ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of the Influences of Global Policies upon Informalization of Urban Spaces: the South Countries
Introduction
In spite of political nature of planning decisions by many contemporary thinkers, a few attempts were carried out to establish relations between global planning strategies and political theories. It is important that the test of political thought in various planning strategies can make clear hidden political interests and methods in planning process. Until now, different policies and strategies have taken by governments in the South countries for encountering with informal settlements and their residential societies. Their formation, decline and stability are related to establishment of various dialogues for development and planning such as globalization, neo-liberalization, structural adjustment policies and democracy.
Methodology
This research has an analytical method and it is based on realistic analysis on recognition of the nature and mechanisms of the informalization of space and using documentary research. In this analysis, the phenomenon of informalization of space occurs based on interactions of individuals and groups (government, local leaders and people) and decisions and their motivations in terms of strategies and tactics in dealing with global currents. At the macro level, political and economic policies of governments and circumstances such as political concentration, political instability, war, conflict, colonization and political confusion are in relation to global processes like globalization, neo-liberalism and structural adjustment policies and democracy in southern states. In middle level, actions and reactions and decision making of state and various stakeholders resulted by process of macro level has social and spatial effects and circumstances.
Results and discussion
The measures of urban planning have failed to produce urban space. In recognition of the failure of the government to make urban spaces, ordinary people have the potential to generate their desirable urban spaces by creative spatial practices. Experiences have indicated that among the official planners, ordinary people to the authorities and professionals tend to produce variations and differences rather than homogeneous spaces. Ordinary people have the ability to produce living spaces out of abstract spaces via adaptation and extending spaces for their daily cultural activities and practices. Definitely, it seems that state has not sufficient ability and liability to regulate urban space and forced urban residents to use their liabilities in shaping urban space by creating networks, coalitions and associations. With emphasis on the role of the alliance as a space practice in the production of urban space, we can say "spatial practices for various hidden forces that can distract homogeneous space towards their own goals, produce a dramatized space that is lived space of residents in informal settlements. Thus, in relation to the production of space, it can be argued that neoliberal ideology has changed perception of urban space because people in peri-urban areas look for places for the now and future investment. In addition to reducing the role of government in providing land and housing, it shows that poor people continue to struggle for affordable access to land for housing. Finally, this process leads to disputes over urban space. In fact, globalization intensifies competition for urban land. First, when demand is rapidly increasing, urban land is become scarce. On the other hand, a large percentage of urban migrants have been absorbed and created new economic opportunities by globalization. They cannot pay the price of urban land. In such circumstances, they have no option except to use their own initiative to have access to urban land, which finally have been lead to competition for urban land with government officials. In this regard, urban residents use their own everyday strategies although are not limited to informal land tenure, as the tools for access to land; they organize themselves in alliance to bargaining because they often have been completely excluded in urban decision processes and lobbying on competitive urban land. On the other hand, the involvement of government officials has attempted to control competition corruption, self-help housing, evictions and spatial development as spatial strategies of urban space.
Conclusion
Analysis of the experiences of countries has indicated some arguments. First, global processes have found out different forms in different countries; as space of the Southern have not been appropriate background to realize spaces of global flows due to colonization, war and political conflicts and resulted in informalization of space. Second, informal land and housing markets is provided not only among the poor but also in competition among the middle class even elite competition in the Third World. Third, in these countries, the problem is not formal and informal, but is the distinction between informalization of the poor and the middle class, but in both of them, the place of this informalization is mainly in the peri-urban areas. Fourth, approach of the right to the city can be addressed as an optimized approach to the rights of working-class groups and challenges in an informal urban background. Given the right to the city, decentralization of power from elites to the poor should be the first step, what Lefebvre called Utopia is a style of thinking that is possible in all regions of the world. Urban-based programs must have mechanisms for gathering the demands of the people. The right to the city is a gradual and procedural category. Adopting such an approach helps us achieve the right to produce life space and the right to have spaces everyday life in the city. Achieving this right provides a city with two components of access to urban resources and spaces and the quality of urban life and decision making of residents as active subject not the political object of institutionalized for all classes.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_61574_9e12bfd361c37105acfac18c3e686506.pdf
2019-09-23
531
550
10.22059/jhgr.2017.61574
World policies
urban space
Informalization
South countries
The right to the city
Mohammad
Soleimani
m_solimani@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abolfazl
Meshkini
abolfazl.meshkini@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Shaikhy
m_shaikhi81@yahoo.com
3
Associate Professor of Regional Planning, Alame Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Elham
Amirhajlou
amirhajlou.tmu@gmail.com
4
PhD Candidate in Geography and Urban Planning, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
افروغ، عماد، 1377، فضا و نابرابری اجتماعی، انتشارات دانشگاه تربیتمدرس، تهران.
1
اطهاری، کمال و همکاران، 1379، حاشیهنشینی در ایران، فصلنامة مدیریت شهری، سال اول، تابستان 79، ص 82.
2
ایراندوست، کیومرث، 1391، فقر، سکونتگاههای غیررسمی، امنیت شهری، فصلنامة رهنامة سیاستگذاری، سال سوم، شمارة اول، صص 159-181 .
3
اعتصامیپور، محسن، 1381، ساماندهی فضایی کالبدی سکونتگاههای غیررسمی؛ مطالعة موردی: شهرک سعدی شیراز، پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد شهرسازی، دانشگاه شیراز.
4
بسکی، سهیلا، 1375، مسکن غیررسمی، فصلنامة آبادی، شمارة 32، ص 89.
5
بلیکی، نورمن، 1393، طراحی پژوهشهای اجتماعی، ترجمة حسن چاوشیان، نشر نی، تهران.
6
رفیعی، مینو و علی چگینی، 1375، شاخصهای بینالمللی مسکن، بولتن اقتصاد مسکن، شماره 18، صص 31-41.
7
داودپور، زهره، 1380، نگاهی به سکونتگاههای خودرو در منطقة کلانشهری تهران، ماهنامة شهرداریها، دورة جدید، سال سوم، شمارة 31، صص 37-41.
8
دیواس، نیک، فیلیپ آمیس، جوبیل، دایانا میتلین، فیونانونان، اورسالا گرنت و کارول راکودی، 1395، حکمروایی شهری و فقر، فریاد تهیدستان شهری در کشورهای درحالتوسعه، ترجمة حسین حاتمینژاد، نورالدین رحمتی و اکرم شهیدی، نشر آذرخش، تهران.
9
حاتمینژاد، حسین و ناصح عبدی، 1386، اقتصاد سیاسی و فضای شهری، اطلاعات سیاسی-اقتصادی ، شماره 237-238 – صص196-205.
10
ساعی، احمد، 1387، جهانیشدن و رابطة آن با فقر، فصلنامة سیاست، مجلة دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دورة سیوهشتم، شمارة 1، صص 71-101.
11
سوندرز، پیتر، 1392، نظریة اجتماعی و مسئلة شهری، ترجمة محمد شارعپور، نشر تیسا، تهران.
12
شیخی، محمد، 1380، تبیین فرایند شکلگیری و دگرگونی سکونتگاههای خودروی پیرامون کلانشهر تهران، مطالعة موردی: نسیمشهر، گلستان، رسالة دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکدة هنرهای زیبا به راهنمایی اسفندیار زبردست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
13
گاتدینر، مارک و لسلی بادی، 1390، مفاهیم اساسی در مطالعات شهری، ترجمة دکتر عبدالرضا ادهمی، نشر بهمن برنا، تهران.
14
مهندسین مشاور عرصه، 1394، تهیة برنامة ساماندهی سکونتگاه غیررسمی شهر تهران و اقدامات توانمندسازی اجتماعات آنها با تأکید بر بهسازی شهری، شرکت عمران و بهسازی شهری ایران، وزارت راه و شهرسازی.
15
نجاتی حسینی، سید محمود، 1390، سیاست شهری و دیپلماسی شهری (از نظریه تا تجربه)، مجله جامعه شناسی تاریخی، دوره سوم، شماره 2، صص 117-142.
16
هاروی، دیوید، 1391، تاریخ مختصر نئولیبرالیسم، ترجمة محمود عبداللهزاده نشر دات، تهران.
17
18. Afroogh, Emad, 1998, Space and Social Inequality, Tarbiat Modares University Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
18
19. Arse Consulting Engineers, 2015, Preparing Planning for Informal Settlement in Tehran and Empowering Their Communities with Emphasis on Urban Improvement, Iranian Civil and Urban Improvement Company, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development.(In Persian)
19
20. Atahari, Kamal et al., 2000, Marginalization in Iran, Urban Management Jornal, First Year, Summer 79, pp. 82. (In Persian)
20
21. Baski, Soheila, 1996, Informal Housing, Abadi Journal, No. 32, p. 89.(In Persian)
21
22. Berner, E., 1997, Defending a Place in the City: Localities and the Struggle for Urban Land in Metro Manila, Quezon City, Ateneo De Manila University Press.
22
23. Blaikie, Norman, 2014, Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation, Translated by Hassan Chavoshian, Ney Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
23
24. Brenner, N., 1999, Globalisation As Reterritorialization: The Re-Scaling of Urban Governance in the European Union, Urban Studies, 36, PP. 431–451.
24
25. Brown, T., 2005, Contestation, Confusion and Corruption: Market Based Tenure Reforms in Zambia, In Sandra Evers, Marja Spierenburg and Harry Wels, (Eds). Competing Jurisdictions, Settling Land Claims in Africa, PP. 79-102.
25
26. Castells, 1983, The City and the Grassroots, Edward Arnold.
26
27. Cox, Robert, W., 1986, Neorealism and Its Critics Social Forces, States and World Order, Byand International Relations Theory, New York: Columbia University Press.
27
28. . Devas, Nick, 2016, Urban governance, voice, and poverty in the developing world, Translated by Hossein Hatami Nejad, Nouroddin Rahmati and Akram Shahidi, Azarakhsh Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
28
29. De Certeau, M., 1984, The Practice of Everyday Life, University of Californiapress.
29
30. Etesamiipour, Mohsen, 2002, Physical Spatial Organization of Informal Settlements; Case Study: Saadi Town of Shiraz, Master of Urban Planning, Shiraz University. (In Persian)
30
31. Gottdiener , Mark and Budd, Leslie , 2011, Key Concepts in Urban Studies, translated by Dr. Abdolreza Adhami, Bahman Borna Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
31
32. Hagiopan, F., 1994, Traditional Politics Against State Transformation In Brazil, In Migdal J State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third Word, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, PP. 36-64.
32
33. Harvey, David, 2012, A Brief History of Neoliberalism , Translated by Mahmoud Abdullahzadeh Publishing Dat, Tehran. (In Persian)
33
34. Howard, Allen M. 2003, Cities in Africa, Past and Present: Contestation, Transformation, Discourse [Online], Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2/3, PP. 197-235. available from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4107238 accessed 30 march 2010].
34
35. Harrell B., et al., 1976, Community Leadership and the Transformation if Freetown, Mouton Publisher, 1978.
35
36. Hatami Nejad, Hossein and Naseh Abdi, 2007, Political Economy and Urban Space, Political-Economic Information, No. 237-238 - pp. 196-205. (In Persian)
36
37. Harvey, D., 2008, The Right to the City, New Left Review, No. 53, PP. 23–40.
37
38. Harvey, D., 1987, Flexible Accumulation Through Urbanisation; Reflections on «Postmodernism» in the American City, Antipode, No. 19, PP. 260-86.
38
39. IranDost, Kiomars, 2012, Poverty, Informal Settlements, Urban Security, Policy Making Journal, Third Year, Issue 1, pp. 159-181. (In Persian)
39
40. Keivani, R., and Werna, E., 2000, Refocusing the Housing Debate in Developing Countries From a Pluralist Perspective, Habitat International, No. 25, PP. 191-208.
40
41. Konadu Agyemang, K., 2001, Structural Adjustment Programs and Housing Affordability in Accra, Ghana, Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, No. 45, PP. 528-544.
41
42. Jenkins, H., 2009, Confronting the Challenges of a Participatory Culture, Media Education for the 21st Century, Cambridge: MIT Press.
42
43. Lefebvre, H., 1991, The Production of Space, Blackwell Publishing Translated Bydonald Nicholson-Smith.
43
44. Loxley, J., 1990, Structural Adjustment in Africa: Reflections on Ghana and Zambia, Review of African Political Economy, No. 47, PP. 8–27.
44
45. Mitchell, D., 2003, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space, New York and London: The Guilford Press, PP. 122-127.
45
46. Moyo, S., 2007, Land in the Political Economy of African Development, Alternative Strategies for Reform, African Development, XXXII, No. 4, PP. 1-34.
46
47. Moyo, S., and Sukume, C., 2004, Agricultural Sector and Agrarian Development Strategy, A Paper Prepared for World Bank (Zimbabwe).
47
48. Moyo, S., and Yeros, P., 2005, Land Occupations and Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Towards the National Democratic Revolution, In Sam Moyo and Paris Yeros (Eds) Reclaiming the Land: The Resurgence of Rural Movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America, London, Zed Books.
48
49. Nejati Hosseini, Seyyed Mahmood, 2011, Urban Politics and Urban Diplomacy (From Theory to Experience), Journal of Historical Sociology, Volume III, Number 2, pp. 117-142.(In Persian)
49
50. Sheikhi, Mohammad, 2001, Explaining the Process of Formation and Transformation of informal Settlements around the Metropolis of Tehran, Case Study: Nasimshahr, Golestan, Ph.D. in Urban Design, Faculty of Fine Arts under the guidance of Esfandiar Zardasht, University of Tehran, Tehran. .(In Persian)
50
51. Soja, E., 2000, Postmetropolis, Blackwell, Malden, MA.
51
52. Saunders, Peter, 2013, Social Theory and Urban Question, Translated by Mohammad Sharepour, Tisa Publishing, Tehran. .(In Persian)
52
53. Saei, Ahmad, 2008, Globalization and its Relation to Poverty, Journal of Politics, Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, 38 Period, No. 1, pp. 71-101. (In Persian)
53
54. Ockey, J., 1997, Weapons of the Weak: Democracy and Resistance to Eviction in Bangkok Slum Communities [Online], Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Vol. 12, No. 1, PP. 1-25. downloaded from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41056952 [accessed 20 march 2012].
54
55. Pahal, R., 1984, Divisions of Labour, Basil Blackwell.
55
56. Purcell M., 2014, Rancière and Revolution, Space and Polity, Vol. 18, No. 2, PP. 168-181, doi: 10.1080/13562576.2014.911591.
56
57. Purcell, M., 2002, Excavating Lefebvre: The Right to the City and Its Urban Politics of the Inhabitant, Geojournal 58: 99-108 [Accessed 30 June 2010], Qual Sociol, No. 29, PP. 507–530.
57
58. Rafiei, Minoo and Ali Chegini, 1996, International Housing Indicators, Housing Economics Bulletin, No. 18, pp. 31-41. (In Persian)
58
59. Ruland, J., 1992, Urban Development in Southeast Asia: Regional Cities and Local Government, Westview, Boulder Co.
59
60. Roy, A., and Alsayyad, N., (Eds), 2004, Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives Fom the Middle East, South Asia and Latin America.
60
61. Tonnelat, S., 2010, The Sociology of Urban Public Spaces (In Territorial Evolution and Planning Solution: Experiences From China and France), Paris, Atlantis Press
61
62. Townroe, P. M., 1996, New Economic Roles: The Changing Structure of the City Economy, In: N. HARRIS and I, FABRICIUS (Eds) Cities and Structural Adjustment, PP. 13–29, London: UCL Press.
62
63. Yeoh B., 1996, Contesting Space: Power Relations and the Built Urban Environment in Colonial Singapore, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
63
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of Spatial Equity Index in Tourism Villages
(Case Study: East Azerbaijan Province)
Introduction
Paying attention to the approach of spatial equity in distribiution of land use in any community, and the way of which the citizens take advantage, represents the social, economic and environmental development. The necessity of paying attention to spatial equity in distribiution of land use in touristic villages in comparison with Nontouristic areas is of great importance, because these areas have a great potential for comprehensive development and especially the development of rural areas. This factor has doubled the necessity of paying attention to spatial equity in these villages. Actually, the use of land and space as a public resource and public wealth is crucial in tourism villages which should be based on scientific principles of land use planning. East Azarbaijan provience due to climatic and cultural diversity and also because of its historical background contains numerous touristic villages. Despite all these features, due to mismanagement and lack of optimal allocation of resources and services, they are exposed to a numerous problems such as lack of service centers, lack of green spaces and lack of compatibility of land use for the welfare and requirements of tourists. Given the importance and sensitivity of spatial equity in tourism villages, this research seeks to answer the following basic questions:
- To what extent the spatial equity is considered in spatial distribiution of land use in touristic villages of East Azerbaijan province?
- How great is the correlation between geographic conditions and spatial equity in touristic villages of East Azerbaijan province?
- How can we prioritize touristic villages of the province in terms of spatial equity?
- What are the suggested guidelines for the optimal distribiution of land use and achieving spatial equity?
Methodology
This is a descriptive-analytic research. Data have been collected in document and survey methods. Review and selection of reseach variables, theoretical framework and research backgrounds is conducted using documental method. we have investigated 42 variables of residentail, cultural-religious, communicational, educational, hygience, physical, structural-institutional and service dimensions in this research. In surveys, the data related to land use of touristic villages of the province were derived from Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, the Cultural Heritage Organization of the provience, and Iran's statistics center. Delphi technique is used to determine the weight of functions. Then, the list of functions were given to 30 of urban planners (including academics and experts of Housing Foundation and the Cultural Heritage Organization). After analysis of the comments, the weight of functions were extracted. The study population is 48 touristic villages of East Azerbaijan provience. They are tourism target villages and the best touristic destinations according to the rules and regulations of the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation and Cultural Heritage Organization. Vikor model was used to perform the analysis, after calculating the gap between current and ideal situation. The one way ANOVA analysis test and Duncan's post hoc test are used to evaluate the difference between different functions. The cluster analysis test is used for grading and finally the multivariate regression test is used to explain the changes of this index.
Results and discussion
According to the results of Vikor model, the biggest gap with the amount of 0.829 is for 8 variables related to the touristic services functions. Also residential indexies with the amount of 0.162 are in the best situation of spacial justice. The highest amount of frequency is about the suitable situation with the amount of 45.5%. Also the results of statistical tests shows that there is a correlation between population, beneficary index, fullfilment of guide plans and the typology of village with the amount of spacial justice in touristic villages.
The results of Vikor test showed that the lowest gap of spatial equity is related to the villages of Ina Lu (0.150), Savar (0.276) and Darband (0.293) in residential and street network functions. In addition, the largest gap is related to the villages of Kandovan (0.475), Bezujiq (0.463), Lighavan (0.415) and Oshtabin (0.412). According to the results of cluster analysis 19.6% of the villages in terms of spatial equity are in very low level, 16.4% are in low level, 17. 2% are in intermediate level and only 45.5% are in high level and 1.3% are in very high level. The results of correlation analysis showed that only the variables of the civil projects in form of rural guide plans, possessing index and type of village have a significant correlation with the dependent variable.
Conclusion
Due to the need for spatial equity in distribiution of land use in touristic villages, this research aimed to analyze the spatial equity in land use in touristic villages of East Azerbaijan provience. The results showed that only 3% of villages are in good and very good condition in terms of spatial equity. Therefore, based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that there are the need to understand the demands and needs of villagers and tourists before creating functions and also the number of tourists entering the village and also their economic and social characteristics. It is required to pay more attention to rural green spaces, rural passways, parks and open sport spaces. There is a need for serious attention to the completion of rural guide plans in villages and disregarding this plans can reduce efficiency in the environmental variables in rural land uses. Adopting comprehensive and integrated approach in the management of land use in touristic villages can be helpful for the management. It is required to integrate system approach in land use management in tourist villages. The officials and planners have to rely on management strategies to create more gaps between different applications.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_61831_29d5b4b39835a8f922222acc8a34c2a5.pdf
2019-09-23
551
569
10.22059/jhgr.2017.61831
spatial equity
Land use
touristic villages
Vikor Model
East Azerbaijan
Mir Najaf
Mousavi
mousavi424@yahoo.com
1
Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Majnouni Toutakhane
a.majnoony@gmail.com
2
Lecturor in Art & Architecture, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Aftab
ahmadaftab20@gmail.com
3
PhD Candidate in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Mofareh Bonab
m.mofareh@bonabu.ac.ir
4
Lecturor in Art & Architecture, University of Bonab, Bonab, Iran
AUTHOR
ابراهیمی، محمدصادق، 1393، بررسی وضعیت خدمات زیربنایی و روبنایی طرح هادی روستایی در شهرستان آمل، فصلنامة چشمانداز جغرافیایی، سال نهم، شمارة 26، صص 105-119.
1
زیاری کرامتالله، 1381، برنامهریزی کاربری اراضی شهری (مورد: میناب)، تحقیقات جغرافیایی، 63-78 (پیاپی 66-65)، صص 63-78.
2
شریفی، عبدالنبی، 1385، عدالت اجتماعی و شهر: تحلیلی بر نابرابریهای منطقهای در شهر اهواز، پایاننامة دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران.
3
شکویی، حسین، 1382، فلسفههای محیطی و مکتبهای جغرافیایی، تهران، مؤسسة جغرافیا و کارتوگرافی.
4
شکویی، حسین و مهدی موسی کاظمی، 1378، مؤلفههای اجتماعی-اقتصادی توسعة پایدار شهری، پژوهش موردی قم، تبریز، اولین همایش مدیریت توسعة پایدار در نواحی شهری، دانشگاه تبریز، صص 120-129.
