ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of the Effects of Land Use on the Stability of Urban Neighborhoods (Case Study: Region 1 District 14, Tehran)
Introduction
Urbanization is a global phenomenon with substantial effects on different aspects of human society. The urban population of world is increased from 200 million in 1900 to about 2.9 billion in 2000 and estimated about 5 billion by 2030. In developing countries, urbanization is associated with globalization through natural population growth, rural-urban migration, lifestyle convergence. While urbanization is a major challenge in sustainable development in social, economic and environmental aspects, many studies were conducted about urban systems in the past years. Urbanization can upgrade rapid socio-economic development and, at the same time, lead to many problems including high population density, heavy traffic, lack of housing, degradation of resources, loss of biodiversity, heat islands of, noise, water and air pollution. Today urban sustainable development with different aspects has been a major challenge. Urbanization growth show significant changes in land use method. To have a sustainable urban development, land use planning must meet current and future needs of citizens together. Urban management that considers just the demands of today citizens, land use change, and without compromising the needs of future generations, is not competent. Most cities in developing countries do not have the resources to effectively manage their land, while some governments have tried to balance socio-economic development and environmental issues, but the evidence shows that such efforts have not been effective. Sustainable development and land use planning concepts are valuable, but the real challenge comes when we want to put them in practice. Having a comprehensive framework can help make better decisions in personal, business or political issues. Thus, considering the information presented can provide a sustainable development model that can accurately show the effects of changes in land use in urban sustainability. The purpose of this article is to apply DCA (analysis and decision) in urban land use planning, using four indicators including land use change (LUC), LUM and HHI indices. Thanks to the abilities of Geographic Information System (GIS) can analyze spatial criteria within the study area, region 1 in municipal district number 14, Tehran, Iran.
Methodology
This study combines descriptive and analytical methods to address the influence of urban land use changes in sustainable urban development. After explaining the circumstances and causes of the problem, we have determined the indicators in this study. Three indicators of performance changes in land use, land-use mix and diversity of land use performance indicators are considered in this study. Finally, the status quo is presented in placement decisions. In this study, we have analyzed land use maps of the area under study in order to investigate changes in land use in the years 1996 and 2006 in the study area. Purpose of this study is to assess the impacts of land use changes in urban sustainability and incorporate land use in the area using LUM and HHI indices. We try to measure the incorporation index of land use degree to which land use activities have been separated from each other. DCA model indicators have been measured in the neighborhood 1, District 14 of Tehran. The purpose of this model is to express objective conditions and performance indicators. Performance indices are including changes in land use, land-use mix and diversity of land use performance. Finally, the decisions of the status quo alternatives have been proposed.
Results and discussion
The results have indicated that northern regions of the study area were more stable as they have more land use change and mixing. Many urban elements are physically effective in urban sustainability, according to the concept of urban sustainability indices in natural, economic, political, social aspects.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that use of DCA model aimed at sustainable land use planning was properly in the analysis of macro issues and the problems combined with different sizes. In this context, urban design must consider the land use sustainability criteria to the ideals expressed in the neighborhood at the community level to achieve aspirations of the central neighborhoods of urban sustainability objectives.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_57237_d41c7f44f2a3ffde923ae6785a051103.pdf
2018-06-22
249
262
10.22059/jhgr.2016.57237
urban sustainability
sustainable land use
DCA model
neighborhoods region 1
District 14 of Tehran
Abolfazl
Meshkini
abolfazl.meshkini@gmail.com
1
Assistant professor of Geography, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Kazem
Borhani
kazemborhani@yahoo.com
2
PhD candidate in geography and urban planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Shabanzade Namini
rezashbz@yahoo.com
3
PhD candidate in geography and urban planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
صمدی علی حسین و سکینه اوجی، 1390، محاسبة سطح توسعة پایدار شهری با استفاده از سیستم استنتاج فازی سلسلهمراتبی SAFE))، مطالعة موردی: چند کلانشهر منتخب ایران، دوفصلنامة مدیریت شهری، شمارة 9، ص 168.
1
مشیری، رحیم و رسول ملکی نظامآباد، 1390، تحلیلی بر برنامهریزی کاربری اراضی با تأکید بر توسعة پایدار شهری (نمونة موردی: شهر میاندوآب) شمارة 82، صص 73-87.
2
مطیعی لنگرودی، سید حسن، رضوانی محمدرضا و زهرا کاتب ازگمی، 1391، بررسی اثرات تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی در نواحی روستایی (مطالعة موردی: دهستان لیچارکی حسنرود بندر انزلی)، مجلة پژوهش و برنامهریزی روستایی، شمارة 1، صص 1-23.
3
میرکتولی جعفر و دیگران، 1391، آشکارسازی تغییرات پوششی و کاربری اراضی با رویکرد به مجموعة فازی (مطالعة موردی: شهر گرگان)، پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، شمارة 79، 33-54.
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Xing Yangang, W., et al., 2009, a Framework Model For Assessing Sustainability Impacts of Urban Development, Accounting Forum 33, p. 209.
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31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Strategic Planning for Development of Rural Ecotourism (Case Study: Bisheh Station Village)
Introduction
Achieving sustainable development depends on the attention to the economic, social, cultural and environmental factors in a community. Tourism as an effective element in development requires further research. The complexity and density in urban life make many people to regard the nature and the areas with valuable natural capacity. Thus, flows of tourism are formed in order to enjoy the peace and beauty of nature. Tourism has different forms that are different in regard to environmental conditions. It is believed that tourism is a green activity and, therefore, it does not damage the environment. Urban areas in terms of natural and historical circumstances, highland areas with beautiful perspectives, lush gardens, environmental characteristics, altitude, beautiful topography and landscapes and landmarks in villages provide a good ground for development of rural ecotourism with planning, proper management, and suitable investment. Rural ecotourism is one of the most important approaches of tourism in line with the optimal productivity of natural resources and rural ecosystem. Protection and retention of environment and natural resources are essential. Although Bisheh station village has many potentials for attracting visitors for natural environment, e.g., Cezar River, but there is no planning for tourism in this village. Bisheh village and Biesheh waterfall can be used for water sports and fishing, but no research were conducted on the area yet. Attractive places should be paved for visitors, but they are still bumpy. Understanding, planning and attention to ecotourism potentials of Bisheh can attract tourists and promote the rural economy through creating jobs and increasing income and income distribution. Promotion of village ecotourism can be effective in sustainable development and elimination of rural deprivation. This study not only gives strategies and helpful tips for planning rural ecotourism, but it can also enrich the literature of ecotourism, promote education, and introduce the culture and attractive places of this village.
Methodology
In this study, attractions, facilities and services of rural tourism in Bisheh have been identified according to the sources, documents, and field surveys. A list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of rural ecotourism has been identified through investigation of the internal and external environments. Then, these factors were weighted through opinions of people, tourists and officials using questionnaires and targeted interviews. The internal and external strategic factors as bases to adjust strategy have been identified as SWOT matrix for analysis of rural ecotourism. Based on the matrix, the quantitative strategic planning was prioritized for analysis of rural ecotourism. Finally, the strategies for ecotourism development in the village have been identified. It is worthy to note that this study has three groups of samples: 127 people in the village, 140 tourists and 44 officials have been selected randomly by Cochran.
Results and discussion
In analysis of the internal environment, natural attractions and particular ecosystems including Bisheh waterfall, oak forests, Cesar River, beautiful valleys, and special plant and animal species, are known as a major strength with the mean value of 4.45 from the viewpoint of officials, 4.3 from the viewpoint of people, and 4.5 from tourists’ perspective. The consistency in responses of these three perspectives for identification of the most important strengths of the village indicates that these strengths are such clear that all the three groups identified it at first. From the perspective of people and officials, two factors of pollution of natural resources by garbage and lack of proper sewage disposal system have mean values of 4.18 and 4.25, respectively. From tourist’s viewpoint, inappropriate and dangerous road from Khorramabad to Bisheh was identified the most important weaknesses of the village ecotourism with 3.96 mean value. In analysis of the external environment, the most important external opportunities are including providing more and better services to visitors, compared with recreational areas like Gerrit village, with the mean of 4.39 (from the officials view point), strengthening the rail traffic and design of wagons for tourists with the mean value of 3.81 (from the people perspective), and convenient and safe access to rural areas through Khorramabad road (from tourists viewpoint).
Increase in facilities and services for competition with other recreation areas such as Gerrit village (from the officials perspective), increase in the tendency of tourists to travel to these regions instead of traveling to the Bisheh village with the mean value of 3.95, and pollution of Cezar River and Bisheh waterfall, loss of plants and the extinction of fish because of hunting (from the perspective of people and tourists) with the mean of 4.11 and 3.8, respectively, are the most important external threats.
