and participation. When there is high rate of institutional trust, citizen’s participation in civic affairs will be high. There was also linear correlation between social satisfaction and rate of social participation. When in a society social satisfaction is high, citizens will have much more participation in civic affaires. Path analysis results show that independent variables could explain 37% of dependent variable changes. Conclusion Urban councils such as, municipality Islamic Urban councils, dispute resolution council, MP and their function were among the influential factors in citizen’s participation in Isfahan metropolitan. Therefore, satisfaction can lead to optimizing the citizen’s participation. Between institutions in the city, Satisfaction of the Dispute Resolution Board and City Council in Reduction of urban social problems is considered The most fundamental institution Therefore, the agency should revise its performance over the last.}, keywords = {Isfahan,Municipality,social participation,social satisfaction,Urban Council}, title_fa = {نهادهای شهری و مشارکت شهروندان در اداره‎ی امور شهری (مطالعه‎ی موردی: شهراصفهان)}, abstract_fa = {مشارکت به‎عنوان اساسی‎ترین عنصر در دست‎یابی به اهداف توسعه، به‎ویژه توسعه‎ی شهری از اهمّیّت خاصّی برخوردار است. هرچه توده‎ی مردم جامعه مشارکت بیشتری در امور خود داشته باشند، امکان کسب موفّقیّت بیشتر فراهم می‌شود، اقشار پایین و محروم جامعه از نتایج مشارکت و فواید حاصل از توسعه بهره‌مند می‎شوند. امروزه مشارکت شهروندان در امور شهری یک ضرورت است، ضرورتی که می‎تواند منجر به توسعه‎ی پایدار شهری شود. عوامل بسیاری بر مشارکت مردم در امور شهری تأثیرگذارند که در مقاله پیش رو، تأثیر نهادهای شهری بر آن مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته‎ است. بنابراین هدف اصلی مقاله، بررسی تأثیر نهادهای شهری برمشارکت شهرندان در امور شهری است. روش پژوهش پیمایشی بوده و با استفاده از ابزار پرسش‎نامه، از بین سرپرستان خانوارهای هفت منطقه‎ی شهرداری شهر اصفهان، تعداد700 نفر به شیوه‎ی نمونه‎گیری چندمرحله‎ای، به‎عنوان نمونه‎ی نهایی انتخاب شدند. روش‎های آماری مورد استفاده، شامل r پیرسون، رگرسیون چندمتغیّره و تحلیل مسیر هستند. تمام آمارها و اطلاعات این پژوهش، به‎کمک نرم‎افزار SPSS16 برآورد شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که بیشتر شهروندان اصفهانی، مشارکت بالایی در امور شهری داشته‎اند. براساس نتایج این پژوهش، رابطه‎ی معناداری بین اعتماد نهادی و رضامندی اجتماعی با مشارکت وجود دارد. در مجموع، عملکرد نهادهای شهری بر میزان مشارکت شهروندان در امور شهری تأثیرگذار بوده است. میزان اثرهای تحلیل شده‎ی کلّی نشان می‎دهد که متغیّرهای مستقل مورد استفاده در این پژوهش، 36 درصد تغییرات متغیّر وابسته را تبیین کرده‎اند.}, keywords_fa = {Isfahan,Municipality,social participation,social satisfaction,Urban Council}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30431.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_30431_369cd773d13ddd49e26247bb6ef21e93.pdf} }