5
ضیاءآبادی، مریم، زارع مهرجردی، محمدرضا، جلائی عبدالمجید و حسین مهرابی، 1395، سنجش گردشگری پایدار با استفاده از شاخص ترکیبی پایداری و مدل برنامهریزی ریاضی، فصلنامة نظریههای کاربردی اقتصاد، دورة سوم، شمارة 2، صص 77-100.
6
فاضلنیا، غریب و الهام افشار عمرانی، 1392، تحلیل تأثیر تقاضای اجتماعی بر کاربری اراضی روستاهای شهرستان تنکابن، فصلنامة جغرافیا و توسعه، دورة یازدهم، شمارة 33، صص 27-38.
7
قربانی، مهدی، مهرابی، علیاکبر، ثروتی، محمدرضا و علیاکبر نظری سامانی، 1389، بررسی تغییرات جمعیتی و اثرگذاریهای آن بر تغییرات کاربری اراضی (مطالعة موردی: منطقة بالاطالقان)، مرتع و آبخیزداری (منابع طبیعی ایران)، دورة شصتوسه، شمارة 1، صص 75-88.
8
محمدی، محمد، مهرابی، علیاکبر، قربانی، مهدی و محمدامین خراسانی، 1391، نیروهای انسانی مؤثر بر تغییرات کاربری اراضی در حاشیة مناطق روستایی (نمونة موردی: روستاهای آلکله و سی بن-شهرستان تنکابن)، فصلنامة جغرافیا، دورة دهم، شمارة 35، صص 79-98.
9
مرصوصی، نفیسه، 1382، تحلیل فضایی عدالت اجتماعی در شهر تهران، پایاننامة دورة دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیتمدرس.
10
مرصوصی، نفیسه، 1386، تحلیلیجغرافیاییازتئوریهایعدالتاجتماعی، نشریة علوم جغرافیایی، دورة هفتم، شمارة 10، صص 107-124.
11
منشیزاده، رحمتاله و فرهاد خوشحال، 1393، تأثیر توریسم در تغییر کاربری اراضی در شهرستان لاهیجان (با تأکید بر اراضی روستایی)، علوم جغرافیایی، دورة چهارم، شمارة 5، صص 89-108.
12
هاروی، دیوید، 1376، عدالت اجتماعی و شهر، ترجمة فرخ حسامیان و همکاران، انتشارات پردازش و برنامهریزی شهری، تهران.
13
یاری حصار، ارسطو و سهیلا باختر، 1395، ارزیابی شاخصهای گردشگری پایدار روستایی از منظر جامعة محلی و گردشگران (مطالعة موردی: شهرستان نیر)، فصلنامة برنامهریزی منطقهای، دورة ششم، شمارة 22، صص 111-134.
14
15. Acocella, N., 2002, Theories of Justice, Social Condition and Personal Responsibility in Roemer’s Contribution, University of Rome’ La, Sapienza.
15
16. Alberts, H. C., 2009, Berlin's Failed Bid to Host the 2000 Summer Olympic Games: Urban Development and the Improvement of Sports Facilities, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 33, No. 2, PP. 502-516.
16
17. Argersinger, J. A. E., 2010, Contested Visions of American Democracy: Citizenship, Public Housing, and the International Arena, Journal of Urban History, Vol. 36, No. 6, PP. 792-813.
17
18. Barry, B., 1989, Theories of Justice, Harvester- Wheat Sheaf, London.
18
19. Barton, E., Williams, K., and Jens, M., 2001, Compact City and Urban Sustainability, Namaieh Magazine.
19
20. Bolary, J., Yves, P., and Adriana, R., 2005, Urban Environment Spatial Fragmentation and Social Segregation in Latin America: Where Does Innovation Lie? Habitat International, No. 29, PP. 627-645.
20
21. Carvalho, O. S. et al., 2010, The Estrada Real Project and Endemic Diseases: The Case of Schistosomiasis, Geoprocessing and Tourism, Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vol. 105, No. 4, PP. 532-536.
21
22. Chance, K. R., 2015, Transitory Citizens: Contentious Housing Practices in Contemporary South Africa, Social Analysis, Vol. 59, No. 3, PP. 62-84.
22
23. Choi, H. C., and Sirakaya, E., 2006, Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism, Tourism Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, PP. 1274-1289.
23
24. Chua, B. H., 2014, Navigating Between Limits: The Future of Public Housing In Singapore, Housing Studies, Vol. 29, No. 4, PP. 520-533.
24
25. Dimitrovski, D. D., et al., 2012, Rural Tourism and Regional Development: Case Study of Development of Rural Tourism in the Region of Gruţa, Serbia, Procedia Environmental Sciences, No. 14, PP. 288-297.
25
26. Ebrahimi, M. S., 2014, The Analysis of Infrastructural and Super Structural Services of Rural Guidance Plan in Amol City, Journal of Geographical Landscape, Vol. 9, No. 26, PP. 105-119. (In Persian)
26
27. Fazel Nia, G., and Afshar Omrani, E., 2013, The Analysis of the Impact of Social Demand on Rural Land Use in Tonekabon City, Journal of Geography and Development, Vol. 11, No. 33, PP. 27-38. (In Persian)
27
28. Ghorbani, M., Mehrabi, A. A., Servati, M. R., and Nazri Samani, A. A., 2010, Investigating Demographic Changes and Its Influence on Land Use Changes (Case Study: Bala Taleghan), Rangeland and Watershed Management (Natural Resources of Iran), Vol. 63, No. 1, PP. 75-88. (In Persian)
28
29. Hadjimichalis, C., 2011, Uneven Geographical Development and Socio-Spatial Justice and Solidarity: European Regions After the 2009 Financial Crisis, European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3, PP. 254-274.
29
30. Haravi, D., 1997, Social Justice and the Town, Translated by Farrokh Hesamyan, et al., Publication of Pardazesh and Urban Planning, Tehran. (In Persian)
30
31. Hu, R., et al., 2013, Assessing Potential Spatial Accessibility of Health Services in Rural China: A Case Study of Donghai County, International Journal for Equity in Health, Vol. 12, No. 1, P. 35.
31
32. Juan, Y. K., et al., 2010, A Hybrid Decision Support System for Sustainable Office Building Renovation and Energy Performance Improvement, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 42, No. 3, PP. 290-297.
32
33. KIM, K. K., et al., 2005, Natural Amenities and Rural Development: Understanding Spatial and Distributional Attributes, Growth and Change, Vol. 36, No. 2, PP. 273-297.
33
34. Lee, S., and Jamal, T., 2008, Environmental Justice and Environmental Equity in Tourism: Missing Links to Sustainability, Journal of Ecotourism, Vol. 7, No. 1, PP. 44-67.
34
35. Linch, A., 2007, Community and Contention in Early Modern England, Rutgers University-Graduate School-New Brunswick.
35
36. Marcuse, P., 2009, Spatial Justice: Derivative But Causal of Social Injustice, Spatial Justice, Vol. 1, No. 4, PP. 1-6..
36
37. Marsousi, N., 2007, Geographic Analysis of the Theories of Social Justice, Journal of Geographical Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 10, PP. 107-124. (In Persian)
37
38. Marsousi, N., 2003, Spatial Analysis of Social Justice in Tehran City, Phd Thesis of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tarbiat Madares. (In Persian)
38
39. Mcareavey, R., and Mcdonagh, J., 2011, Sustainable Rural Tourism: Lessons for Rural Development, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 51, No. 2, PP. 175-194.
39
40. Mohammadi, M., Mehrabi, A. A., Ghorbani, M., and Khorasani, M. A., 2012, Human Forces Affecting Land Use Changes in the Sidelines of Rural Areas (Case Study: Alkaleh and Si Ben Villages in Tonekabon), Geoghraphy, Vol. 10, No. 35, PP. 79-298. (In Persian)
40
41. Monshizadeh, R., and Khoshhal, F., 2014, The Impact of Tourism on Land Use Changes in the City of LAHIJAN (With Emphasis on Rural Areas), Geographic Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 5, PP. 89-108. (In Persian)
41
42. Opricovic, S., and Tzeng, H., 2004, Decision Aiding Compromise Solution by MCDM Methods: A Comparative Analysis of VIKOR and TOPSIS, European Journal of Operational Research, No. 156, PP. 445-455.
42
43. Porter, G., 2002, Living in a Walking World: Rural Mobility and Social Equity Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa, World Development, Vol. 30, No. 2, PP. 285-300.
43
44. Pruitt, L. R., and Showman, B., 2014, Law Stretched Thin: Access to Justice in Rural America, South Dakota Law Review, Vol. 59, pp. 468-512.
44
45. Randelli, F., et al., 2014, An Evolutionary Approach to the Study of Rural Tourism: The Case of Tuscany, Land Use Policy, No. 38, PP. 276-281.
45
46. Rindfuss, R. R., et al, 2004, Developing a Science of Land Change: Challenges and Methodological Issues, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 101, No. 39, PP. 13976-13981.
46
47. Roberts, P., and Green, B., 2013, Researching Rural Places on Social Justice and Rural Education, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 19, No. 10, PP. 765-774.
47
48. Saxena, G., and Ilbery, B., 2010, Developing Integrated Rural Tourism: Actor Practices in the English/ Welsh Border, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, PP. 260-271.
48
49. Saxena, G., et al, 2007, Conceptualizing Integrated Rural Tourism, Tourism Geographies, Vol. 9, No. 4, PP. 347-370.
49
50. Schellhorn, M., 2007, Rural Tourism in the'third World': The Dialectic of Development: The Case of Desa Senaru at Gunung Rinjani National Park in Lombok Island, Lincoln University.
50
51. Schellhorn, M., 2010, Development for Whom? Social Justice and the Business of Ecotourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 18, No. 1, PP. 115-135.
51
52. Sharifi, A., 2006, Social Justice and the City: An Analysis of Regional Disparities in Ahvaz City, Phd Thesis of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
52
53. Sharpley, R., 2002, Rural Tourism and the Challenge of Tourism Diversification: The Case of Cyprus, Tourism Management, Vol. 23, No. 3, PP. 233-244.
53
54. Shokuei, H., 2003, Environmental Philosophies and Geographical School, Tehran, Geography and Cartography Institution.
54
55. Shokuei, H., and Mousa Kazemi, M., 1999, The Socio-Economic Component of Sustainable Urban Development, Case Study: Qom, Tabriz, The First Conference of Sustainable Development Management in Urban Areas, Tabriz University, PP. 120-129.
55
56. Smith, M. D., and Krannich, R. S., 2000, Culture Clash Revisited: Newcomer and Longer-Term Residents' Attitudes Toward Land Use, Development, and Environmental Issues in Rural Communities in the Rocky Mountain West, Rural Sociology, Vol. 65, No. 3, PP. 396-421.
56
57. Soja, E. W., 2010, Seeking for Spatial Justice, University of Minnesota, USA.
57
58. Su, B., 2011, Rural Tourism in China, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 6, PP. 1438-1441.
58
59. Tarrant, M. A., and Cordell, H. K., 2010, Environmental Justice and the Spatial Distribution of Outdoor Recreation Sites: An Application of Geographic Information Systems, Journal of Leisure Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, P. 18.
59
60. Thompson, C., 2014, Solving Housing Challenges: Examples from a Rural Non-Profit Housing Agency, Housing and Society, Vol. 41, No. 2, PP. 337-342.
60
61. Yari Hesar, A., and Bakhtar, S., 2016, Evaluation of Rural Sustainable Tourism Indicators From the Perspective of the Local Community and Tourists (Case Study: City of Nir), Journal of Regional Planning, Vol. 6, No. 22, PP. 11-134. (In Persian)
61
62. Ziaabadi, M., Zare Mehrjerdi, M. R., Jalali, A., and Mehrabi, H., 2016, The Measurement of Sustainable Tourism Using the Sustainability Compound Index and Mathematical Programming Models, Journal of Applied Economics Theories, Vol. 3, No. 2, PP. 77-100. (In Persian)
62
63. Ziari, K., 2002, Urban Landuse Planning (Case Study: Minab), Geographical Research of Autumn and Summer, , PP. 63-78. (In Persian).
63
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Housing Economics and Productivity of Housing Production, Sanandaj, Iran
Introduction
Housing as one of the stellar biological needs of human beings has attracted a major theoretical, technological, and materialistic attentions of many researchers. During history, meeting this need and its quality has been dependent on cultural, environmental, historical, economical, and technological conditions. World population and urban life's intense increase more than 50 % and it is expected to increase more than 68 % by 2050. This turned the challenging problem of housing into a crisis. This problem is of greater importance in developing countries due to the fact that their societies are mainly constituted by low-Income (middle-class) people. In Sanandaj, in addition to the situation we see the national level of housing sector that is due to population growth and intense urban life growth. In the region, other factors like general level of income have caused shortage of house especially among weak people who are about 35% of the population there.
In housing market, there are a lot of related economical indices such as family saving, cost and income, profitability rate of land and housing market, land and house price and productivity of housing production factors. This study tries to probe into principal economic reasons of increased gap between offer and demand in housing sector in Sanandaj.
Methodology
The study is an applied research conducted through a descriptive-analytic method. To collect data, we have used library-based and field method for the needed data. The data have been gathered through formal sources like Iran Census Center and Iran Central Bank.
Results and discussion
Changes in housing quantity have been considered for studying housing market and influential economic condition of this sector. Based on the obtained results, the gap between housing offer and effective demand is increased since 1976 so that the ratio of number of families to number of houses is reduced from 1.0015 in 1976 to 1.15 in 2006. Furthermore, house shortage rate in Sanandaj in comparison with the number of families, without considering demolition rate, is 10760 units.
Land and house price, and lease cost are significant indices for analyzing supply and demand in housing market. Annual growth of land in the abovementioned period of time (1976-2006) is 31.15% while cost experienced 25% growth.
By comparing house and land cost rate growth and inflation growth rate, it is possible to perceive the importance of house in economical transactions which can also lead to brokerage growth. During this period of time, land, house, and leasing cost growth rate have been always more than inflation rate (17.4).
At the same time, Sanandaj families' income growth rate in this period has increased to 16.6 which can be interpreted as a huge gap between potential and effective demand in a 28% growth in land price and a 31% growth in housing price. Family saving as a main source of renting house with a fixed price of has been always negative except in four years; whereas, banks loans , on the average, in the last ten years has decreased from 67% to 10.6% in 2002.
The average bank loan is increased from 81 million Rials in 2002 to 192.6 million Rials in 2010. The other main index is the economical profitability of land market in comparison with the profitability rate of house construction market in which we have witnessed an annual growth in both of them. However, at the end of the period, the profitability rate of house construction is 5 times more than that of the land. The productivity rate of renting house has been studied based on the interpretation of the factors. Therefore, the productivity rate of capital with a fixed rate has been positive. The growth rate of added value in housing sector in this period, on average, has been 30.25; that is, for any Rial investment, there is a 30.25 Rial added value. Also, the productivity rate of land that was 1.017 units in 2002, has remarkably reached 2.55 units in 2010. The productivity rate of work force is increased from 5.2 in 2002 to 22.9 in 2007. In other words, any work force has provided 22.9 million Rials added value in housing sector. Its average annual growth has been 34.5 during this period.
Conclusion
Results of the study have demonstrated that housing has not been a problem by 1976. However, at the end of the period, 1976-2006, we have encountered, first, a problem called houselessness and house-badness specifically in obliterated fabrics in Sanandaj city, and second, a house shortage of 15% of in its inventory. Based on the obtained results from housing economic indices and its financial production mechanism, accentuation on family savings for its financial renting seems fruitless. The continuous growth in house price with its remarkable added value can indicate that by omitting and reducing land price, the cost of house construction will be transmitted to the other sources and methods of house financial provisions such as bank facilities growth to 80% for house purchase and construction, deposit loans, tax exemption, and activating financial sources of the private sector. We can also pace towards social housing production methods, rent on the condition of owning and eventual construction.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51258_6ea024750228e3b02daa067f6137e804.pdf
2019-09-23
571
586
10.22059/jhgr.2014.51258
Inflation
costs and benefitd portfolios
Profitability Rate
productivity
Offer and Demand
Keramatollah
Ziari
zayyari@ut.ac.ir
1
Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Pourahmad
2
Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Hataminejad
hataminejad@ut.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Akbar
Mohammadi
akbarmoh@gmail.com
4
PhD Candidate in Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Paroblems, Taavon Monthly, No, 29, New Edition, Ministry of Cooperation, February, PP. 35-47. (In Persian)
1
Aghasi, R., 1993, A Geographical Analysis of Housingin Tehran, Doctrate Dissertation, Azad University, Tehran Branch, Undersupervision Ofdr, Hosein Shokuhi
2
Arabi, N., 2009, A Brief Look of Tehran Housing Market Features (During 2001-2009), Urban Economy Quarterly,1st, No. 4, PP. 20-31, Tehran.
3
Behboodi, D., and Meipour, S., 2007, International Trade, Oreaflow of Knowledgedge and Productivity of Whole Production Factors in Iran, New Trade and Economy Quarterly, No 9, PP. 33-55, Tehran.
4
Case, K. E., Quigley, J. M., and Shiller, R. J., 2005, Comparing Wealth Effects: The Stock Market Versus the Housing Market, Advances in Macroeconomics, Vol. 5, No. 1,PP. 2-32.
5
Cullingworth, B., 1997, Plannig in the Sua, Policies and Processes, Routledge, London and Newyork.
6
Dezhkam, Z., 1994, The Govermment and the Question of Housing, A Collection of Semminar Articles of Housing Development in Iran, Ministry O Housing and Urban Development, Vol 1, 1ST.
7
Etemad, G., 1990, House Owning and Its Impact on Organizing Urban Environment, Architecture and Urban Derelopment, No. 9., Rasht. (In Persian)
8
Feregans, B., and Smith, P., 2009, Gradual Housing Financial Provision; Current Sitution and Development Perspective, Translated by Rezvan, Saiedi, H., City Economics Quarterly,1st Year, No. 4, PP. 32-55, Tehran. (In Persian)
9
10. Habibi, S. M., 1994, Providing Shelter or Providing Settlement Appropriate Enviroment, A Collection of Articles of Housing Development Policies Seminar in Iran Ministry of Housing Development, Land and Housing Organization, PP. 379- 391. (In Persian)
10
11. Habibi, M., and Ahari, Z., 1995, An Analysis on Urban Housing Reseearch in Iran, A Collection of Articles of 2nd Seminar of Housing Development Policies in Iran, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, University of Ttehran, 1995, PP.136-150. (In Persian)
11
12. Hadizadeh, M., 2003, Margain Settling and Solution for Organizing it Globally, Ferdosi University Publictions, 1st Edition, Meshad. (In Persian)
12
13. Heidari, Ch., Tabaazgami, R., S. Kh, 2010, The Role City Development Straegy (C.D.S) in Urban Low-Income Groups Housing Provision Policies a Case Study of Rasht, Human Geography Research, Quarterly, No, 73, Fall, 2002, PP. 59-82. (In Persian)
13
14. Johe, C., 2010, A Practical Guide for Conducting Housing Profiles, Supporting Evidence-Based Housing Policy and Reform, UN Habitat, Nairobi.
14
15. Karami, A., 2007, Study on Housing Market Pricesin in Iran Based on Government Policies, Tabbire Eghtesad Research Institate, 1ST Edition, Tehran. (In Persian)
15
16. Khiabani, N., 2003, Influential Factors of Iran Housing Price, Housing Economics Quarterly, Land and Housing National Organization, No. 34, PP. 46-53, Tehran. (In Persian)
16
17. Khodai, Z., Mireh, M., 2011, A Review on Global Experience Of Housing Provision Of Urban LOW- INCOME Groups, The 1st Conference of Urban Economy, Ferdosi University, Meshad.
17
18. Majedi, H., 2009, Studying Urban Land And Housing Policies In Iran, Urban Economics Quarterly, 1st Year, No.4 Tehran, Pp.20-31.
18
19. Malpezzi, S., 1990, Urban Housing And Financial. Markets: Some International, Funding Communiy Initiatives, London: Earthscan.
19
20. Mireh, M., 2009, Policies Andpattern Ofhousing Planning of Drban LOW- INCOME Groups, Case S Tudy: Qom, Doctrate Dissertation of Urban Planning Under Superrvision Ofdr, Keramatollah Ziari, Faculty Ofgeography, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
20
21. Rafiei, M., 2000, Urban Housing Towads Local Planning, Municipality Monthly, No.19, PP. 26-40.
21
22. Tibaijuka, A., 2010, Housing as a Strategy for Poverty Reduction, UN Habitat (The Global Urban Economic Dialogue Series), Nairobi.
22
23. www.census.gov./population/popclkworld.
23
24. Yazdani Borujeni, F., 2003, Housing Investment Market, Backgrounds and Frameworks, Housing Economics Quarterly, No. 34, Fall, 2003, PP. 4-17. (In Persian)
24
25. Zhang, Q., X., 2011, Housing Finance Mechanisms in Mexico, UN Habitat, The Human Settlement Finance Systems Series. Nairobi.
