per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
1
28
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36134
36134
Research Paper
ارزیابی ساختار فضایی و تدوین راهبردهای توسعه شهری شهر جدید پردیس
Assessment of Spatial Structure and Providing Urban Development Strategies for New Town of Pardis
کرامت اله زیاری
zayyari@ut.ac.ir
1
صالح اسدی
2
طاها ربانی
taha.rabbani@ut.ac.ir
3
محمد مولائی قلیچی
molaei1@yahoo.com
4
استاد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
ساختار فضایی شهرها به روابط مختلف و متقابل تمامی نیروها و عوامل موجود در شهر بستگی دارد. این عوامل میتواند دربرگیرندۀ نیروی بازار، فعالیتها، زیرساختهای شهری و خدمات گوناگون باشد که همواره ارتباطی پیچیده و متقابل داشته و گاهی اوقات این پیچیدگی، حتی مانع رسیدن به الگوی مناسب توسعه و ساخت شهر در مقیاس کلان و برنامهریزی و تنظیم سیاستهای شهری در مقیاس خُرد میشود. درنتیجه، لزوم نگرش جدی به برنامهریزی ساختار فضایی شهر اهمیت مییابد و برنامهریزی آن بایستی با توجه به ساختار حاکم بر شهرها انجام شود. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی و تحلیل ساختار فضایی شهر جدید پردیس و عوامل مؤثر بر آن از طریق شاخصهای مختلف (جمعیتی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی، بهداشتی ـ درمانی، زیربنایی، حملونقل و ارتباطات و کالبدی) است. روش پژوهش از نوع توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است. ابتدا بررسیهای کلی کالبدی، ازجمله سیمای شهر و کاربریها انجام گرفت و ساخت و کالبد شهر جدید پردیس معرفی شد. سپس به ارائۀ نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصتها و تهدیدهای مرتبط با ساختار فضایی شهر پرداخته و جدول مدل راهبردی تلفیقی تهیه شد. پس از آن با تحلیل سلسلهمراتبی، به وزندهی هر یک از معیارهای نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصتها و تهدیدها پرداخته و اوزان هر یک از زیر معیارهای این معیارها محاسبه شد. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان میدهد که شهر جدید پردیس با وجود برخورداری از فرصتهای مناسب برای رشد و توسعۀ فضایی متوازن، از عدم تعادل در ساختار فضایی رنج میبرد و به ساماندهی فضایی ـ مکانی نیازمند است. سرانجام در راستای حل مشکلات ساختار فضایی شهر پردیس، راهبردها و سیاستهای مناسب برای ارتقای کیفیت محیط زندگی شهر ارائه شده است.
IntroductionCurrently, many efforts to improve the guidance and control of the urban transformation, hasremained inconclusive. The complexity of urban spatial structure prevents the implementationof many attempts to analyze the communication between the city and the city’s policy. Alongwith the increase in urban population, the structure and form in the cities and towns spreadchanges has emerged. Content expressed by the authors was decided to investigate the spatialstructure of a new City in Pardis, and adjusting strategies to improve the spatial structure ofurban problems that provider.Theories about the spatial structure of the city mainly reflect the order of spatial structures inareas. Basically, the Theories of urban structure, focus on physical features and functional spacesettlements, and create a framework for land use and order of urban elements and Ingredients.Urban spatial structure is conclusion of historical, economic, social processes and politicalchange. Urban spatial structure, composed manner consistent over the elements of nature andhow to establish the connection between them with a certain degree of discipline and functionalcapacity will be organized. MethodologyThe method used in this research is descriptive and analytical. This study sought to assess andidentify the spatial location of Pardis new town. For this, a field study of the area has beenstudied. Studies of land use, including religious use, sports, entertainment, culture and more.Also, the strategic model, the combination of the new city campus has been provided to indicatethe status of the city structure. Then, the weight of each criterion, strengths, weaknesses,opportunities and threats are determined by AHP model.Results and DiscussionThe design of the Pardis new town, based on the limits of the city expands, have been affectedin different directions. Generally Pardis new town, haven’t integration because of dispersion ofthe phases and separation by Tehran-Roudehen Freeway.Pardis has five-phase that it hasn’t integration between the phases. The first and secondphases of Pardis are located in west and third and fourth phases are east. Further constructioncan be seen in Phase one and two and this has led to more features and utilities are concentratedin these phases.Low mobility of residents in the city because of basic shortages, has led to citydo not have exuberance and because of dense texture of blocks, contact with avenue passingis difficult. Being directly of Main Street, has led to vehicles traveling with high speed.Minibus station, the city's public vehicles with high dispersion is distributed throughout thecity. Minibus terminal is located in North West (Phase II). Scattering phase four has ledwould be difficult to access. After general introduction and presentation of the construction ofPardis, has been paid to points of strength and weaknesses, opportunities and threats related tothe spatial structure of Pardis.ConclusionThe fundamental problem of the today’s urban planning facing is unchecked growth of largecities. The major weakness of the spatial structure is often overlooked. Equilibrium spatialstructure of Pardis must be improved using increase opportunities for balanced spatialdevelopment and implementation of appropriate strategies with these opportunities and in turn,reduce the threat of urban spatial structure.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36134_964a9459ad7fd06aa47bb018acb9a04f.pdf
ساختار فضایی
راهبرد
برنامهریزی راهبردی
شهر جدید پردیس
new town of Pardis
Spatial structure
strategic planning
strategies
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
29
56
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36135
36135
Research Paper
تحلیل مکانی شاخصهای کیفیت زندگی در شهر تهران
Spatial Analysis of Quality of Life Indicators in Tehran City
حسین حاتمی نژاد
1
احمد پوراحمد
2
حسین منصوریان
hossein.mansourian@yahoo.com
3
عباس رجایی
4
استادیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
استاد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
از حدود چهار دهه پیش، جامعهشناسان، سیاستمداران، اقتصاددانان و جغرافیدانان، دامنۀ وسیعی از روشهای آماری را برای تحلیل و سنجش کیفیت زندگی افراد و گروهها با هدف دستیابی به ابزار مفیدی برای تصمیمگیریهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی مورد استفاده قرار دادند. در این میان جغرافیدانان، افزونبر توسعۀ شاخصهای کیفیت زندگی، درپی شناسایی و درک الگوبندی جغرافیایی شاخصهای کیفیت زندگی در ارتباط با فرایندهایی هستند که باعث شکلگیری این الگوها شدهاند. این نوشتار با تکیه بر رویکرد عینی در مطالعۀ کیفیت زندگی با استفاده از روش تحلیل مؤلفههای اصلی، به توسعۀ شاخص کیفیت زندگی در شهر تهران میپردازد. چهار مجموعۀ داده، شامل دادههای سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن سال 1385، تصاویر ماهوارهای ETM+، دادههای آلودگی هوا و لایههای خدمات شهری برای استخراج شاخصهای کیفیت زندگی، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. مؤلفههای استخراجشده شامل وضعیت مسکن و مهارت، دسترسی به خدمات عمومی، کیفیت محیط و وضعیت بیکاری هستند. مؤلفههای بهدستآمده و شاخص نهایی کیفیت زندگی، بهمنظور شناسایی و درک الگوهای جغرافیایی کیفیت زندگی در شهر تهران، مورد تحلیل مکانی قرار گرفته است. نتایج تحلیل اکتشافی دادههای مکانی، بیانگر وجود خوشهبندی (خودهمبستگی مکانی مثبت) و ناهمگنی فضایی در توزیع شاخص کیفیت زندگی و مؤلفههای چهارگانۀ آن در سطح نواحی شهر تهران است. تحلیل اکتشافی دادههای مکانی، برخی از نواحی که نیاز بیشتری به مداخلۀ عمومی مانند، تدارک برنامههای اجتماعی و زیرساختهای عمومی دارند، برجسته ساخته و میتواند سیاستگذاران را بهمنظور کاهش نابرابریهای درون شهری هدایت کند.