Conclusion
It can be stated that the three groups believed that the most important strategies are formulation of special standards and rules for sound use of the attractions to avoid devastation and pollution in order to prevent degradation of the environment and attractions of the village.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_59770_65188d51c7d9c3b0eaa6432bdaaba0bb.pdf
2018-06-22
263
276
10.22059/jhgr.2016.59770
Strategic Planning
rural ecotourism
Rural Development
SWOT analysis
Bisheh station village
Reza
Sepahvand
mohsenarfnezhad@yahoo.com
1
Associate professor of management, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Jafari
mnhastm@yahoo.com
2
Assistant professor of Economy, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran
AUTHOR
Leila
Sepahvand
arefmohsen2@gmail.com
3
MA in environmental planning and management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Amin
Ahmadi
arefman20@gmail.com
4
MA in government management, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran
AUTHOR
اسماعیلزاده، حسن و یعقوب اسماعیلزاده، 1394، انتخابراهبرد بهینة توسعة گردشگریبااستفادهازمدلراهبردی SWOT (مطالعةموردی: شهرمراغه)، فصلنامة آمایش محیط، شمارة 28، صص 149-172.
1
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بمانیان، محمدرضا، پورجعفر، محمدرضا و هادی محمودینژاد، 1388، ارائة مدل پیشنهادی برای پیادهسازی گردشگری الکترونیک در طرحهای توسعة گردشگری روستایی، فصلنامة مدیریت شهری، شمارة 23، صص 71-88.
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سازمان میراث فرهنگی استان لرستان 1386، آمار بازدیدکنندگان از روستای ایستگاه بیشه، لرستان.
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محمدی دهچشمه، مصطفی و علی زنگیآبادی، 1388، امکانسنجی پتانسیلهای اکوتوریسم استان چهارمحال و بختیاری به روش SWOT، مجلة محیطشناسی، شمارة 34، صص 1-10.
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Fennell, D.A., 1999, Economic and introduction, PP. 283-310.
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Turowski, k., 2002, gent-Based E-Commerce in case of Mass Customization, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 75, No. 2, PP.69-81.
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Cater, E., 2000, Ecotourism in the world; Problems and prospect for sustainability, NewYork, NY: Jon Wiley and Sons.
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Human Habitat in Tehran Based on SoE
Introduction
The importance of urban environments as the main settlements for people is increasingly growing in recent years. High population density in urban areas has led to environmental degradation; therefore, special attention must be paid to habitat quality in these areas. Today, Tehran is high density and the largest human settlement on Iran plateau. It has been established in one of the best natural and climatic conditions of Iran plateau. It seems that over two hundred years, environmental, natural and geographical conditions as well as ecosystems around the city have been changed in such a way that not only it cannot be considered as an integral part of its surrounding ecosystem, but it is even faced with many problems to provide human biological needs and social demands. DPSIR approach, which starts with a chain of causal linkages of "driving forces" (cause) through "pressure", i.e. pollutants, on logical "status" (physical, chemical, and biological) and the "effects", can eventually lead to "responses" (strategies) in ecosystems (structure and function). DPSIR was developed from PSR model by Europe Environment Agency (EEA). This was the most comprehensive model used to prepare environmental status reports (SoE). This model can be used via an applied approach as a tool to develop action and management plans. The purpose of this study is to identify the cause and effect chains as well as analyze the environment of human habitats in Tehran city using driving force, effect, status, pressure, and response model.
Methodology
This was performed as an analytical descriptive study based on DPSIR model using library studies and statistical analysis in 2013. The framework (DPSIR) used in this study, as one of the causal-effect models, can determine driving force of most of human factors leading to an environmental problem. These factors were normally associated with socio-economic development and require use of environmental resources. Excessive use of resources has led to laying pressure on the environment, consequently changing the situation of environmental parameters. These changes led to adverse effects on human and ecosystem well-being. There is a need to offer appropriate responses from the community to resolve these changes. This study was a part of the second environmental situation report on Tehran city, in which the various components of the human habitat in Tehran city were analyzed using the DPSIR model. Using this conceptual framework, appropriate responses in terms of model components were presented. To achieve a quantitative approach for the analysis of cause-effect factors affecting the human habitat characteristics of Tehran, quantitative indicators were determined for each of the model components (DPSIR). To determine these parameters, literature review was applied and all indicators in the other metropolise habitats as well as similar documents were evaluated, then appropriate indicators were selected for each model component.
Results and discussion
The results of investigating the habitat components in Tehran city in form of driving force, effect, status, pressure and response (DPSIR model) indicated that the most important development features of Tehran city in recent times can be described as "rapid urbanization", as the development of the city over the last half century did not followed any discipline and in this viewpoint the city is regarded as an exception among the metropolises of the world. Accordingly, this can be considered as the root and driving forces of almost all environmental issues of the city. Under the direct influence of the driving force of rapid urbanization, pressure on ecological and natural resources of the city and its surroundings is high due to the high volume of urban travels and increasing waste and runoff production. However, the main driving force of the rapid urbanization is reflected in housing and construction, major land uses, situation of worn-out areas, transportation condition, green space, urban leisure centers and public health. Therefore, for all the variables assessed in this regard, despite having relatively positive trends, the city is not consistent with ideal standards. Also the most important effects of desirable and undesirable conditions of the major components of a habitat were reflected in two forms of pollutions and public health. The main effect of pollutions in Tehran city is air pollution, followed by water pollution, vision and perspective pollution, and noise pollution. In public health, mortality and general health indicators reflect the impact of adverse environmental conditions of the city on citizens. The response is adopted measures to reform the system and usually acts in the form of rules and control measures. Adopted responses were made in form of three parts including adopted policies and strategies, activities, and studies to present required policies and strategies for reform.
Conclusion
Population establishment and establishment of working centers as well as the activities associated with framework indiscipline (in the absence of effective regulations) were among the most effective indicators as the driving force of habitat in Tehran city. Among the most important responses in the form of adopted policies and strategies are: t publication of the first report on environmental situation o Tehran, approval of structural strategic comprehensive plan of Tehran city in 2008, approval of the detailed plan for Tehran city in 2009 and commitment to prepare practical plan of Tehran Municipality, preparation of the report on environment status of Tehran, compilation of the atlas of Tehran, formulation of a plan for organizing gardens and green spaces in Tehran, implementing several measures in response to increasing urban journeys to enhance public transportation. Despite the measures taken as responses, investigation and analysis carried out in the form of human habitat DPSIR model in Tehran suggests that the responses do not have efficiency and effectiveness because they did not focused on the driving forces. Therefore, environmental managers and planners in Tehran city need to focus on driving forces by revising their policies and plans in order to mitigate environmental issues.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_59970_8802fae6dab735b0daa4435f82f50f02.pdf
2018-06-22
277
295
10.22059/jhgr.2016.59970
human habitat
DPSIR model
human settlement
status of environment
SoE
Elham
Shahi
eshahi866@ut.ac.ir
1
MA in Environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Lobat
Zebardast
lzebardast@ut.ac.ir
2
Assistant professor of environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Esmail
Salehi
tehranssaleh@ut.ac.ir
3
Associate professor of environment, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Salehi
reza_shayan12@yahoo.com
4
PhD candidate in urban planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
آل محمد، سیده و دیگران، 1393، بهکارگیری ارزیابی راهبردی محیط زیست بهمنظور تدوین سیاستهای برنامة توسعة پایدار دریاچة ارومیه، فصلنامة محیطشناسی، سال چهلم، شمارة ۳، صص ۶۴۵-۶۶۷.
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82
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Social Welfare Indicators in Urban Areas Emphasizing Justice (Case Study: District One of Qazvin Municipality)
Introduction
Welfare of the citizens is one of the most important foundations to create a growing and dynamic community. This is a minimal level of well-being and social protection without current means to support basic needs, sometimes referred to as public aid. In most of the developed countries, the welfare is provided by the government from tax income and, to a lesser extent, by charities, informal social groups, religious groups and inter-governmental organizations. Welfare and social plans supported by social justice can reduce poverty and social inequality in urban societies. It is effective to resort to smaller-scale plans to bring about justice in the cities in order to achieve social welfare. Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but are commonly provided to individuals who are unemployed, those with illness or disability, the elderlies, and those with dependent children, and veterans. A person's eligibility for welfare may also be constrained by means of testing or other conditions.
According to the egalitarian, justice can exist within the parameters of equality. This basic view can be elaborated in many ways, according to what goods are to be distributed—wealth, respect, opportunity—and who or what they are to be distributed equally among—individuals, families, nations, and species. Egalitarian theories are typically less concerned about who exactly will do the distribution or what effects their recommended policies will have on the production of the goods, services, or resources they wish to distribute. In this paper, the term “Welfare” is mainly investigated in relation with the concept of “Justice”.
Methodology
This is an applied descriptive and static cross-sectional survey study because it focused on development of practical knowledge in a particular field. This research is a cross sectional one because it deals with the current status of the urban areas. At first, the conceptual model of the research has been prepared. In this model, welfare has been divided into four dimensions: economic, social, sanitation and physical. The data have been collected through field study and library survey methods. The level of social welfare is assessed using T-Test and the indicators are prioritized using the Friedman Test in SPSS.