25
26. Ziarati, K., Mahdnezhad, H., Parhiz, F., and Aghajani, M., 2010, Study of Housing Condition of Low- Income Groups and Estimating Low- Income Groups Housing (Case Study: Hormozgan Province), Geographical Researches Quarterly, No. 98, Article No. 739, Fall, PP. 29-55. (In Persian)
26
27. Iran Census Center, 2011, Introductory Results of General Census of People and House, Tehran. (In Persian)
27
28. Iran Census Center,1976, The Results of General Census of People and House, In Kurdistan Province, Sanandaj, Tehran. (In Persian)
28
29. Iran Census Center, 1986, The Results of General Census of People and Hous, In Ku Rdistan Provincie, Sanandaj, Tehran. (In Persian)
29
30. Iran Census Center, 1996, The Results of General Census of People and House, In Kurdistan Province, Sanandaj, Tehran. (In Persian)
30
31. Iran Census Center, 2006, The Results of General Census of People and House, In Kurdistan Province, Sanandaj, Tehran. (In Persian)
31
32. Iran Census Center, 2001-2011, Family Costand Income Census Project, Tehran. (In Persian)
32
33. Iran Census Center, 2002-2011, A Ten- Year Census Annual Book of Kurditan Province, Tehran. (In Persian)
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Spatial Analysis of Kolapa Vertical Parking in Hamedan City Using Hierarchical Analysis
Introduction
In today's modern cities, urban road network is important as the vital arteries of the city. Increasing population and urban development, on the one hand, and the increasing use of private cars on the other, as well as low street widths, especially in the central part of the city, caused many problems such as increase in the marginal park, limiting visibility for drivers at intersections, reduced safety and other adverse psychological effects on citizens. Hence, a efficient site selection for public parking places can increase the efficiency of parking, thereby reducing the marginal park and indirectly increasing the width of the streets for better traffic flow. Today, due to limited spaces, vertical parking can be optimized to increase the service of a large amount of vehicles. Class parking can be effective when it comes to spatially-appropriate spatial location. Accordingly, the main issue of this research is the spatial analysis of the Kolapa vertical parking in Hamedan. The site selection for suitable parking lots can make urban management more efficient.
Methodology
The present study is an applied research using a descriptive-analytic method. In this research, the library-documentary method has been used to formulate theoretical foundations. In order to know the scope of the study and to investigate the current situation and the reasons for the success and failure of the Kolapa's parking in Hamedan, we have been used to attract vehicle owners, field observations, and direct observation and survey methods. The data gathering tool in this research was the use of statistical resources, library, and comprehensive plans of Hamadan city, direct observation and field observations. In this research, Hierarchical Analytic Analysis (AHP) method has been used to evaluate the criteria and select the appropriate location for the new public parking in the study area.
Results and discussion
According to available evidence, Kolapa neighborhood is located in district 2 of Hamadan's Bou Ali streets. Bou-Ali Boulevard, with its well access to the commercial and administrative services has a lot of traffic throughout the day. In most cases, the marginal parks located on this street prevent it from functioning properly, so those in many cases we see stop of cars on this street. The passageways of this place are not suitable for the pavement, and in many cases, after the extension of some streets and alleys, traffic barriers, such as electric light beams, have not been displaced. The cars parked along the streets have caused a lot of problems for the residents. These problems can be solved by regulating the local transport situation at the neighborhood level.
The network governing the Kolapa neighborhood as a spiral grid is an inseparable characteristic of this local network. The network, with its initial design of at least 5 years ago, has gradually retreated over time, with the implementation of detailed plans as well as the guiding principles. The occurrence of irregularities with ups and downs has been irregular. Also, lack of proper coverage has slowed down the traffic and communication problems of the winter season. Other inappropriate factors on this network are the existence of alleys with many deadlock alleys.
Vertical Classical parking Kolapa is a private parking garage with a total area of 1200 square meters and is located in the 6th floor in the kKolapa neighborhood, one of the most crowded neighborhoods in the city of Hamedan. The capacity of the parking lot is 150 cars, with average of 50 vehicles per day in this parking lot. Weekends (Thursdays and Fridays) are quieter than other days due to the fact that Bou Ali Avenue has more administrative and commercial applications. On holidays, the percentage of visitors to this street is reduced. The following table shows the average number of car parks during the week.
Conclusion
The results of the study determined the selected points and compared them with other regions. The results indicate that site 5 is a subway ground and accessed from Bou Ali and Mesopotamia. This is a suitable place for constructing class parking. It is located in the town of Kolapa in the city of Hamedan. It became clear that the existing parking is option number 4. It is an unsuitable place for parking and its location and construction is unsuitable for the drivers. Some of these reasons are:
The existence of a huge vacant land in the center of the Kolapa neighborhood near the current vertical parking has made it difficult for drivers to park their vehicles. The Kolapa Parking does not have enough access to the main street (Bou Ali), and drivers who travel to Bou Ali Boulvard and to the vertical parking from main Alley. Another reason for not using the vertical parking is the presence of parking in narrow and enclosed alley.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64076_f721b4b6a62a8ac57f9f731527393445.pdf
2019-09-23
587
602
10.22059/jhgr.2017.234052.1007466
street capacity
location
parking
Kolapa Parking
Hamedan
Mohammad
Gholami
gholami556@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor of geography, Payame Noor University, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Valiollah
Nazari
ghale.shohada826@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor of geography, Farhangian University, Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Samadian
3
MA in urban planning, Allameh Dehkhoda University, Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
حسینیلقب، غلامحسین و همکاران، 1391، تحلیلیجغرافیاییبروضعیتکاربریپارکینگدرشهرگناوهبااستفادهاز مدل AHP، مطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری منطقهای، دورة چهارم، شمارة 13، صص 95 – 114.
1
سجاد زاده، حسن و سجاد زلفی گل، 1394، نقش طراحی شهری در بازآفرینی محلات سنتی با رویکرد محرک توسعه نمونه موردی: محله کلپا همدان، آمایش محیط، دوره هشتم، شماره 31، زمستان، صص 147-171
2
سرائی، محمدحسین و روحالله قانعی بافقی، 1390، ارزیابی و مکانیابی پارکینگهای عمومی در بافت مرکزی شهر یزد، چشمانداز جغرافیایی، دورة ششم، شمارة 15، صص 70-88.
3
سلیمانی، علیرضا و همکاران، 1393، مکانیابی پارکینگهای طبقاتی برای CBD شهرهای میانهاندام با ابزار GIS (نمونة موردی: شهر مراغه)، فصلنامة جغرافیایی چشمانداز زاگرس، دورة ششم، شمارة 20، صص 117 - 135.
4
شهابی، هیمن و همکاران، 1390، مقایسه و ارزیابی روشهای رتبهای و AHP در مکانیابی پارکینگها (مطالعة موردی: ناحیة 4 منطقة 15 تهران)، تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی (علوم جغرافیایی)، دورة هجدهم، شمارة 21، صص 111-129.
5
طالبی، رضا، 1389، مکانگزینی بهینة پارکینگهای طبقاتی شهر تهران؛ مطالعة موردی: منطقة هفت شهرداری تهران (با بررسی روشهای مختلف وزندهی و تلفیق اطلاعات نظیر وزندهی تخصیص امتیاز، AHP Nine Degree و Fuzzy AHP و روش همپوشانی شاخص و فازی بهعنوان روش تلفیق)، فصلنامة مدیریت شهری، دورة هشتم، شمارة 26، صص 119-132.
6
کامیابی، سعید و سید مجتبی طاهری، 1394، بررسی و مکانیابی مراکز پارکینگ طبقاتی با استفاده از روش AHP و TOPSIS (مطالعة موردی: شهر سمنان)، فصلنامة مطالعات برنامهریزی شهری، سال سوم، شمارة 9، صص 27-44.
7
محمدی، جمال و همکاران، 1391، مکانیابی پارکینگهای عمومی شهر کازرون، فصلنامة جغرافیا، سال دهم، شمارة 34، صص 213-232.
8
مختاری ملکآبادی، رضا، 1388، تحلیلی بر برنامهریزی کاربردی پارکینگ در شهر اصفهان با استفاده از مدلهای کاربردی برنامهریزی منطقهای، مطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای، دورة اول، شمارة 3، صص 115- 134.
9
مشکینی، ابوالفضل و همکاران، 1390، تعیین موقعیت بهینة فضا- مکانی پارکینگ طبقاتی با رویکرد MCDM-GIS؛ مطالعه موردی منطقة 6 تهران، آمایش محیط، دورة چهارم، شمارة 13، صص 1-20.
10
ملکی، سعید و رضا زارعی، 1391، ارزیابی و مکانیابی پارکینگهای طبقاتی با استفاده از مدل AHP. مطالعة موردی؛ شهر اهواز، جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی، دورة اول، شمارة 3، صص 60-62.
11
یغفوری، حسین و همکاران، 1395، بررسی توزیع فضایی-مکانی پارکینگهای عمومی و مکانیابی بهینة آن (مطالعة موردی: منطقة 2 و 8 شهرداری شیراز)، پژوهش و برنامهریزی شهری، دورة هفتم، شمارة 24، صص 173-190.
12
13. Hosseini Laqab, GH., et al., 2012, Geographic Analysis on the Parking Situation in the City Ganaveh by Using AHP, Studies Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 4, No. 13, PP. 95-114. (In Persian)
13
14. Kamyabi, S., and Taheri, S. M., 2015, Study and Locate Centers Parking by Using AHP and TOPSIS (Case Study: Semnan), Studies Urban Planning, No. 9, PP. 27 44. (In Persian)
14
15. Levy, N., and Benenson, I., 2015, GIS-Based Method for Assessing City Parking Patterns, Journal of Transport Geography, No. 46, PP. 220–231.
15
16. Maleki, S., and Zareyi, R., 2012, Assessment and Locating Parking by Using AHP, Case Study: Ahvaz, Geography and Environmental Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3, PP. 60-62. (In Persian)
16
17. Margreiter, M., 2017, Determination of the Parking Place Availability Using Data Collection Enriched by Crowdsourced In-Vehicle Data,Transportation Reserche Procedia 25, PP. 497-510
17
18. Meshkini, A., et al., 2011, Determining the Optimal Position Where Parking Space with Approach MCDM-GIS: A Case Study: District 6 of Tehran, Environmental Planning, Vol. 4, No. 13, PP. 1-20. (In Persian)
18
19. Mohammadi, J., et al., 2012, A Public Parking Location City Kazeron, Geography, New Era, No. 34, PP. 213-232. (In Persian)
19
20. Mokhtari Malekabadi, R., 2009, Analysis of the Functional Planning of Parking in the Esfahan City with Using Functional Models of Regional Planning, Urban and Regional Studies and Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, PP. 115-134. (In Persian)
20
21. Patel, M., and Dave, S., 2016, Modeling the Response to Paid on Street Parking Policy for Two Wheelers and Four Wheelers on Busy Urban Streets of CBD Area –A Case Study of Surat City, Transportation Research Procedia 17, PP. 576-585.
21
22. Sajjad Zadeh, H., and Zolfi Gol, S., 2015, Traditional Neighborhood Design Urban Regeneration by Stimulating the Development of a Approach.Case Study: Kolpa Neighborhood of Hamadan, Environmental Planning, Winter, Vol. 8, No. 31, PP. 147-171. (In Persian)
22
23. Saraei, M. H., and Qaneei Bafghi, R., 2011, Evaluation and Location of Public Parking in the Central Part of the City of Yazd, The Geographical Landscape, Vol. 6, No. 15, PP. 70–88. (In Persian)
23
24. Shaaban, K., and Pandeb, A., 2015, Classification Tree Analysis of Factors Affecting Parking Choices in Qatar, Case Studies on Transport Policy Xxx (2015) Xxx–Xxx.
24
25. Shahabi, H., et al., 2011, Comparison of the Methods Rank and AHP Locations Parking Site (Case Study: Region 4 District 15 of Tehran), Applied Research Geographical Sciences (Science Longitude), Vol. 18, No. 21, PP. 111–129. (In Persian)
25
26. Soleimani, A., et al., 2014, Locate a Parking of the CBD Cities of the Middle Organs by Means of GIS (Case Study: Maragheh), Geographical Perspective Zagros, Summer, Vol. 6, No. 20, PP. 117–135. (In Persian)
26
27. Szumilas, A., and Pach, P., 2017, Review of Parking Policies in the Case of Medium-Sized Polish Cities, Procedia Engineering 192, PP. 863–868.
27
28. Talebi, R., 2010, Site Selection of the Optimum Parking Classes in Tehran: The Case Seventh Zone of Tehran (With Different Methods of Weighting and Combining Information Such as Weighting Allocating Points, AHP Nine Degree and Fuzzy AHP and Index Overlay Method and the Phase of Compilation), Journal of Urban Management, Vol. 8, No. 26, PP. 119–132. (In Persian)
28
29. Tetsuharu, O., and Hiroyuki, I., 2013, Spatial Analysis of Surface Parking Lots Location and Cityccape Preservation in Historic Central Distric: Case Studies in Kyoto and Philadelphia, 13th WCTR, July, 15-18, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
29
30. Thanh, T., and Friedrich, H., 2017, Legalizing the Illegal Parking, A Solution for Parking Scarcity in Developing Countries, Transportation Research Procedia 25.
30
31. Vasconcelos, A. S., and Farias, T. L., 2017, The Effect of Parking in Local Accessibility Indicators: Application to Two Different Neighborhoods in the City of Lisbon, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, No. 6, PP. 133–142.
31
32. Yagfori, H., et al., 2016, Investigate the Spatial Distribution Public Parking and Locating Optimal (Case Study: District 2 and 8 of Shiraz), Research and Urban Planning, Vol. 7, No. 24, PP. 173–190. (In Persian).
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Role of Delimiting Neighborhoods in its Social Cohesion and Integration (Case study: Mozafari and Al-Qadir Neighborhood of Kerman)
Introduction
For urban sociology, urban neighborhoods are considered as the concept of real social units. They, to a certain extent, have been emerged accidentally and unconsciously. These have been developed in sustainable and definite form, including certain privacy over the time. Thus, in the past, most of the cities developed in Iran had a certain name and specific social characteristics. Sometimes, this kind of classification is referred to geographical classification of city which brings up a specific name for it. The present research has put forward this question: which factors have brought about the unity and cohesion of neighborhood in delimiting boundaries of the historic neighborhoods of Kerman? the associated problem is referred to significance differences in delimiting neighborhood in the past and that of the present time. The necessity of this study is the adaptation of a new approach in neighborhood and urban division. As the current procedure is based on providing services and determining the levels of urban division, it has always been pursued, regardless of establishing adjacent neighborhoods. The separation of neighborhoods may present the principles of cohesive. Various urban units such as neighborhoods are integrated with each other through urban interfaces or boundary elements and components. In fact, the relationship between various urban neighborhoods has been underpinned by these interfaces than internal elements and components of each unit. With more investigation in study conducted on neighborhood and relevant purpose and approaches to the present study, it is obvious that few studies have been conducted on the concept of delimiting neighborhoods.
Methodology
In this study, qualitative research approach has been applied using content analysis method related to neighborhood division, delimiting neighborhoods, and the concept of city as a whole. The new theory of sciences is related to philosophical views, as well. We have analyzed relevant documents such as maps and aerial photographs related to neighborhood divisions in the past and present. By reviewing valid pervasive literature covering cohesion and integration issues, 14 indicators have been explored for their evaluation. Al-Qadir and Mozafari neighborhoods in Kerman have been selected as case samples. Then, questionnaires have been designed to evaluate indicators evaluated through the likert scale. To validate the 150 questionnaires of this study, we have used SPSS software. The sampling method is a proportional volume cluster in which the number of samples has been selected based on each neighborhood population. The first respondent has been selected accidentally using neighborhood’s map and other respondents have been selected using systematic distance. After filling in questionnaires and adding data to SPSS Software, factor analysis has been used to analyze questionnaire data and to find the important and influential factors in each neighborhood. Finally, some suggestions and strategies have been developed to ameliorate the possibility of neighborhood cohesion using factor analysis and comparing them to each other.
Results and discussion
The findings has revealed that factors with the highest proportion in defining residential neighborhood cohesion are including access to boundary, access to communities in boundary, the quality of social interaction, dynamic and vitality condition of boundary, and appropriate pavement in boundary. The historical neighborhood of Mozafari shows the maximum integration resulted in the highest amount of cohesion. The highest and the lowest differences are referred to “access to boundary” and “having appropriate pavement”. Among all mentioned factors, only “appropriate pavement” shows a similar condition in both neighborhoods. In other factors, the highest degree is obtained by Mozafari neighborhood. In other words, the environment of neighborhoods boundary or their interfaces plays a significant role in promoting interconnectivity and social cohesion of neighborhoods. Actually, if boundaries got social interactions, the role of boundaries as connecting axis rather than a separation edge will be highlighted.
Conclusion
In delimiting neighborhoods, social, physical, and historical factors should be determined to divide neighborhood. Some residential neighborhoods present social factors as social correlation in which specific physical-spatial structure has often been manifested. However, dividing neighborhoods has developed main activities in neighborhoods with no social factor to link the community potential. The center of neighborhood is a major spatial factor in recognizing it, particularly when it is to be more attuned to social needs. Therefore, centers such as mosque should be delimited in separate neighborhoods. Finally, planning and designing these centers as urban environment on the scale of the neighborhood may improve social interactions.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64075_5b84dd7d7e5205fbb4c95bdc4d58aec2.pdf
2019-09-23
603
624
10.22059/jhgr.2017.237211.1007492
Iranian neighborhood
delimiting boundary
cohesion
interface
Kerman
Nasrin
Mohammadi Zadeh
n.mohammadizadeh@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil, Architecture and Arts, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid
Majedi
majedi_h@yahoo.com
2
Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil, Architecture and Arts, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra Sadat
Saeedeh Zarabadi
zarabadi.s@gmail.com
3
Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil, Architecture and Arts, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
اردلان، نادر و لاله بختیار، 1390، حس وحدت: سنت تصوف در معماری ایرانی، ترجمة ونداد جلیلی، علم معمار رویال (نشر اثر اصلی، 1973)، تهران.
1
الکساندر، کریستوفر (1387)، زبان الگو: شهرها، ترجمة رضا کربلایی نوری، مرکز مطالعاتی و تحقیقاتی شهرسازی و معماری (نشر اثر اصلی، 1977)، تهران.
2
باطنی، محمدرضا . 1378. فرهنگ معاصر انگلیسی- فارسی. ویراست دوم.تهران: نشر فرهنگ معاصر.
3
توسلی، محمود، 1388، اصل ارتباط در طراحی شهری، هنرهای زیبا، شمارة 14، صص 32-37.
4
توسلی، محمود، 1388، طراحی شهری هنر نوکردن ساختار شهر همراه با چهار نمونة موردی، نشر محمود توسلی، تهران.
5
توسلی، محمود، 1376، اصول و روشهای طراحی شهری و فضاهای مسکونی در ایران، مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات شهرسازی و معماری ایران، تهران.
6
ثقهالاسلامی، عمیدالاسلام و بهناز امینزاده، 1388، رویکردی تحلیلی به شناخت مفهوم محله در شهرهای معاصر ایران، نشریة هنرهای زیبا، شمارة 39، صص 21-32.
7
ثقهالاسلامی، عمیدالاسلام، 1387، رویکردی تحلیلی به مفهوم محله در شهرهای معاصر ایران، رسالة دکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران.
8
حبیبی، سید محسن، 1382، چگونگی الگوپذیری و تجدید سازمان استخوانبندی محله، مجلة هنرهای زیبا، شمارة 13، صص 9-19.
9
چلبی، مسعود، 1372، وفاق اجتماعی، نامة علوم اجتماعی، شمارة 6، صص 5-17.
10
سلطانزاده، حسین، 1365، فضاهای شهری در بافتهای تاریخی، انتشارات فرهنگ و معماری، تهران، 1392.
11
شکوئی، حسین، 1365، جغرافیای اجتماعی شهرها، اکولوژی شهر، جهاد دانشگاهی، تهران.
12
عزیزی، محمدمهدی، 1385، محلة مسکونی پایدار؛ مطالعة موردی: نارمک، نشریة هنرهای زیبای دانشگاه تهران، شمارة 27، صص 11-24.
13
علیالحسابی، مهران و مریم عباسی، 1392، انسجام سیستماتیک در شهر و قوانین آن از دید نظریهپردازان، ماهنامة تخصصی شهر و منظر، شمارة 14، صص 14-19.
14
فکوهی، ناصر، 1390، انسانشناسی شهری، نشر نی، تهران.
15
فلامکی، محمدمنصور، 1374، باززندهسازی بناها و شهرهای تاریخی، چاپ سوم، دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
16
قاسمی اصفهانی، مروارید، 1385، اهل کجا هستیم؟ هویتبخشی به بافتهای مسکونی، نشر روزنه، تهران.
17
قدمی، مصطفی، 1383، پیشنهاد روش ترکیبی در فرایند محلهبندی شهری، همایش توسعة محلهای، توسعة شهر تهران، شهرداری تهران.
18
کیانی، مصطفی و همکاران، 1394، تداوم فضایی در معماری معاصر ایران بررسی میزان تأثیرپذیری معماری معاصر ایران از معماری غرب و معماری ایرانی، مجله: نقش جهان » پاییز 1394، سال پنجم - شماره 3 علمی-پژوهشی.ISC
19
مهاجری، ناهید، 1387، پایداری کالبدی در شهرهای سنتی ایران. فصلنامة علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست، دورة دهم، شمارة 3، صص129-121.
20
21. Alexander, C., 1965, The City Is Not a Tree, Architectural Form, 172 (April/ May).
21
22. Batty, M., 2007, Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models and 20, Fractals, USA: MIT University Press Group.
22
23. Barabasi, A. L., 2011, Linked: The New Science of Network, Perseus Publishing Cambridge, Massachusetts.
23
24. Barton, H., et al., 2003, Shaping Neighbourhoods: A Guidefor Health, Sustainability and Vitality, Spon Press, London Andnew Year.
24
25. Bovil, Carl ,2011, Fractal Geometry in Architecture and Design ,Boston.
25
26. Bucys, J., 2012, Understanding Coherence Between Functional and Compositional Structurs of the City: A Case Study of Local Centres in Vilnius, Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium, Santiago De Chile: PUC: 1-8.