Extended AbstractIntroductionFor more than four decades, sociologists, politicians, economists and geographers have used awide variety of statistical techniques to analyze and measure Quality of Life of individuals andcommunities. This was with the aim to obtain useful instruments for social, political andeconomic decision making. Quality of urban life has become an important field within urbanstudies. The increased level of attention to this topic is due to the increasing importance ofQuality of Life studies in monitoring public policies and also due to the role they can play aseffective tools in urban management and planning. In addition to development of Quality ofLife indicators, geographers seek to identify and understand the geographical patterns of urbanQuality of life indicators in relation to the processes that give rise to those patterns. Urban QoLis usually measured by either subjective indicators using surveys of residents’ perceptions,evaluations and satisfaction with urban living or by objective indicators using secondary dataand relative weights for objective indicators of the urban environment. This paper relying on theobjective approach in study of Quality of life and also using principal component analysismethod is developing the Quality of life index in Tehran city. MethodologyUse of census data, satellite images, quantitative GIS, GIS mapping and statistical analysis arepowerful tools to investigate the variability of Quality of Life indicators among 117municipality divisions of Tehran city. Four sets of data were used for the analysis of urbanspatial structure in Tehran city. Census data (year 2006) were used for the analysis of socioeconomiccondition. ETM+ satellite images (year 2009), air pollution layer consisting of carbonmonoxide (year 2009), and urban services dispersion layers (year 2006) were used for thespatial analysis. To measure the vegetation cover, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Landsat 7 ETM+ image dated on summer 2009 were used. The NDVI is a simplenumerical indicator that can be used to analyze remote sensing measurements, typically butnecessarily from a space platform, and assess whether the target being observed contains livegreen vegetation or not. Using the Landsat ETM+ 7 satellite image, we therefore calculated thenormalized difference vegetation index. Thermal infrared band of ETM+ provides the source toextract surface temperatures. The procedure to extract land surface temperatures involves threesteps: (i) converting the digital number of Landsat ETM+ band 6 into spectral radiance; (ii)converting the spectral radiance to at-satellite brightness temperature, which is also calledblackbody temperature; and (iii) converting the blackbody temperature to land surfacetemperature. The average values for the air pollution and specially carbon monoxide werecalculated and mapped, using zonal statistic function in GIS. The amounts of air pollution werecalculated and analyzed for each area. Accessibilities to six types of urban services weremeasured for 117 zones of Tehran. These 6 types of urban facilities: educational centers (daycare centers, elementary schools, schools for talented students, middle schools, high schools anduniversities); emergency services (fire stations, emergency centers, and police); health services(hospitals, health and treatment centers); recreation and sport centers (parks, sport clubs, sportgrounds); cultural services (libraries, mosques, cinemas, and cultural centers) and subwaystations, all analyzed using Arc GIS. Distance was used as criteria for accessibility. In thisresearch, a 500 meter distance was considered as an optimum distance to urban services. Thesedistances were standardized (0 to 1). The value given to a areas reduces with the increase indistance. When the distance reaches 5000 meters, the value given is zero. After calculating themean value of distances to mentioned urban services, separately and for every zone, the degreeof optimum distance of each zone to urban services were measured with weighted linier index.To give weights to these six indicators, Analytical Hierarchical Process was used on the basis ofpaired comparisons.Principal component analysis was used to extract factors related to socio-economic,environmental and accessibility variables. Factor analysis is a statistical technique used todetermine the number of underlying dimensions contained in a set of observed variables. Theunderlying dimensions are referred to as factors. These factors explain most of the variabilityamong a large number of observed variables.Results and DiscussionExploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) is a subset of exploratory data analysis (EDA) that focuses on the distinguishing characteristics of spatial data-specifically on spatialautocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. More specifically, ESDA is a collection of techniquesto describe and visualize spatial distributions, identify atypical locations or spatial outliers,discover patterns of spatial association, clusters or hot spots, and suggest spatial regimes orother forms of spatial heterogeneity. By using these methods we can identify spatial effects,which can be classified into two general types: spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity.Extracted components are "housing and skill", "access to public services", " environmentalquality" and "unemployment". Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis have been used to identify andunderstand geographical patterns of QoL in Tehran city. The results of Exploratory Spatial DataAnalysis indicate the presence of clustering (a positive spatial autocorrelation) and spatialheterogeneity in distributions of Quality of life Index across the districts of Tehran city. Resultsshow that spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity are detected in the spatial distributionof urban Quality of Life components in Tehran city. Therefore, intra-urban inequalities existwith respect to urban Quality of Life components.ConclusionThe results of this explorative research of spatial data showed that there is a clustering (positivespatial autocorrelation) and unequal distribution of urban Quality of Life components in urbanareas of Tehran. The results of the analysis approve the un-equality of socio-economic,environmental and accessibility variables among different areas of the Tehran city. Theprovided maps show the areas that need intervention and development of public infrastructure.The results of the analysis can guide policy makers and planners to reduce the city’s unequalities.Understanding of these variations can help to develop more realistic models, whichare critical for Quality of Life planning.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36135_96442aaca5bfc3ed158314997b20a424.pdf
تحلیل اکتشافی دادههای مکانی
تحلیل مؤلفههای اصلی
شهر تهران
کیفیت زندگی
Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
Principal component analysis
quality of life
Tehran city
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
57
74
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36136
36136
Research Paper
تحرکات جمعیت در نواحی جغرافیایی ایران و پیامدهای آن
Population Dynamics in Geographic Regions of Iran and its Consequences
مجتبی قدیری معصوم
mghadiri@ut.ac.ir
1
حمیدرضا باغیانی
hr.baghiani@gmail.com
2
مطهره قدیری معصوم
3
استاد و عضو قطب علمی مطالعات برنامهریزی روستایی دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
کارشناس ارشد جامعه شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال
چگونگی توزیع مکانی جمعیت که در نتیجه تحرکات مکانی انسان بوجود میآید، از مباحث مهم ساختار جمعیت میباشد. اولین سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن در سال 1335، جمعیت کشور را معادل 18954704 نفر برآورد کرده است. سرشماریهای بعدی در سالهای 45، 55، 65، 75 ، 85 و 90 انجام گرفته که بر اساس آنها جمعیت کشور به ترتیب، 25788722، 33708744، 49445000، 60055000 ، 70495872 و 75149669 نفر بوده است. این تعداد جمعیت را برای بررسی دقیقتر میتوان در قالب نواحی جغرافیایی تقسیمبندی نمود و پراکندگی آنها را مورد بررسی قرار داد. شواهد نشان میدهد که جمعیت ایران توزیعی نامتعادل دارد که ناشی از عوامل متنوع طبیعی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی، تاریخی و سیاسی است. از آنجا که عوامل مذکور اثر همدیگر را تشدید یا خنثی نموده، تعیین تأثیر جداگانه آنها امکان پذیر نیست. هدف این پژوهش شناخت تحرکات مکانی جمعیت ایران و پیامدهایی که این تحرکات میتواند به دنبال داشته باشد، میباشد. روش مورد استفاده روش توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و منابع و اطلاعات لازم به صورت مروری از منابع کتابخانهای و اسنادی شامل کتابها، مقالات و آمارنامهها جمعآوری گردیده و در نهایت با توجه به سؤالات تحقیق، مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند. نتایج بدست آمده نشان میدهد که در توزیع مکانی جمعیت ایران، عوامل محیطی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی نقش مهمی دارند. بدین نحو که تعداد جمعیت ایران، از غرب به شرق و از شمال به جنوب روند نزولی دارد که این نحوهی پراکنش ناشی از عوامل محیطی (توپوگرافی، بارندگی، خاک حاصلخیز و منابع آب و...)، عوامل اقتصادی (اشتغال، درآمد، فرصتهای اشتغال و...)، عوامل سیاسی (سیاستگذاریهای دولتی، سرمایهگذاریهای دولت و...) عوامل اجتماعی (مهاجرت، پیوندهای خویشاوندی، جاذبههای مذهبی و...) و... میباشد. این نحوه پراکنش جمعیت، میتواند پیامدها و اثرات مختلفی را به دنبال داشته باشد، مثلاً در برخی از مناطق افزایش مهاجرت مردم به نواحی دیگر موجب رهاشدن خدمات و امکانات شده و در نتیجه سرمایهگذاریهای دولتی و خصوصی بلااستفاده رها میگردند. همچنین این نحوهی پراکندگی جمعیت موجب بالارفتن تراکم در برخی مناطق مثل استانهای تهران، گیلان، مازندران شده که این افزایش تراکم، خود میتواند فشار بر بهرهبرداری از منابع را افزایش داده و آسیبهای زیست محیطی را به دنبال داشته باشد.
Extended AbstractIntroductionSpatial structure of population is an important issue in regional studies. Iran population hasunbalanced and unsuitable distribution. In some places population is dense and in some otherareas it is sparse. The unbalanced and disproportional distribution can be attributed to variousfactors that can be divided into a variety of categories such as natural, economic, social,political, historical, cultural and etc. Development of car industries and promotion of trade,construction and development of rural areas and new towns in different ways has a new era ofdevelopment and population displacement. Influx of rural migrants to urban areas andconcentration of population in cities and small towns led to numerous inconsistencies in thedistribution of population in Iran. The high population growth in one hand and the implicationsand consequences of large population on the other hand are important factors influencingpopulation-based studies and population movements in the geographical areas.In this study, an attempt has been made to study the geographical areas with populationchange and effective factors. The consequences of this change are analyzed. The questionsconsidered in this study are as follows:1. Are crucial demographic factors such as population growth and the youth literacy ratein terms of active population and employment rates various in different areas? 2. Is the process of migration in recent decades influencing environmental policies andplanning?Could the current trend of population distribution in different regions lead to an increase inthe gap between wealthy and deprived areas?MethodologyThe method of this research is descriptive - analytic. To obtain information in the research weused library documents and statistics as materials. Then, demographic data were usedindividually and based on comparisons between different periods.Results and DiscussionAccording to the findings and discussions, the following research questions are discussed.1. Are crucial demographic factors such as population growth and the youth literacy rate interms of the active population and employment rates various in different areas?Population growth: based on the last General Population and Housing Census in 2011,population of Iran was 75.149 million. This show an increase of 4.65 million compared with2006 Census. In other words, the annual population growth was 1.2 percent in the same period.Young people: the young population increased from 2.918 in 1956 to 17.738 2006. Theproportion of young population to total population to come in the year 1956 was 15.4%, and forthe year 1966 it was 15.2%, for 1976 it was 19%, and for 1986 it was 19%, for 1996 about25.5%, and 25.2% for 2006.The literacy rate: In Tehran province (83.8 percent), Semnan (80.8 percent), Isfahan(80.2%), Yazd (79.2 percent) and Mazandaran (78.4%) and the highest number allocated to 6years old and more educated in provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan (57.3 percent),Azarbayjan-Gharby (69.9 percent), Kurdistan (70.3 percent), Khorasan Jonobi (71 percent), KoohkiluyehBoyer Ahmad (72.9 percent). The lowest number has been 6 years and more literate.Growth rate of the active population is characterized byyoung and educated in Sistan-Baluchistan province. This shows the highest rate of population growth and lowest levels ofeducation and low levels of the active population. The high percentage of unemployed is about16.8 percent.2. Is the process of migration in recent decades influencing environmental policies andplanning?Recent immigration trends are more in the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi andIsfahan. Due to unique political status, more income and employment opportunities, easy accessand etc. Tehran has attracted the largest number of immigrants. Government policy was so thatcaused many people to migrate to Tehran because of more facilities available.. So, it is clear thatimmigration trends are influenced by environmental factors, and planning policies.3. Could the current trend of population distribution in different regions lead to an increase inthe gap between wealthy and deprived areas? Current trends indicate that the population distribution is mainly concentrated inmetropolitan centers due to the concentration of material and social capital. Different migrantgroups have a variety of living conditions. Most cities have immigration such as Tehran,Mashhad and Isfahan. The high populated areas have more job opportunities for people andattract more people from remote areas.ConclusionThe results showed that the distribution of population of Iran, from West to East and from Northto South is influenced by environmental factors (topography, rainfall, soil and water resourcesand etc), economic factors (income, employment opportunities, etc.), political factors(government policies, government funding, etc.), and social factors (migration, kinship ties,religious attractions, etc). The distribution of population may lead to different effects. Forexample, in some areas, increased migration of people to other areas has led to a situation thatthe facilities and services by public and private investments are left unused. The distribution ofpopulation density is increasing in some areas such as the provinces of Tehran, Gilan,Mazandaran. These increases in density could increase pressure on the utilization of resourcesand environmental damage. In this review, in the form of three questions listed above we havetried to check the movement of population and geographical areas and their consequences. Theresults show that the geographic distribution of the population is strongly influenced byenvironmental, economic, social, and political factors. Each of these aspects will consequentlylead to different effects.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36136_6b466ceb654915c7ac932d66b36e5126.pdf
جمعیت
توزیع مکانی جمعیت
تحرکات مکانی جمعیت
نواحی جغرافیایی
ایران
Geographic Area
Iran
population
Population Movements
Spatial distribution of population
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
75
102
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36137
36137
Research Paper
ارزیابی پیامدهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی گردشگری خانههای دوم (مطالعۀ موردی: روستاهای ییلاقی بخش بندپی شرقی شهرستان بابل)
Assessment of Economic and Social Effects of Second Home Tourism of Rural Areas in Babol Township
فضیله دادور خانی
1
فاطمه محمدزاده لاریجانی
mohammadzadeh.fatemeh4@gmail.com
2
دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران
در بین انواع گونههای گردشگری روستایی موجود در کشور، گردشگری خانههای دوم مهمترین شکل آن است. در این نوشتار تلاششده عوامل مؤثر اقتصادی و اجتماعی حاصل از گردشگری خانۀ دوم با توجه به نظرات پرسششوندگان از گسترش این نوع گردشگری در روستاهای مورد مطالعه، شناسایی شود. مطالعۀ مورد نظر در روستاهای ییلاقی بخش بندپی شرقی شهرستان بابل انجام گرفته است. پژوهش پیش رو از دید هدف کاربردی و از نوع پژوهشهای پسرویدادی است. دادههای مورد نیاز از طریق پرسشنامهای گردآوری شده است که روایی آن با استفاده از فرمول کرونباخ با 80 درصد به تأیید رسیده است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش ساکنان دائمی روستا، ساکنان خانههای دوم در روستا و مسئولان امر گردشگری هستند. در این پژوهش از روش نمونهگیری طبقهای نسبی با حجم نمونۀ 60 نفر (روش کوکران) استفاده شده و برای تحلیل متغیرهای آن، متناسب با نوع دادهها، از نرمافزار اس.پی.اس.اس. استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد که گردشگری آثار مثبت و منفی مختلفی در ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی منطقه برجای گذاشته است، مهمترین آنها با توجه به دیدگاه کلی پرسششوندگان درخصوص گسترش این نوع گردشگری در منطقه، بهترتیب در بُعد اقتصادی، افزایش شغلهای فصلی مرتبط با گردشگری و در بُعد اجتماعی، افزایش امکانات محلی و افزایش رفتارهای ضد اجتماعی و متضاد با فرهنگ بومی است. بیشترین واگرایی در دیدگاه پرسششوندگان در زمینۀ تأثیرگذاری عوامل اجتماعی و بیشترین همگرایی در زمینۀ تأثیرگذاری عوامل اقتصادی گردشگری خانههای دوم مشاهده شد. مسئولان بیشترین موافقت را با گسترش خانههای دوم داشتند و در رتبۀ بعدی، ساکنان خانههای دوم و مردم محلی، مخالفترین گروه با گسترش این نوع گردشگری بودهاند. ساکنان دائم در روستا با وجود آگاهی از آثار مثبت اقتصادی حاصل از گردشگری، بهدلیل آثار منفی آن بر ابعاد اجتماعی منطقه، با تداوم روند کنونی گسترش گردشگری مخالف هستند.