Results and discussion
The social welfare indicators in the current study are divided into several dimensions including economic, social, sanitary, and physical aspects due to opinions of experts. The questionnaire results together with status quo indicated that in the economic aspect, the indicators such as unemployment, job satisfaction, per capita income, purchasing power, and housing value were affected by the employment index. In the social aspect, the largest proportion was allocated to the emigration of non-Iranian persons and individuals with low income and cultural level. The factor of weakness was effective in reducing family stability as well as increasing the sense of class differences in most of the economic indicators. In the sanitary aspect, access to health care centers as well as the personal, social, and environmental health is not very satisfactory because it mainly affected the young and economically active individuals. In the physical aspect, the quality of housing in the District 1, Qazvin, indicated the maximum percentage of building restoration and in the educational centers, the education and buildings were desirable in terms of quality. However, the job skills and the type of provided trainings were not very compatible. The leisure centers of the district indicated a lack of equal access to sport facilities and green spaces. Furthermore, despite the concentration of service and commercial uses, there was not a growing trend in the diversity of users according to the residents.
Conclusion
The demands of people are the main determinants of social welfare indicators introduced according to the situations as there is not a fixed definition of them in terms of quantity. The purpose of the current study is to assess and investigate the effects of these indicators in urban areas with an emphasis on the social justice approach in order to identify the most important indicators. In this study, the social welfare indicators establishing the social justice were determined in four aspects of economic, social, sanitary, and physical. The study hypotheses were tested after collecting the data from the status quo and questionnaires using the statistical Student’s T-Test and Friedman Test in SPSS software. In the first hypothesis, the unfair distribution of social welfare indicators in district one of Qazvin was accepted using the Single-Sample T-Test. It indicated the unwillingness of the respondents to the fair distribution of these indicators. In the second hypothesis, the Friedman Test indicated that employment is a determining factor in creating social justice for the welfare of the residents. The third hypothesis was rejected based on the favorable distribution of social welfare in the area of Imamzadeh Ali compared with Imamzadeh Hussein using Two Independent Sample T-Test. Finally, according to the results and findings, the weaknesses of each index were separately represented. These could be used for taking necessary measures such as injecting or strengthening the indicators in order to reach a fair and suitable level of urban life on a micro level. In general, the unfair distribution of welfare in urban areas could be generalized due to the various perceptions of individuals regarding the favorable level of access to social welfare. Moreover, the economic aspect indicators, especially employment, significantly affected the indicators of other aspects which could be identified as the establishing indicators of social justice in the urban areas.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_60154_bbe53bfcacb366597994c9c634258e65.pdf
2018-06-22
297
315
10.22059/jhgr.2017.60154
social welfare indicators
employment
Social Justice
District 1 of Qazvin
Maryam
Khastou
khastou2014@yahoo.com
1
Assistant professor of urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marziyeh
Yahaghi
marziehyahaghi@yahoo.com
2
MA in urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
آمارنامة استان قزوین، 1390، استانداری قزوین.
1
Statistics Qazvin, 2011, the Qazvin governorship.
2
آمارنامة استان قزوین، 1391، استانداری قزوین.
3
Statistics Qazvin, 2012, the Qazvin governorship.
4
آمارنامة استان قزوین، 1392، استانداری قزوین.
5
Statistics Qazvin, 2013, the Qazvin governorship
6
باری، نورمن، 1389، رفاه اجتماعی، ترجمة سید اکبر میرحسینی و سید مرتضی نوربخش، سمت، تهران.
7
Barry, N., 2010, Social Welfare, translated by: Seyyed Akbar Mir-Hosseini, SeyedMorteza Nour bakhsh, Tehran, samt.
8
5. بمانیان، محمدرضا و هادی محمودینژاد، 1387، شهرسازیرفاهگرابه جانبارتقایکیفیتزندگی، سازمان شهرداریها و دهداریهای کشور، مؤسسة فرهنگی اطلاعرسانی و مطبوعاتی تهران.
9
Bemanian, M.R and Mahmoudi nezhad, H., 2008, Urban Welfare Oriented Towards Improving the Quality Of Life, organizations municipalities and cultural institutions to inform the press of the country Dehdari, Tehran.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Land and Housing Rent and Building Violations in Sanandaj, Iran
Introduction
Rent is defined as a surplus or non-productive profits resulted from inherent or intentional scarcity. Differences between inherent or intentional conditions and consumer and transaction values of urban lands have led to creation of "Rent", that is extravagant profits in housing production sector. Land and housing rent are resulted from location, economical and physical factors as well as management decision makings. Building violations within a city are associated with construction activities and the measures pertaining to holdings without construction permissions issued by different municipalities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrences of building violations as well as land and housing rent with respect to Sanandaj municipality in 2003- 2011. This city with 35 square kilometers area and 373,987 inhabitants is located in central section of Sanandaj in Kordestan Province, Iran. Sanandaj city is divided into 3 regions, 21 areas and 88 neighborhoods. Spatial-physical characteristics of these areas and neighborhoods together are quite different. In general, texture of Region 1 is older and marginalized, that of Region 2 is old, and Region 3 is modern. Thematic studies have been conducted on the prevalence of informal settlements outside the country, particularly developing countries. Not much research has been conducted about the building rent.
Methodology
This research method is based on field work along with documentation. The research hypotheses are analyzed using descriptive statistics including regression coefficient. This study has investigated relationship between 24 indicators of building violations as the dependent variable and the price of land and housing as independent variable and the municipality.
Results and discussion
This study suggests that out of 8072 issued building licenses in the study period (1973-2011) in Sanandaj, 2886 licenses (35.75%), about 204294 square meters in area, are associated with 6291 building violations. This shows that buildings were constructed without following building codes. There are great differences between the land prices in different regions of the city. This difference is sent in land and housing prices in the three regions of Sanandaj. This shows that there is a positive relationship between the demand for construction and violations of municipality building rules. Therefore, construction activities in the area have a space appropriate to the price of land and housing.
Conclusion
It further indicates that land rent and housing value and the trend in the issuance of housing permits and sales pertaining to creation of extra footages and stories and subsequent earning income by municipality have a determinant role in these building violations in the study area. Majority of the issued permits and licenses (98.22%), sales of extra footages and stories occurred in region 3 in Sanandaj is associated with land rent and higher land prices. This, in turn, resulted in more earned income for municipality. The spatial distribution of the quantity and area of building violations at an average price of land and housing is in full compliance. In other words, the number of building violations is observed in the areas where the price of land and housing is higher. Also, due to land supply constraints, on mountainous terrain with obstacles to physical development, housing found mass construction with vertical housing. There are significant positive relationships between construction in the three regions of Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011, and most indicators of price of land and housing performance.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_60221_01ce9c319c2caedad1911e4178e1622f.pdf
2018-06-22
317
337
10.22059/jhgr.2017.60221
land and housing rent
land and housing value
building violations
municipal performance
Sanandaj
Moosa
Kamanroodi Kojuri
kamanroodi@yahoo.com
1
Assistant Professor of geography and urban planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fereshteh
Hosseini
f.hoseini63@yahoo.com
2
MA in Geography and Urban Planning, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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74
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of the Changes in Rural Housing in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Introduction
Rural housing is a social, cultural, economic, and physical phenomenon developed to provide required conditions for living. Main function of housing, in addition to being a shelter, is to provide good conditions for family to fulfill their activities. In recent years, rural housing as a physical and cultural element has vastly changed. This cultural element, in addition to its resident role, is considered as a part of working and production space as well as storing space for life requirements. In recent decades, rural housing has sustained considerable changes and the main role of housing is related to family living and economic activities.. This study as a descriptive-analytic research has quantitative (statistic) methods to analyze field data.
One of the most important concerns for many people is sustainable development of human community. In such strategy, optimal use of resources without destruction has a significant importance. One of the components of the human development is to provide suitable housing appropriate for human dignity without destructing natural resources. Planning for housing development by providing appropriate houses, must pay attention to ecological components. In order to achieve such program, we have to well understand dimensions and factors affecting housing and level of their demands. Because of current situation in each society, housing needs are different and vary greatly based on personal characteristics, social status, ideological conditions, and secio-economic status. Therefore, housing status varies in accordance with physical situation of each environment as well as technical and economic facilities. These changes must be identified and attended.
Methodology
This study with an analytic-descriptive research method and quantitative (statistic) techniques were used for analysis of field data. The data of theis research have been gathered by questionnaires. Questions were asked in two ways, some of them were asked in form of three-spectral Likert scale (consistent, relatively consistent , inconsistent) and the others were asked with “Yes” or “No” answers. For the analysis by descriptive statistic methods, like centrality indices such as frequency and percent, we have used SPSS. Statistical population is the rural residents in Mazandaran Province. We have selected 31 villages as sample of the research. Total population of the selected village was 4377. The sample size is determined 465 by Cochran formula.
Results and discussion
Based on the results, two aspects of changes can be observed in the rural houses of the study area. First, changes in economic function of the house are including a space for livestock, forage, storing fossil fuels, and parking space. The past rural houses were completely appropriate to family economy and in designing house the local people considered required spaces for each economic activity. Given that in the past, the economic activities of most villages in Mazandaran were depended on farming and animal husbandry, the required spaces for storing crops and maintenance of agricultural tools as well as keeping livestock were embedded. Today, with diminishing agriculture and mechanizing agricultural processes, farmers need not many spaces for farming. On the other hand, under the influence of inappropriate decisions of policy-makers, livestock has removed from rural family economic. As a result, the need for economic spaces has decreased.