26
27. Batty, M., 2010, Urban Modeling: Algorithms, Calibrations, Predictions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
27
28. Ben Hamouche, M., 2009, Can Chaos Theory Explain Complexity in Urban Fabric? Applications in Traditional Muslim Settlements, Nexus Network Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, PP. 217-242.
28
29. Bohm, D., 1980, Wholeness and the Implicate Order, Routledge, London.
29
30. Johnson, N., 2009, Chapter 1: Two`S Company, Tree Is Complexity, Simply Complexity, A Clear Guide to Complexity Theory, One World Publication, Oxford.
30
31. Im Sik, C., Zdravko, T., and Ivan, N., 2015, Towards an Integrated Urban Space Framework For Emerging Urban. 147-168.
31
32. 31. Morris, D., and Hess, K., 2012, Neighborhood Power, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, U.S.A.
32
33. Campbell, E., Henly, J. R., Elliott. D. S., and Irwin, K., 2009, Subjective Constructions of Neighborhood Boundaries: Lessons From a Qualitative Study of Four Neighborhoods, Journal Ofurban Affairs, Vol. 31, No. 4, PP. 461-490.
33
34. Carmona, M., 2014, The Place-Shaping Continuum: A Theory of Urban Design Process, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 19, No. 1, P. 2.
34
35. Chapman, D., 2011, Engaging Places: Localizing Urban Design and Development Planning, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 16, No. 4, PP. 511–530.
35
36. Cowan, R., 2005, The Dictionary of Urbanism, Street Wise Press, London.
36
37. Guest, A. M., and Lee, B. A, 1984, How Urbanites Define Their Neighborhoods, Population Andenvironment, Vol. 7, No. 1, PP. 32-56.
37
38. Perry, C. A., 2011, The Neighborhood Unit, Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs,Vol. 7, from http://codesproject.asu.edu/node/11.
38
39. Lee, T., 2010, Urban Neighborhood As a Socio-Spatial Schema, Human Relations,Vol. 21, No. 3, PP. 241-267.
39
40. Rapoport, A., 2001,The Role of Neighborhoods in the Success of Cities, Paper Presented at Thewse Symposium Defining Success of the City in the 21 Century, Berlin.
40
41. Chaskin, R. J., 1995, Defining Neighborhood: History, Theory and Practice, The Chapin Hallcenter For Children at the University of Chicago, Chicago.
41
42. Smith, M. E., 2010, The Archaeologic...Study of Neighborhoods and Districts Inancient Cities, Journal of Anthropologicalarchaeology, Vol. 29, No. 2, PP. 137-154.
42
43. Salingaros, N. A., 2003, Connecting The Fractal City, University of Texas at San Antonio, USA.
43
44. Salingaros, N. A., 2010, Complexity and Urban Coherence, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 1, No. 23, PP.291-316
44
45. Salingaros, N. A., 1997, Life and Comlexity in Architecture from a Thermodynamic Analogy Physics Essay,Vol. 10. PP. 165-173.
45
46. Salingaros, N. A., 2012. Urbanism as Computation In J. Portugali (Ed.), Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age, Springer. Israel
46
47. Salingaros, N. A., 2013, Unified Architectural Theory, Sustasis Foundation, Portland.
47
48. Smith, C. S., 2011, A Research for Structure, Cambridge, MIT Press.
48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Scenario Making for Land Subdivision in the Urban Development Process (Case Study: Marginal Areas of Semnan)
Introduction
Urban development planning has always been faced with new challenges of increasing complexities in the decision-making environment which makes it necessary to use new methods for predicting and preparing for the future. In this regard, as a new approach, the planning based on making scenarios will help identify and present different scenarios for making specific decisions in urban management. In the process of urban development, the subdivision of land has always been a controversial topic with regard to new developments.
Complexity and multi-dimensionality of urban development process have made its analysis difficult due to uncertainties and the probability of occurrence of various futures. The planning based on making scenarios is one of the common ways to deal with uncertainty in the environment. Unlike traditional planning methods, this approach develops potentially different views of the future and thus provides a basis for creating solutions and options suitable for different situations. In the planning of urban development, land subdivision is considered as the first stage of design. Investigation and analysis of the effects of different patterns of land subdivision in a vacant lot is an important part of urban development projects. Because of the various economic, social, and physical factors involved in the process of land subdivision, the need to examine their impacts is necessary. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to apply the factors affecting the subdivision of land plots and the presentation of its various patterns in the process of urban development with the approach of making scenarios. The basic tool used in this regard is the model developed by Dahal and Chow (2014). This model is based on vector space and automatic land division. Based on these properties, different patterns of land subdivision have been presented in different scenarios. A probable scenario has been selected for Semnan city as the case study of the research compatible to the characteristics of the city.
Methodology
In the present study, four factors of household dimensions, income level, land price, and access to urban centers were selected as independent variables and land area was selected as the dependent variable. This study is an applied research in terms of purpose with a descriptive-analytical method. The proposed modeling for land subdivision in the developed areas of Semnan is based on the comprehensive plan carried out in seven steps:
Step 1: Calculating the amount of land to develop the city in the comprehensive plan in horizon 2026.
Step 2: Determining the blocks in the developed margin area
Step 3: Determining the spatial value of each of margin blocks
Step 4: Providing a regression relation according to the factors affecting the size of the segments of the land
Step 5: Predicting income growth and land price in the comprehensive plan horizon (2026)
Step 6: Providing different scenarios for land division in the comprehensive plan horizon (2026)
Step 7: Conclusion and selection of the probable scenario
Results and discussion
The results of the significance of each independent variable in explaining the dependent variable have been presented in a regression relationship in Semnan city as the study area. According to the predictions of the comprehensive plan horizon (2026), we will need 86 hectares of land. The land subdivision modeling process has been conducted in seven steps. Basic tool was used to divide the land in the model presented by Dahal and Chow (2014) to divide large pieces of land based on size, shape, and direction. In this research, different scenarios have been presented through statistical methods. According to previous studies, accessibility, household dimension, land price, and household income level were selected as the main factors affecting the determination of the area of land segments. The effects of each of the factors were determined based on a regression relation in Semnan city. On the other hand, each identified margin block has a different spatial value based on two factors of accessibility and land price and the households tend to live in one of the margin blocks according to their economic power and suitability. Thus, it was assumed that higher-income households will live in blocks with higher land prices and better accessibility. Assuming that the regression relationship in comprehensive plan horizon (2026) holds the spatial value of each block, four different scenarios were presented for the subdivision of land segments using Dehal and Chow’s model (2014).
Conclusion
Given the variables and relationships presented to determine the size of separation segments, four possible scenarios are obtained and finally, according to the characteristics of the city of Semnan, the probable scenario is based on accommodation of low and medium level of income in margin area of city. It has been selected as the pattern of subdivision. In order to select a scenario which is more consistent with the future conditions of urban development in Semnan, we used the views of real estate agencies (6 real estate agencies) and 4 urban planning experts of Semnan municipality. Real estate agencies were asked to choose the probable scenario according to land price, land sale, mortgage, rent, and area of existing segmented lands in the margin neighborhoods of Semnan such as Rozieh Town, Janbazan Town, 400 Units and Mehr Housing Units. This is conducted according to people’s living standards and their willingness for housing in these neighborhoods. In addition, the urban experts of the municipality were asked to choose the desirable scenarios by considering the population increase in Semnan city by 2026. The variables are dependent upon the immigrant population, land price, the number of licenses issued for construction, the lack of facilities and land uses, and, finally the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of the inhabitants of the margin neighborhoods. By summing up the obtained comments, it seems that the scenario number four is the most likely option from the view of most experts.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64497_412958266fb3eda98042d7e5f1b44d13.pdf
2019-09-23
625
652
10.22059/jhgr.2018.238968.1007514
Scenario
Land Subdivision
Urban Land Use Planning
Detailed Plan
Seyyed Mojtaba
Ghazi Mirsaeed
sm.mirsaeed@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahmoud
Mohammadi
m.mohammadi4263@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Taleai
taleai@kntu.ac.ir
3
Associate Professor of Geodesy & Geomatics Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Somayyeh
Abolhasani
somaie.abolhassani@gmail.com
4
PhD Candidate in GIS, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
ابراهیمی، مهدی، حیدرخانی، هابیل، عبدالمحمدی، امیر، فیروزآبادی، آمنه و ناهید طیبی، 1391، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر رضایت مشتریان از مسکن شهری شهر اصفهان، نشریة تخصصی علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شوشتر، سال ششم، شمارة 18، صص 149-170.
1
اکبری، نعمتالله و ناصر یارمحمدیان، 1391، تحلیل دورههای رونق و رکود سرمایهگذاری خصوصی مسکن، نشریة مدیریت شهری، شمارة 30، صص 239-252.
2
بوستانی، حمیدرضا، رضایی دولتآبادی، حسین و مصطفی گوهریفر، 1393، برنامهریزی منطقهای بر مبنای سناریو با استفاده از فرایند تحلیل سلسلهمراتبی، موردشناسی: تعاون روستایی شهرهای رستم و نورآباد ممسنی، نشریة جغرافیا و آمایش شهری-منطقهای، شمارة 11، صص 67-84.
3
بهشتی، محمدباقر و نادر زالی، 1390، شناسایی عوامل کلیدی توسعة منطقهای با رویکرد برنامهریزی بر پایة سناریو: مطالعة موردی استان آذربایجان شرقی، فصلنامة برنامهریزی و آمایش فضا (مدرس علوم انسانی)، دورة 15، شمارة 1، صص 41-63.
4
حبیبی، لیلا و مریم جعفری مهرآبادی، 1389، آیندهپژوهی و آیندة کلانشهرها با تأکید بر کلانشهر تهران، فصلنامة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، سال دوم، شمارة 6، صص 97-110.
5
حقجو، محمدرضا، هادیان، هاله، بهزادی، غلامعلی، قائمیپور، مرتضی، رئیسی، حامد و سمیه رستمآبادی، 1392، تدوین الگوی راهنمای تهیة طرحهای تفکیک اراضی، سازمان نظاممهندسی ساختمان مازندران.
6
خاکپور، براتعلی و رضا صمدی، 1393، تحلیل و ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر قیمت زمین و مسکن در منطقة سه شهر مشهد، نشریة جغرافیا و آمایش شهری-منطقهای، شمارة 13، صص 21-38.
7
خدری، روناک، 1395، ارزیابی کارایی روشهای قطعهبندی اراضی بهمنظور استفاده در مدلسازی توسعة شهری، پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی عمران-نقشهبرداری دانشگاه خواجهنصیرالدین طوسی، به راهنمایی دکتر محمد کریمی.
8
خرمروز، حامدرضا و محمد طالعی، 1392، ارزیابی و اصلاح موقعیت مکانی ایستگاههای شبکة قطار شهری با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات مکانی و تصمیمگیری چندمعیاره، مطالعة موردی: خط سه قطار شهری تهران، نشریة برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا، دورة هفدهم. شمارة 1، صص 66-87.
9
دفتر تحقیقات کاربردی راهور، 1391، قوانین و مقررات راهور، چاپ اول. شرکت چاپ و انتشارات راه فردا، تهران.
10
رهنما، محمدرحیم، اسدی، امیر و مجتبی روستا، 1392، تحلیل توزیع فضایی قیمت زمین در شهر مشهد، فصلنامة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، سال پنجم، شمارة 18، صص 86-106.
11
زالی، نادر، 1390، آیندهنگاری راهبردی و سیاستگذاری منطقهای با رویکرد سناریونویسی، فصلنامة مطالعات راهبردی، سال چهاردهم، شمارة 4، صص 33-54.
12
زنگنه، یعقوب، سمیعیپور، داوود، حسینی، سید هادی و زکیه آبباریکی، 1391، بررسی روندها و انگیزههای مهاجرتهای درونشهری؛ مطالعة موردی: سبزوار، نشریة مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک، شمارة 7، صص 43-61.
13
طبیبیان، منوچهر، رضایی، ناصر و همایون نورایی، 1391، تبیین آثار مهاجرت درونشهری بر پایداری محیطهای مسکونی؛ مطالعة موردی: محلة کن، منطقة 5 تهران، مجلة محیطشناسی، شمارة 61، صص 141-154.
14
طرح جامع سمنان، 1394، مهندسان مشاور معماری و شهرسازی آرمانشهر، جلد 1-6.
15
عباسینژاد، حسین و کیهان شهاب لواسانی، 1393، پیشبینی دورههای رونق و رکود قیمت مسکن با استفاده از تجزیة موجک و شبکههای عصبی مصنوعی، فصلنامة تحقیقات مدلسازی اقتصادی، شمارة 18، صص 7-46.
16
فرامرزی، مهران، ابراهیمی، حمیدرضا و ناصر براتی، 1391، مفهوم تفکیک اراضی در گسترشهای جدید شهری، مطالعة موردی: الگوی تفکیک در شهر زنجان، فصلنامة باغ نظر، سال نهم، شمارة 23، صص 3-10.
17
قزلباش، سمیه، سجادی، ژیلا، صرافی، مظفر و محسن کلانتری، 1394، آیندهپژوهی به روش سناریونویسی تکوینی، چارچوبی برای پیوند علم و تجربه؛ مطالعة موردی: استان زنجان، فصلنامة جغرافیا، شمارة 47، صص 303- 324.
18
محمدزاده، پرویز، قنبری، ابوالفضل و رقیه ناظمفر، 1394، تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر انتخاب مکان واحدهای مسکونی با استفاده از مدل انتخاب گسسته؛ مطالعة موردی: شهر تبریز، فصلنامة اقتصاد و مدیریت شهری. سال سوم، شمارة 10، صص 95- 110.
19
مرکز آمار ایران، 1394، چکیدة نتایج طرح آمارگیری هزینه و درآمد خانوارهای روستایی و شهری سالهای 1394-1382، نشر مرکز آمار ایران، تهران.
20
مرکز آمار ایران، 1395، چکیدة نتایج طرح آمارگیری از قیمت زمین و اجارة مسکن در شهرهای منتخب، 1379- 1394، نشر مرکز آمار ایران، تهران.
21
مصاحب، مجدالدین، طالعی، محمد، عبادی، حمید و علی سلطانی، 1388، برآورد ریز شبیهساز دسترسی به خدمات شهری: روشی مبتنی بر سامانة اطلاعات مکانی و تلفیق حملونقل و کاربری، نشریة سنجشازدور و GIS ایران، سال اول، شمارة 2، صص 45-62.
22
23. Ebrahimi, M., Heidarkahni, H., Abdolmohammadi, A., Firozabadi, A., and Tayyebi, N., 2012, Studying the Effective Factors on Customers' Satisfaction of Urban Housing in Isfahan City, Professional Journal of Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shoshtar Unit, Vol. 6, No. 18, PP. 149-170. (In Persian)
23
24. Akbari, N., and YarMohammadian, N., 2012, Analyzing of Business Cycle of Private Residential Investment (Markov-Switching Vector Auto Regression Model), Journal of Urban Management, No. 30, PP. 239-252. (In Persian)
24
25. Bostani, H., Rezaee Dolat Abadi, H., and Goharifar, M., 2014, Regional Planning Based on Scenario with Using of Analytical Hierarchy Process, Case Study: Rural Cooperative of Rostam and Noor Abad Mamaseni Cities, Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, No. 11, PP. 67-84. (In Persian)
25
26. Beheshti, M. B., and Zali, N., 2011, Key Factors of Regioanal Development with Planning Approach Based on Scenarios, Case Study: East Azarbayejan, Quarterly Spatial Planning (Modares Human Science), Vol. 15, No. 1, PP. 41-63. (In Persian)
26
27. Habibi, L., and Jafari Mehr Abadi, M., 2010, Future Studies and Feature Metropolitans with Emphasis on Tehran Metropolitan, Quarterly of Geography and Urban Planning, Vol. 2, No. 6, PP. 97-110. (In Persian)
27
28. Haghjoo, M. R., Hadian, H., Behzadi, G., Ghaemipour, M., Raeisi, H., and Rostam Abadi, S., 2012, Compilation of Guide Template of Land Subdivision Plans, Mazandaran Engineering System Organization. (In Persian)
28
29. Khakpour, B., and Samadi, R., 2014, Analysis and Evaluation of Factors Affecting Land and Housing Prices in District No. 3 of Mashhad, Journal of Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, No. 13. PP. 21-38. (In Persian)
29
30. Khedri, R., 2016, Evaluate the Performance of Segmentation Methods in Modeling Urban Development Land, Dissertation for Master of Science, Civil-Survey Engineering, Supervisor: Dr. Mohammad Karimi, K. N. Toosi University of Technology. (In Persian)
30
31. Khoram Roz, H. R., and Talei, M., 2013, Evaluation and Reform of the Location of Metro Stations Using GIS and Multi Criteria Decision Making: A Case Study of Tehran, Quarterly Spatial Planning (Modares Human Science), Vol 17, No.1, PP. 66-87. (In Persian)
31
32. Office of Routs Applied Research, 2012, Rules and Regulations of Routs, 1st Edition, Rahe Farda Printing and Publishing Company, Tehran. (In Persian)
32
33. Rahnama, M. R., Asadi, A., and Rosta, M., 2013, Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Land Price in Mashhad, Quarterly of Geography and Urban Planning, Vol 5, No. 18, PP. 86-106. (In Persian)
33
34. Zali, N., 2011, Strategic Foresight and Policy Making with Scenario Building Approach, Quarterly Strategic Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, PP. 33-54. (In Persian)
34
35. Zanganeh, Y., 2012, Studying the Trend and Motivation of Inner Urban Immigration, Case Study: Sabzevar, Journal of Arid Regions Geographic's Studies. No. 7, PP. 43-61. (In Persian)
35
36. Tabibian, M., Rezaee, N., and Noraee, H., 2012, Explaining the Effects Inner Urban Immigration on Housing Environment Sustainability, Case Study: Kan Neighborhood, No. 5 Region of Tehran, Journal of Environment Studies, No. 61, PP. 141-154. (In Persian)
36
37. Semnan Comprehensive Plan, 2015, Armanshahr Architectural and Urban Planning Consulting Engineers, Vol. 1-6. (In Persian)
37
38. Shahab Lavasani K., and Abbasi Nejad, H., 2015, Forecasting the Hosing Booms or Busts Using Wavelet Decomposition and Artificial Neural Networks, Journal of Economic Modeling Research, No.18, PP.7-46. (In Persian)
38
39. Faramarzi, M., Ebrahimi, H., and Barati, N., 2012, An Investigation of Concept of Subdivision in New Urban Extensions, Case Study: Zanjan City, Quarterly Bagh-E Nazarm, Vol. 9, No. 23, PP. 3-10. (In Persian)
39
40. Ghezalbash, S., Sajadi, Z., Sarafi, M., and Kalantari, M., 2015, Future Studies Using Formative Scenario Analysis, A Framework to Integrate Science and Practice Case Study: Urban System of Zanjan Province, Quarterly of Geography, No. 47, PP. 303-324. (In Persian)
40
41. Mohammad Zadeh, P., Ghanbari, A., and Nazemifar, R., 2015, Determination the Factors Affecting the Choice of Residential Units Location, By Using the Discrete Choice Model (The Case of Tabriz), Journal of Urban Economics and Management, Vol. 3, No. 10, PP. 95-110. (In Persian)
41
42. Statistical Center of Iran, 2014, The Abstract Results of Census Plan of Expenses and Income of the Urban and Rural Households, 2003- 2014, Statistical Center of Iran Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
42
43. Statistical Center of Iran, 2015, The Abstract Results of Census Plan of Land Price and Housing Lease in Selected Cities, 2000- 2015, Statistical Center of Iran Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
43
44. Masaheb, M., Talei, M., Ebadi, H., and Soltani, A., 2009, Estimation of Micro-Simulator Access to Urban Services: A Method Based on the Information System and Integration of Transportation and Land Use, Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS Of Iran, Vol. 1, No. 2, PP. 45-62. (In Persian)
44
45. Alexandridis, K., and Pijanowski, B. C., 2007, Assessing Multiagent Parcelization Performance in the MABEL Simulation Model Using Monte Carlo Replication Experiments. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design,Vol. 34, No. 2, PP. 223-244.
45
46. Cowan, R., 2007, The Dictionary Of Urbanism, Streetwise Press, London.
46
47. Dahal, K. R., and Chow, T. E., 2014, A GIS Toolset for Automated Partitioning of Urban Lands. Environmental Modelling and Software, No. 55, PP. 222-234.
47
48. Demetriou, D., See, L. M., and Stillwell, J., 2012, Landparcels: A Module for Automated Land Partitioning, School of Geography, University of Leeds.
48
49. Geurs, K. T., and Van Wee, B., 2004, Accessibility Evaluation of Land-Use and Transport Strategies: Review and Research Directions, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 12, No. 2, PP. 127-140.
49
50. Goffette-Nagot, F., Reginster, I., and Thomas, I., 2011, Spatial Analysis of Residential Land Prices in Belgium: Accessibility, Linguistic Border, and Environmental Amenities. Regional Studies, Vol. 45, No. 9, PP. 1253-1268.
50
51. Kopits, E., Mcconnell, V., and Miles, D., 2012, Lot Size, Zoning, and Household Preferences, Housing Policy Debate, Vol. 22, No. 2, PP. 153-174.
51
52. Lindgren, M., and Bandhold, H., 2003, Scenario Planning, Palgrave.
52
53. Moreno, N. L., 2008, A Vector-Based Geographical Cellular Automata Model to Mitigate Scale Sensitivity and to Allow Objects' Geometric Transformation, Library and Archives Canada= Bibliothèque et Archives Canada.
53
54. Ozus, E., Dokmeci, V., Kiroglu, G., and Egdemir, G., 2007, Spatial Analysis of Residential Prices in Istanbul, European Planning Studies, Vol. 15, No. 5, PP. 707-721.