Extended AbstractIntroductionAmong various types of rural tourism, one of the most important types is second home tourism.This article is going to analyse the effects of development of second homes as a consequence oftourism development in rural areas of Eastern Bandpay villages, one of the township of Babolcountryside. Despite the growth of Second Home Tourism (SHT) in North of Iran, particularlyover the past 2 decades, there are a few researchs about the nature of such effects. The mainapproach of the article is sustainable developmeant of tourism. It focuses on assessment ofeconomic and social effects of tourism on the area. These include both negative and positiveeffects.MethodologyThe research has carried out on the basis of descriptive and exploratory method. The statisticpopulation of the reserach are local people in rural areas, second home owners and ruralmanagers and dicission markers. According to Cochrane Method a Sample Size of 60participants has been chosen. The data have gathered by a questionnaire that had been made byauthors. The validaty of the questionnaire has been estimated by chronbach method and wasabout 0.8 which is reliable. For analysing the data we have used Spearman Correlation test andother descriptive methods by SPSS software. Results and DiscussionThis research has been conducted in Babol district in North of Iran. So, in this article thenegative and positive effects of second homes from view point of local communities and touristsand rural managers have been argued. The results show that tourism has had different positiveeffects on the economic and social aspects. It also shows that there are different ideas abouttourism economic effects, between three groups of the research participatiants. Meanwhile thereare the highest disagreement in the case of social effects.ConclusionThe research findings indicate that rural managers had the most agreement about tourismextension in the villages. In second level there is second home owners who admiredtourism as ameans for rural development. However, despite their knowledge about positive effects oftourism, local people disagereed about tourism development in the current shape. They belivethat this process of tourism development will demolish social structure of their village.Therefore, they emphasize on changing process of rural tourism development.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36137_4f76929a49c28422023b212a602e74cb.pdf
پیامدهای گردشگری خانههای دوم
روستاهای ییلاقی شهرستان بابل
گردشگری پایدار
گردشگری روستایی
Consequences of Tourism
Rural tourism
Rural Villa City of Babol
Second
Homes
Sustainable Tourism
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
103
118
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36138
36138
Research Paper
بررسی توانمندیها و راهکارهای توسعۀ گردشگری روستایی در بخش کهک استان قم
Review of Capabilities and Solutions on Rural Tourism Development in District of Kahak in Qom Province
سیمین تولایی
simintt@yahoo.com
1
وحید ریاحی
vrali2004@yahoo.com
2
حسن افراخته
hafrakhteh@yahoo.com
3
احمد شعبانی
ahmadshabani26@yahoo.com
4
استاد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی
استادیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشکدۀ علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی
استاد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشکدۀ علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی
کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی
گردشگری روستایی در استان قم که قابلیت ویژهای در گردشگری مذهبی دارد، پدیدهای نامتعارف جلوه میکند، اما این استان با داشتن 88/93 درصد شهرنشینی، دارای آلودگیهای هوا و حاشیهنشینی و اسکان غیر رسمی در شهر قم است که در گرایش شهروندان به گردشگری روستایی مؤثر است. بخش کهک قم با روستاهای ییلاقی، از مقاصد شهرنشینان برای گردشگری روزانه و گاه موقت چندروزه است. روستاهای مورد بررسی با وجود جاذبههای طبیعی و انسانی در بُعد منطقهای، نتوانستهاند از فرصت گردشگرپذیری موجود برای توسعۀ گردشگری روستایی و درنهایت توسعۀ روستا موفق عمل کنند. پژوهش پیش رو با استفاده از روش پیمایشی، کتابخانهای و مطالعات میدانی و با در نظر گرفتن دیدگاه سه گروه مشارکتکننده (گردشگران، مسئولان و خانوار ساکن)، راهبردهایی را برای توسعۀ گردشگری روستاهای هدف ارائه کرده است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش شامل 874 خانوار ساکن، بیش از 10000 نفر گردشگر سالانۀ روستاهای مورد مطالعه و 25 مسئول در زمینۀ گردشگری است که با استفاده از نمونهگیری کوکران 267 نفر از ساکنان روستا، 306 نفر گردشگر و 25 مسئول برای جامعۀ نمونه انتخاب شدهاند. یافتههای پژوهش، کمبود زیرساختهای لازم، ازجمله مکانهای اقامتی، پذیرایی، رفاهی و ضعف مدیریت درزمینۀ توسعۀ گردشگری را نشان میدهد. بررسی نتایج و تحلیلها از افزایش آسیب زیستمحیطی، بهدلیل نامناسب بودن عوامل زیرساختی و ضعف سرمایهگذاری در این بخش برای استفاده از آثار مثبت گردشگری روستایی در پیشبرد توسعۀ روستایی حکایت دارد.
