@article { author = {Ahmadi, Seyed Abbas and Heidari Mosello, Tahmures and Nikzad, Rouh-Allah}, title = {International Aspects of Environmental Geopolitics}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {121-146}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.35248}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionHuman capabilities in maintenance of their living space or in destruction of its prospects inrelation to natural conditions create a balanced ecosystem. This states the fact that human is themain factor of the destructions, composition, and disorder in the areas of biological and Biogeographic issues. It is now understood that governments and the nations in the world should bethinking about preserving the planet earth and its environment, not just preserving theircountries. This thinking has become increasingly global and it seems it is in seriousconsideration of government. Hence, development of the environmental crisis and itsconsequences on the patterns of interaction and cooperation, or the conflict between groups ofmen and political actors has been the main factor that geopolitical experts and experts of thisknowledge pay attention to the environmental problems. So this subject is interpreted as one ofthe schools of green geopolitics. Now it seems necessary to consider the dimensions ofgeopolitical environmental issues and global problems.MethodologyThe main method of this study was a descriptive-analytical approach that has been carried outusing a literature review in library data. The main question of this research is that what threatsand security issues the geopolitical environment of regional and global scale in the twenty-firstcentury is faced with? In line with this question important presumptions are mentioned,  including the impact of human societies on the form and physical function of the earth isreached to the extent that is of geopolitical nature in global and regional scale. It seems to bepoint of focus by countries and global and regional powers in the field of security threats andissues in the twenty first century.Results and DiscussionConcerns about global politics of the environmental issues includes the capacity of governmentsto address climate warming, ozone layer destruction and other global issues, potential ofinternational are effective cooperation, satisfaction of environmental movements, multinationalcorporations to develop strategies and to pursue limited policies in regional and global scale.Doubts about the law of international institutions and existing regimes can help culturaldevelopment. There are also concerns about the inability of the international regimes to dealeffectively with governments and other organizations not capable of obeying environmentalstandards. For example, countries like the United States and China have been warned that ifthey don’t implement their commitments upon the reduction of gas emissions, they will face theaction of NGOs that are ready to face confront action and pressure against those who violateinternational obligations. In this regard, the UN Conference in Stockholm about seriousattention to international nature of environmental destruction, in the article21, states thatgovernments cannot damage the environment in their own sovereign. But they have the right toextract resources within their own borders. Thus, a series of international rules have emergedduring the twentieth century to limit the right of dominant countries in the negative anddestructive effects on the environment of the earth. Some times these rules appear in the form ofbilateral or multilateral agreements. However, realization of these types of commitments usuallyrequires the participation of the countries that are responsible for this subject. Although some ofindustrialized countries have showed resistance toward accepting responsibility, sanctions orcompensation. Developing countries also have experienced damages from significant decreasein the fertility of the land due to soil erosion, deforestation and other forms of environmentaldegradation. You can be assured that if the rate of economic losses caused by environmentaldegradation in key developing countries increases in the decades ahead, the economic health ofthe whole world will be affected.Accordingly, if in line with the industrialization of a society, such an important issue of theenvironment is not considered, not only the economic development will not be achieved, but alot of damages will be experienced that sometimes can often cause the benefits of an industrialactivity for the community, in the long run, to be spent in compensation for the damages.Environmental security gets connected with any threat abroad to their environmental spaces,so that public policies can have influence on that. Security environmental advocates believe thatthe increasing pressure on safeguard systems of renewable natural resources and life, for healthand human welfare as well as traditional military threats are serious. In this view, someresearchers and policy makers believe that the environment security in terms of its inherentcharacteristicsis is more of a global phenomenon than a national one. Since the environmentalthreats affect all human beings, so it requires a collective cooperation on global scale. ConclusionIn the recent years, geopolitics is profoundly concerned with environmental issues. For thegovernments and nations have reached the consciousness that they should think of theenvironmental issues as one of the most suitable strategies to obtain peace and comfort and toeliminate conflicts among themselves. The geopolitical environmental developments have neverattracted attention and concern of governments and organizations as it is in the recent years.It was expected that human, every day more than the day before, could become a rationaland conscious power that can maintain and develop contents of valuable environment and try toits improvement. Instead, it seems that increasingly man has become a powerful factor that actsas unconsidered and confused. Another factor should be managed based on this approach, inaddition to environmental degradation and transformation, the risks and threats that are posedfor the system of national government and environmental threats to security should also beconsidered. The threats to environmental security are expressed only when they just threatennational security.}, keywords = {Geopolitics,Environmental Geopolitics,environmental security,Transnational Level}, title_fa = {جنبه‌های بین‌المللی ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی}, abstract_fa = {جهان در قرن بیس تویکم شاهد تحولات سریع و بی سابقه در حوزه ی ژئوپلیتیکزیست محیطی است. اثرگذاری سیاست های ملّی و تصمیمات کشورها، بر تغییر اشکال و ابعادعملکرد فیزیکی زمین، به درجه ای رسیده است که مسائل زیست محیطی در قلمروهایمنطقه ای، فرامنطقه ای و کروی، ماهیتی ژئوپلیتیکی پیدا کرده است. این تأثیرات با گذشتزمان، شتابی سرسام آور به خود گرفته و به همین دلیل توجه صاحب نظران و تحلیلگران مختلفرا در سراسر جهان به خود معطوف کرده است. دلیل این امر تمایل جوامع انسانی به بهره کشیاز محیط زیست، به مثابه یک منبع پایان ناپذیر است که سبب بروز فاجعه شده و ضمن نابودیبرخی از فضاهای زیستی، به ایجاد چالش ها و تهدید های امنیت ی در حوزه های منطقه ای وفرامنطقه ای منجر شده است. این نگرانی ها به دنبال خود سبب تشکیل کنفرانس ها ونشست هایی در سطح جهانی و منطقه ای و در پی آن، پذیرش اجرای تفاهم نامه هایی در اینزمینه شده است. اجرای تعهدهای بین المللی زیست محیطی نیز ، نیازمند همکاری نهادهایبین المللی، کشورها، سازمان های داخلی، منطقه ای و جهانی است. در این راستا، بسیاری ازاندیشمندانی که نگران مسائل ژئوپلیتیک زیس تمحیطی هستند، معتقدند که تخریب ا زن،تغییرات آب وهوایی و فرسایش محیطی، به آشفتگی مسائل سیاسی در سطح جهان منجرمی شود؛ زیرا ریشه ی اغلب آنها فرامرزی بوده و بنابراین کنترل آنها نیز خارج از اراده یسیاسی یک کشور است. بنابراین، بهتر است کشورها در ترسیم سیاست زیست محیطی خود،برای حل وفصل مناقشه های ژئوپلیتیکی پیش رو، چه در سطح ملّی و منطقه ای و چه در سطحجهانی، به توافق های بین المللی توجه ویژه ای داشته باشند. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای، ضمن بررسی مسائلی که موجب شکل گیری نگرانی هادر حوزه ی ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی در سطوح منطقه ای و جهانی (فراملّی) شده است، به تبیینمسائل امنیتی، بحران ها و تهدیدها در این زمینه خواهد پرداخت.}, keywords_fa = {Geopolitics,Environmental Geopolitics,environmental security,Transnational Level}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35248.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35248_4c0cbe018ace7829bf327b16c88dae4b.pdf} }