The second type of changes can be observed in social function of the houses including a separated kitchen, an open kitchen, bedrooms, a separated reception room and porch (a partition between indoor and outdoor). In the past, there was a particular space for baking and cocking in a rural house outdoor. The outdoor location of the baking tool was mainly because of of the fact that they usually used firewood for baking and, thus, by its outdoor location they could keep the smokes and food smell away from the indoor environment.
Today thanks to new facilities like firedamp and air conditioning, the kitchen is transferred to indoor. Today under influence of urban culture affected by western housing pattern, the traditional kitchens are replaced by open kitchens which are irrelevant to Iranian culture, especially in Mazandaran village. In the past, because of financial problems of building a house and old rural traditions, number of bedroom were limited, but today because of economic improvement of rural families and changes in attitudes of parents and children for having separated space, villagers has built more bedrooms in their houses.
Conclusion
The quantitative (statistic) methods were used to analyze field data. In this study, information was gathered by questionnaires. The statistic population of this research was rural communities in Mazandaran Province in three types including coastal: 7, foothill: 12, mountainous: 12. By use of Cochran’ formula, it was determined to have 465 samples.
It can be stated that some changes are happened in the village resulted from changes in economic and social conditions in the villages which include change in dedicated space for livestock, forage, place of baking bread, storing of fossil fuels, separated kitchen& bedroom, open kitchen, separated reception room and porch. These changes are consequences of physical and service development in villages and also the influence of urban culture in villages which finally resulted in changes in economic and social function of the rural houses.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_60338_43a00fecbeb470ea6c71b8b99c05748f.pdf
2018-06-22
339
354
10.22059/jhgr.2017.60338
Rural Housing
housing pattern
economic function
Zeinab
Fazlali
z.fazlali@modares.ac.ir
1
PhD in geography and rural planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahdi
Pourtaheri
mahdit@modares.ac.ir
2
Associate professor of geography and planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abdol Reza
Rukn al-Din Eftekhari
3
Professor of geography and planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Development Level of Rural Areas in the Counties of Kermanshah Province, Iran
Introduction
Inequality between urban and rural areas and also among different settlements across the country in terms of distribution of facilities and services, currently has been turned into an obstacle for integrated and sustainable development, almost in all developing countries. Most of the services and facilities are gathered in certain places, particularly rural areas, and lack of services has caused more migration to the counties, evacuation of villages from population, unemployment and enormous problems for rural and urban areas as well as many problems in the planning for sustainable development for planners and policy makers in development process. In this regard, to solve the problems of regional imbalances, the first step is to identify and make ranking of villages in terms of enjoyment of development indicators. to the purpose of this research is to examine the process of rural depopulation in Kermanshah province from 44 percent in 1986 to 30 percent in 2013 and to analyze the impacts of the depopulation and migration of residents to cities that consequently lead to urban overpopulation and evacuation of the villages. In this regard, the questions which this study seeks to answer are as follows:
Is there any difference between rural areas of Kermanshah province in terms of development?
Which areas are most deprived and most developed rural areas in Kermanshah province in development?
Methodology
In the process of planning and development of rural areas, it is essential to identify and analyze the current status in the villages and to study facilities and their limitations in different fields. The results can help planners determine goals for development and specify policies and strategies for their achievement. In this process, to determine development levels and to study strengths and weaknesses of every area in the fields of education, culture, health, infrastructure and services can be useful to provide optimal allocation of resources and facilities for a coordinated, integrated and balanced rural development. Thus, this study is prepared with the purpose to determine the levels of development in rural areas of Kermanshah counties. This study was based on descriptive-analytic method and the statistical population is rural areas of the counties in Kermanshah province according to statistical yearbook of 2013. We have selected 14 counties as sample. Analysis of data accomplished using multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, SAW, and Numerical Taxonomy.
Results and discussion
The multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, and SAW have specified development level and final ranking of the areas. The mean values obtained from the three models represented that Kermanshah is ranked 1st and known as the most developed and rural areas of Salas-e Babajani is ranked 14th, as the most deprived in this study. The results of Numerical Taxonomy method examining the spatial distance on the areas of study have indicated a lack of homogeneity in the studied counties. According to the results, upper limit spatial distance is 3.54 and lower limit is equal to 2.08. Thus, some counties are placed from 2.08 to 3.54; these counties are Sahne, Paveh, Dalahu, Sarpol-e Zahab, Kangavar, and Sonqor, and they are homogeneous together in a group. Some other counties are lower than 2.08; these are Eslamabad-e Gharb, Gilan-e Gharb, Harsin, Qasr-e Shirin, Javanrud, Ravansar, and Salas-e Babajani as a homogeneous group.
Conclusion
The consequences of many development strategies emphasized only on the improvement of social and economic aspects and supplying facilities and services showed inequality in the surface of different spaces. In all theories of spatial development, based on the pattern of economic growth, rural areas are considered marginal with no significant growth process. In these patterns, based on top-down planning approach, strong focus in the planning and implementation of development projects is considered as a principle. In different countries, the beginning of rural planning goes back to 1940s and 1950s. In Iran, according to formulation of 6 development programs before Islamic evolution and 5 development programs after revolution, we are still seeing inequality in the distribution of services and facilities in the country. This may be the most important reason in the dispersal of villages in the country. The focus of planning is on top to down programs, lack of public participation in plans and projects, lack of coordination between different organizations in providing services and less attention to local management in the areas. The aim of this study isto understand the way of distribution of services and facilities in order to help the planning from bottom and local management with respect to sustainable rural development. In this research we have analyzed 54 variables in 5 educational and cultural, hygienic, institutional and infrastructural, services and communications and population indicators. The results have indicated that there is imbalance in the distribution of services and facilities in the counties of Kermanshah province and that 30 percent of the rural population in Kermanshah are in the well-developed level, 36 percent of the population in the half-developed level, and 34 percent in the deprived level. The overall results of the analysis have indicated regional inequalities in the province of Kermanshah.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_60514_12adc04598ab15786704c7e63e023b8e.pdf
2018-06-22
355
374
10.22059/jhgr.2017.60514
Development
rural services
Justice
Kermanshah
Hassan
Esmaeilzadeh
esmaeilzadeh2000@gmail.com
1
Assistant professor of geography and urban planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rezvan
Safarkhani
esmaeilzadehsbu@gmail.com
2
MA in geography and rural planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Mahmoudi
h-mahmoudi@sbu.ac.ir
3
Assistant professor of Sociology of Agriculture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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65
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Rehabilitation of Enter-city Tissue with Form-based Zoning Approach (Case Study: Borazjan City)
Introduction
With increasing population growth in recent decades in Iran, the space and spatial sustainable development became important for urban planners and policy makers. Many cities have huge valuable timeworn space sources available that can be used for reconstruction problems. Thus, renovation and rehabilitation of these old urban textures are attracted the attention of the policy makers. Hence, the smart growth approach defined as a model for managing growth in the USA pays particular attention to endogenous potentials for growth. Special principles and instruments are defined in the model for management of land to apply it in urban planning system of the country. These executive tools direct the urban land development so that it can be observed in landscape of land development. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate internal development of city with an emphasis on re-development of the timeworn textures to consider the fact that as long as there are the potentials of old textures within the cities, directing the cities towards surrounding areas can lead to unsustainability in physical environment of the cities.
Methodology
Using form-based zoning as one of the executive instruments of smart growth, we have made a zoning of the regions and neighborhoods of Barazjan County based on coding system of the intelligent growth model in GIS environment. The zoning has been made in three different levels of regions, communities, sectors that have network relationships with each other. In region category the areas have potentials in six separate sections. In community category, there are three zones specifying development patterns of the six regions. In the third category, each of the regions is divided into sectoral zones from natural and rural gamut to urban core. Hence, using spatial analyst in ArcGIS, the zoning was conducted for the regions of Barazjan according to the levels. Finally, the research hypotheses have been tested according to form-based zonation model.
Results and discussion
According to the results of this research, each of thezones based on indicators have a certain capacity to adapt to any development. In this zoning, the study area of research was re-qualified for talent development. According to this model, the first hypothesis is confirmed that old textures and Central Borazjan have the potential for redevelopment. The second hypothesis of the research is based on the statement that use of form-based zoning in smart growth development model can determine development pattern of old textures of Borazjan. We have examined two indices of gross population density and parcel sizes in the study area to test the hypotheses. The results combined on zone G4 determined two patterns of TND and RCD for development of communities of old textures. The RCD is capable for development of commercial parcels and TND is also capable for urban neighborhoods and local centers. In the third step of the analysis, each of the two zones have been assigned to the T-Zone (transect). At this stage, the identity of any part of the urban environment to urban core was determined..