Extended AbstractIntroductionRural tourism in Qom province – that have special feature of religious tourism - the may seeman unusual phenomenon. But the province with 93.88 percent of urbanization, after Tehranprovince has the second rank It is as a metropolis with 6 percent growth that has urbanizationproblems including traffic and air pollution and marginalized and informal settlements wheremay affect rural tourism. Kahak District of Qom province has villa villages (Vashnoveh,Karmejegan and Fordo) for tourism purposes. The present paper survey method is a library andfield studies, with regard to participants views in three groups (tourists, officials, families livingin). We first determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in rural parts of Kahak(Vashnoveh, Karmejegan and Fordo) for Rural Tourism by the SWOT method. Tourismdevelopment strategy has provided the target villages. Community households in the surveyincluded 874 residents, more than 1000 tourists and 25 persons are responsible for tourism inthe area. Sampling method of Cochrane helped select 267 people and 306 rural residents and 25tourists as statistical population. Research findings indicate a lack of necessary infrastructureincluding residential locations, catering, recreation and tourism development in the field of management of weaknesses. Review and analysis of the results from increasing environmentaldamage due to inadequate infrastructure and poor agents to invest in this sector for the use ofpositive effects in promoting rural tourism is a tale of rural development.Rural tourism may have significant economic effects such as preventing the flow of ruralmigration, raising income levels of rural households and creating demand for agriculturalproducts and handicrafts. In Kahak (Qom province), three target villages have the necessarycapabilities in the field of tourism, but have been unable to benefit from tourism in creatingjobs, increasing income and building service locations. It is while; tourism is the most suitablechoice for rural development. This is especially important when the tourists are residing in thesecond homes during the warm seasons. This provides an opportunity for tourists who plan tostrengthen rural areas, while there are no negative environmental effects. This study is seekingto answer these questions: Do we have target villages foundations for environmental and ruraltourism development that can require us to attract tourists? Is there any relationship betweenlack of appropriate infrastructure (including roads and access to residential and entertainmentvenues) and the amount of tourists? To answer questions, strengths, weaknesses, opportunitiesand threats in the area were assessed by two internal and external factors using the SWOTanalysis model.MethodologyThe aim of this study is to examine the hospitality and the foundations of rural tourism in thethree interested villages of Kahakto provide strategies for tourism development in this area.Hence, information was provided through observation, questionnaires and interviews. Thepopulation of the study was more than 10,000 thousand people (tourists annually three villages)and rural population, which has 874 households, and 25 persons of authorities. Populationsamples were studied in three groups: tourists with 306 people, 267 households living invillages and 25 patients and associated persons in charge. Sampling in the study was Cochraneformula. Questionnaires were distributed among the tourists using random sampling and amonghouseholds living in targeted areas by qualitative methods. After completing the questionnaire,the SWOT model was used to develop strategies and provide solutions. In this model, fourconcepts of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats from the main foundation of themodel. they are the internal (domestic) and external (foreign) fields that were studied on ruraltourism.Results and DiscussionInternal and external factors affecting rural tourism in the study area (Tables 5 and 6 which areprovided) shows that among the internal factors that influence rural tourism, there are ninestrong points against 12 weaknesses. On external factors influence, there are 8 opportunitiesagainst the 8 threats. Total of 17 strengthes and opportunities are considered as an advantage.Up to 21threats are as disadvantage to pull constraints for developing rural tourism. In Table 7,the total weight for each of the factors, were set based on questionnaires frequencies, as well asweight and concepts from the viewpoint of the four respondents. Finally, in Table 8, there is the priority of each effective internal and external factors; Table 7 shows that the most importantstrengths is the most beautiful landscapes. The weakness is the poor inadequate facilities andservices. Increasing and becoming more motivated to travel to the villages is the mainopportunities and environmental damage is the main threats of the area.ConclusionThe main result is the necessity for more researches in rural tourism planning in Iran. Thenecessity is more in some villages like those studied in this article. Tourism development in thestudy area can be at two levels of long-term and short term.1-long-term programs includes:− To create and develop infrastructures such as accommodation and welfare facilities,catering facilities and service facilities.− To prepare a comprehensive tourism plan and set plans for developing tourism andattracting tourists, which is proportional to the ecological conditions of the region andprevent environmental degradation.− Provide a suitable ground for private sector investment in regional tourism activities.2 - Short-term programs includes:− Tourist attractions and advertising recognition to mark them with different methods,like TV shows in the province and marketing to attract tourists and become a regionalpole of rural tourism in the province.− Holding training classes for the villagers interested in interacting with tourists, tourismand education.− Create partnerships in rural areas for rural development.− Revival of handicrafts and production of local handicrafts for offering to tourists usingthe experiences of people with skills.− Install warning signs and collect accurate and automated garbage and rural sanitation toprevent environmental pollution.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36138_46cdfcbe9199ed56293d915dd7cf208c.pdf
استان قم
بخش کهک
توسعۀ پایدار روستایی
گردشگری پایدار
گردشگری روستایی
مدلSWOT
Kahak
Qom province
Rural tourism
Sustainable Rural Development
Sustainable Tourism
SWOT Model
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
119
136
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36139
36139
Research Paper
جغرافیای فرا ملی اسلام و سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران
Geography of Transnational Islam and Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran
بهادر زارعی
b.zarei@ut.ac.ir
1
علی زینی وند
zeinivand@mailinator.com
2
منصور رضاعلی
rezaali@ut.ac.ir
3
استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
دانشجوی دکترای روابط بینالملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات
دانشجوی دورۀ دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری
نظام فراملی جهان اسلام که مبتنی بر وحدت و یگانگی امت اسلامی است، بهطور اصولی با نظام سیاسی موجود ـ که بر اساس نظام سنتی وستفالیایی بنا شده ـ متفاوت است. به نظر میرسد ناسازگاری نظام عقیدتی اسلام با نظام وستفالیایی، در ابعاد زیر قابل بررسی است: اسلام به مرزهای عقیدتی و نادیدهانگاشتن اصل انشعاب ملی و نفی دولت ملی تأکید میورزد. تفاوت دیگر، اختلاف در منشأ قوانین سامانبخش و تنظیمکنندۀ مناسبات بین اقوام و گروهبندیهای انسانی است. در سطح سوم، نظام جهانی اسلام بهدنبال کنار گذاشتن تفرقهها و گوناگونیهای سیاسی، جغرافیایی، قومی، فرهنگی، نژادی و مانند آن، برای دستیافتن بهنوعی وحدت و در پناه آن، ایجاد یک قطب قدرت در چارچوب موازنۀ قواست؛ جهانگرایی با رویکرد قطب سوم که گسترۀ آن سرزمین و مردمان آسیا، آمریکای لاتین و آفریقا است. درنتیجه، این پژوهش تفاوتهای بین نظام فراملی اسلام و نظام دولت ـ ملت وستفالیایی را شناسایی و بر تمایز آنها تأکید کرده است. اهداف نظام فراملی اسلام، جهتگیری سیاست خارجی ویژهای را میطلبد و در جمهوری اسلامی ایران در شرایط کنونی، با وجود چالشهای اساسی با نظام جهانی حاکم، دستگاه دیپلماسی درپی تحقق و عملی ساختن مؤلفههای آن در عرصۀ بینالمللی است.
Extended AbstractIntroductionAccording to the teachings of Islam, jurists and scholars are providing a global picture of thetransnational system which is clearly different from the current political system evolved sincethe Westphalia treaty. The first feature of such a system is to ignore the national governmentand the states territory. Islam recognizes the ideological borders and a nation state based onideas or principles that leads to mutual coherence and unity among Muslims. According to theseintelligentsia, dispersion and scattering in Muslim world, is the result of the direct manipulationof the imperialist powers that divided it into diverse nation states. Therefore, the thinking trendtowards the third world among major decision makers of Islamic republic of Iran and the effortsfor uniting such various and scattered block are due to the religious insights of decision makersand the historical experience of imperial power in the Islamic world.The aim of this study is to compare two different political thoughts known as Islamic thoughtwhich believes in a nation-centered system and nationalism which is called Westphalian fromwhich national state is generated.This study attempts to evaluate the following hypotheses:a. Due to the divergence of nationality, Islam pays attention to ideological boundaries, theprinciple of national divergence, and ignorance of national government. It rejects geographic and political diversity in the human communities (ethnic, cultural, racial)and tries to establish a unified community with a powerful center.b. the above mentioned components need a particular foreign policy for Iran or anyMuslim country which pays attention to Muslims, oppressed countries and the thirdWorld countries.MethodologyIn the present study, we have tried to identify the differences between two approaches oftransnational system of Islamic world and the Westphalian system. It was also attempted toinvestigate the reasons of relatively stable foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran resultedfrom such an approach. To do so, we have tried to make use of an integration of differentHumanities subjects such as political science, international relations, international law andgeopolitics to develop a clear framework to deal with contradictions of the national governmentwith Islamic government. Therefore, the research method was descriptive-analytic usingdeduction at large scale. We have also tried to make extensive use of library informationincluding Islamic sources, Islamic political thought, and political and International lawresources.Results and DiscussionWith the exploration of historical data relating to the foreign relations of the past decade, we canfind out that trends, decisions, actions, and foreign policiesof Iran in a dynamic and changingrange has gone through different historical changes including thorough rejection of thefoundations of Westphalian system and reconciliation and tolerance and acceptance of theexistence of such a society and acting within the rules of the game.Accordingly, in the early stages of the revolution and the establishment of a new politicalsystem in Iran, maintaining the principles of international societies such as national governmentwere ignored and the establishment of an ideal system controlled by global government of Islamwas emphasized.In the second decade of the Islamic republic of Iran, while using some of the pastexperiences, developing relationships and partnerships with other governments, activeparticipation in international institutions, utilizing of external resources, especially in technicaland economic fields as vital factors, were emphasized. However, the transnational system ofIslamic world at present is supported by Islamic republic of Iran and some of Muslim countries.It has components such as the trend towards establishing an Islamic block, attention to the thirdworld countries, supporting the poor in the world and replacing Islamic international Law as abase for political behavior of Islamic governments.ConclusionIt could be concluded that there is a clear difference between the two trends of transnationalsystems of Islam world (which is built on ideological principles) and national branchingprinciple. Transnational system of Islam world ignores national government and territories of the other governments and instead recognizes ideological boundaries and divides the world intotwo blocks: Islam and Blasphemy. In contrast to this system we can findWestphalian systemwhich is built upon geopolitical hierarchy. The most important feature of such system is theemergence, growth and development of the national governments which extends all around theworld even the world of Islam. Political behavior and foreign relations of Islamic republic ofIran during the last three decades indicate the absolute rejection of Westphalian system. Thus, inthe first decade of revolution, the maintaining principles of International system, includingnational governments, international institutions, the balance of power, the role of internationalforces were rejected and ignored. But in the second decade, while keeping some of the previouscomponents, developing relations and cooperation with other states, active participation ininternational institutions, using external sources particularly technical and economic ones werehighlighted as very necessary.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36139_af694da9bcefd5549867bec7a6d7c612.pdf
توجه به جهان سوم
سیاست خارجی
مرزهای عقیدتی
نظام فراملی اسلام
نظام وستفالیایی
Attention to the Third World
Foreign Policy
Ideological Borders
The System of Transnational Islam
Westphalian System
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
137
154
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36140
36140
Research Paper
تحلیل شاخصهای اثرگذار بر توسعۀ اکوتوریسم در مناطق بیابانی ایران
Analysis of Effective Factors on Ecotourism Development in Desert Areas of Iran
عادل سپهر
adelsepehr@um.ac.ir
1
اعظم صفرآبادی
am_safarabadi@yahoo.com
2
استادیار دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان
با شنیدن نام بیابان، آنچه بیش از هر چیز دیگری در ذهن عام تصور خواهد شد، محیطی خشک، بیآب و عاری از پوشش گیاهی است که برای آن ارزش اکوسیستمی را متصور نمیشوند، در حالیکه بیابان چالشی بومشناختی در حیات کرۀ زمین است. درمقابل در تفکر سیستمی، بیابان نهتنها بهدلیل وجود گونههایی منحصربهفرد و توان اکولوژیکی ویژه نعمتی الهی بهشمار میرود، بلکه قابلیتها و ارزشهای اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی آن، توان بالایی را برای این بومزیست رقمزده است. این پژوهش برآن است تا با نگاه به جاذبهها و قابلیتهای زیستی و اقتصادی بیابانها، ذهن را متوجه امکانسنجی جاذبههای بومشناختی قابل سرمایهگذاری در بیابانهای ایران و توجه به اکوتوریسم در این نواحی کند؛ زیرا بیابان یک منبع اقتصادی بیمانند و مستعد است که در راستای اهداف توسعۀ پایدار، موجب حفاظت زیستی و سودآوری اقتصادی این مناطق میشود. در پژوهش پیش رو، بهمنظور بررسی و تعیین ابعاد مختلف اکوتوریسم پایدار بیابانهای ایران با کمک الگوریتم دلفی، به تعیین اهداف مورد نظر پرداخته شده است. برای تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها با استفاده از نظرات متخصصان مختلف، شاخصهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیستمحیطی شناسایی و از تحلیل عاملی برای تفسیر دادهها استفاده شده است. یافتههای تحلیل عاملی نشاندهندۀ آن است که پنج عامل گسترش مشارکت، تحول کالبدی، افزایش آگاهی محیطی، افزایش جمعیت و افزایش قیمت زمین با درصد واریانس 893/69، بیشترین آثار مثبت ناشی از تغییرات مربوط به پیامدهای اکوتوریسم نواحی بیابانی را تبیین میکنند و 107/30 درصد مربوط به پیامدهای منفی بوده است. این امر نشاندهندۀ اثرگذاری پیامدهای مثبت بیش از پیامدهای منفی است. با توجه به ابعاد و شاخصهای اکوتوریسم، با اطمینان بهنسبت خوبی میتوان انتظار داشت که اکوتوریسم زمینههای رونق اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی جوامع بیابانی و حفاطت از طبیعت بیابان را بههمراه داشته باشد.