54
55. Snoek, M., 2003, The Use and Methodology of Scenario Making, European Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 26, No. 1, PP. 9-19.
55
56. Srour, I., Kockelman, K., and Dunn, T., 2002, Accessibility Indices: Connection to Residential Land Prices and Location Choices, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1805), PP. 25-34.
56
57. Stevens, D., Dragicevic, S., and Rothley, K., 2007, I-City: A GIS-CA Modeling Tool for Urban Planning and Decision Making, Environ. Model, Softw, No. 22, PP. 761-773.
57
58. Vanegas, C. A., Aliaga, D. G., Benes, B., and Waddell, P., 2009, Visualization of Simulated Urban Spaces: Inferring Parameterized Generation of Streets, Parcels and Aerial Imagery. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 15, No. 3, PP. 424-435.
58
59. Wakchaure, A. S., 2001, An Arcview Tool for Simulating Land Subdivision for Build Out Analysis, Thesis (Msc), Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia.
59
60. White, R., Engelen, G., and Uljee, I., 2015, Modeling Cities and Regions As Complex Systems: From Theory to Planning Applications, MIT Press.
60
61. Wickramasuriya, R., Chisholm, L. A., Puotinen, M., Gill, N., and Klepeis, P., 2011, An Automated Land Subdivision Tool for Urban and Regional Planning: Concepts, Implementation and Testing, Environmental Modelling and Software, Vol. 26, No. 12, PP. 1675-1684.
61
62. Wiseman, N., and Patterson, Z., 2016, Testing Block Subdivision Algorithms on Block Designs, Journal of Geographical Systems, Vol. 18, No. 1, PP. 17-43.
62
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Environmental Analysis of Urban Housing Indicators
(Case Study: Gorgan City)
IntroductionWith global demographic changes, cities have increasingly felt the need for housing. Residence as the most important need of people covers the largest space of the city. In small cities, more than 60% and in large cities and about 40% of all cities are covered by the residential land use. The economic and social importance of housing, in the one hand, and the employment and its relationship with many other sectors of the economy as an appropriate tool for the realization of economic policies on the other hand, has placed this sector at the center of public attention. Cognition and proper categorization of different architectural types can be helpful in better understanding of the space to achieve new design techniques. The present research consider the general framework of the housing in Gorgan city from the point of view of housing typology according to the indicators of housing planning in the triple urban areas.MethodologyThis study is an applied developmental research using a combination of descriptive, analytical and correlation methods. In order to collect data, we have used the field surveys and documentary studies and also researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consists of 53462 residential units in the study area. The sample size will be 384 residential units based on Cochran's formula distributed by multistage randomized sampling method. Reliability of the questionnaires is about 0.82 using Cronbach's alpha test. Data have been analyzed by using SPSS, Excel and ArcGIS software.Results and discussionIn the sample households, 53.6% of the total sample population is male and 46.4% is women. The variation of household density in the whole community of the sample based on the number of the family members indicates that the families of four people are 33.06 percent of the sample as the largest proportion of the total population of the sample. In the study of the index of the number of residential units, the largest proportion is 26% and belongs to a residential building with 6 to 8 units. The highest level of infrastructure in the triple areas is for buildings of 50 to 100 square meters. The area with 46.35% is the first class, in the second the value is 49.64%, and the third class cover 50.42% of the sample. However, the least abundance in first class belongs to buildings with an area of over 300 square meters with 2.43 percent, in the second and third district the buildings with an area of less than 50 square meters contain 3.0 percent and 3.36 percent, respectively. In studying the results of the land price index, the highest land price with 30.67% belongs to the group of 10 to 15 million Iranian Rials. The lowest proportion covers 9.33% for the lands with a value above 20 million Rials. The results of the type of materials index shows that the largest proportion belongs to residential buildings with brick materials (33.34%) and in the study of residential buildings life index, the largest share belongs to buildings with a lifetime of 1 to 10 years old (51.2%). The lowest proportion of residential buildings is over 20 years old (19.74%). The results of the tests indicates that among the five variables of typology, in the first region, the physical variables with a beta coefficient of 0.657 is in the first order, and the quantitative variables with a beta coefficient of 0.341 is in the second order. In the second region, qualitative variables with a beta coefficient of 0.409 are in the first order and the physical variables with a beta coefficient of 0.238 in the second order. In the third region, the physical variables with a beta coefficient of 0.623 are in the first order. The access variables with a beta coefficient of 0.325 have been verified and other variables of the typology have been eliminated from the equation.ConclusionBased on the results, the highest difference and diversity of housing in terms of typology is found in the second district of Gorgan and the least is in the first of the urban area. The diversity and differences is resulted from a wide variety of indices and components of housing in the second district, the variability of population, the different economic activities of the people living in this region, and the high percentage of immigrants to this area along with other indigenous inhabitants to the region. The different typology of the district 1 of Gorgan city is also resulted from its location in the best part of the city and the so-called top-notch region of the area. This shows the economic prosperity of people living in this area and the close cultural-social level of the inhabitants of the region. Same as similarity of the residential buildings of the area with each other, the access to all the facilities of the city show the least diverse in terms of indicators and components of the typology of the housing. The district 3, as it can be seen, has a moderate rank in terms of variety and distinction of typology. This can be attributed to the close proximity of the immigrant and indigenous peoples of this region in terms of social, economic and cultural aspects. These can be reflected by the housing structures and specifications of housing qualities.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64982_51128f206238968cdd087a2ef3392eb3.pdf
2019-09-23
653
674
10.22059/jhgr.2018.233806.1007464
Typology
housing indicators
stepwise linear regression
Gorgan City
Jafar
Mirkooli
g_katouli@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor, Faculty of Geography, Golestan University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mostafa
Arian Kia
mostafaariankia@gmail.com
2
MA in Geography and Urban Planning, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
ابراهیمزاده، عیسی و عزتاله قاسمی، 1394، ارزیابی شاخصهای کالبدی مسکن شهری با رویکرد توسعةه پایدار (مطالعة موردی: شهر سامان)، فصلنامة مطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای، سال 7هفتم، شمارة 26، صص 104-83.
1
ابراهیمزاده، عیسی و مصطفی صیدی، 1391، تحلیلی بر اسکان غیررسمی و تعیین ضریب تأثیر عاملها با استفاده از مدل تحلیل مسیر (مطالعة موردی: شاطرآباد کرمانشاه)، نشریة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی، سال 16شانزدهم، شمارة 41، صص22-1.
2
احدنژاد روشتی، محسن و سمیرا مرادیمفرد، 1392، نقش استراتژی توسعة شهری (CDS) در سیاستهای تأمین مسکن گروههای کمدرآمدکم درآمد شهری (مطالعة موردی: ناحیة صفرآباد و بیسیم شهر زنجان)، فصلنامة برنامهریزی منطقهای، سال3، شماره12، صص 48-35.
3
اسدی، احمد و محمدرضا پورمحمدی، 1393، ارزیابی پروژههای مسکن مهر شهر زنجان، نشریة تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، سال14، شمارة 33، صص 192-171.
4
ایزدی، حسن، برزگر، سپیده، پاکشیر، عبدالرضا و خلیل حاجیپور، 1393، سنجش ارزشهای محیطی اثرگذار بر رضایتمندی از محل سکونت (مطالعة موردی: معالیآباد شیراز)، فصلنامة جغرافیا و آمایش شهری-منطقهای، شمارة 11، صص 66-49.
5
آقاجانی، آرام، 1393، آسیبشناسی کالبدی مساکن روستایی با تأکید بر توسعه پایدار (مطالعة موردی: بخش مرکزی اصفهان، دهستان کرارج)، پایاننامة مقطع کارشناسی ارشد با راهنمایی دکتر علیاکبر نجفی کانی، دانشگاه گلستان.
6
بررّانی، مریم، مصیبزاده، علی و میرحجت موسوی، 1392، برآورد مسکن مورد نیاز شهر ارومیه تا افق سال 1395، همایش معماری پایدار و توسعة شهری.
7
پورمحمدی، محمدرضا و حسن محمودزاده، 1393، ارزیابی کیفی موقعیت مکانی کاربری مسکونی در شهر تبریز با روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی، نشریة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی، سال 19نوزدهم، شمارة 51، صص 80-59.
8
حسنپورلمر، سعید، ،1393، گونهشناسی خانههای سنتی شهرستان تالش (نمونةه موردی: روستای خاله سرا 57)، فصلنامة مسکن و محیط روستا، شمارة 147، صص 131- 117.
9
حکمتنیا، حسن و ژینوس انصاری، 1391، برنامهریزی مسکن شهر میبد با رویکرد توسعة پایدار، فصلنامة پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، شمارة 79، صص 207-191.
10
حکیمی، هادی، پورمحمدی، محمدرضا، پرهیزکار، اکبر، مشکینی، ابوالفضل، پورطاهری، مهدی، 1390، ارزیابی شاخصهای کمی و کیفی مسکن در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی ایران، مطالعه موردی: جمشیدآباد خوی، مجله جغرافیا و برنامهریزی محیطی، سال 22، شمارة 44.
11
راشدی اشرفی، بهروز، حقیقیفرد، مرتضی و سها پورمحمد، 1392، گونهشناسی مسکن در بافت قدیم شیراز (تا انتهای دوران قاجار در جهت استخراج مصادیق پایدار)، اولین کنفرانس ملی معماری و فضاهای شهری پایدار، مشهد، آذر.
12
ربیعیفر، ولیاآله، حقیقتنائینی، غلامرضا و فریبا قرایی، 1392، ارزیابی ابعاد کالبدی مسکن با رویکرد توسعة پایدار شهری (نمونة موردی: منطقة 8 شهر کرج)، فصلنامة معماری و شهرسازی آرمانشهر، دورة 6، شمارة 11، صص 321- 307.
13
رحمانی، محمد و مسعود مهدوی، 1390، تحلیلی بر مکانیابی اراضی مسکن در شهرهای اقماری با روش TOPSIS، (نمونة موردی: شهر صالحآباد همدان)، فصلنامة جغرافیایی آمایش محیط، شمارة 14، صص 194-165.
14
رحمانی، مریم، 1393، بررسی شاخصهای کمی و کیفی مسکن در سکونتگاههای رسمی و غیررسمی (مطالعة موردی: مناطق سه 3 و 4چهار مشهد)، پایاننامة مقطع کارشناسی ارشد به راهنمایی دکتر علیرضا خواجه شاهکویی، دانشگاه گلستان.
15
رضایی راد، هادی و مجتبی رفیعیان، 1391، سنجش فضایی کیفیت مسکن در شهر سبزوار با استفاده از روش تحلیلی، فصلنامة دانشکدة هنر، شمارة 8، صص 109-95.
16
رنجبر، احسان،؛ سادات موسوی سروینهباغی، الهه و نینا مرادی، نینا، 1394، گونهشناسی کالبدی میدانهای مرکز محلّه در بافت تاریخی گرگان، فصلنامة مطالعاتی شهر ایرانی اسلامی، شمارة 21، صص 78- 67.
17
زارعی، محمدابراهیم، 1394، گونهشناسی معماری مساجد محلهای شهر سنندج در دورة قاجار، فصلنامة مطالعاتی شهر ایرانی اسلامی، شمارة 19، صص 28-15.
18
سلطانزاده، حسین و قاسمینیا، مازیار، 1393، گونهشناسی ساختار کالبدی- کارکردی معماری مسکونی استان گلستان، فصلنامة آرمانشهر، شمارة 7، صص 15-1.
19
شعبانی، مرتضی و مجتبی رفیعیان، 1394، تحلیل شاخصهای خلاقیت شهری در نظام سکونتگاهی استان مازندران، فصلنامة جغرافیا و آمایش شهری- منطقهای، شمارة 16، صص 34-19.
20
شهبازی، کیومرث و زهرا کلانتری، 1391، اثرات شوکهای سیاستهای پولی و مالی بر متغیرهای بازار مسکن در ایران: رهیافت SVAR، فصلنامة پژوهشها و سیاستهای اقتصادی، سال 20، شمارة 61، صص 104-77.
21
صارمی، حمیدرضا و مریم ابراهیمپور، 1391، بررسی شاخصهای مسکن ایران و جهان، فصلنامة هویت شهر، شمارة 10، سال 6، صص 102-91.
22
ضرابی، اصغر و محمود محمودزاده، 1394، تحلیلی بر وضعیت مسکن استان اصفهان با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی و ویکور، فصلنامة برنامهریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)، سال 5، شمارة 1، صص 62-49.
23
عابدینی، اصغر، 1394، تحلیل تطبیقی شاخصهای مسکن در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی (مورد مطالعه: محلة اسلامآباد کشتارگاه ارومیه)، مسکن و فصلنامة مسکن و محیط روستا، شمارة 149، صص 66-51.
24
غمخوار، ایرج، کشوردوست، علیرضا، حسنپور، رضا و پری موسیپور میاندهی، 1392، بررسی شاخصهای کمی، کیفی و برآورد مسکن مورد نیاز شهر رشت در افق 1400، چشمانداز جغرافیایی در مطالعات انسانی، سال 8، شمارة 25، صص 95-95.
25
کشتکار، لیلا، امانپور، سعید، سلیمانیراد، اسماعیل و صادق مختاری چلچله، 1393، تخمین قیمت مسکن شهر اهواز با استفاده از شبکة عصبی، فصلنامة اقتصاد و مدیریت شهری، سال 3، شمارة 9، صص 57-45.
26
گمار، مونا و مجید شمس، 1394، ارزیابی شاخصهای کمی و کیفی مسکن در استان همدان (با تأکید بر اقشار کم درآمد)، فصلنامة برنامهریزی منطقهای، سال 5، شمارة 20، صص 68-55.
27
لطفی، صدیقه و زلیخا خیرخواه، 1391، بررسی کمی و کیفی و پیشبینی مسکن مورد نیاز (مطالعه موردی: شهر ساری افق 1400)، فصلنامة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری چشمانداز زاگرس، سال 4، شمارة 12، صص 58-41.
28
محمدزاده، رحمت و بخشوده، شهاب، 1392، درآمدی بر بازتولید فضاهای مسکونی در نواحی حاشیهنشین (مطالعه موردی: منطقه سیلاب تبریز)، نشریه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی، سال 17، شماره 42.
29
محمدزاده، رحمت، 1390، بررسی کیفیت عوامل فضایی و کالبدی فضاهای باز مجتمعهای مسکونی شهر جدید سهند، نشریة هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی، شمارة 47، صص 302-279.
30
محمدی، جمال، شاهسونی، محمدجاسم و نسرین شریفی، 1392، بررسی وضعیت مسکن در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی و ارایة راهبردهای ساماندهی آنها (نمونة موردی: سکونتگاههای واقع در حریم 5 تا 10 کیلومتری نیروگاه اتمی بوشهر)، مجلة برنامهریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)، سال 3، شمارة 1، صص 100-75.
31
محمدی، کاوه و محمدتقی رضویان، 1390، بررسی وضعیت شاخصهای مسکن در شهر سردشت استان آذربایجان غربی (مطالعةه موردی: شهر سردشت استان آذربایجان غربی)، فصلنامة آمایش محیط، شمارة 17، صص110- 87.
32
مرادیاسطلخزیر، گیتی،، 1394، شناخت و اولویتبندی الگوهای صحیح مسکن روستایی در توسعةه پایدار معماری روستا با استفاده از تکنیکهای MADM شهرستان ماسال، فصلنامة مدیریت شهری، شمارة 40، صص 398- 383.
33
مرصوصی، نفیسه، حاتمی نژاد، حسین، طالشی، مصطفی و حامد عباسی، 1391، بررسی وضعیت مسکن غیررسمی در شهرهای استان تهران با استفاده از تحلیل خوشهای، نشریة تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، سال 12، شمارة 26، صص 105- 85.
34
مسعودیراد، مونا، رفیعیان، مجتبی، رضائی، مریم و ماندانا مسعودیراد، 1393، سنجش میزان رضایتمندی ساکنان از کیفیت سکونتی مسکن مهر (مورد: مهرشهر زاهدان)، فصلنامة جغرافیا و آمایش شهری-منطقهای، شمارة 12، صص 150-135.
35
معماریان، غلامحسین و محمدعلی طبرسا، 1392، گونه و گونهشناسی معماری، نشریة انجمن علمی معماری و شهرسازی ایران، شمارة 6، صص 114-103.
36
ملکی، سعید، 1390، بررسی وضعیت شاخصهای کمی و کیفی اجتماعی مسکن در شهرستان اهواز، فصلنامة علمی- پژوهشی فضای جغرافیایی، سال 11، شمارة 36، صص 130-103.
37
مهندساین مشاور معمار و شهرساز پارت، 1392.
38
وارثی، حمیدرضا و محمود محمودزاده، 1394، برنامهریزی مسکن دهکهای درآمدی استان اصفهان (مطالعة موردی: خانوارهای شهری استان اصفهان)، فصلنامة آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، سال 5، شمارة 18، صص 151-115.
39
هادیزاده زرگر، صادق، هاشمی امری، وحید و محمد مسعود، 1392، سنجش توسعهیافتگی مناطق شهری اصفهان در بخش مسکن، فصلنامة مطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای، سال 5، شمارة 17، صص 100-85.
40
41. Abedini, A.sghar, 2015, Comparative Analysis Of Indicators oOf Housing iIn Informal Settlements (Case Study: Islamabad Neighborhood, Urmia’s Slaughterhouse), Journal oOf Housing aAnd Rural Housing aAnd Environment, No. 149, PP. 51-66., (In Persian).
41
42. Ahadnejad Roshti, Mohsen M., aAnd Samira Moradi Mofrad, S., 2013, The City Development Strategy (CDS) Role iIn Supplying Houses fFor Low-Income Groups iIn Urban Housing Policy (Case Study: Safarabad District aAnd Bisim-Shahr City oOf Zanjan Province), Journal oOf Regional Planning, The Third YearVol. 3, No.Issue 12, PP. 35-48., (In Persian).
42
43. Aqajani, A.ram, 2014, Basic Pathology oOf Rural Housing wWith aAn Emphasis oOn tThe Sustainable Development (Case Study: The Central Parts oOf Isfahan City aAnd Keraj Rural Districts), MA Dissertation Under tThe Guidance oOf Doctor Ali Akbar Najafi Minerals, Golestan University.
43
44. Asadi, A.,hmad aAnd Mohammad Reza Pour -Mohammadi, M. R., 2014, TheZanjan City’s Mehr Housing Project Evaluation, Application oOf Geographic Sciences Research, Issue No. 33, PP. 171-192., (In Persian).
44
45. Brani, M.aryam, Mosayeb Zadeh, A.,li aAnd Mirhojjat Mousavi, M., 2013, Calculation oOf Housing Need iIn Urmia tTo tThe Horizon oOf 2016, Congress oOf Sustainable Architecture aAnd Urban Development., (In Persian).
45
46. Consulting Engineers Architects and& Urbanism Part, 2013., (In Persian).
46
47. Ebrahimzadeh, E.,isa aAnd Ezatoulah. Ghasemi, E., 2015, Evaluation oOf Basic Indicators oOf Urban Housing wWith Sustainable Development Approach (Case Study: City oOf Saman), Journal oOf Urban aAnd Regional Studies aAnd Research, The Seventh YearVol. 7, Number No. 26, Twenty-Six, PP. 83-104., (In Persian).
47
48. Ebrahimzadeh, Eisa E., aAnd Mustafa Seyyedi, M., 2012, An Analysis oOf Unofficial Settlements aAnd Determination oOf tThe Amount oOf Factors bBy Using Path Analysis Model (Case Study: City oOf Shaterabad iIn Kermanshah Province), Journal oOf Geography Aannd Planning, Vol. 16, No.Issue 41, PP. 1-22., (In Persian)
48
49. Ekhaese Eghosa Noel, P.rof, 2014, Adeyemi Ekudayo Adeyinka, Atamewan Eugene Ehimatie “Causal Factors iIn Evolving Housing Typologies iIn Benin Traditional Archiecture, Global Journal oOf Arts Humanities aAnd Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4, PP. 1-14., June.
49
50. Ezadi, HassanH, Barzegar, S.epideh, Pakshir, Abdul. R.,eza aAnd Khalil Hajipour, K., 2014, The Evaluation oOf Effective Environmental Values oOn tThe Satisfaction oOf People wWith tThe Place oOf Residence (Case Study: Maali Abad Area), Journal oOf Geography aAnd Urban-Regional Planning, No, 11. PP. 49-66., (In Persian).
50
51. Ghamkhar, I.raj, Keshvar Doust, A.li R.eza, Hassan Pour, R.,eza aAnd Parry Mousapour Miyandehi, P., 2013, Studying tThe Quantitative, Qualitative aAnd Housing Estimating tThe Required Housing iIn Rasht Until 2021, The Geographical Landscape iIn Human Studies, No.Issue 25, PP. 95-112., (In Persian).
51
52. Gomar, M.ona, and Shams, M.ajid, 2015, Assessment oOf tThe Quantitative aAnd Qualitative Indicators oOf Housing iIn tThe Hamadan Province (With aAn Emphasis oOn Low-Income Community oOf People), Regional Planning Journal, No.Issue 20, PP. 55-68., (In Persian).
52
53. Guney, Y., 2007, Type aAnd Typology iIn Architectural Discourse, BAU FBE Dergisi,. PP 3-18.
53
54. Hadizadeh Zargar, S.adegh, Hashemi Amri, V., ahid aAnd Mohammad M.,asoud, 2013, Assessment oOf Urban Development iIn tThe Housing Sectors oOf Isfahan, Journal oOf Urban aAnd Regional Studies aAnd Research, No. 1717th Issue, PP. 85-100., (In Persian).