Conclusion
As the development patterns were determined for each region of the city and the necessity to conserve agricultural lands and natural capitals in surrounding areas, it can be said that the most suitable region for future development of Barazjan is central old textures of this city. Directing the urban development towards the old timeworn textures makes it possible to reduce dispersal growth in surrounding areas to control unbalanced urban growth. Therefore, applying the strategies and principles of smart growth in the plans of urban development can accelerate this process and direct future growth of the city towards internal non-usable old textures.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_60515_c76facf2b8f0157d8220a9837456fbbc.pdf
2018-06-22
375
394
10.22059/jhgr.2017.60515
rehabilitation
endogenous development
smart growth approach
form-based zoning
Barazjan City
Mohsen
Shaterian
shaterian@kashanu.ac.ir
1
Associate professor of geography and ecotourism, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Younes
Gholami
yonesgholami@kashanu.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor of geography and ecotourism, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
Jahangir
Heidari
jheidari@pgu.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urban design, Persian Gulf Bushehr University, Bushehr, Iran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Bagherzadeh
hosein2492@yahoo.com
4
MA in geography and urban planning, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
احمدی، لیلا، 1390، توسعة درونزای شهری با تأکید بر تغییرات تراکم و کاربری اراضی (1375-1385)؛ نمونه موردی: بافت فرسودة شهر زنجان، پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه زنجان.
1
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پریزادی، طاهر، 1389، بررسی توسعة درونی شهربا تأکید بر مسکن، مورد مطالعه شهر سنندج، رسالة دکتری، رشتة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان.
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شیخالاسلامی، علیرضا، کریمی، ببراز و اقبالی، رضا ، 1388، ارزیابی توسعة پایدار شهری کلانشهر شیراز، فصلنامة جغرافیایی چشمانداز زاگرس، سال اول، شمارة 2، صص 31- 53.
8
صارمی، حمیدرضا، 1392، بررسی توسعه از درون شهر بروجرد، فصلنامة مدیریت شهری، شمارة 32، صص 299-310 .
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کرده، نعمت و منصور عزیزی، 1392، درآمدی بر نظریة رشد هوشمند شهری، اولین همایش ملی جغرافیا، شهرسازی و توسعة پایدار، تهران.
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49
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impacts of Urban Trips to Create Child Friendly Environment (Case Study: Zanjan)
Introduction
Nowadays urban spaces have become a traffic spaces and the places for automobiles. Traffic impacts on citizens in urban areas particularly children are obvious. Children who usually live near busy streets and parking sites do not have satisfied feeling about their home and life and this cannot be considered as a safe environment for life and playing. This insecure feeling and lack of desire to play and go outside are the separate factors, regardless of socio-economic status of urban neighborhoods. Being more far away from roadways can enhance the safety of children and provide clean weather for them. It is very important to design and create relaxed environment by setting limits to street performances. The concept of Child Friendly City has been formulated on the basis of the theory of citizenship rights for children from 1990. Baby Friendly is an effort to engage children to shape their environment. Zanjan as an intermediate city of the country, due to ignorance of urban development and existence of the old streets along with population growth, is faced with massive volumes of vehicles, no proper distribution and flow of urban journeys. Thus, interurban trips to the downtown must be taken into consideration as well, because of the lack of large stores in the countries and the suburbs. This problem imposes heavy traffic and increased traffic accidents. Accordingly, more than 29 percent (113,439) of the population in Zanjan are children. This would be an important reason to taken into consideration the needs of this age group as vital subject for the future of this city.
Methodology
According to the objectives of the research, we have applied a combination of descriptive and analytic methods. In this study, we have also analyzed the statistics of traffic accidents in 2011 within the several neighborhoods of Zanjan. In order to examine the relationship between urban accidents and child friendly city in this study, safe areas of urban traffic is selected randomly. The factors of this study are the percentage of accidents in the neighborhood, proximity to neighborhood parks, principles of urban design, road bumps, traffic calming and its accomplishments. Then, using GIS and overlapping the data layers have been identified for child friendly areas in the city.
Results and discussion
One of the essential issues for the child-friendly is children's safety and security in public spaces of the city. That is why in this research Zanjan neighborhoods have been studied based on physical features and lack of accidents on district roads. All accidents are investigated in Zanjan city, 92.2% male and 7.8% women. The remarkable thing is about young drivers under 18 years old. This indicates that children are not only victims of accidents but can also be a factor in increasing urban accidents. As it can be seen in the findings, child friendly neighborhoods are Baharestan, Zibashahr, Amir Kabir, Paeen Khoh, Ghodes, Olomeh Payeh, Koyeh Daneshgah. These areas in addition to low accident neighborhoods have closed network structure with open space for turning vehicles back. This fact has led to public traffic not to inter these neighborhoods and discharge into the street as a detour in rush hours.
Since traffic system in the neighborhoods is related to the residents, the speed of vehicles is low. The drivers because of the recognition of the social and physical characteristics of these areas did not have accidents in these neighborhoods. Meanwhile, the open end of a dead end street in a safe neighborhood and public space available can lead to development and prosperity in the social interaction and creativity. In contrast to these areas, the neighborhoods of Islamabad and Etemadieh are the most inappropriate places for children, in terms of traffic and easy access to urban spaces.
Conclusion
According to the study and the results obtained by accidents at the local level and the appropriate traffic, the ultimate identification of child-friendly neighborhoods in the city with the lowest rate of accidents are Karmandan, Ghodea, Payyan Khoh, Shahrakeh Amirkabir, Shahrakeh Valiasr, Andisheh, Shahrakeh Laleh, Baharestan, Ghaesarea, Shahrakeh Shohada. According to analysis of these neighborhoods, the designed and constructed environments are based on the features and needs of the child in the road network design, quiet environment, and the movement of horses. In contrast to these areas, the places such as Islamabad and Etemadieh neighborhoods have had the highest accident rate. As the largest informal settlements of Zanjan, Islamabad neighborhood with the notable population density is one of the most important commercial centers of the city. The neighborhood is known for absorbing travelers. This subject along with the checkered network, local traffic and traffic flow toward sideways are used as a playground for the children, increase in the risk of accidents. Like Islamabad neighborhood, Etemadieh with checkered network, because of residence of rich people in the area, is privileged accommodation. This is more preferred by the citizens because of low population of children, access to open spaces in the neighborhood, leisure in kindergarten games, daily travel to school and home by school service and lack of outdoor space for children to play and interact with the Islamabad neighborhood.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_60576_52b7ce9f0580605e85fca273000595bd.pdf
2018-06-22
395
408
10.22059/jhgr.2017.60576
Child-friendly environment
Neighborhood
traffic calming
Zanjan City
Shahrzad
Moghadam
shahrzad.moghadam@gmail.com
1
PhD student in geography and urban planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zohre
Fanni
z-fanni@sbu.ac.ir
2
Associate professor of geography and urban planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
بهاروند، شکوفه، 1393، بررسی و بازبینی مفهوم شهر دوستدار کودک از مشارکتسازی کودکان تا استاندارهای طراحی، با ارائة راهکارهای اجرایی و راهبردی، مدیریت شهری، شمارة 34، صص 297-322.
1
BAHARVAND, SH., 1393, Review of The Participation of Children to The Child-Friendly City Design Standards, with the Executive and Strategic Solutions, Urban Management, No. 34, PP. 297-322.
2
دریسکل، د، 1387، ایجاد شهرهای بهتر با کودکان و جوانان، مترجم: توکلی، مهرنوش و سعیدی رضوانی نوید، نشر دیبایه، تهران.
3
Dryskl, D., 1387, Creating Better Cities With Children and Youth, Translation: Tavakoli, m., and Saeedi Rezvani. N. published:Dybayh, Tehran.
4
دویران، اسماعیل، 1387، نقش جمعیت در برنامهریزی شهری (نمونة موردی: شهر زنجان)؛ بررسی شاخصهای تعداد و بعد خانوار، نسبت سنی و جنسی، تراکم جمعیتی، فصلنامة جمعیت، شمارة 65-66، صص 27-48.
5
Dawyran, I.,2008, the population of urban planning Case Study: Zanjan indices after the number of household, age and sex ratio, population density, Journal of Population, No. 65-66, PP. 27-48.
6
رجبی، ژیلا 1391، طراحی منظر شهری دوستدار کودک، به راهنمایی دکتر احمد فرزین، گروه معماری منظر دانشگاه تهران
7
Rajabi, J., 2012, Child-Friendly Landscape Design, landscape architecture Group Tehran University, Tehran.
8
رفیعی، محمدرضا و محمدرضا فرزاد بهتاش، 1392، بررسی وضعیت مناسبسازی فضاهای شهری برای کودکان، معاونت مطالعات و برنامهریزی زیرساخت و طرح جامع، مدیریت معماری، شهرسازی و امور بحران، گزارش 22.
9
Rafie, M and Farzad Behtash, MR., 2013, The Status of Suitable Urban Spaces for Children, Department of Studies and infrastructure planning and comprehensive project management, architecture, urban planning and crisis Affairs, Report, No. 22, PP.18-34.
10
عمرانزاده، ب، قرخلو، م و پوراحمد ا. ، 1389، ارزیابی و تحلیل کارایی سامانة حملونقل BRTو رضایت عمومی از آن در کلانشهر تهران، پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، شمارة 73، صص 19- 38.
11
Omranzadeh, b., Gharakhlou, m., and pourAhmad, A., 2010, Evaluate and Analyze the Performance and Satisfaction of Public Transportation System BRT in Tehran, Human Geography Research, No. 73, PP. 19 -38.