Extended AbstractIntroductionBy hearing the name of desert, more than anything else, cruel, coarse and dry environment isimagined. In the general approach, desert is known as an ecosystem with water scarcity, rare ofplant cover and sand covered areas. The opposite of this approach rises from a systematicapproach to the desert landscape which involves high potential of desert with special socioeconomicconditions and eco-geomorphic landforms. In the cultural perspective, the deserts arecradle of prophets of Allah. Revelation voice has been received by messengers in the sanddunes, desert caves and dust storms. So, deserts are natural-cultural heritages for each land. Inthis article, the capability of desert as a great source for ecotourism activities which leads tosustainable development of these environments has been reviewed. In order to analyze the data,indicators of economic, environmental and social have been recognized using expert opinion.Factor analysis was used for interpreting the data. The results of the factor analysis showed thatfive factors contribute to the development, physical development, environmental awareness,population growth and rising land prices.MethodologyThe present study was designed to investigate and assess various aspects of ecotourism,sustainable desert, while taking advantage of a library of information and resources. Thisresearch was carried out with the help of the Delphi algorithm to determine the objectives and various aspects of sustainable ecotourism in Iran. Taking advantage of the experts, dimensionsand indicators of ecotourism was determined according to Table 3. For the method 15 experts infive universities (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Yazd and Shiraz) were selected and a questionnairewas filled. People were asked to answer the aspects (both positive and negative) of developingecotourism in arid desert country in three ecological (environmental), economic and socialissues. The data of experts, the economic component of 11, 23 and 14 elements ofenvironmental and social factors were identified and separated.Results and DiscussionAs mentioned in the methodology, in order to examine ecotourism impacts on wilderness areas,11 economic components, and 23 social components and 14 environmental components wereidentified. Factor analysis was used to determine their effects. The first step is to ensure thecorrect application of this method. KMO of the tool was equal to 0.795. The value demonstratesacceptable internal consistency of the components. Bartlett's test with a significance level ofacceptable (sig <0.000) components showed suitable for performing factor analysis.Table 1. Results KMO and Bartlett's test for performance analysisKaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0.759Bartlett's Test of SphericityApprox.Chi-Square 1.312Df 435Sig 0.000ConclusionEcotourism potential in arid areas is important to achieve stable development and become animportant component of economic development in the deserts. The recent spread of tourism indesert areas has resulted in many positive and negative effects. The present study examines theeffects of ecotourism on the sustainable development of desert areas. Thus, 44 elements in threegroups of economic, social and environmental issues were studied. Results showed that the firstfactor, the development of partnerships, particularly with the amount of 8.355, 24.325% of thetotal variance is explained by the components. The highest value of this factor that increasepeople's participation in natural resource management on the sustainable development ofecotourism is for desert. The amount of 6.534, 17.031% of the variance components areallocated to managing physical changes. Therefore, this component represents the physicalchanges that may contribute to the development of ecotourism in desert areas. Increase in theenvironmental awareness has the value of 5.721, 12.304% of the total variance and factorsinfluencing its components are associated with providing public and professional educationalopportunities. Population growth factor with a value of 3.598, explain about 8.5% of the totalvariance. Ultimately, increase in the amount of land prices, especially 2.3, accounted for about7.6% of the total variance of the variables. Evaluation results show that ecotourism combinepositive and negative impacts and host communities and local natural heritage. The challengesof ecological tourism expand it, without destroying the natural attractions. Obviously, the development of ecotourism in sensitive natural areas with a lack of proper planning and management can be a threat to the integrity of ecosystems and cultures.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36140_09129473d1a718213fbd470ea5022f03.pdf
اکوتوریسم
ایران
بیابان
پایداری
ژئوتوپ
Desert
Ecotourism
Geotop
Iran Sustainable
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
155
176
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36141
36141
Research Paper
جمعهپارکبازار؛ الگویی نوین در راستای بهروزشدن بازارهای سنتی (مطالعۀ موردی :جمعهپارکبازار شهر لنگرود)
Friday Park-Bazaar; a New Model to Update Traditional Markets (Case Study: Langeroud City)
سیدحسن مطیعی لنگرودی
shmotiee@ut.ac.ir
1
ابوذر مطیعدوست کومله
2
استاد دانشکده جغرافیا دانشگاه تهران
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
پارکبازار پدیدهای جدید در عرصۀ شهر و برنامهریزی شهری است که در آن، بازار و فضاهای تجاری در درون مجموعهای بزرگتر، متشکل از پارک و فضاهای سبز تفریحی واقع شده است. مجموعۀ پارکبازار لنگرود در حاشیۀ این شهر، در استان گیلان واقع شده است. در این مجموعه، علاوهبر فعالیت روزانۀ واحدهای تجاری درون آن، هر هفته در روز جمعه، بازاری ویژه بهنام «جمعه پارکبازار» نیز دایر میشود که موضوع اصلی این پژوهش است. روش پژوهش از نوع مطالعات توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است و اطلاعات مورد نیاز آن، از برداشتهای میدانی و مصاحبه با فروشندگان و مراجعهکنندگان به جمعه پارکبازار و بازارهای سنتی استخراجشده است. در مجموع با 923 نفر از فروشندگان و خریداران مصاحبه (شفاهی و پرسشنامه) بهعملآمده و روش نمونهگیری هم، تصادفی ساده بوده است. برای پاسخ به سؤالهای پژوهش، هم تحلیل کیفی و هم آزمونهای آماری بهکار گرفته شده است که از آزمون کایدو، برای بررسی استقلال متغیرها و از ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن، برای بهدستآوردن رابطه بین متغیرها استفاده شده است. نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از آن است که جمعه پارکبازار با وجود برخی شباهتها با بازارهای سنتی، تفاوتهای اساسی و آشکاری نیز با این بازارها دارد. همچنین بین دو متغیر، میزان رضایتمندی مردم از بازارهای سنتی و تعداد دفعات مراجعه آنها به جمعه پارکبازار، رابطه معنادار و معکوسی حاکم است و این بدان معناست که با کاهش میزان رضایتمندی مردم از بازارهای سنتی، شمار دفعات مراجعه آنها به جمعه پارکبازار افزایش مییابد. مجموع این عوامل حاکی از آن است که جمعه پارکبازار، بهسبب ویژگیهای ارزشمند خود میتواند نویدبخش الگویی نوین برای بهروزشدن بازارهای سنتی و پیشرفتی مطابق با انتظارهای و نیازهای زمان باشد.
Extended AbstractIntroductionPark-Bazaar is a new phenomenon in the field of City and Urban Planning. In this phenomenon,commercial spaces are located within a larger collection that consists of park and special greenspace. Langeroud’s Park-Bazaar is located on the edge of this city, in Guilan province. In thiscollection, in addition to the daily activities of business units, there is a special market called"Friday Park-Bazaar" every week on Friday. This study is carried out by descriptive- analyticalmethod. Information required for this study has exploited from field surveys and interviews withsellers and customers of Friday Park-Bazaar and traditional markets. This research attempts toanswer the following questions: What are similarities and differences between Friday Park-Bazaar and traditional markets?; What is the relationship between people satisfaction oftraditional markets and the times they visit Friday Park-Bazaar?MethodologyIt has been interviewed with 923 persons of the sellers and buyers (oral interview orquestionnaire) totally. Sampling method is simple random sampling. The qualitative analysisand statistical tests are used to answer the research questions. For data analysis Excel and SPSSsoftware have been applied. Chi-Square test is used for independence of variables, and thenSpearman correlation coefficient is used to determine relationship between variables. Results and DiscussionSome of the similarities of Friday Park-Bazaar with traditional markets are: Similarity inapparent structure of Park-Bazaar; Similarity in the presence of small and big sellers; Similarityin the space racket and noise; Similarity in social functioning markets; Similarity in quality ofthe relation between buyers and sellers. Some of the differences of Friday Park-Bazaar withtraditional markets are: Differences in the composition of the job markets sellers; Differences inthe sex composition of sellers; Differences in the age composition of Sellers; Differences in theeducation of Sellers; Differences in the sex composition of visitors to markets; Differences inthe age composition of visitors to markets; Differences in the education of visitors to markets.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that:1. Friday Park-Bazaar has fundamental differences with traditional markets despite somesimilarities.2. There is a significant and inverted relationship between people satisfaction of traditionalmarkets and the times they visit to Friday Park-Bazaar. In other words, decreasing ofpeople satisfaction of traditional markets increases number of times they visit to FridayPark-Bazaar.On the whole, Friday Park-Bazaar because of its valuable properties can be promising as anew model to update traditional markets (improving the expectations and needs).