54
55. Hakimi, Hadi, Pourmohammadi, Mohammad Reza, Parhizkar, Akbar, Meshkini, Abolfazl, and Pourtahari, Mehdi 2011, Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators of Housing in Iranian Informal Settlements, Case Study: Jamshidabad Khoy, Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, Vol. 22 , No 44. (In Persian)
55
56. Hassan Pourlamr, S.aeid, 2014, Traditional Housing Typology Ooff Talesh City (Case Study: Khale-Sara Village 57), Journal oOf Housing aAnd Rural Environment, No. 147, PP. 117-131., (In Persian).
56
57. Hekmatnia, Hassan H., aAnd Xinous Ansari, X., 2012, Housing Planning oOf tThe Meybod City wWith Sustainable Development Approach, Human Geography Studies, No.Issue 79, PP. 191-207., (In Persian).
57
58. Keshtkar, L.,eila Aman Pour, S.,aeid Soleymani Rad, I.,smaeil aAnd Sadegh Mokhtari Chelchele, S., 2014, Estimating tThe Housing Prices iIn Ahvaz Using Neural Network, Journal oOf Urban Economics aAnd Management, No. 9,Issue Ninth, PP. 45-57., (In Persian).
58
59. Lotfi, S.edighe, and Zoleykha Kheirkhah, Z., 2012, Studying tThe Quality, Quantity aAnd Predicting tThe Amount oOf Needed Housing (Case Study: Sari City Untill 2021), Journal oOf Geography aAnd Urban Planning oOf Zagros Landscape, No.Issue 12, PP. 41-58., (In Persian).
59
60. Maleki, S.aeid, 2011, Assessment oOf tThe Status oOf Qualitative, Quantitative aAnd Social Indicators oOf Housing iIn tThe City oOf Ahvaz, The Journal oOf Geographical Space, The Eleventh YearVol. 11, No. 36, PP. 103-130., (In Persian).
60
61. Marsousi, NafiseN., Hataminezhad, H.,osein, Taleshi, M.,ostafa aAnd Hamed Abbasi, H., 2012, Surveying tThe Status oOf Informal Housing iIn tThe Cities oOf Tehran Province Using Cluster Analysis, Practical Researches oOf Geographical Sciences Journal, No.Issue 26, PP. 85-105., (In Persian).
61
62. Masoudi Rad, M.ona, Rafieian, M.ojtaba, Rezaei, M.,aryam aAnd Mandana Masoudi Rad, M., 2014, Measurement tThe Satisfaction oOf Residents oOf Residential Qualities oOf Mehr Housing (Case Study: Mehr Shahr In Zahedan), Journal oOf Geography aAnd Preparation oOf Urban-Regional Planning, No. 12, PP. 135-150., (In Persian).
62
63. Memarian, Gholam Gh.,Hossein aAnd Ali Tabarsa, A., 2013, Type aAnd Typology oOf Architecture, Iranian Scientific Society oOf Architecture aAnd Urbanism Journal, No. 6, PP. 103-114., (In Persian).
63
64. Michael E., S.mith, 2014, Housing iIn Premodern Cities: Patterns oOf Social aAnd Spatial Variation, Archnet-Ijar, Vol. 8, No.Issue 3, PP. (207-222), Original Research Articles, November.
64
65. Mohammad Zadeh, R.ahmat, 2011, Studying tThe Quality oOf Spatial aAnd Basic Factors oOf Open Spaces oOf Residential Complexes oOf tThe New Town: Sahand, Fine Arts- Architecture aAnd Urbanism Magazine, No.Issue 47, PP. 279- 302., (In Persian).
65
66. Mohammadi, Jamal., Shahsavani, M. J.,ohammd Jasem aAnd Nasrin Sharifi, N., 2013, Surveying tThe Status oOf Housing iIn Informal Settlements aAnd Finding Strategies fFor Organizing Them (Case Study: Settlements Located iIn Territory 5 tTo 10 Kilometers Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant), Journal oOf Spatial Planning (Geography), No. 1,Issue One, PP. 75-100., (In Persian).
66
67. Mohammadi, Kaveh K., and& Mohammad Taghi Razavian, M. T., 2011, Checking tThe Status oOf Housing Index oOf Sardasht City iIn West Azerbaijan Province (Case Study: Sardasht, West Azarbaijan Province), Journal oOf Manipulating tThe Environment, No. 17, PP. 87-110., (In Persian).
67
68. Mohammadzadeh, Rahmat and Bakhshoudeh, Shahab, 2013, Income On Reproduce of Residential spaces at Suburbs (Case Study: Tabriz flood zone), Journal of Geography and Planning, Vol. 17, No 42. (In Persian).
68
69. Moradi Estalkh Zir, GityG, 2015, Identifying aAnd Prioritizing tThe Correct Patterns oOf Rural Housing iIn tThe Sustainable Development oOf Rural Architecture Using MADM Techniques, Masal City, Urban Management Journal, No.Issue 40, PP. 383- 398., (In Persian).
69
70. Moudon, A.Anne V.ernez, 1994, A Catholic Approach tTo Organizing wWhat Urban Designers Should Know , Journal oOf Planning Literature , May , PP. 332-349.
70
71. Pfeifer, G., and Brauneck, P., 2008, Courtyard Houses: A Housing Typology, Berlin, Springer.
71
72. Pour-Mohammadi, M.ohammad R.,eza aAnd Hassan Mahmoud Zadeh, H., 2014, Assessment Of of Residential -Places Quality In in tThe City Of of Tabriz With with The the Analytic Hierarchy Method, Journal Of of Geography And and Planning, Vol. 19, Issue No. 51, PP. 59-80., (In Persian).
72
73. Rabii Far, V., ali Ollah., Haghighat Naini, Gholamreza Gh., And and Fariba Gharaei, F., 2013, To Assess The the Basic Dimensions Of of Housing With with Urban Sustainable Development Approach, A Case Study Of of 8 In in Karaj, Journal Of of Architecture And and Urban Utopia, Issue No. 11, PP. 307-321., (In Persian).
73
74. Rahmani, M.aryam, 2014, Reviewing tThe Qualitative aAnd Quantitative Indicators oOf Housing iIn Both Formal aAnd Informal Settlements (Case Study: The Third aAnd Fourth Regions Oof Mashhad), Master's Degree Dissertation Under tThe Guidance oOf Doctor Alireza Khajeh Shahkoubi, Golestan University., (In Persian).
74
75. Rahmani, M., ohammad anAnd Masoud. Mahdavi Hajilouyi, M., 2011, An Analysis ofOf Finding Appropriate Lands fFor Housing iIn Small Towns Which Are Located Beside Metropolises wWith TOPSIS Method, (A Case Study oOf Saleh Abad iIn Hamadan Province), Geographic Journal oOf Preparation oOf tThe Environment 14, PP. 165-194., (In Persian).
75
76. Ranjbar, E.,hsan; Sadat Mousavi Sarvineh Baghi, E.,laheh aAnd Moradi, N.ina, 2015, Basic Typology oOf tThe Central Squares iIn tThe Historical Context oOf Gorgan, Journal oOf Iranian Studies, No. 21, PPp. 78-67., (In Persian).
76
77. Rashidi Ashrafi, B.ehrouz, Haghighi -Fard, M.,orteza aAnd Soha Pourmohammad, S., 2013, Typology oOf Housing iIn tThe Context oOf tThe Old Shiraz (Until The End oOf tThe Qajar Period iIn Order tTo Extract Sustainable Instances), The First National Conference oOn Sustainable Architecture aAnd Urban Spaces, Mashhad, December., (In Persian).
77
78. Reichlin, B., 1985, Type aAnd Tradition oOf Modern, Casabella, 509-510, PP. 32-39.
78
79. Rezai Rad, H.,adi aAnd Mojtaba Rafieian, M., 2012, Measuring tThe Quality Oof Housing Space iIn Sabzevar City Using Analytical Method, Faculty oOf Arts, 8, PP. 95-109., (In Persian).
79
80. Roman, T.rubka, and Stephen G.lackin, 2016, Modelling Housing Typologies fFor Urban Redevelopment Scenario Planning Computers, Environment aAnd Urban Systems, Vol.ume 57, PP.ages 199-211.
80
81. Saremi, H.,amidreza aAnd Maryam Ebrahimpour, M., 2012, Studying tThe Iran aAnd tThe World's Housing Index, City’s Identity Journal, The Tenth NumberVol. 9, The Sixth YearNo. 6, PP. 91-102., (In Persian).
81
82. Shabani, M.,orteza aAnd Mojtaba. Rafieian, M., 2015, Analysis oOf Indicators oOf Urban Creativity iIn Settlement System oOf Mazandaran Province, Journal oOf Geography aAnd Preparation oOf Urban-Regional Planning, No. 16, PP. 19-34., (In Persian).
82
83. Shahbazi, K.,iomars aAnd Zahra Kalantari, Z., 2012, Impacts oOf Monetary a And Financial Policies Shocks oOn Housing Market Variables iIn Iran: SVAR Approach, Journal oOf Researches aAnd Economic Policies, Vol. 12The Twentieth Year, No.Issue 61, PP. 77-104., (In Persian).
83
84. Soltanzadeh, H.,ossein aAnd Ghaseminia, M.aziar, 2014, The Typology oOf tThe Fundamental-Functional Structure oOf Residential Architecture iIn Golestan Province, Armanshahr Journal, No. 7, PPp. 1-155-1., (In Persian).
84
85. Strappa, G., 1998, The Notion oOf Enclosure iIn tThe Formation oOf Special Building Type , In : Attilio Petruccioli , .Typological Process aAnd Design Theory , Agha Khan Program fFor Islamic Architecture , .Conference Proceeding.
85
86. Varesi, H.,amidreza aAnd Mahmoud Mahmoud Zadeh, M., 2015, Housing Planning oOf Isfahan Income Deciles (Case Study: Isfahan Urban Households), The Preparation oOf Geographical Space Journal, No. 1818th Issue, PP. 1-15., (In Persian).
86
87. Vidler, A., 1976, The Third Typology, In Hays, K .Michael (Ed), Architecture Theory Since 1968, MIT Press/ Cambridge Massachusetts / London, PP. 288- 294.
87
88. Vidler, A., 1977, The Idea oOf Type: The Transformation oOf tThe Academic Ideal, 1750-1830, .Journal fFor Ideals aAnd Criticism iIn Architecture, Newyork, Princeton Architectural Press.
88
89. Westaway, Margaret S., 2006, A Longitudinal Investigation oOf Satisfaction wWith Personal aAnd Environmental Quality oOf Life iIn aAn Informal South African Housing Settlement, Doornkop, Soweto, Habitat International, Vol, 30,: PP. 175-189.
89
90. Zarabi, A.,sghar aAnd Mahmoud Mahmoud Zadeh, M., 2015, An Analysis oOn tThe Status oOf Housing iIn Isfahan Province Using Factor Analysis aAnd VIKOR, Spatial Planning Journal (Geography), No. 1Issue One, PP. 49-62., (In Persian).
90
91. Zarei, M. ohammad Ebrahim, 2015, Typology oOf tThe Architecture oOf tThe Mosques iIn tThe Neighborhood oOf Sanandaj During tThe Qajar Period, The Study Journal oOf Iranian-Islamic City, No. 19, PPp. 2815-1528., (In Persian).
91
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sustainable Assessment of Religious Tourism
(Case Study: Emamzade Hamze Ali – Chaharmahal and Bakhtiaree Province)
Introduction
Religious tourism is one of the significant areas of tourism industry in the world. It has always been a very important field of tourism which has not been affected by climate conditions or bad weather. Religious tourism is as old as the history of religious culture. According to the World Tourism Organization studies, each year, 600 million people travel around the world for religious and spiritual purposes.
Nowadays, more and more countries are seeking to develop religious tourism as a major source of employment and income. Religious tourism is also vital in Iran and it is the reason for many travels. The vast country of Iran, with a great variety of cultures generating various customs throughout the country, has many religious attractions, monuments, shrines and holy sites. This great variety in scenic and historical attractions led to the development of religious tourism. The total number of Imamzadeh sites in Iran is more than 8051 throughout the country. In addition, 33 Prophets are buried in the country, each having a special position for the Shiites. The proportion of Imamzadeh sites in different locations are respectively, 7 percent in rural areas, 23 percent in urban areas, 18 percent in mountainous areas, and the remaining 52 percent in the vicinity of roads and desert areas. Among the provinces of the country, Fars province with 14% and Mazandaran with 12%, are ranked as the first and the second in number of sites, respectively. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province has also a total of 1% of the shrine sites.
One of the most important centers of religious tourism in this province is Imamzadeh Hamzeh Ali, hosting lots of tourists every year. These visitors have various impacts on the economic, social, environmental and physical aspects in the region. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the sustainability of this center in the life cycle of tourism.
Methodology
This study is an applied research with descriptive and analytical methodology. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of tourism sustainability in Imamzadeh Hamzeh Ali. The study population consists of tourists and pilgrims that visit the holy shrine. The total volume of tourists and pilgrims that visit the shrine annually is about 600,000 people. The site becomes usually crowded during late spring and summer in the months of June, July, August and September. The average daily page views in the mentioned months are about 4,000 people and in other months the value is about 500 people. The total sample size of visitors is 350 cases, estimated through Cochran formula. The variables of this study were identified by the experience of other similar studies by experts. The total levels of the study are 4 levels (economic, social, environmental and physical) and the total variables are more than 50 cases.
Results and discussion
Of the total number of respondents, 61 percent were men and 39 percent were women. For the duration of their stay, 73% of these tourists were daily visitors and the rest (27%) were those stayed few days. The tourists are mainly come from Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province (65%), Isfahan province (19%), and Khuzestan province (9%) and from other provinces (7%). From all the respondents, about 11% were illiterate, 23% elementary, 40% diploma and 26% bachelor and higher. About 20% of the respondents were 18-29 years old, 42% were 30-49 years old, and 38% were more than 50 years old.
To assess the dimensions of sustainable development, the collected data were initially classified into the model of sustainability assessment process. Up to 63 variables were used to assess sustainability at the destination. Some of these variables are including job creation, purchase of agricultural products by tourists, indigenous employment in the tourism sector, access to credit and banking services, spreading handicrafts, private sector investment, improved facilities and educational services, improvement of cultural facilities and services, promotion of the standards of living conditions of people, addiction, theft, crime, hospitality, attention to the local culture of the people, local community satisfaction from tourism, participation of local residents in planning, interaction between tourists and the host community, rural migration, protecting Imamzadeh’s cultural heritage, quality of access routes, communication development, access to healthy drinking water, access to proper sanitation, suitable mobile coverage, tourists access to therapeutic space, access to commercial spaces, access to parking and etc.
The study of economic variables shows that parameters like seasonality of tourism revenues, increase in costs, and economic inequality are not good and are in an almost unstable situation. In the social dimension, addiction, theft, and delinquency are the worst of all. In the environmental dimension, about 75% of the variables are unstable or nearly unstable, the worst of which is the loss of drinking water and agriculture, pressure on resources, and environmental degradation. In the physical dimension, road accidents, access to sanitation and health care services have the worst condition than other variables.
Based on the analysis, the highest stability is related to social sustainability (5.13). This level of sustainable development is in medium condition. After that, physical sustainability is in the next rank (4.97). The least sustainability is related to environmental level (3.71 value), followed by economic level (4.34 value). In general, all aspects of sustainable development are evaluated in intermediate level (4.6).
Conclusion
Based on the results of this survey, and the answers of the respondents, the sustainability of Imamzadeh Hamzeh Ali is in medium level, especially in the case of environmental sustainability. The condition is poor and requires immediate measures and planning to achieve a more suitable condition. Based on Butler tourism life cycle model this center is in the second order, requiring engagement and action. At this stage, there is an increase in the number of short-term tourists. Businesses companies start to build touristic-related services and facilities. Small hotels and restaurants are constructed to provide the visitors with accommodation, food and tour guides.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64988_b956d20104089c811eb9367ff21b78b8.pdf
2019-09-23
675
691
10.22059/jhgr.2018.244546.1007573
Religious tourism
Life cycle
assessment of sustainability
Imamzadeh Hamzeh Ali
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
Pejman
Rezaei
p_rezaee@yazd.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zabihoalah
Chaharrahi
charrahy@gmail.com
2
PhD Candidate in Landuse Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
ابراهیمزاده، عیسی، کاظمیزاد، شمسالله و محمد اسکندری ثانی، 1390، برنامهریزی استراتژیک توسعة گردشگری با تأکید بر گردشگری مذهبی (مطالعة موردی: شهر قم)، پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، شمارة 76، صص 115-141.
1
ادارة کل اوقاف و امور خیریة استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، 1394، بقاع متبرکة استان چهارمحال و بختیاری.
2
ادارة کل میراث فرهنگی، صنایعدستی و گردشگری استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، 1388، طرح امکانسنجی منطقة نمونة گردشگری امامزاده حمزهعلی، معاونت سرمایهگذاری.
3
ادارة کل میراث فرهنگی، صنایعدستی و گردشگری استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، 1390، شناسة مسیرهای گردشگری استان، معاونت گردشگری.
4
اکبریان رونیزی، سعیدرضا و محمدرضا رضوانی، 1394، تحلیل و تبیین پایداری توسعة گردشگری در منـاطق روستـایی (مطالعۀ موردی: بخش مرکزی شهرستـان دماوند)، پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دورة چهلوهفتم، شمارة 1، صص 81-95.
5
باباخانزاده، ادریس و صدیقه لطفی، 1391، ارزیابی اثرات گردشگری بر روستای قوری قلعه، فصلنامة مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، دورة هفتم، شمارة 20، صص 81-116.
6
بل، سیمون و استفان مورس، 1385، سنجش پایداری، ترجمة ناصر شاهنوشی و یدالله آذرینفر، انتشارات دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد.
7
تقوایی، مسعود، موسوی، سید علی و یونس غلامی، 1389، تحلیلی بر توسعة گردشگری مذهبی (مطالعة موردی: شهرستان نورآباد ممسنی)، فصلنامة فضای جغرافیایی، سال دهم، شمارة 31، صص 39-63.
8
جمعهپور، محمود و نرجس کیومرث، 1391، بررسی اثرات گردشگری بر داراییها و فعالیتهای معیشتی مردم در چارچوب معیشت پایدار گردشگری (مطالعة موردی روستای زیارت)، فصلنامة مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، سال هفتم، شمارة 71، صص 87-119.
9
چاکگی، ادواردو فایوسولا، 1379، جهانگردی در چشماندازی جامع، ترجمة علی پارسایان و محمد اعرابی، دفتر پژوهشهای فرهنگی، تهران.
10
حسننژاد، مریم، براتی، جواد، رفیعی، هادی و محمد مظهری، 1393، شناسایی استراتژیهای توسعة سرمایهگذاری گردشگری مذهبی در ایران (مطالعة موردی: زیارتگاه امام رضا (ع))، مجلة برنامهریزی و توسعة گردشگری، سال سوم، شمارة 9، صص 88-109.
11
حمزه، فرهاد و فاطمه هادی اصل، 1393، ارزیابی جایگاه گردشگری عسلویه در مدل باتلر، اولین همایش ملی گردشگری سبز در ایران، تهران.
12
دهشیری، محمدرضا، 1394، ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر گردشگری مذهبی در ایران، مجلة برنامهریزی و توسعة گردشگری، سال چهارم، شمارة 12، صص 72-92.
13
رضایی، پژمان، 1395، مقدمهای بر برنامهریزی مناطق نمونة گردشگری در ایران، انتشارات دانشگاه یزد، یزد.
14
رضوانی، علیاصغر، 1379، جغرافیا و صنعت توریسم، انتشارات دانشگاه پیامنور.
15
رکنالدین افتخاری، عبدالرضا، بیشمی، بهار، سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله و یوسف حسنپور، 1388، نقش کشورهای عضو سازمان کنفرانس اسلامی در توریسم جهانی، فصلنامة ژئوپلیتیک، سال پنجم، شمارة 2، صص 138-168.
16
رکن الدین افتخاری، عبدالرضا؛ آقایاری هیر، محسن، 1386، سطح بندی پایداری توسعه روستایی، مطالعه موردی بخش هیر، پژوهش های جغرافیایی، زمستان 1386، شماره: 62، صص 44-31.
17
ریاحی سامانی، نادر، 1389، جایگاه اماکن زیارتی در توسعة گردشگری ایران، چاپ اول، سازمان چاپ و انتشارات، تهران.
18
سازمان اوقاف و امور خیریه، 1396، پایگاه جامع امامزادگان و بقاع متبرکه ایران اسلامی.
19
سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایعدستی و گردشگری ایران، 1390، دانشنامة تاریخ معماری ایرانشهر.
20
ضرغام بروجنی، حمید و ترکمان، نسرین، 1392، تحلیلی بر توسعة گردشگری مذهبی در استان همدان، فصلنامة علوم مدیریت ایران، سال هشتم، شمارة 30، صص 57-81.
21
ضرغام بروجنی، حمید، 1392، برنامهریزی توسعة جهانگردی رویکردی همپیوند و پایدار، انتشارات مهکامه، تهران.
22
فراهانی، حسین، ولائی، محمد و زهرا صدقی سراسکانرود، 1392، بررسی نقش گردشگری مذهبی در توسعة روستایی از دیدگاه گردشگران (مطالعة موردی: روستای چکان شهرستان مراغه)، اندیشة جغرافیایی، سال هفتم، شمارة 14، صص 37-56.
