@article { author = {Rezaei, Mahmoud}, title = {Eternal and International Concepts of Islamic Cities (Revealing Urban Islamic Views far beyond the Body and Time)}, journal = {Human Geography Research}, volume = {45}, number = {3}, pages = {169-190}, year = {2013}, publisher = {University of Tehran}, issn = {2008-6296}, eissn = {2423-7736}, doi = {10.22059/jhgr.2013.35250}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionAs the main question, this research looks for the abilities and the ways to apply Islamic urbanvalues for recent urban problems. Although the Islamic cities are studied by many researches,scholars, and thinkers, the meanings and concepts of the studies are mainly focused either onphysical or on historical issues and the researches have had non-dynamic approaches and thecurrent applicable features of the subject have not been covered well.Resembling Islamic cities to a language and (con) text, there has been more attention paid tothe alphabets and elements of the language rather than to its main message. Words, syntax andgrammar of this language have been elaborated, but the meanings and concepts are neglected.Hence, one of the main goals of this article, as the title shows, is going beyond the words andvocabularies of that text and getting the main ideas. In other words, the article intends to findnew approaches beyond the historic and physical aspects.Furthermore, the article compares contemporary urban theories with traditional Islamic cities touse the lessons for today’s developments.MethodologyThe qualitative research approach employed here has primarily used document analysis andobservation. In this manner the theory of Islamic city has been reviewed in literature. Thearticle, firstly, will categorize some studies of Islamic Cities and demonstrate that they domostly focus on physical and historic aspects. A new dimension, then, will be emerged whichcovers the contemporary urban planning theories. After categorizing related studies, modes of physical combination of these cities, however,will be classified into Justice Location, Unified in Diversity, Oxymoron as the Secret ofCompleteness, and Multi-value Logic.Eventually, new approaches in contemporary urban planning theories since 1960 includingrational, incremental, transactive, advocacy and radical approaches as well as structure andstrategic methods of urban planning have been compared to the Islamic Cities Developments.Results and DiscussionThe concept of the ‘Islamic City’ has been discussed since the turn of the last century.Thefamous sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) set up a framework for categorizing Islamic cities,and was largely followed by orientalists for the next half century. Weber concluded that theemergence of capitalism was contingent upon the existence of independent urban communitiesor free cities; cities of the Christian world (Gabbi, 2006) Marcias, basing his article on thefamous Arab geographer and lawyer, Ibn Khaldun (1406), cites the physical aspects of anIslamic city as incorporating the congregational Friday mosque, with adjacent chief bazaar,together with the public bath for preparing Muslims for the Friday prayer (Abu-Lughod,1987,156).In 1955 Gustave Von Grunebaum collects all the findings of previous Western scholarsabout the Islamic city and synthesizes them into a single model (Goddard, 1999, p. 43). In 1956,E. Ashtor-Strauss explains that through a combination of weakened government and a dormanttradition of municipal autonomy, the populations were able to assert significant control overtheir own lives and rulers. Claude Cahen in 1958 continued the work of Ashtor-Strauss. Heargues that the captured cities by Arabs haven’t changed under the Arab rules, rather theydeveloped along the same path as most of the neighboring European cities. So he started hisresearch based on social and historical approaches of the Islamic cities mostly Syria, Iraq andIran and compared them with their neighboring Western cities, mostly southern Italy.In 1965 Albert Hourani and Samuel Stern referried to both Weber’s category and thestandard Islamic city model. Stern concludes that the Islamic city’s essential characteristic is thegeneral absence of corporate institutions or its looseness of structure.1n 1967 Ira Lapidus presented a comprehensive new model of the Islamic city with pointingthe critiques, revisions, and ideas of Ashtor-Strauss, Cahen, and Stern. His ultimate goal is toexamine the social structure of certain