12
کاملنیا، ح و حقیر س. ، 1388، الگوهای طراحی فضای سبز در شهر دوستدار کودک (نمونة موردی: شهر دوستدار کودک بم)، باغ نظر، شمارة 12، سال 6، صص، 77-88
13
Kamel niya, H. and haghir, S. 1388, Child-Friendly Design Patterns Green Space in the City (Case Study: Child-Friendly BAM), bag nazar, No. 12, part 6, PP. 77-88.
14
مهرگان، ن و رضایی ر. ، 1388، اثر ساختار سنی جمعیت بر رشد اقتصادی، فصلنامة پژوهشهای اقتصادی ایران، سال سیزدهم، شمارة 29، صص 137-146.
15
Mehrgan, n., and Rezai, r. 1388, The Effect of Population age Structure on Economic Growth, Iran Journal of Economic Research thirteenth year, No. 29, PP.137-146.
16
آذری، سیده صفورا، 1391، تعاریف کوتاه و مختصری از آرامسازی ترافیک، دوشنبه 1 خردادماه
17
Azari, S., 1391, Short, Concise Definitions of Traffic Calming, Monday 1 June.
18
Asadi Shekari, Z., Moeinaddini, M., and Zaly Shah, M. 2015, Pedestrian Safety Index for Evaluating Street Facilities in Urban Areas, Safety Science 74 (2015). PP 1–14.
19
Bjorkild, P., 2003, Child Friendly Cities- Sustainable Cities, Stockholm University, Department of Human Geography.
20
Ghanbari Azarneir, S., et al., 2015, Identification of Child Friendly, Environments in Poor Neighborhoods. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, PP.19-29.
21
Gleeson, b., and Sipe, n., 2006, Creating Child Friendly Cities Reinstating Kids in The City, Taylor and Francis or Routledge’s.
22
Lwin, K., and Murayama, Y., 2011, Modelling of Urban Green Space Walkability: Eco-Friendly Walk Score Calculator. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, PP. 408-420, 35.
23
Moeinaddini, M., et al., 2015, Analyzing the Relationships Between the Number of Deaths in Road Accidents and The Work Travel Mode Choice at The City Level, Saf. Sci, No.72, PP. 249–254.
24
Saumel, I., Frauke, W., and Kowarik, I., 2015, Toward Livable and Healthy Urban Streets: Roadside Vegetation Provides Ecosystem Services Where People Live and move, Environmental Science and Policy, PP.131-141.
25
Schwebel, d., Aaron L. d, and O’Neal, e., 2012, Child Pedestrian Injury: A Review of Behavioral Risks and
26
Preventive Strategies, Am J Lifestyle Med, Vol. 6, No. 4, PP. 292–302. Doi: 10.1177/0885066611404876
27
Wessells, M., and Kostelny, K., 2013, Child Friendly Spaces: Toward a Grounded, Community-Based Approach for Strengthening Child Protection Practice in Humanitarian Crises, Child Abuse and Neglect, No. 37, PP. 29-40.
28
WHO, 2013, Pedestrians, Cyclists among Main Road Traffic Crash Victims.
29
Witten, K., Kearns, R., and Carrol, P., 2015, Urban Inclusion as Wellbeing: Exploring Children's Accounts of Confronting Diversity on Inner City Streets. Social Science and Medicine, PP. 357-349.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Physical-spatial Analysis of the Structure of Urban Old Texture Using GIS (Case Study: the Central Core of Sardasht City)
Introduction
One of the issues analyzed by researchers to understand the city and its formation is the historic structure of the city. Although these historic sites are in urban centers, most of their houses are abandoned and destroyed due to the instability of the materials. Old tissues of urban areas can influence social and economic activities. Therefore, urban distressed areas, as one of the challenges of recent cities can influence citizens. Urban space is composed of various elements. By joint donor-order system, the individual components communicate with each other. There are significant correlations among the extents of unity and essential components. The aim of this study is to examine a sample of tissue near the center, in the center of old town of Sardasht. Using GIS, we have identified indicators of burnout and extraction for decision making.
In general, the aim of this study was to analyze the physical-spatial structure of urban old texture to clarify the problems to achieve an optimal pattern for each of the applications studied in the neighborhood of Sardasht city.
Methodology
This is descriptive - analytic research. The study area includes the neighborhoods of Ashan of Sardasht with the oldest neighborhoods. This study aimed at analytical approach and gather information on library studies with on-site observations and using the SPSS ver.19.0 and ArcGIS ver.10.1.
By mapping the old structure layers in the ArcGIS, we have initially found a thorough understanding of the properties of this section to compare it with the entire city. To identify the criteria used in this study, we have examined old parts, real estate extent, burnout, and durability.
Results and discussion
Given the size and quality of the environment in urban areas, the findings of the audit and completion of field work, we addressed the core of Sardasht. While 512 pieces (46.33 percent) over 200 meters in place reflects the density and abundance of small pieces with a small area. As a result, one of the most important factors with a sharp deterioration in residential neighborhoods is microlithic parts. Most buildings in these tissues are outdated or do not follow technical standards. According to the results, the tissue does not have in good physical condition, because a large percentage of the structures have old materials. The results show that the streets in the neighborhood have 86.55 percent of infiltration with a width of less than 8 meters.
Conclusion
One of the main causes of the problems of the historic fabric in most places is non-compliance with the old textures. In terms of physical issues and shortness of texture as a result of these passageways, access to services and facilities are not convenient. The results showed that major materials and quality of buildings are the most important factors affecting the intensity of worn-out textures. In this research, Ashan and Srchaveh neighborhoods in the study area have a high percentage of worn-out tissues. The results of the study indicate permeability index, microlithic and physical strength, and inheritance are the most important factors in the exhaustion of the study area.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_61436_87df4d3d8891539989a4cc21d8988bc1.pdf
2018-06-22
409
430
10.22059/jhgr.2017.61436
physical space
old texture
Land Use
GIS
Sardasht city
Shirko
Ahmadi
shirkoahmadi@gmail.com
1
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sardasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sardasht, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Pour Ahmad
apoura@ut.ac.ir
2
Professor of geography and urban planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
احمدی، عاطفه، 1390، تحلیلی بر چشمانداز توسعة پایدار بافت فرسوده شهری با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (مطالعة موردی: محلة سرتپوله شهر سنندج)، پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد، رشتة جغرافیا، دانشگاه شهید چمران.
1
امینزاده، بهناز، 1385، معضلات تراکم در بافتهای فرسوده، دومین سمینار ساختوساز در پایتخت، https://www.civilica.com/Paper.
2
آقاصفری، عارف و دیگران، 1391، راهبردهای نوسازی بافت فرسودة شهری تهران با استفاده از تکنیک AIDA، مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی، دورة 2، شمارة 8، ص 9.
3
برومند، مریم و محمد مسعود، 1392، تحلیلی بر جایگاه مشارکت مردمی در فرایند بهسازی بافت فرسوده، اولین همایش ملی جغرافیا، شهرسازی و توسعة پایدار، تهران.
4
بهزادفر، مصطفی، 1392، طراحی و برنامه در توسعة شهری، نشر شهر، تهران.
5
بهزادی، غلامعلی، میثاقی، محمود و فاطمه بهرامی، ۱۳۸۶، بهکارگیری سیستم GIS در تعیین بافتهای فرسودة شهری (نمونة موردی: استان مازندران، شهر تنکابن)، نخستین همایش GIS شهری، دانشگاه شمال، http://www.civilica.com/Paper-CUG01-CUG01_044.html
6
بیرانوندزاده، مریم و دیگران، 1394، تحلیل ساختار فضایی-کالبدی بافت مرکزی شهر خرمآباد، پژوهشهای منظر شهر، سال دوم، شمارة 3، صص 73 – 85.
7
پورجعفر، محمدرضا، 1388، اصول توانبخشی و نوسازی بافت تاریخی از شهرستانها، تهران: انتشارات پیام.
8
جهانشاهی، محمدحسین، 1382، تحلیل بافتهای فرسوده و مشکلساز شهری و راهبردهای آن، جستارهای شهرسازی، شمارة 9، صص 40-47.
9
حاجیپور، خلیل و احمد خلیلی، 1387، رهیافتی بر پیوستارهای سیاسی محتوایی در مفهوم مرمت شهری، نخستین همایش بافتهای فرسودة شهری، چشمانداز توسعة پایدار ارزش ها و چالشها، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.
10
حبیبی، کیومرث، پوراحمد، احمد و ابوالفضل مشکینی،1386، بهسازی و نوسازی بافتهای کهن شهری، انتشارات دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج.
11
حبیبی، کیومرث و دیگران، 1387، تعیین عوامل ساختمانی مؤثرتر آسیبپذیری بافت کهن شهری زنجان با استفاده از GIS و FUZZY LOGIC، نشریة هنرهای زیبا، شمارة ۳۳، صص 27-36.
12
حسینی، سید جواد، ۱۳۸۷، مشارکت پایداری مردمی در نوسازی و بازسازی بافتهای فرسوده، انتشارات سخنگستر، مشهد.
13
خادمالحسینی، احمد و مریم دارابی، 1392، بررسی عوامل مؤثر در بازسازی و نوسازی بافتهای فرسودة شهری (نمونة موردی: محله نفرآباد شهر ری)، پنجمین کنفرانس برنامهریزی و مدیریت شهری، مشهد.