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36141_0e681b5ed53484ab2ca89ef366719f7f.pdf
بازارهای سنتی
پارک بازار
جمعه پارکبازار
شهر لنگرود
Friday Park-Bazaar
Langeroud City
Park-Bazaar
To Update
Traditional
Markets
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
177
196
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36142
36142
Research Paper
نخستین میدان مدرن شهر تهران بررسی دگردیسی تاریخی ـ فضایی میدانهای کهن تهران تا دورۀ مدرن
The First Modern Square in Tehran City (Historical and Spatial Evolution of Old Tehran Squares until Modern Age)
وحید قبادیان
ghobadian@iau.ae
1
محمود رضایی
m.rezaei@iauctb.ac.ir
2
استادیار معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد امارات
استادیار شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد امارات
پرسش بنیادین در این پژوهش، اینکه نخستین میدان شهر تهران که ویژگیهای سازمان فضایی شهری مدرن در آن پدید آمده کدام است و ویژگیهای آن چیست؟ در این نوشتار میدان سنتی و میدان مُدرن تعریف و ویژگیهای فضایی آنها استخراج خواهد شد. سپس سیر پیدایش نخستین میدانهای شهر تهران بررسی شده تا مشخص شود در کدامیک از آنها برای نخستینبار ویژگیهای میدان مدرن پدیدار شده است. این پژوهش بهروش تاریخی و تفسیری، متمرکز بر محدودۀ مرکزی شهر تهران از عصر صفویه تا دورۀ مدرن است. بررسی موردی دربرگیرندۀ میدانهای اولیۀ تهران است که در بازۀ زمانی بیانشده قرار داشتند. این میدانها عبارتند از سبزهمیدان، میدان ارگ، توپخانه، بهارستان، مخبرالدوله، راهآهن و حسنآباد. طرز تفکر استنتاجی و مقایسهای، رویکرد و روش اصلی تفسیرها بوده است؛ به این معنا که ویژگیهای کلی با نمونههای موردی مقایسه و نتیجهگیری انجام شده است. مکان، زمان و ویژگیهای فضایی سه مؤلفۀ اصلی، شناسایی نخستین میدان مُدرن تهران در این پژوهش است. ویژگیهای فضایی میدان در هر دوره، پس از استخراج از چهار دیدگاه ارائه شده است: 1. عملکردهای (پیرامونی و درونی) میدان؛ 2. گونه و نحوۀ دسترسی و اتصال راهها به میدان؛ 3. شکل و قرارگیری میدان در بافت (مورفولوژی)؛ 4. گونۀ معماری و عوامل کالبدی ـ بصری مؤثر در فضای میدان. برای کشف شاخصههای اصلی تحولات فضایی میدان در دورههای مختلف، نقشهها و متونی که به بررسی سیر تحولات فضاهای شهری و گونهشناسی میدانها میپردازند، پایۀ اصلی این مطالعه هستند. نتیجۀ بهدستآمده در این پژوهش، اینکه میدان توپخانه که در دورۀ قاجاریه و زمان سلطنت ناصرالدینشاه شکل گرفته، نخستین میدان احداثشده در تهران است که ویژگی فضاهای شهر مدرن در آن پدیدار شده است.
Extended AbstractIntroductionWhile forms of cities in Iran have been transformed from traditional structure into modern one,in the same line, the urban elements including squares changed and appeared in a totally newcharacteristic.Traditional squares in Iran have normally been vast open spaces enclosed with publictraditional uses such as public baths, cisterns, mosques, bazars, palaces and governmentalbuildings. All of these squares have coherently been articulated with the city fabric for people.Since the first Pahlavi, urban fabric of Tehran, and accordingly its squares, has changedspecifically for using cars or applying new modern infrastructures. Thus, from this time on inTehran, two types of development overlays each other: The traditional layer consisting oforganic and narrow roads and the modern layer with orthogonal and grid roads. To some extent,the same prototype has been followed in other big or small cities and settlements.The roundabouts or so-called modern squares emerged at the intersection of road networksacross the cities. Therefore, the main usage and scale of these squares was defined for vehiculartransportation. Around this new urban element at the crossroads some modern functions wereemerged: municipality, post and telegraph office, hotels, banks, national police office, countyauthorities and province governor buildings which all were, less or more, relevant to thegovernmental uses. In the middle of the squares itself there was regularly either a statue of thefirst Pahlavi or any other urban landmark.It is historically significant to figure out the first modern square in Tehran city. Most probably it has been the origin of modern squares and main pattern for the other squares inTehran and all other Iranian cities. The main objective of this research is to discover the firstmodern crossing point in the new development layer of Tehran which is imposed to thetraditional city. This cross point will demonstrate architecture and urban design issues related tomodern and traditional developments in Iran. As Michael Web noted:“We cannot bring back the past, but we can learn from it. An older square that is anorganic part of its community usually serves present needs better than a new spaceordained by a planner or developer. Cities are learning to preserve, improve and adoptthe squares they have, rather than opening up more. People have always enjoyed comingtogether, and this survey celebrates the different ways in which that impulse can befulfilled.” (Web, 1990)MethodologyThis is an explanatory and case study research that focuses on the central city of Tehran withinNaseri’s Fortification and its proximities. The mode of the research is historical and it exploresTehran city from the origins to the end of Modern period. It investigatealmost all the primarysquares of the city in that period including Sabze Meydan, Arg, Topkhaneh, Baherstan,Mokhber-al-dole, Rah Ahan and Hassan Abad.Moving from the more general to specific observation the research explanation has basicallygot a deductive or top-down approach. The research approach inherently avoids any normativeinterpretation and deals with positive statements.In addition to time and location, the spatial characteristic has been another main componentfor discovering the first modern square of Tehran. Spatial characteristics, in here, include:• Land uses and functions of the squares and surroundings• Type of access and the articulation of roads and squares• Morphology, orientation and the layout of the squares• Architectural prototypes and physical-visual aspects of the squaresIllustrations and texts dealing with urban space analysis and square evolutions as well asspecific studies on architecture and urban design of Tehran have made the main data andmaterials for this research.Results and DiscussionComparing the traditional and modern factors of city squares, the first modern square of Tehrancity will be hopefully discovered. Thereby, the research discusses and analyzes the first squaresof Tehran city in three periods:• From establishment of the city to demolishing Tahmasbi’s fortification and the citydevelopment through Naser-Aldin Shah dynasty.• From above-mentioned period to the first Pahlavi.• New development of Tehran central part during the First Pahlavi to 1933.The transformation of squares in Tehran through the years and toward modernization is discussed in different aspects: Land use, Access, Morphology and Architecture Style. Thediscussions indicate that squares are reshaped from irregular to regular shapes and areinterlinked to urban vehicular streets at all. Furthermore, diagonal and defined spaces areamongst the main square characteristics in modern period. Locating new and modern land usesand widening the scale of mass and solid spaces around the squares are other distinctive changesof modern city development in Tehran.Moreover, squares are connecting to one another with regular, diagonal and linear streetswhile sculptures and water features are vastly added to their landscape. The architecture style inproximity of squares follows more extroverted rather than introverted development and it, inturn, reduces the enclosures of the squares.ConclusionThe outcome of this research shows that Topkhaneh Square which is made during Qajar period,dynasty of Naserdin Shah, is the first square in Tehran which has acquired moderncharacteristics of urban spaces.The location of the square at the focal point of the city from which the city has beendeveloped as well as the spread of modern functions including bank and telegraph officesaround the square have made this segment different from all traditional squares in Iran.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36142_0225f0dda42931b0b520453183e864bb.pdf
تهران
توپخانه
سنت و تجدد
فضای شهری
میدان
modern
Square
TEHRAN
Topkhaneh Square
Tradition
urban space
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
197
220
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36143
36143
Research Paper
تحلیل سرمایۀ اجتماعی شهروندان و تأثیر آن بر کیفیت زندگی مورد مطالعه: محلههای شهر میاندوآب
Analysis of Social Capital and its Impacts on Quality of Life of Citizens Case Study: Neighborhood of Miyandoab City
میرنجف موسوی
mousavi424@yahoo.com
1
محمد حسنی
mhs_105@yahoo.com
2
ایوب منوچهری میاندوآب
ayub.manochehri@gmail.com
3
استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه ارومیه
دانشیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه ارومیه
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران
سنجش کیفیت زندگی، پیچیده و تحت تأثیر عوامل فراوانی است. در این پژوهش از تأثیر شاخصهای سرمایۀ اجتماعی بر کیفیت زندگی شهروندان استفاده شده است. بر این اساس با توجه به مطالعه ادبیات نظری مربوط به کیفیت زندگی و سرمایۀ اجتماعی، چارچوب مفهومی متشکل از پنج مؤلفه برای سرمایۀ اجتماعی که متغیرهای مستقل و نُه مؤلفه برای کیفیت زندگی که متغیرهای وابسته پژوهش هستند، برای تحلیل تأثیر شاخصهای سرمایۀ اجتماعی بر کیفیت زندگی شهروندان محلات شهر میاندوآب، تدوین و مبنای پژوهش قرار گرفته است. درواقع هدف پژوهش، سنجش تأثیرپذیری سطح کیفیت زندگی شهروندان بر مبنای شاخصهای سرمایۀ اجتماعی است. نوع پژوهش کاربردی و روش بررسی آن، توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است. جامعۀ آماری را سی محلۀ شهر میاندوآب شکل داده است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز برای بررسی رابطۀ سرمایۀ اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی که شامل سیونه شاخص سرمایۀ اجتماعی (متغیر مستقل) و سیوپنج شاخص کیفیت زندگی (متغیر وابسته) است، از ابزار پرسشنامه و سرشماری عمومی نفوس مسکن، سالنامههای آماری، سازمانها و نهادهای مربوطه جمعآوری شده است. نتایج نشان میدهد از دید سطح سرمایۀ اجتماعی، محلههای 20، 22 و 17 در بالاترین سطح و محلههای 16، 13 و 23 در پایینترین سطح قرار دارند. همچنین از دید سطح کیفیت زندگی، محلههای 20، 7 و22 در بالاترین سطح و محلههای 13، 23 و 16 در پایینترین سطح قرار دارند. یافتهها نشان میدهد که محلاتی که سطح سرمایۀ اجتماعی بالاتری داشتند، از سطح کیفیت زندگی بالاتری برخوردار بودند. همچنین از پنج مؤلفۀ سرمایۀ اجتماعی، مؤلفه مشارکت اجتماعی بیشترین تأثیر (612/0) را بر کیفیت زندگی داشته و چهار مؤلفۀ دیگر سرمایۀ اجتماعی نیز، رابطۀ معناداری با کیفیت زندگی داشتهاند.