23
کیانی سلمی، صدیقه، شاطریان، محسن و لیلا ابراهیمی، 1396، ارزیابی فرایند توسعة گردشگری براساس مدل چرخة حیات مقصد (نمونة موردی: شهرستان بویراحمد)، فصلنامة جغرافیایی فضای گردشگری، دورة ششم، شمارة 22، صص 43-60.
24
محمدییگانه، بهروز، چراغی، مهدی و محمد ولائی، 1392، نقش گردشگری مذهبی در توسعة روستایی با تأکید بر کیفیت زندگی و سرمایة اجتماعی (مطالعة موردی: روستای قپچاق شهرستان میاندوآب)، نشریة تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، سال سیزدهم، شمارة 30، صص 7-25.
25
محمودی، بیتالله، فقهی، جهانگیر، مخدوم، مجید و محمد عواطفی همت، 1394، ارزیابی فرایند پایداری در سطوح محلی براساس رویکرد IUCN (مطالعة موردی: ناحیة عرفی منج در شهرستان لردگان)، فصلنامة محیطزیست طبیعی، منابع طبیعی ایران، دورة شصتوهشتم، شمارة 4، صص 653-663.
26
مرکز آمار ایران، 1391، سرشماری نفوس و مسکن 1390، فرهنگ آبادیهای کشور، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری.
27
معاونت برنامهریزی و نظارت راهبردی ریاست جمهوری، 1390، سند چشمانداز جمهوری اسلامی ایران در افق 1404، معاونت مجلس و مناطق.
28
موسوی، میرنجف، عبدالهزاده، مهدی و علی باقری کشکولی، 1394، گردشگری مذهبی (ماهیت و مفاهیم)، آراد کتاب، تهران.
29
موسوی، میرنجف و ناصر سلطانی، 1393، تحلیلی بر نقش گردشگری مذهبی در توسعة شهری (مطالعة موردی: امامزاده جعفر یزد)، مجلة پژوهش و برنامهریزی شهری، سال پنجم، شمارة 18، صص 77-94.
30
نیازی، محسن، صالحی، عباس و محسن کرمانی نصرآبادی، 1389، مردمشناسی جهانگردی، انتشارات سخنوران، تهران.
31
یاریحصار، ارسطو؛ مهدوی، داوود، حیدری ساربان، وکیل و خدیجه ابراهیمی، 1394، پایش چرخة حیات گردشگری پایدار (مطالعة موردی: روستاهای هدف استان اردبیل)، فصلنامة برنامهریزی و آمایش فضا، دورة نوزدهم، شمارة 4، صص 185-215.
32
33. Ebrahimzadeh, I., Kazeminejad, SH., and Eskandaree, S., 2011, Strategic Planning Tourism Development with an Emphasis on Religious Tourism (Case Study: Gom City), Research in Human Geography, No. 76, PP. 115-141. (In Persian)
33
34. Directorate General Endowments Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, 2015, Holy Shrines in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. (In Persian)
34
35. Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, 2009, Feasibility of Emamzadeh Hamzeh Ali Tourism Complex, Deputy Finance. (In Persian)
35
36. Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, 2016, ID Tourism Routes, Deputy Finance. (In Persian)
36
37. Akbarin, S., and Rezvani, M., 2015, Analysis and Explanation of the Sustainability of Tourism Development in Rural Areas (Case Study: Central Part of Damavand District), Human Geography Research, Vol. 47, No. 1, PP. 81-95. (In Persian)
37
38. Roknodin Eftekhri, A., Bishami, B., Sajasi, H., and Hasanpoor,Y., 2009, The Role of OIC Member Countries in Global Tourism, Geopolitical Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, PP. 138-168. (In Persian)
38
39. Roknodin Eftekhri, A., Agayari hir, M., 2007, Rural Development Sustainability Leveling, A Case Study of the Heir Sector, Geographical Research, Winter 2007 - Number 62 .(In Persian)
39
40. Baba Khanzadeh, E., and Lotfi, S., 2012, Tourism Impact Assessment in Gori Gale Village, Tourism Management Studies, Vol. 7, No. 20, PP. 81-116. (In Persian)
40
41. Organization of Endowment and Charity, 2017, Comprehensive Database of Imam Zadeghan and Bekaa of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (In Persian)
41
42. Bel, S., and Mors, E., 2006, Measuring the Sustainability, Translated by Naser Shahnoshi and Yadoallah Azarin Far, Published by University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
42
43. Tagvaee, M., Mosavi, A., and Golami Bimorg, Y., 2010, Analysis of the Development of Religious Tourism (Case Study: Noor Abad Mamasani), Geographical Space Studies, Vol. 10, No. 31, PP. 39-63. (In Persian)
43
44. Jome Poor, M., and Kiomars, N., 2012, The Effects of Tourism on Assets and Livelihoods in the Context of Sustainable Livelihoods Tourism Activities (Case Study: Ziarat Village), Tourism Management Studies, Vol 17, No. 71, PP. 87-119. (In Persian)
44
45. Chak, V., 2000, Tourism in Comprehensive Outlook, Translated by Prsaian, A. and Arabi, M., Cultural Research Bureau, Tehran. (In Persian)
45
46. Hasannejad, M., Barati, J., Rafiee, H., and Mazharee, M., 2014, Identify Development Strategies Religious Tourism Investment in Iran (Case Study: Emam Reza Holly Shrine), Tourism Planning and Development Journal, Vol. 3, No. 9, PP. 88-109. (In Persian)
46
47. Hamzeh, F., and Hadi, F., 2014, Assessment of Asalouye Tourism Status in the Butler Model, the First National Tourism Conference in Iran, Tehran. (In Persian)
47
48. Dehshri, M., 2015, Assess the Factors Affecting Religious Tourism in Iran, Tourism Planning and Development Journal, Vol. 4, No. 12, PP. 72-92. (In Persian)
48
49. Rezaee, P., 2016, An Introduction on Tourism Complexes in Iran, Yazd University Publication, Yazd. (In Persian)
49
50. Rezvani, A., 2000, Geography and Tourism Industry, Payame Noor Publication.
50
51. Riahi, N., 2000, The Place of Pilgrimage Places in Iran’s Tourism Development, First Printing, Printing and Publishing Organization, Tehran. (In Persian)
51
52. Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Iran, 2011, Encyclopedia Architectural History of the City. (In Persian)
52
53. Zargam Borojeni, H., 2013, Sustainable Tourism Development Planning Approach and Interlocked, Mahkameh Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
53
54. Zargam Borojeni, H., and Torkaman, N., 2013, Analysis of the Development of Religious Tourism In Hamedan Province, Journal of Management Sciences in Iran, Vol. 8, No. 30, PP. 57-81. (In Persian)
54
55. Farahani, H., Velaee, M., and Sadgi Sraskanrood, Z., 2013, The Role of Religious Tourism in Rural Development From the Perspective of Tourists (Case Study: Village of Chakan), Geographic Thought, No. 14, PP. 105-116. (In Persian)
55
56. Kiani, S., Shaterian, M., and Ebrahimi, L., 2017, Evaluation of the Tourism Development Process Based on the Life Cycle Model of the Destination (Case Study: Borahmad District), Geographic Quarterly of Tourism Space, Vol. 6, No. 22, PP. 43-60. (In Persian)
56
57. Mohamadi Yeganeh, B., Cheragi, M., and Velaee, M., 2013, The Role of Religious Tourism in Rural Development, with an Emphasis on Quality of Life and Social Capital (Case Study: Village of Gabchag), Applied Geographical Sciences Research, Vol. 13, No. 30, PP. 7-25. (In Persian)
57
58. Statistical Center of Iran, 2012, Population and Housing Census of 2011.
58
59. Vice President of Strategic Planning and Control, 2011, Visions Islamic Republic of Iran on the Horizon 2025.
59
60. Mosavi, M., and Soltani, N., 2014, Analysis of the Role of Religious Tourism in Urban Development (Case Study: Emamzadeh Jafa Yazd), Research and Urban Planning Journal, Vol. 5, No. 18, PP. 77-94.
60
61. Mosavi, M. Abdolahzadeh, M. and Bageri Kashkolo, A., 2015, Relagious Tourism (Nature and Concepts), Arad Book, Tehran. (In Persian)
61
62. Niazi, M., Salahi, A., and Kermani, M., 2010, Tourism Anthropology, Sokhanvaran Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
62
63. Yari Hesar, A., Mahdavi, D., Heidaree Sareban, V., and Ebrahimi, K., 2015, Monitoring the Life Cycle of Sustainable Tourism (Case Study: Special Tourism Villages in Ardabil Province), Quarterly of Spatial Planning, Vol. 19, No. 4, PP. 185-215. (In Persian)
63
64. Bossel, H., 1999, Indicators for Sustainable Development, Theory, Method, Application, IISD.
64
65. Breidenhann, T., and Wickens, E., 2004, Tourism Routes as a Tool For the Economic Development of Rural Areasdvibrant Hope or Impossible Dream, Journal of Tourism Management, Vol. 25, No. 1, PP. 71-79.
65
66. Fossati, A., and Panella, G., 2000, Tourism and Sustainable Development: A Theoretical Framework, Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development, PP. 3-36, Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers.
66
67. Giaoutzi, M., and Nijkamp, P., 2006, Emerging Trends in Tourism Development in on Open Word, Tourism and Regional Development: New Pathways, PP. 1-12, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
67
68. Haab, B., 1996, The Way as an Inward, Journey: An Anthropologicalenquiry into the Spirituality of Present, Day Pilgrims to Santiago, Confratermity of St, James Bulletin, 56.
68
69. Lee, O., and Chang, C. P., 2008, Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels, Journal of Tourism Management, Vol. 29, No. 1, PP. 180-192.
69
70. Sharpley, R., 2002, Rural Tourism and the Challenge of Tourism Diversification: The Case of Cyprus, Tourism Management, Vol. 23, No. 3, PP. 233- 244.
70
71. UNWTO, 2011, Religious Tourism in Asia and the Pacific, Published and Printed by the World Touris m Organization, Madrid, Spain.
71
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Spatial Analysis of Livelihood Assets of Rural Households
(Case Study: Buin Zahra Township)
Introduction
Poverty is one of the most important challenges with which humankind was always faced. Villagers are one of the poorest and most vulnerable groups in societies, especially in the third world. Accordingly, providing a livelihood in human societies is one of the biggest challenges of planning, particularly in rural communities, which are the focus of the poor people in developing countries. Livelihood involves activities, assets, and accesses that are jointly determined by individual or rural households living condition. According to the livelihood approach empowerment and the interference power of villagers in their individual and social activities are linked to sustainable livelihoods framework. These criteria affect the livelihood strategies of rural households and has significant role in subsistence and livelihood sustainability. By increasing the level of access to different types of assets dependent on the livelihood and control of them, the poor will be able to provide their basic needs and they can create alternative livelihood choices. These assets comprise a livelihood concept. According to these issues, the present study is to examine the capital and assets of poor villagers seeking to analyze spatial state of livelihood assets in the villages of Buin Zahra Township. This is to answer these questions: how is the spatial distribution of livelihood assets in the studied villages? What level are livelihood assets in the villages of Buin Zahra Township? Is there any difference between villages of study area in livelihood assets? Which of the livelihood assets in the villages of the study is more desirable?
Methodology
This study is an applied research with descriptive- analytical methodology. Data were collected by documentary study (Books, Articles and Reports) and field surveys (Questionnaire, Observation, and Interview). The required data were collected using a questionnaire form and interviewing with 532 people (the Cochran formula was used for sampling) from 40 villages in Buin Zahra Township. To analyze the data, we have applied descriptive statistics (Mean, Frequency) and comparative statistics (Correlation Coefficient, One Sample T-test, and ANOVA). In order to evaluate and analyze the assets, we have used the Moran and Gi spatial statistics method and kriging. Validity of the questionnaire was examined by a pre-test and was approved after correction. The reliability of the questionnaire was also evaluated by the Cronbach’s alpha test in the SPSS software. The value was 0.88 for the reliability.
In general, in order to measure the level of livelihood assets and their spatial distribution, in the sample society, dimensions of livelihood assets were identified in six variables in social, institutional, human, natural, physical, financial aspects.
Results and discussion
Investigating the individual characteristics of respondents shows that the average age of individuals is 45.97 years old, among them 2 percent male and the rest are women. According to the education level, 33.1% of the respondents are illiterate, 16.5% are elementary, 27.3% are secondary, and 23.1% are under-graduate. In terms of household size, the average size of household’s members is 2.61 and the maximum number of members is from 7 to 5. The descriptive results of the study showed that the livelihood assets of the villagers were on the moderate and lower levels. According to the one sample t-test of villager’s perspective, only social asset was evaluated at the desired level. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the variability of villages in terms of assets that the test results indicate that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of assets evaluation. The test results show that Zein-Abad rural district had the lowest livelihood assets. One-way variance analysis test was used to find the different assets in the study villages. The results showed that the social asset has better conditions in the studied villages and human asset is undesirable. Non-parametric analysis of the correlation between social, physical, human, financial, natural and institutional assets in the studied villages indicates a direct relationship between livelihood assets.
The mapping data generated in relation to livelihood assets indicate that in terms of livelihood assets, the central district of Buin Zahra township has a desirable condition and the south and southeast and the west areas has undesirable conditions. The hot spots map also confirms that the hot spots located in the central district are in the south-east and south-west areas in the whole south of Buin Zahra Township.
Conclusion
This study has analyzed the spatial distribution of livelihoods in villages of Buin Zahra Township. According to the research results, the social assets of the villages are in a good condition. The same assessments can be used to improve other assets; because rural development programs can be better fulfilled and implemented with cooperation and participation of villagers. According to the kriging-based maps for south-eastern villages (some villages of Zahraye-Paein rural district) and villages of Zein-Abad rural district, social asset promotion programs should be carried out through participation of people in decision-making and implementation of employment plans and village executive activities through rural municipality and village councils. According to the maps of the studied villages and the results of the one - way variance analysis, human assets among other assets are in a undesirable condition. This is a major weakness in the region; especially in the eastern and southern regions of Buin Zahra Township. The program should be funded by relevant institutions including the education and vocational education of the province in cooperation with the local management. Therefore, people in agriculture and livestock will have sufficient education and skill. By holding entrepreneurial education, they may teach people to be creative and innovative in the fields of farming jobs as dominant method of livelihood of villagers. Moreover, rural households are able to earn more money and have a sustainable livelihood and less vulnerable risks.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_70900_183c764ae257971ab09e359e816ab589.pdf
2019-09-23
693
714
10.22059/jhgr.2019.262783.1007747
Livelihood
Rural Households
rural assets
Buin zahra Township
Samira
Haji Hosseini
hajihosseini1367@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyyed Hasan
Motiee Langerudi
shmotiee@ut.ac.ir
2
Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Ghadiri Masoum
mghadiri@ut.ac.ir
3
Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Darban Astane
astaneali@ut.ac.ir
4
Assistant Professor of Geography & Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
اعظمی، موسی، بختیاری، احمد و کاروان شانازی، 1397، اثرات فعالیت واحدهای آبزی پروری دومنظوره بر معیشت خانوارهای شاغل (مورد مطالعه: استان همدان)، مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران، دوره 2-49، شماره4.
1
بریمانی، فرامرز، راستی، هادی، رئیسی، اسلام و مسعود محمدزاده، 1395، تحلیل عوامل جغرافیایی مؤثر بر معیشت خانوار در سکونتگاههای روستایی، موردشناسی: شهرستان قصر قند، فصلنامة جغرافیا و آمایش شهری- منطقهای، شمارة 18، صص 85-96.
2
توکلی، مرتضی، احمدی، شیرکو و غریب فاضلنیا، 1395، تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر معیشت روستایی (بررسی موردی: روستاهای شهرستان سردشت)، نشریة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی، سال بیستم، شمارة 58، صص 63-81.
3
جمعهپور، محمود و نرجس کیومرث، 1391، بررسی اثرات گردشگری بر داراییها و فعالیتهای معیشتی مردم در چارچوب معیشت پایدار گردشگری؛ مطالعة موردی: روستای زیارت، فصلنامة مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، سال هفتم، شمارة 17، صص 87-119.
4
سجاسی قیداری، حمداالله، صادقلو، طاهره و اسماعیل شکوریفرد، 1395، سنجش سطح داراییهای معیشتی در مناطق روستایی با رویکرد معیشت پایدار؛ مطالعة موردی: روستاهای شهرستان تایباد، مجلة پژوهش و برنامهریزی روستایی، سال پنجم، شمارة 1، صص 197-216.
5
سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله، صادقلو، طاهره و مجتبی پالوچ، 1392، اولویتبندی راهبردهای توسعة معیشت پایدار روستایی با مدل ترکیبی سوات-تاپسیس-فازی؛ مطالعة موردی شهرستان خدابنده، فصلنامة روستا و توسعه، سال شانزدهم، شمارة 2، صص 85-110.
6
سلمانی، محمد، رضوانی، محمدرضا، پورطاهری، مهدی و فرزاد ویسی، 1390، نقش مهاجرت فصلی نیروی کار در معیشت خانوارهای روستایی؛ مطالعة موردی: شهرستان سروآباد-استان کردستان، نشریة پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دورة چهلوسوم، شمارة 77، صص 111-127.
7
شاهولی، منصور و زهرا لاچینی، 1386، بررسی مدیریت دانش ضمنی امنیت غذایی با تأکید بر سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان فارس، فصلنامة روستا و توسعه، سال دهم، شمارة 1، صص 139-176.
8
طالب، مهدی، صدیقه پیری و سمیه محمدی، 1389، فراتحلیلی بر مطالعات فقر در جامعه روستایی ایران، فصلنامة توسعة روستایی، دورة دوم، شمارة 2، صص 21-40.
9
عبدالله زاده، غلامحسین، صالحی، خدیجه، شریف زاده، محمد، خواجه شکوهی، علیرضا، 1394، بررسی تأثیر گردشگری بر معیشت پایدار روستایی در استان گلستان، مجله برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری، سال چهارم، شماره15، صص169-148.
10
عسگری، علی،1390، تحلیلهای آماری فضایی با Arc GIS، تهران، سازمان فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات شهرداری، چاپ اول.
11
قدیری معصوم ،مجتبی ،رضوانی، محمدرضا، جمعه پور، محمود و حمیدرضا باغیانی، 1394، سطح بندی سرمایه های معیشتی در روستاهای گردشگری کوهستانی، مورد: دهستان بالا طالقان در شهرستان طالقان، فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، سال چهارم، شماره2.
12
متکان، علی اکبر و همکاران، 1388، مدل های منطق فازی و سنجش از دور جهت پهنه بندی خطر زمین لغزش در حوضه آبخیز لاجیم، نشریه زمین شناسی ژئوتکنیک (زمین شناسی کاربردی)، دوره5، شماره4، صص325-318.
13
مطیعی لنگرودی، سید حسن، قدیری معصوم، مجتبی، رضوانی، محمدرضا و عبدالحمید نظری،1390، تأثیر بازگشت مهاجران به روستاها در بهبود معیشت ساکنان، مطالعة موردی: شهرستان آققلا، مجلة پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، شمارة 78، صص 67-83.
14
نوروزی، مرضیه، حیاتی، داریوش، 1394، سازه های مؤثر بر معیشت پایدار روستایی از دیدگاه کشاورزان استان کرمانشاه، فصلنامه علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی ایران، شماره11، صص144-127.
15
16. Aazami, M., Bakhtiari, A., and Karavan SHanazi,2018, Livelihood Effects of the Aquaculture Fish Farming Units on Occupier Household (the case of Hamedan province), Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, Volume:49 Issue:4, .pp:735-747.(In Persian)
16
17. Abdollahzadeh,GH.,Salehi.,KH., Sharifzadeh,M., Khajehshahko.,A.,2016, Investigating the Impact of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in Golestan Province, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, Volume:4 Issue:15,,PP: 148 – 169.(In Persian)
17
18. Barimani, F., Rasti, H.,Reisi, E., and Mohammad Zadeh, M., 2016, Analyzing the Geographical Factors Effective on the Household Livelihood in Rural Settlements Case Study: Township Qasrqand, Journal of Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement Spring, Vol. 6 , No. 18, PP. 85-96. (In Persian)
18
19. Carney, D., 1998, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make?. Department for International Development.
19
20. Carney, D., 1999, Livelihood Approaches Compared: A Brief Comparison of the Livelihoods Approaches of the UK Department for International Development (DFID), CARE, Oxfam and theUNDP, A Brief Review of theFundamental Principles Behind the Sustainable Livelihood Approach of Donor Agencies, in Livelihoods Connect, London: DFID.
20
21. Chambers, R., 2005, Ideas for Development, Earth Scan Publication, London, Sterling VA.
21
22. Chambers, R., and Conway, G., 1992, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, Institute of Development Studies (UK).
22
23. CHF, 2005, Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Guidelines, Partners in Rural Development, Chapel, Ottawa, Canada.
23
24. Dash, M., and Behera, B., 2016, Determinants of Household Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products (Ntfps) and Alternative Livelihood Activities in Similipal Tiger Reserve, India, Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 73, PP. 215-228.
24
25. Davies, S., and Hossain., N., 1987, Livelihood Adaptation, Public Action and Civil Society: A Review of the Literature, In IDS Working Paper, Vol. 57, Brighton: IDS.
25
26. Dearden, P., Roland, R., Allison, G., and Allen, C., 2002, Sustainable Livelihood Approaches–From the Framework to the Field, Sustainable Livelihood Guidance Sheets. University of Bradford, Department for International Development, UK.
26
27. Dercon, S. 2001. Assessing vulnerability. Publication of the Jesus College and CSAE, Department of Economics, Oxford University.
27
28. Dercon, S., 2001, Assessing Vulnerability, Publication of theJesus College and CSAE, Department of Economics, Oxford University, Department of Economics, Oxford University.