14
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Personal Character Components on Villagers’ Attitude to Entrepreneurial Activity (Case Study, Central District, Khodabandeh City)
Introduction
Given the development of villages and appearance of many problems in the economic, socio-cultural, environmental conditions, it seems necessary to analyze social properties of urban areas. In this study, we have distributed e-survey questionnaire for data collection. The population of this study includes rural villages. Khodabandeh city consists of 21 villages including Zavajer, Sheikh Aloo, Bejeghen and Toop Ghareh with a total population of 3752 people and 1039 families that have been studied in this research. The villages are in the two groups with a population of more than thousand people and a population of less than one thousand. Therefore, in this study the city Khodabandeh, Central District and suburban district have been analyzed in terms of access to the city center.
Methodology
In this study, the method of the reference survey questionnaire was a general recognition of the importance of this kind of research that leads to the alumni situation. A questionnaire was used for data collection; study population consists of villagers and suburbs, the central districts. The Khodabande has 21 villages, among these villages, four villages with a total population of 3752 people and 1039 households have been studied. It is noteworthy that in the selection of the target population, special villages has been selected; this means that the two groups in the study area were villages with a population of more than thousand people and a population with less than one thousand people. For example, two villages in each group were examined. Up to 348 samples have been selected on the basis of randomly selection sampling. We have analyzed the data obtained from the questionnaire using T-Test and one-way analysis of variance and post hoc test DUNCAN ONE WAY ANOVA and correlation by SPSS. Based on the validity, before completing the questionnaire for pre-test study, 15 villages were evaluated by professors and experts.
Results and discussion
The descriptive results of questionnaire data show that with relation to the gender characteristics of respondents, 69.4% of respondents were male and 30.6 percent were women. Given the characteristics of the age of respondents, the results represents that 29.1 percent of people aged 17-20 years old and 40.3 percent was 21-30 years old , 18.3% 31-40 years , 8.6% aged 41-50 years, and, 3.4 percent was more than 51 years old. Also concerning the academic level of respondents, the results indicates that 13.1% of respondents has less education, 33.6% school diploma, 26.5 % diploma degree, 22 % has a Bachelor degree and finally 4.9 % are graduates and higher education. The results depict that between internal communication variables, there has been a significant positive correlation in skills, education, and age of individual desires, development-oriented, profit, gain power, and prestige.
Conclusion
Entrepreneurship can be a new approach to solve rural problems and the crises originating from various factors including immigration due to unemployment. The approach requires a new productive view for the transition of these chaotic circumstances. In this regard, entrepreneurship has been recognized as the most important remedy for contributing the growth and development of rural areas. Therefore, the results showed that the total villages as well as the personal components were evaluated in four dimensions. The villagers tend to do more entrepreneurial activities and desire to meet their individual needs. Furthermore, the underlying index includes the items such as birth and childhood conditions in comparison with other indicators. The main focus should be on the effects of entrepreneurship as much as possible with the following personal features. In fact, the talent and ability to believe and to wait for the conditions are not dependent on environmental features. Personality factors results showed that there is a link between these indicators. Thus, if one of the measurements fails, its negative impact on other indicators can be expected. The villagers' tendency to gain entrepreneurial activity will not succeed. The entrepreneurship, the achievement, and satisfaction will be effective on the success of the progress.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_61586_597649d471b8897019958924d871e27d.pdf
2018-06-22
431
447
10.22059/jhgr.2017.61586
rural attitudes
personal characteristics
Entrepreneurship
Khodabandeh City
Mohammad
Salmani
salmanim@vila.fr
1
Associate professor of geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Hajilou
mehdihajilo1990@gmail.com
2
PhD candidate in geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amir
Talkhab
talkhab.amir@almni.ut.ac.ir
3
MA in geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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65
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Location of Theological Schools in Islamic Historical Cities (Case Studies: the Cities of Qazvin and Isfahan)
Introduction
The expansion of urban system in the Sassanid period and the significant increase in the number of teachers did not reduce the prohibition of mass participation in higher education and science education centers, and it was rarely possible for an individual to exceed the limits of the class system, and to a class other than the class of Self Improvement. After Islam, education was removed from the monopoly of the privileged classes, and the possibility of studying secondary and higher education was more or less available to many people. The sciences such as medicine and astronomy were still concentrated in the centers like Jundishapur, but religious science was taught in the early centuries in mosques and scholars' homes.
Methodology
This is a historical research with a descriptive-analytical method. Content analysis method has been used in descriptive research method. The method of data collection has been used through library and documentary studies with the study samples (Qazvin and Isfahan). In the research, we have discussed the places of establishment of the theology schools.
Results and discussion
According to the studies conducted by the religious schools in the cities near the Jami Mosque, there were some markets, inside the neighborhoods, and sometimes around the streets or squares. This is noteworthy that the schools are considered as one of the most important elements in the spatial structure of Islamic cities, either directly with other important functions such as the mosque or the core of the city's market, or through the intermediary functions. The endowments of the lords and elders of the city were formed inside the neighborhoods. By examining case studies, it was concluded that most religious and religious schools in Isfahan were formed during the Safavid period mainly from the market and bazaar of Isfahan, while the religious schools of Qazvin during the Qajar period were mainly in the neighborhood and adjacent to the main streets of the city of the settlement they found.
Conclusion
Historical data show that, as a rule, in large cities and capitals, the one hand, worldly and cultural investments could well be proceed with development of religious sciences and the socio-historical conditions. Thus, the education of a large number of religious schools required a great deal and, then, a significant number of religious schools was built, which was initially deployed in or near the proximity to the central mosque. In the second place, due to the fact that the school was a public and masculine space, it was part of the marketplace. In the third place, some of the scholars or the lords and the Rijal of the city who wanted to build a school would prefer to act in their own neighborhood. To some extent, they have contributed to development of their neighborhood. Thus, a number of schools were developed in residential neighborhoods, along with the main ways of the neighborhood to the market and far from the inner passage. In some cases, a number of schools were set up next to or near the city streets or the streets that were the direct route.
In this research, two cities have been considered different from the historical-social aspect and the function-demographic in different conditions. As a result, location of the religious schools was different from other schools. First of all, Esfahan as a populated city, the capital and an important political administrative center in the country, experienced religious conflicts between Islamic sects. In the second Safavid period, these conflicts existed between religious groups inside and outside Iran. In both cases, it was necessary to educate students and build schools. Of course, the place of establishment of schools in the Seljuk period is not easy due to the historic distance and urban transformation, but the location of the Safavid period schools has been investigated. Despite of the fact that in the era of Shah Tahmasb and his successor for nearly half a century the city of Qazvin, not yet developed historically, socially and demographically to a single point, could play a role in development of a large number of schools
During the Qajar period, due to the transfer of the capital to Tehran, it became a relatively minor city. On the other hand, the government and the Rijal of the Qajar period seemed to have slightly different religious ideals relative to the Safavid period. As a result, a number of mosque-schools were built in Tehran. In other cities such as Qazvin, many of the schools were developed along the main roads of residential neighborhoods. In addition, it is necessary to consider the movement of the old Qazvin bazaar due to the relocation of the urban administrative center and the formation of a new market for the establishment of the schools.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_63615_1f70346c9eb5d979df9f806bde51c67a.pdf
2018-06-22
449
466
10.22059/jhgr.2017.237263.1007493
religious schools
establishment of historic schools
Esfahan
qazvin
Hossein
Soltanzadeh
h72soltanzadeh@gmail.com
1
Associate professor of architecture, Architecture and Urban Design Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Mohammad Reza
Khatibi
khatibimohammadreza@gmail.com
2
Assistant professor of urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, , Islamic Azad University, Qazvin branch, Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
Shima
Feli
shimafl66@yahoo.com
3
PhD candidate in architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Soltanzade
soltanzadeh.alireza@gmail.com
4
MA in architectural technology, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
ابنبطوطه، 1359، سفرنامةابنبطوطه، ترجمه رفیعالدین اسحاق همدانی، تصحیح اصغر مهدوی، انتشارات بنیاد فرهنگ ایران، تهران.
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44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Multi Polarization Process of Spatial Structure and Urban Functions (Case Study; Sanandaj City)
Introduction
In the urban system of developing countries, due to differences in the political, social and economic structure of these countries, there are unbalanced and unequal spatial distribution of population and urban activities and services. In Iran, the phenomenon of inequality in the distribution of urban resources and facilities has been shaped by the escalation of false urbanization along with the socio-political and economic developments. Today, in urban planning system, it was attempted to avoid interferences in land uses and also availability of these services in each region to mitigate centralization and aggregation pattern in certain regions.
In Sanandaj, relatively high aggregation of administrative, political, and economic, and service organizations resulted in high population and consequently incidence of spatial effects such as inappropriate physical growth of the city and increased illegal settlement in some parts of the city. This also made spatial distribution of urban land uses in the city unbalanced. In these cases, urban development plans are organized for the land use system to determine the activities and segregate land uses and functional zoning based on traditional, physical, and deterministic approach.