Extended AbstractIntroductionRegarding only physical aspects by engineering approach, regardless of social and economicvalues and goals, made philosophy of cities as a place to live faced with serious doubts. Thereare criticisms against this type of planning that focuses on the goals and values. Prevalentthinking about "livable city" has made a major revision of the goals and methods of planningand alternative thinking to deal with this phenomenon. This is because of profound changes incontemporary urban areas such as changes in housing styles, leisure, communication, etc. In thepast half century, there were changes in decision-making procedures and policies in urbanplanning from the foundation. No way is left except a fundamental reconsideration of thecontent and methods of rational planning. Therefore, city has an index of human life in the formof structured and methodical. Humans interact with their environment, such as containerizedwithin the urban environment. This interaction requires the provision of basic aspects of life inorder to make a sustainable living environment in the city. Such a change in the attitude ofurban life led to new concepts in the literature of urban planning. Following this process, theconcept of quality of life was stated for the first time in 1966 in a book titled "Social Indicators"by Raymond Bauer. Since of quality of life is a multifaceted concept, partially influenced bytime and individual and social values, it includes objective and external, conceptual and internalaspects. Each of the studies has focused on aspects of quality of life. In previous studies, it is one of the components of less interest in the effects of social capital on quality of life. Thepurpose of this paper is to analyze quality of life and effectiveness of social capital theory. InOther words, this study has tried to analyze the effects of social capital on quality of life ofcitizens. In other words, the main question is, therefore, whether is there any differencesbetween social capital and quality of life in neighborhoods of Miyandoab? What is theconnection there?MethodologyAccording to the research objectives and components, the type of this research is practical andthe methodology is descriptive- analytical. A survey of 30 neighborhoods in Miyandoab,according to the administrative division - is political. Data collection tool is quenstionnaires forthe study of the relationship between social capital and quality of life that includes 39 indicatorsof social capital as independent variables and 35 indicators of of quality of life as the dependentvariable. Survey method is used to collect the data. The instrument used was a questionnairestudy. Since the aim was to investigate all City Neighborhoods separately, we used stratifiedrandom sampling method. First, based on the total population the number of samples wasspecified. Cronbach's alpha was used to obtain the reliability of the research instrument. Thevalue of 0.77 for the tool suggests that this tool has very good reliability. To obtain validity ofthe questionnaire we used for factor analysis by KMO. KMO value of 0.75 for this tool indicatsa good level of validity. Some of the information has been gathered from the Population Censusof Housing, data from annals, organizations, and institutions concerned. For data analysisTOPSIS model was used to evaluate the ability of neighborhoods of Miyandoab City. Therelationships between the variables were also tested using inferential statistical tests such ascorrelation, multiple regression and path analysis. The statistical population was 123,081 peopleaccording to the 1390 census. Cochran's formula was used to determine sample size. Thesample size was with 95% confidence for the 382 questionnaires. This number is collected as apercentage of the neighborhoods population.Results and DiscussionUsing TOPSIS model with entropy weighting method to rank the City NeighborhoodsMiyandoab was revealed to be in the venture capital community. Based on the studies doneneighborhoods of 20, 22, 17, 29, 7, and 26 were identified as the most desirable neighborhoods.These neighborhoods in terms of components of social capital were the highest in the CityNeighborhoods of Miyandoab. Neighborhoods of 23, 16 and 3 as marginal neighborhoods havebeen identified as low levels in social capital.TOPSIS model has also been used to assess quality of life in urban neighborhoods ofMiyandoab. For this assessment, the first step is weighting demographic characteristics,education, leisure, engagement and solidarity, health and safety, economic, physical, andenvironmental infrastructure. Neighborhoods utility rates were determined for each of theindicators. Studies show that neighborhoods 20, 7 and 22 as neighborhoods with high levels ofsocial capital than other neighborhoods have now high quality of life. Results show that when the components of social capital in the neighborhoods of the situation are favorable, theseneighborhoods are more desirable in terms of of quality of life. According to what was stated inthe discussion of social capital, this can be concluded that neighborhoods in terms of socialcapital indicators are more favorable thanin terms of quality of life. As a result, there is a directrelationship between these two factors and it can be recommended for future researches.ConclusionWhat can be concluded from this study is that the way of life of local communities are desirable.In this study it was found that the neighborhoods in terms of social capital indicators have morefavorable position and in terms of quality of life are better. What is the social capital that oneneighborhoon more favorable relative to others. One of those is dating of neighborhoods and thenumber of years that the residents living in those neighborhoods. Homogeneity of theseneighborhoods in economic, social and cultural aspects has led citizens to have more socialinteraction. These characteristics have led to a general index of social capital such as trust,cooperation, and adjacency relations. As a result, indirect effect is to create a better quality oflife. According to the results, it can be proposed that the preservation of local communitiesdating can be attempted A new city neighborhood has been appeared in recent decades, becausemost of these neighborhoods residents are young couples. In terms of social capital indicatorsare these new neighborhoods are weaker than the neighborhoods anymore, and the quality oflife of these neighborhoods is lower than others.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36143_4c5541cdd1a4fac98ef93aec6915c65e.pdf
تحلیل فضایی
سرمایۀ اجتماعی
شهر میاندوآب
کیفیت زندگی
Miyandoab City
quality of life
Social capital
Spatial analysis
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
221
242
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36144
36144
Research Paper
اسکان غیر رسمی، اولویت بندی چالش های محلۀ جعفرآباد شهر کرمانشاه
Informal Settlement, Prioritizing Current Challenges Case Study: Jafar Abad District in Kermanshah City
علیرضا جمشیدی
alireza472003@yahoo.com
1
داود جمینی
2
معصومه جمشیدی
masomeh_jamshidi@yahoo.com
3
رامین چراغی
alitosee1386@gmail.com
4
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه¬ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه اصفهان
کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه¬ریزی روستایی دانشگاه اصفهان
دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه¬ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه اصفهان
کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه¬ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
طی دهههای اخیر، اندکاندک محلات نابسامان و سکونتگاههای غیر رسمی، بهطور عمده در حاشیۀ شهرهای بزرگ کشور، خارج از برنامۀ رسمی توسعۀ شهری و بهصورت خودرو شکلگرفته و گسترش یافته است. این پدیده در مطالعات شهری یکی از آسیبهای شهری معرفی شده است. تجمع اقشار کمدرآمد و مشاغل غیر رسمی در سگونتگاههای غیر رسمی، شیوهای از شهرنشینی ناپایدار را بهوجود آورده و زمینهساز بسیاری از آسیبها و ناهنجاریهای اجتماعی شده است. در فرایند آسیبشناسی شهری یکی از مراحل بسیار مهم، شناخت دقیق و همهجانبه از آسیب است. بهگفتهای، تنها با شناخت دقیق از عوامل ایجاد آسیب است که میتوان راهکارهای حل آن را نیز ارائه کرد. چالشهای حاشیهنشینی را میتوان به پنچ دستۀ کلی تقسیم کرد، چالشهای اقتصادی، چالشهای اجتماعی، چالشهای آموزشی، چالشهای بهداشتی و چالشهای مربوط به امور رفاهی که مبنای کلی این مطالعه است. بنابراین، هدف این پژوهش شناخت و اولویتبندی مسائل و مشکلات موجود پدیدۀ اسکان غیر رسمی در محلۀ جعفرآباد شهر کرمانشاه است که برای این امر از روش پژوهش پیمایشی استفاده شد. جامعۀ آماری آن شامل1500 خانوار حاشیهنشین محلۀ جعفرآباد شهرستان کرمانشاه است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و با احتمال خطای 1/0، تعداد 128 خانوار برای نمونۀ مورد مطالعه، بهروش نمونهگیری تصادفی انتخاب شد. اطلاعات مورد نیاز بهکمک ابزار پرسشنامه جمعآوری شد. یافتههای پرسشنامه با استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسلهمراتبی (AHP) و نرمافزار Expert Choice مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان میدهد که عامل اقتصادی، اصلیترین چالش در منطقه است و عوامل اجتماعی، آموزشی، رفاهی و بهداشت در رتبههای بعدی قرار دارند.
Extended AbstractIntroductionDuring the recent decades unorganized and informal settlement neighborhoods graduallydeveloped on the fringes of large cities. They formed outside of the official program of urbandevelopment. This phenomenon in urban studies is considered as one of the urban injuries.Informal settlements are mainly concomitant with informal occupancy of land and housing ,lack of rules, formal and conventional regulations of construction, shortages infacilities andequipment and urban infrastructural services, fast physical and demographic growth, dominantinformal employment, structural and infrastructural instability, low services per capita, incomeinstability and ultimately physical grounds for growth of social damages and formation ofdeviate subcultures and providing shelter for offenders.Accumulation of low income and informal employment in informal settlements hasdeveloped a type of unsustainable urbanization that underlying many of the injuries and socialabnormalities. Comprehensive and accurate understanding of the damage is one of the importantaspects in the process of urban pathology. In other words, only with the exact knowledge of thefactors some strategies can be presented for solving these problems. Challenges ofmarginalization can also be divided into five general categories: economic challenges, social challenges, educational challenges, health challenges, and challenges related to welfare aregeneral basis of this study.Iran as a developing country is faced with the problem of informal settlements, as well ashow to deal with this phenomenon. Origin and the formation of informal settlements in Iran canbe similar to those in the developed and underdeveloped countries. However, the comparison ofthe intensity and unity is not the same. The traditional way of informal settlements in Iran fromthe beginning of 1941 until late 1971, with relatively high intensity, has spread its trend overtime. After the revolution in terms of the formation intensity, this is argued as one of thefundamental problems of cities in Iran. During this period, following the growth of capitalistrelation and relationships, there were political, economic, social developments and changes.Based on Studies on marginalization, we can say that the most important features of thisphenomenon is poor construction, social, economic and cultural poverty, unemployment, falseemployment, non-compliance with social and individual health, lack of access to health andeducational facilities, increased crime, corruption, prostitution, drug overdose compared withother urban areas and etc. On the other hand, the growth and development of marginalized areascan now be observed around the large cities such as Tehran, Mashhad , Shiraz, Kerman, Isfahanand other cities.Kermanshah City, due to its rapid economic development in recent decades, especially in1990s saw the presence of large population in native villages and nonnative villages (theprovinces of Ilam and Lorestan). These people for taking advantage of economic opportunitiesmigrate to the city. The high rate of immigrant population and lack of services and the lack ofcontrol, on the other hand, create a broad range of disorganized and informal settlements aroundthe city.The formation of this phenomenon, along with a number of issues that is not limited tomarginalized areas affects the whole of a city. So, the outcome of this phenomenon is theincidence of abnormalities in the context of urbanization. Marginalized people, employment ininformal and false jobs, presence of unauthorized constructions, inability of municipalities toprovide adequate