medieval Muslim cities to understand the Islamic society.Kennedy in 1985 provides a methodical and comprehensive account of the typical attributedfeatures to the Islamic city and its development. His work represents a new post-orientalist trendof looking at the Middle Eastern urbanism in and of itself. He tried to define the urbandevelopment as a unique phenomenon tied to its region and society and not according to itssimilarities or differences to the evolution of European cities.Baber Johansen (1981) and Besim Hakim (1986) examined the inter-dependency of Islamiclaw and the development of a city. Johansen sought to find out how Islamic law defined a city,while Hakim was concerned with how the law determined urban development and shape ormorphology. Most Middle Eastern and North African cities have been studied with different scholars andtheorist to extract a prototype to explain the theory of Islamic city. All of these studies andtheorems have, in some way, and to a greater or lesser degree, influenced the development ofthe Islamic city in the modern world.Amongst all of these discussions, the main achievement of this research is that Muslim Citiesduring Islamic Period, along with Islamic guidelines, have physical and non-physical lessons tobe learned which are able to be matched with liable contemporary urban developments.Physical lessons are divided into the same categories of previous scholar studies:• Placement of Justice and Efficiency,• Unified in Diversity,• Oxymoron as the secret of completeness,• Robustness based on multi-value logics,At the same time non physical lessons are emerging as the following indicators:• Strategies, Pattern Language and Incremental Development,• Sustainability and Normative Issues,• Rationalism and Smart Growth.ConclusionValues, concepts and the views of Islamic cities are beyond body, place, and time. They areeternal and international concepts that can be applied for urban development globally. Thearticle classified these concepts into four values: Sustainability with Justice, Unification withDiversity, Richness with Oxymoron and Rational Felexibility. Ideas of contemporary UrbanPlaner theorists are covered with these concepts.Islamic Cities, in their true meanings, have had the best solutions, methods and models ofurban developments. Nowadays Muslim people are able to explore the Islamic urban factors toapply them in their recent urban issues. It will be happened, if the accurate nature and conceptof Islamic cities is defined and just studied beyond the mere physical assumptions.}, keywords = {Islamic Urbanization,Contemporary Urban planning Theories,Islam,city,Middle Eastern Cities}, title_fa = {ارزش های جاوید و جهان گستر شهرسازی اسلامی (بازنمودی از نگرش های فرا کالبدی و فرازمانی شهر اسلامی)}, abstract_fa = {این پژوهش کوشیده تا توان به کارگیری ارزش های شهرسازی اسلامی را در دوره ی امروزین وبرای گستره جهانی آشکار سازد. در پژوهش ها ی مشابه ، بیشتر به سوی ه های شکلی وریخت شناسی شهر اسلامی در دوران گذشته بسنده شده و سوی ه های دریافتی و پویا وامروزین آن چندان بررسی نشده است. در این نوشتار ابتدا پژوهش های انجام شده بازبینی وشناسایی شده است. پس از آشکارسازی گذشته نگر و « ناکالبدی » و « کالبدی » در دو لایه یشهر اسلامی که تا « فراکالبدی » کالبدی بودن بیشتر این پژوهش ها ، پنداره ها و سویه هایکنون پنهان مانده اند، با نگرش به انگاره های شهرسازی امروزین نمایان شده است. نمونه هاییاز شهرهای اسلامی کندوکاو شده و با بررسی های چندباره و ژرف، ویژگ ی های شیو ه ییگانگی با » ،« دادگستری » هم آمیزی کالبدی پاره های آن ها در چند شناسه ی هموند ، مانندنهاده شده اند. گزینش این « سازش پذیری با خردورزی » و « پرمایگی با ناهمگونی » ،« گوناگونیپنداره ها به گونه ای شده که دارای سرشت فراکالبدی باشند. سرانجام رویکردهای جدید درانگاره های شهرسازی امروزین که از 1960 به این سو در جهان بازگو شده ، همچونساختاری و » و نیز رو ش های « بنیادی » و « جانشینی » ،« داد و ستدی » ،« شهرسازی فزاینده »با رویکردهای گسترش شهر اسلامی سنجش شده است. یافته ی بنیادی این نوشتار « راهبردیاین است که ارزش های شهرسازی اسلامی فرای کالبد، جای و زمان است و می توان از آنها درگسترش شهرهای جهانی امروز بهره برد. این شهرسازی، راهبردی و پویا بوده و ویژگی ها وانگاره های درست امروزین شهرسازی را از زمانی بسیار پی ش تر دربرداشته است و توانبسیاری در جهان گستر ی داشته و همچنان دارد.}, keywords_fa = {Islamic Urbanization,Contemporary Urban planning Theories,Islam,city,Middle Eastern Cities}, url = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35250.html}, eprint = {https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35250_020b4742f079142774ea0b3aa97c9c9e.pdf} }