Main purpose of this paper is to evaluate and study the polarization process of urban land uses in order to specialize functions and systematic spatial development of urban activities in accordance with different socio-spatial structures between different regions and urban areas based on the suggestions of urban development plans.
Methodology
This research has a descriptive-analytic methodology. The method is used to carry out an applied research in order to explore relations between variables and phenomena and also to solve existing problems in spatial and physical development of Sanandaj. We assessed land uses aggregation in Sanandaj by using formal data and statistics and also apply statistical methods and LQ. At this stage, we use statistical methods and spatial coefficient model to analyze data as well as we used ArcView and ArcGIS software to draw up the required maps.
Results and discussion
We have used Shannon entropy model to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of land use in Sanandaj city. Based on the calculations, Shannon's entropy coefficient has been changed from -1.511 to -1.569, for commercial uses. This indicates a relative increase in Shannon and shows spiral and diffused development of this activity. Significant changes have occurred in academic services and an increase in coefficient Shannon from -0.843 to -1.208 indicates that it does not tend to be aggregate and centralized. The Shannon entropy for medical uses decreased from -1.420 to -1.165, that indicates an intense and centralization in this function at some regions of Sanandaj.
Regarding workshop industries, results show that the Shannon entropy coefficient for these activities has increased from -1.180 to zero, indicating a high centralization and aggregation of these functions. The LQ index or spatial portion is one of the models that illustrate the spatial distribution of urban utilities and their degree of specialization and polarization. According to the results, the workshops and medical uses have the highest aggregation in region 1 of Sanandaj, and in the region 2, military and tourism uses are high aggregated, as well as facilities and equipment and academic and profession services; have the highest level of aggregation and centralization in region 3.
According to the results of LQ range, industrial and workshops uses academic services, urban facilities, equipment and healthcare in 2004, with LQ values were 0.09-2.80, 0.10-2.61, 1.77-2.61 and 0-2.45 as the highest amount of specialization or centralization among other activities. The general education, governmental, police and residential uses have the lowest values, respectively, with 0.83-1.06, 0.50-1.23 and 0.61-1.37. According to the Sanandaj General Master Plan, which prepared by Tadbir Shahr consulting Co. in 2005, industrial and workshop uses, transportation and depots, healthcare, exhibition and shopping centers have LQ values of 0-7.55, 0-6.15, 1.46-4.35, and 0-3.10, respectively, as the highest centralization in 2015. In case of realization uses, the public education, residential, governmental, and police uses will have the lowest centralization values, respectively, by 0.88-1.23, 0.58- 1.32 and 0.44-1.34.
Conclusion
In general, comparing the proposed land use pattern in the development plan (comprehensive) of Sanandaj with the current pattern of urban land use shows the tendency to polarization of urban functions. Transfer of military, industrial, transportation and depots uses from different parts of the city to the suburbs and even outside the city can be observed with ecological separation of lower classes of society on the northern and eastern suburbs versus the residence of middle and high class people in modern buildings mainly in the southern parts of the city. The tendency to move governmental, police center, municipal facilities, shopping centers, and exhibitions from downtown to the streets around the city can provide similarities between urban ecological and morphological structures. Formation of new cores such as university centers, Kurdistan universities, medical sciences and Teacher Training, service centers such as terminals, and military centers into the urban area, all indicate the similarity of Sanandaj spatial structure with the multi-core model of Haris and Ulman.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64534_585754a30bac12c33029f869932c6571.pdf
2018-06-22
467
489
10.22059/jhgr.2018.237810.1007501
Spatial development
polarization
Shannon Entropy
LQ coefficient
Sanandaj City
Bakhtyar
Ezatpanah
dr_bezatpanah@yahoo.com
1
PhD in geography and urban planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Bagher
Ghalibaf
qalibaf@yahoo.com
2
Associate professor of geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ezzatollah
Ezzati
ezzatollahezzati@yahoo.com
3
Professor of political geography, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
آقاییزاده، اسماعیل، اوجی، روحالله و رباب محمدزاده، 1395، واکاوی اثرات تمرکز مکانگزینی ادارات در محدودههای متداخل مناطق سازمانهای خدماترسان شهری (مطالعة موردی: شهر رشت) جغرافیا و پایداری محیطی، دورة 6، شمارة 19، صص 17-33.
1
Aghaye Zadeh, E. Oji, R. and Mohammadzadeh, R., 2016, Examining the Effects of Focusing Offices Institutions in Intervening Areas of Urban Services Organizations, Case Study: Rasht City, Geography and Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 6, No. 19, PP. 17-33.
2
باقری، علیرضا، 1380، تحلیلی بر کاربری اراضی شهری (مطالعة موردی شهر خوراسگان اصفهان)، پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا دانشگاه اصفهان.
3
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Role of Geopolitical Factors in the Emergence of Iranian Realism
Introduction
This research analyzes the impacts of social and geopolitical factors on the emergence of Iranian realism over the past four decades. These factors are including the historical roots of insecurity in Iran, the regional geopolitical position of Iran, the geography of the Iran-Iraq War, the hostility of Americans and Israelis against Iran. Iranian realism has influenced the evolution of domestic and geopolitical realities and challenges of regional and international geopolitical and national interests in the pursuit of pragmatism. The seventh and eighth and eleventh governments of IRI have continued to engage with the world and domestic and foreign policy behavior was on this basis. In order to achieve national goals and interests in the international arena, this approach was continued and largely succeeded. Historically, Iran's position on the crossroads has caused concerns of national security. Territorial and geographical location has always been able to shake the resolution. This is a historical problem. Several factors during the Islamic Republic government and the attitude of realism in the conduct of foreign relations and its international direction are the components of the geographical, historical, geopolitical and geo-political functions.
Methodology The importance of this study in the current situation is to use an analogy of a large-scale national macro-oriented approach using analytical and descriptive method. In this study, we have gathered library information and documents including important and reliable external and internal resources on history, political geography, geopolitics, international relations, political science, sociology, and history. This broad approach will be used to prove and show how the components of the intellectual and cultural, historical, geographical, and geopolitical realism are effective on shaping the status of Iran.
Results and discussion
It seems that Iran has been attacked abroad for 2500 years because of its geographical location. Territorial and national security as their most important concern due to the geographical location is fixed in this area and unsafe and risky. This is always able to solve the problems of historical political elite and the government. The unstable security situation in the country remained mainly four times thus far spent in fear and trembling. Despite of regional geopolitical environment of Iran in the economic field as well as the threats and shaky economic activity, the goals of the enemies failed. One component of the international behavior of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and attitude of realism in foreign policy is geographical location and political geography of Iran. War was not only an end to the cynical attitude, but different aspects of land issues and the necessity of the national territory and its components as a constant and fundamental factors represent that future wars will emerge on the field and the grounds for the revival of the national geographic realists in the country. Based on the enduring nature of geography, the factors such as geopolitical conflicts, the breadth of the national territory, sizes, shapes and dimensions of the borders and the population are the characteristics of power and national security. These can contribute effectively to the issue of Iran's realism. It seems that Iran is surrounded by four security environments: Persian Gulf, Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus and Southwest Asia. With these areas, threats and challenges to security of Iran can better be understood. Each of the areas has its own problems in the environmental decision-making with influence of Iran.
Conclusion
The Islamic Revolution and the imposed war led to the emergence of idealistic and revolutionary ideas in Iran. Iran during this period was consistent with geographical iron law of politics. In this period, geographic sustainable elements in Iran's foreign policy was more than ever before. Ubiquity of America and its regional ally Israel in adjacent territories, the consequences of this presence and influence in the region such as Palestine, Afghanistan and Iraq, and finally, the expansion of cross-regional institutions such as NATO's political and military impacts in the region, as well as an understanding of the requirements and demands of the security environment has a direct impact on the Iranian realism and regional approaches in its foreign relations. Iran's nuclear activities and deviations in the state of the laws and regulations of the NPT led to sanctions on Iran by the Security Council and issued four resolutions and deadlock for all economic activities, production, export and purchase of foreign products and complete cessation of bank activity with the outside world (Swift). All these events made the government to have a better understanding and a more rational behavior of this Iranian rationality and realism in diplomacy and foreign behavior. It is one of the most important factors of national power that can accelerate development and enforce Iran in the face of challenges and international surrounding. Finally, the Iranian realistic approach in this era of environmental conditions in local, regional and international fields are continued to this day and to the evolution of Iranian rationality, social conscience and political wisdom of nations with realistic government informed choice during about 30 years.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64786_bfbeae991e06d87312dd4ba34ce518a9.pdf
2018-06-22
491
511
10.22059/jhgr.2018.137883.1007120
Realism
Geography of the Iran-Iraq War
regional geopolitical position of Iran
nuclear activities
Bahador
Zarei
b.zarei@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant professor of political geography, Faculty of geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Farzad
Piltan
piltan@yahoo.com
2
Assistant professor of political sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran
AUTHOR
اخباری، محمد و محمدحسن نامی، 1390، جغرافیای مرز، نشر سازمان جغرافیایی نیروهای مسلح، تهران.
1
-Akhbari, M., and Nami, M. H., 2011, Geography of the Border, Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces, Tehran. (In Persian)
2
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