services in these areas, environmental pollution, unfavorable cultural,economic, social, political effects of these area on the whole urban area are destructive andharmful effects of marginalization and informal settlements. Thus, study and investigation ofthese challenges and how to reduce them are important for urban planning. Given theimportance of marginalization, as well as the importance of historical and cultural city ofKermanshah, it is necessary to pay attention to the understanding of this subject and its trend.MethodologyThe purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize issues and problems of informalsettlement in Jafarabad neighborhood, in city of Kermanshah. For this we used survey researchmethod. The population of this study is comprised of 1500 households in Jafarabadmarginalized neighborhood. In this study, using Cochran's formula and the error probability of0.1, 128 households were selected as samples by random sampling method. Information wascollected through questionnaires. Results were analyzed using Analytic Hierarchical Approach (AHP) and Expert Choice software in 8 steps in order to prioritize the challenges and problemsof the marginalization in the economic, social, health, welfare and education dimensions.Results and DiscussionAt first, the comparative study was conducted according to included criteria as pairwisecomparisons. At this stage a couple of criteria, according to the study were compared pairwise.According to the results, unemployment criterion with 0.289 and standard income criterion with0.179 are the greatest problems in this area.In the final stage, for weighting the choices, the integration took place. Results of thecombined problems of marginalization, in the study area, indicated that among the challenges inthe study area, the economic factors with ratio 0.334 have more importance than other factors.In contrast, the health factor with ratio 0.101 has the lowest priority. Welfare and social factorshave the second and third priorities.ConclusionFinally, it can be concluded that the challenges of Jafarabad marginalized neighborhood are thesocial, economic, education, health and welfare factors in order. To justify these rankings it canbe said that as more than 70 percent of residents in this region are illiterate or with primaryeducation, thus enabling them to find work for non-union jobs is impossible. Furthermore, mostof the people are immigrants from the villages around the city that migrated due tounemployment or reduced farm income, which is caused by drought.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36144_3c148d6360accf919f575df76b0912e0.pdf
اسکان غیر رسمی
اولویت¬بندی
تحلیل سلسلهمراتبی
جعفرآباد کرمانشاه
چالش¬ها
Challenges
Informal Settlement
Jafar Abad
Marginal Setting
prioritizing
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
243
278
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36145
36145
Research Paper
سنجش الگوی همبستگی شاخصهای سکونتی حاشیهنشینان و غیر حاشیهنشینان با میزان خشونت خانگی آنها علیه فرزندان
Assessment of Correlation Patterns in Indicators of Residential People in Marginalized and Non-marginalized Areas with the Rate of Domestic
Violence against Their Children
محمود یعقوبی دوست
m_4162004@yahoo.com
1
حلیمه عنایت
henayat@rose.shirazu.ac.ir
2
دانشجوی دکترای جامعهشناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شوشتر
دانشیار جامعهشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز
پیامد گسترش شهرنشینی سریع در ایران، پیدایش شهرهای بزرگ و ایجاد مناطق حاشیهنشین با بافت نابهسامان و مسکن نابهنجار است. حاشیهنشینی در چندین سال گذشته، علاوهبر اینکه مشکلات اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی، امنیتی و زیستمحیطی فراوانی را در کلانشهرهای ایران بهوجود آورده است، سبب رشد و گسترش خشونتهای خانگی نسبت به زنان و بهطور خاص کودکان، در مناطق فقیر و پاییندست جامعه بهدلایل مسائل مالی، فرهنگی، وضعیت مسکن و موارد دیگر شده و همچنان این پدیده رو به افزایش است. هدف این پژوهش سنجش الگوی همبستگی شاخصهای سکونتی حاشیهنشینان و غیر حاشیهنشینان با میزان خشونت خانگی آنها علیه فرزندان در شهر اهواز است. این پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی است و جامعۀ آماری آن، شامل کلیۀ دانشآموزان پسر و دختر مقطع دبیرستان در مناطق حاشیهنشین و غیر حاشیهنشین شهر اهواز و والدین آنها بوده است که با روش نمونهگیری خوشهای چندمرحلهای، تعداد 384 نفر آنها برای حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار سنجش این پژوهش پرسشنامههای کودکآزاری و ضربه (CTQ) (برنستاین، 1995(، پرسشنامۀ محققساختۀ شاخصهای سکونتی حاشیهنشینان و پرسشنامۀ جمعیتی بود. بعد از تکمیل پرسشنامه بهدست پاسخگویان، دادهها در دو سطح آمار توصیفی و آمار استنباطی مورد پردازش قرار گرفت. برای تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها از شاخصهای آماری درصد، میانگین، انحراف استاندارد، همبستگی پیرسون، آزمون تی. و تحلیل رگرسیون استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیهوتحلیل دادهها نشان داد که بین متغیرهای وضعیت واحد مسکونی، پایگاه اجتماعی اقتصادی، سابقۀ سوءمصرف مواد مخدر حاشیهنشینان و غیر حاشیهنشینان با خشونت خانگی آنها علیه فرزندان رابطۀ معناداری وجود دارد؛ ولی بین متغیر قومیت حاشیهنشینان با خشونت علیه فرزندان، رابطۀ معناداری مشاهده نشد.
Extended AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important consequences of social developments in the second half of the pastcentury is expansion of urbanization. The accelerated development of urbanization has beenassociated with different consequences and numerous urban pathologies. One phenomenonappeared in parallel to the rushed urbanization was the expansion of marginalization, whichhas been overgrown around the big cities. Marginalization, in Iran, in the past years has createdsocial, economical, cultural, security and environmental problems in the metropolitans. It hasunprecedentedly caused a plenty of crimes and delinquency, in particular the domestic violenceagainst children and women in poor areas and lower classes of society due to economical andcultural issues as well as housing conditions and other factors. These social harms arecontinually increasing in such areas.So, this issue not only has faced the judicial system with a great challenge, but it is also veryhazardous culturally, socially, economically, mentally and politically.Hence, the present research focuses on the two following questions: first, how is the rate ofdomestic violence against the children in the Ahwaz- marginalized area? Second, to what extentthe residential indicators of marginalized and non-marginalized areas (housing conditions,socio-economic status, ethnicity and previous record of substance abuse) are related to domesticviolence against children? MethodologyThe methodology of this study is a combination of descriptive (survey one) and analytical, forwhich the exploratory studies were performed through library search and preliminary visit andfield study using research tools.The population is whole the students (14-18 ages) attending in second school and are nowliving with their parents in 8- zone districts of both Ahwaz- marginalized and non-marginalizedareas in 2013-2014.Assessment Tools1. Child Abuse Questionnaire: in the present study, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire(CTQ) (Brainstein 1995) was used. It is a self-reporting tool and is used for assessing theabusing of childhood. The CTQ measures the abusing in five subscales and gives a totalscore, indicating the Global Maltreatment scale. The five subscales of CTQ includeEmotional Abuse (EA), Physical Abuse (PA), Sexual Abuse (SA), Emotional Neglect (EN),and physical Neglect (PN).2. The Residential Indicators of Marginalized: This author- made questionnaire is dedicated toassessing the housing circumstances and its quality (house area, ownership, number ofrooms).3. Socio-economic Status Questionnaire: In order to measure the socio-economic status, theDuncan (1986)’s socio-economic status scale, the most widely used scale in the socialresearch, was employed and the three factors were considered as the basis of socioeconomicstatus of the subjects: job, income and education level.4. Ethnicity: In this research the ethnicity means one of the ethnicities of Fars, Arabs, Lurs,Turks and others which are measured by one item.5. Previous Record of Abuse Substance: This means the dependence of one of the parents onsubstances that are frequently used by them. In this study, the previous records of abusesubstance is assessed on the basis of two items of addict record and regular drug use such asopium, morphine, heroin by one of the parents.6. Demographics Questionnaire: This questionnaire is employed to collect the demographicdata and independent variables such as age, gender, education and number of familymembers.To analysize the data, the statistical parameters like percentile, mean, standard deviation,Pearson correlation, T test and regression analysis were used. In order to measure the validity ofquestions, 40 questionnaires were first filled by the subjects and the validity coefficient wasmeasured by Chronbach Alpha, so that the strength of the items is consistently specified. Afterhaving filled the questionnaires by respondents, the data were processed by using the SPSSsoftware at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics.Results and DiscussionThe results show that there is a significant correlation between total residential indicators inconditions (house area, ownership and number of rooms) of marginalized and non-marginalizedpeople with rate of domestic violence against their children. The findings were consistent with those of Mohsani Tabrizi (2004), Mohammad Khani (2008)Mansoure Aazamzadeh (2006), Shahab (2004), Mary (1981), Fisher Nasl & Greenberg (1992),Ruhr & Williams 1982) who believes that the life in the margin areas and living in the house withsmall spaces result in distress, anomie and poor social bonding and loss of social support.The findings also indicate there was a significant correlation between socio-economic statusof marginalized and non-marginalized with rate of domestic violence against children.The findings of this research are consistent with some of the sociology theories of deviations,social disorganization, ecological theory and structural strain theory as well as with Merton(1975) and Shaw Mc kay (1942) who believe that the feeling of deprivation in the families withlower socio-economic status, lack of conditions appropriate to life, job status, education leveland parent’s income should be taken into account as family indicators. This is because they havea significant effect on outbreak of dispute and violence in the families and finally they make anindividual violent. The results also showed that there was no significant correlation betweenethnicity of the marginalized and non-marginalized with rate of domestic violence againstchildren. The possible reasons for rejecting the above hypothesis is that: i) each of ethnics (Lursand Arabs) in the population was not very low minority, ii) both Lurs and Arabs were equal inthe most of features and their mean violence was also generally equal by iii) lack of suitablebasis for comparing both of the ethnics in committing violence against children.The findings indicated that there was a significant correlation between records of drug abuseof marginalized and non-marginalized with domestic violence against children.The present results are consistent with those of Mohammad Khani (1998), Ahmadi (2004),Sotode (1997) Prak & Burges (1928) who showed that the high rate of crime and delinquencyamong adults, increases the addict to drugs and lead to maltreatment and violence againstchildren and spousesConclusionGenerally, the results from present research, which are consistent with ecological, socialdisorganization, deprivation and structural strain theories, found that people residing in themargins tend to commit crime and violence because of having socio-economic problems such aspoor subsistence status, low income, and unsuitable housing and so on. Therefore, it isrecommended that urban facilities and services and job opportunities should be equallydistributed and that enhancing the life quality of marginalized neighborhoods and the parentsmust be given social and relational education in order to treat accurately with children.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36145_2d9ee6c5f267917b6e6825c0f7cc29ac.pdf
پایگاه اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی
حاشیهنشینان
خشونت خانگی
شاخصهای سکونتی
فرزندان
Domestic Violence
Marginalized
Residential Indicators
socio-economic status
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
2008-6296
2423-7736
2013-12-22
45
4
1
33
10.22059/jhgr.2013.36232
36232
چکیده های انگلیسی
English Abstracts
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36232_952e208baffb6f85f70346ff88177a14.pdf