28
29. Dfid, U. K., 1999., Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, DFID, 445, London.
29
30. Dixon, J. A., Gibbon, D. P., Gulliver, A., and Hall, M., 2001, Farming Systems and Poverty: Improving Farmers' Livelihoods in a Changing World, Food and Agriculture Org.
30
31. Dzanku, F. M., 2015, Transient Rural Livelihoods and Poverty in Ghana, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 40, PP. 102-110.
31
32. Ellis, F., 2000, Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press.
32
33. Ericksen, P. J., 2008, Conceptualizing Food Systems for Global Environmental Change Research, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 18, No. 1, PP. 234-245.
33
34. Fang, Y. P., 2013, The Effects of Natural Capital Protection on Pastoralist’s Livelihood and Management Implication in the Source Region of the Yellow River, China, Journal of Mountain Science, Vol. 10, No. 5, PP. 885-897.
34
35. Fang, Y. P., Fan, J., Shen, M. Y., and Song, M. Q., 2014, Sensitivity of Livelihood Strategy to Livelihood Capital in Mountain Areas: Empirical Analysis Based on Different Settlements in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River, China, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 38, PP. 225-235.
35
36. Fouracre, P., 2001, Transport and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, Retrieved 2014, June, 19, from http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/rtkb/rtkb.htm.
36
37. Frayne, B., and Mccordic, C., 2015, Planning for Food Secure Cities: Measuring the Influence of Infrastructure and Income on Household Food Security in Southern African Cities, Geoforum, Vol. 65, PP. 1-11.
37
38. Gautam, Y., & Andersen, P. 2016. Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies, 44, 239-249.
38
39. Gautam, Y., and Andersen, P., 2016, Rural Livelihood Diversification and Household Well-Being: Insights From Humla, Nepal, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 44, PP. 239-249.
39
40. Geran, J. M., 2000, Social Capital and Coping with Crisis: A Theoretical Framework Linking Social Networks and Sustainable Livelihoods, For Growth, Crisis and Resilience: Household Responses to Economic Change in Rural Southeast Asia: Evidence From Northern Thailand, Working PP. 1.
40
41. Ghadirimasoum, M., Rezvani, M., Jomepour, M., Baghyani,H., 2015, Leveling living in rural mountain tourism capital Case: High Taloqan district in the city of Taloqan, Quarterly Journal of Space Economy & Rural Development, Volume:4 Issue:2, pp:1-18.
41
42. Gulliver, A., & Gibbon, D. 2001. Improving farmers’ livelihoods in a changing world. FAO/World Bank, Rome and Washington DC.
42
43. Haddad, L., and Gillespie, S., 2001, Effective Food and Nutrition Policy Responses to HIV/AIDS: What We Know and What We Need to Know, Journal of International Development, Vol. 13, No. 4, P. 487-511.
43
44. Herrmann, S., and Fox, J. M., 2014, Assessment of Rural Livelihoods in South-West China Based on Environmental, Economic, and Social Indicators, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 36, PP. 746-748.
44
45. Hua, X., Yan, J., and Zhang, Y., 2017, Evaluating the Role of Livelihood Assets in Suitable Livelihood Strategies: Protocol for Anti-Poverty Policy in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 78, PP. 62-74.
45
46. Jomehpour, M., and Keyoumarse, N., 2012, Investigation of Tourism Impact on the Livelihood Activities and Assets of Rural Households, (Case Study: Zeeyarat Village in Gorgan County), Journal Tourism Studies, Vol. 7, No. 17, PP. 87-119. (In Persian)
46
47. Kassa, K., and Eshetu, Z., 2014, Situation Analysis of Rural Livelihoods and Socioeconomic Dynamics for Sustainable Rural Development: the Case of Legehida Woreda (District), South Wollo of Ethiopia, Research Journal of Agriculture and Envirmental Management, Vol. 3, No. 3, PP. 201-208.
47
48. Knueppel, D., Demment, M. and Kaiser, L. 2009, Validation of household food insecurity access scale in rural Tanzania. Public Health Nutrition,vol: 13(3), pp. 360-367.
48
49. Knueppel, D., Demment, M., and Kaiser, L., 2010, Validation ofthe Household Food Insecurity Access Scale in Rural Tanzania, Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 13, No. 3, PP. 360-367.
49
50. Lang, T., and Heasman, M., 2015, Food Wars: The Global Battle for Mouths, Minds and Markets, Routledge.
50
51. Leah, J., Pradel, W., Cole, D. C., Prain, G., Creed Kanashiro, H., and Carrasco, M. V., 2013, Determinants of Household Food Access Among Small Farmers in the Andes: Examining the Path, Public Health Nutrition,Vol. 16, No. 1, PP. 136-145.
51
52. M. Nourozi , D. Hayati,2015, Factors Affecting Sustainable Rural Livelihoods as Perceived by Farmers in Kermanshah Province, Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, Volume:11 Issue:1,pp:144-127.(In Persian)
52
53. Mateka.,A.,Samia,J.,Pour ali, S.H.,Safaei,M,2009, Fuzzy logic and remote sensing models can be used as a Lajim watershed observation zone, Journal of Geotechnical Geology,vol:4.pp:318-325(In Persian).
53
54. Mbaiwaa, J. E., and Stronzab, A., 2010, The Effects of Tourism Development on Rural Livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 18, No. 5, PP. 635-656.
54
55. Mcdonagh, J., and Bunning, S., 2009, Methodological Approach, Planning and Analysis, Field Manual for Local Level Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands, United Nations University (UNU).
55
56. Motiee Langroudi, S. H., Ghadiri, M. M., Rezvani, M., Nazari, A., and Sahneh, B., 2012, Effect of Return Migrants to Rural Residents in Improving Livelihoods: (the Case Study: Township of Aq Qala), Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 43 , No. 78, PP. 67-83. (In Persian)
56
57. NZAID, 2002, Policy Statement. New Zealand: New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID).
57
58. Pasteur, K,. 2001, Changing Organizations for Sustainable Livelihoods: A Map to Guid Change, Lessons for Change in Policy and Organizations, No. 1, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
58
59. Paudel Khatiwada, S., Deng, W., Paudel, B., Khatiwada, J. R., Zhang, J., and Su, Y., 2017, Household Livelihood Strategies and Implication for Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Central Nepal, Sustainability, Vol. 9, No. 4. PP. 1-20.
59
60. Peng, W., Zheng, H., Robinson, B. E., Li, C., and Wang, F., 2017, Household Livelihood Strategy Choices, Impact Factors, and Environmental Consequences in Miyun Reservoir Watershed, China, Sustainability, Vol. 9, No. 2, P. 175.
60
61. Piya, L., Maharjan, K. L., and Joshi, N. P., 2011, Livelihood Strategies of Indigenous Nationalities in Nepal: A Case of Chepangs., Vol. 17, No. 2, PP. 99-113.
61
62. Pour, M. D., Barati, A. A., Azadi, H., & Scheffran, J. 2018. Revealing the role of livelihood assets in livelihood strategies: Towards enhancing conservation and livelihood development in the Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Ecological indicators, 94, 336-347.
62
63. Pour, M. D., Barati, A. A., Azadi, H., and Scheffran, J., 2018, Revealing the Role of Livelihood Assets in Livelihood Strategies: Towards Enhancing Conservation and Livelihood Development in the Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 94, PP. 336-347.
63
64. Renzaho, A. M., and Mellor, D., 2010. Food Security Measurement in Cultural Pluralism: Missing the Point or Conceptual Misunderstanding? Nutrition, Vol. 26, No. 1, PP. 1-9.
64
65. Salmani, M., Rezvani, M. R., Pourtaheri, M., and Veisi, F., 2011, Effects of Seasonal Labor Migration on Rural Household Livelihood (Case Study: Sarvabad County-Kurdestan Province), Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 43 , No. 77, PP. 111-127. (In Persian)
65
66. Scoones, I., 1998, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis, IDS Working Paper No. 72. IDS, Bringhton.
66
67. Serrat, O., 2008, The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, Manila: ADB.
67
68. Shah Vali, M., and Lachini, Z., 2007, Management of Food Security Tacit Knowledge Focusing on Agricultural Jihad Headquarter in Fars Province of Iran, Journal of Roosta and Towse' E, Vol. 10, No. 1, PP. 139-176. (In Persian)
68
69. Shen, F., 2009, Tourism and Sustainable Livelihoods Approach: Application Within the Chinese Context (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation), Lincoln University, USA.
69
70. Singh, N., 1996, Community Adaption and Sustainable Livelihoods: Basic Issues and Principles, IISD Working Paper, Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, also, available on: http://www.iisd.org/pdf/casl_issues_principles.pdf.retrieved at:25/03/2012.
70
71. Singh, N., and Gilman, J., 2000, Employment and Natural Resources Management: A Livelihoods Approach to Poverty Reduction (P. 25), New York, NY: UNDP.
71
72. Sojasi Gheydari, H., Sadeqlu, T., and Shakourifard, E., 2016, Measuring the Livelihood Properties in Rural Areas Using a Sustainable Livelihood Approach (Case Study: Rural Areas of Taybad County), Journal of Research and Rural Planning, Vol. 5, No. 1, PP. 197-216. (In Persian)
72
73. Sojasi Gheydari, H., Sadeqlu, T., Palooj, M., 2013, Prioritizing the Development of Rural Sustainable Subsistence with an Integrated SWOT-TOPSIS-Fuzzy Model, Journal of Village and Development,Vol. 16, No. 2, PP. 85-110. (In Persian)
73
74. Su, F., and Shang, H., 2012, Relationship Analysis Between Livelihood Assets and Livelihood Strategies: A Heihe River Basin Example, Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, Vol. 4, No. 3, PP. 0265-0274.
74
75. T. Reardon, J. E., Taylor, K., Stamoulis, P., Lanjouw, A., Balisacan, 2000, Effects of Nonfarm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 51, No. 2, Pp. 266-288
75
76. Taleb, M., Piri, S., and Mohammadi, S., 2011, Meta-Analysis of Studies About Poverty in Rural Societies of Iran, Journal of Community Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, PP. 21-40. (In Persian)
76
77. Tariq, B., 2001, Vision 2020: A Sustainable Livelihoods Perspective, Tellus Institute, Paper Prepared forthe2020 Glaobal Architecture Vision Conference, Center for Glaobal Studies, University of Victoria August 29-31,
77
78. Tavakoli, M., Ahmadi, Sh., and Fazelniya, Gh ., 2017, Analysis of Factors Affecting Rural Livelihoods (the Case Study: Villages of Sardasht Township), Journal of Geography and Planning, Vol. 20 , No. 58, PP. 63- 81. (In Persian)
78
79. Turton, C., 2000, The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and Programme Development in Cambodia, Overseas Development Institute, London.
79
80. Warner, K., 2002, Moving Forward: Developing Pathways for Sustainable Livelihoods Through Forestry, In Second International Workshop on Participatory Forestry in Africa: Defining the Way Forward: Sustainable Livelihoods and Sustainable Forest Management Through Participatory Forestry, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania (PP. 18-22).
80
81. World Bank, 2008, World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank, Printed in theUnited States by Quebecor World.
81
82. Wu, Z., Li, B., and Hou, Y., 2017, Adaptive Choice of Livelihood Patterns in Rural Households in a Farm-Pastoral Zone: A Case Study in Jungar, Inner Mongolia, Land Use Policy, Vol. 62, PP. 361-375.
82
83. You, H., and Zhang, X., 2017, Sustainable Livelihoods and Rural Sustainability in China: Ecologically Secure, Economically Efficient or Socially Equitable? Resources, Conservation andRecycling, Vol. 120, PP.1-13.
83
84. Zenteno, M., Zuidema, P. A., De Jong, W., and Boot, R. G., 2013, Livelihood Strategies and Forest Dependence: New Insights From Bolivian Forest Communities, Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 26, PP. 12-21.
84
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Presentation of Structural Equation Modeling for the Effects of Social Capital Components Ability of Small Towns in Alborz Province
Introduction
Continuity and growth of urbanization reduced the viability of cities. The rapid expansion of urbanization over the last decades changed the habitat and viability of urban centers. Development in the form of comprehensive and detailed plans and lack of attention to the obvious role of social capital has caused the spatial and physical structure of small urban centers in recent years in Alborz province. In these areas, structural breakdowns have occurred as a result of functional change in the quality of life in these cities. Hence, the rule of thumb-centered planning focussed on neglecting social dimensions. The need for the status of the social system of the city is revealed as a missing link. In recent years, along with urban development paradigms, the idea of the viability of small urban centers has made a significant contribution to the literature of urban studies. Epidemiology in its general sense of meaning can achieve life ability. Thus, the concept of habitat is an important element in urban planning literature. The concept is one of the components of development expresses citizens' satisfaction with living conditions.
Methodology
In this research, the effective components are social capital of constant variables including collective norms, social trust, participation and interactivity, social convergence. Dependent variability is indicators of environmental pollution, general green space quality, natural beauty landscape, and urbanization of urban neighborhoods. The research method is based on the nature and objectives of the components of social capital. The urbanization of small towns is a descriptive-analytical research method with practical purpose. The data of this research have been gathered by library studies and fieldworks. In the field survey, questionnaires and interviewing techniques have been used to measure the variables. Parametric and nonparametric statistics for statistical analysis of data have been conducted by SPSS, Excel and more Structural equation software. The samples were based on the statistics of 2006 census for the small towns of Alborz province. The stusy area contains 50 thousand people, living mainly the cities of Eshtehard, Chaharbagh, Taleghan, Kuhsar, Golsar, Gondareh, and Hashtgerd. The sample size is 268 people using the Cochran formula.
Results and discussion
In order to test the relationship between social capital and viability of the small city centers in the Alborz province, we have used the coefficients of Pearson correlation. The results have indicated that the calculated correlation coefficient is equal to 0.421 which has a meaningful level at 99% confidence interval. The results have confirmed a meaningful and direct relationship between the variables of social convergence in Hashtgerd (3.3), Eshtehard (1.3), Chaharbagh (2.3) and Gondareh (2.2). In the rest of the cities, this has had a negative influence. The standard values of this indicator are positive in the cities of Eshtehard, Hashtgerd New Town. It can have a social synergistic effect on urban viability. One of the assumptions used in regression analysis is the Camera-Veston test, whose range of variation is 0-4 and the acceptable value is close to 2 for the cities. Camera test - Wuston is equal to 2.08 and indicates that the errors or residues are independent of each other. In this model, social capital is positively affected by marginalization and the standard coefficient between two variables of social capital and viability (0.88). Thus, social capital has both direct and indirect effects of transversality, and the significant level of T, equal to 83.12, has been able to explain the viability of the studied cities. Increasing social capital has mainly influenced the attractiveness of small city centers. Due to the factors of social capital dimensions, participation indicators and interactivity, social trust has mainly been affected by social dependence.
Results and discussion
The results of the analytical method of direct and indirect research variables showed that the variables of participation and interactivity with 51% of the total effect had the most positive influence on the viability of small urban centers. The social trust variable with 0.27% of the total effect has the second rank. This part of the research is consistent with the findings of Lariss (2005). It should be noted that in the meaningful review of indirect effect, the variables were determined by the Bott-Strap method. The method shows that social convergence and collective norms play a complementary role. The results of the structural equation model have also confirmed the relation between social capital and viability. The standardized coefficient between these two variables is equal to 0.88 and the significant level of T is 12.83 (18.1 R2). This relationship is direct and meaningful. The results of the structural equation model also showed that increased social capital (in some of the indicators) had a greater impact on the survival of small towns. According to the factor loading, the output of the structural equation model shows the rank of the index of participation, interactivity, and social trust. The coefficients with F = 38.23 and P = 0.000 also indicate that among the components of social capital, only the participation and interactivity of the predictive relation with the habitability are among the components of social capital. The standardized beta coefficient with 0.348 tolerance level also indicated the net effects of the participation variable and interaction on viability is a strong predictor of other variables.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_71025_78f94d415872c750d55278cb1048a5db.pdf
2019-09-23
715
730
10.22059/jhgr.2019.273629.1007846
Social capital
habitability
urban small towns
structural equation
Esmaeel
Nasiri Hendeh Khaleh
esmaeil.nasiri@pnu.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
افراخته، حسن، جلالیان، حمید، انوری، آرزو و ایوب منوچهری، 1395، تحلیل نقش سرمایة اجتماعی در زیستپذیری روستاهای ادغامشده در شهر میاندوآب، فصلنامة راهبردی توسعة روستایی، شمارة 4، صص 415-441.
1
انصاری، ابراهیم و پری عطایی، 1391، بررسی میزان و تأثیر سرمایة اجتماعی بر روان اجتماعی ساکنان مجتمعهای مسکونی، مجلة مطالعات شهری، شمارة 2، صص 113-138.
2
بندرآباد، علیرضا و فرشته احمدینژاد، 1393، ارزیابی شاخصهای کیفیت زندگی با تأکید بر اصول شهر زیستپذیری در منطقة 22 تهران، مجلة پژوهش و برنامهریزی شهری، سال پنجم، صص 55-74.
3
خراسانی، محمدامین، رضوانی، محمدرضا، مطیعی لنگرودی، حسن و مجتبی رفیعیان، 1391، سنجش و ارزیابی زیستپذیری روستاهای پیرامون شهری، مطالعة موردی: شهرستان ورامین، مجلة پژوهش روستایی، شمارة 3، صص 79-104.
4
ساسانپور، فرزانه، تولایی، سیمین و حمزه جعفری، 1393، قابلیت زیستپذیری شهرها در راستای توسعة پایدار شهری (مورد مطالعه، کلانشهر تهران)، سال دوازدهم، شمارة 42، صص 129-157.
5
شیرکوند، مهدی و زهره فنی، 1395، سرمایههای اجتماعی و کیفیت زیستی در کانونهای کوچک شهری، مطالعة تطبیقی شهرهای کوچک استان گیلان، مجلة آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، سال ششم، شمارة 20، صص 175-191.
6
صادقپور، بهرام و وهاب مرادی، 1389، تحلیل آماری با نرمافزارهای AMOS, SPSS، انتشارات دانشگاه مازندران.
7
طغرایی، محمدتقی و مهدی رضوانی، 1390، نگاشت مفهومی سرمایة اجتماعی در فعالیتهای بازاریابی کارآفرینانه شرکتهای کوچک، مجلة تحقیقات بازاریابی نوین، شمارة 3، صص 87-106.
8
فنی، زهره، 1394، شهرهای کوچک و میانی (برنامهریزی و توسعه)، انتشارات سازمان شهرداریها، تهران.
9
مرکز آمار ایران، 1395، سالنامة آماری و نتایج سرشماری شهرستانها و شهرهای استان البرز، معاونت آمار و انفورماتیک.
10
موسوی، میرنجف، حسنی، محمد و منوچهری، ایوب، 1392، تحلیل سرمایة اجتماعی شهروندان و تأثیر آن بر کیفیت زندگی، محلات شهر میاندوآب، مجلة پژوهشهای جغرافیایی انسانی، شمارة 45، صص 197-220.
11
نیکپور، عامر، رمضانزاده، مهدی و حیدر واحدی، 1394، ارزیابی سرمایة اجتماعی و تأثیر آن در ارتقای کیفیت محیطهای شهری (مطالعة موردی: شهر بابلسر)، فصلنامة برنامهریزی منطقه، سال پنجم، شمارة 19، صص 115-126.
12
13. Barrd, J., 2007, Environment and Social Theory, London and NewYork: Rutledge.
13
14. Benard, F., 2015, Quality of Life, Rutledge, London.
14
15. Bentel, F., 2017, Social Capital, Polity Press, Cambridge.
15
16. Bourdieu, P., 2014, The Forms of Capital, NewYork: London, Green Wood Press.
16
17. Carbo, P., 2011, The Value of Small Urban Green Paces of Birds in Mexican City, Journal of Lands Cape and Urban Planning, Vol. 2, No. 1, PP. 213 – 222.
17
18. Dajian, P., 2010, Word Expo and Urban Life, Journal of Population and Environ Ment, Vol. 4, No. 1. PP. 58 – 63.
18
19. DILL, A., 2016, Why Social Capital 2016? www. com mons.ch
19
20. Feddeyke, J., 2017, Livability, Growth and Social Capital, Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Phd at University of Sterling.
20
21. Fridrms, J., 2008, Social Capital, Comparative Economic, The William Davidson Institue, No. 26, PP. 264 – 286.
21
22. Kashef, M., 2016, Urban Livability and Professional Boundaries, www. reserchagate. net/ publication/.
22
23. Larice, M., 2005, Great Neighbor Hoods: The Livability and Morphology High Density in Urban- North America, Phd, Testis, California University.
23
24. Mishra, S., 2016, Place Attachment and Social Capital, Journal of Posy Chology, No. 30, PP. 187-197.
24
25. Norris, T., 2000, The Health Com Munities Movement and Coalition for Cities, Public Health Reports, No. 115, PP. 24 –118.
25
26. Ohmer, M., 2007, Citizen Participation in Poor Com Munities, Journal of Sociology, Vol. 2, No. 1, PP. 179-202.
26
27. Ozmete, E., 2011, Understanding of Social Capital with Ecosystem Approach, Journal of Academic Research No. 3, PP. 333-339.
27
28. Putnam, R., 2000, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American, Community, Simon and Schuster, NewYork.
28
29. Rapidan, J., 2018, Social Capital, Civic Tradition, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
29
30. Rashid, N., 2012, A Discussion of Theories Explaining The Environment Tally, Proscenia, Social Science, No. 50, PP. 106-1072.
30
31. Roslan, A., 2010, Does Social Capital Reduce Poverty? Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 4, PP. 556-566.
31
32. Robert, J., 2016, The Dictionary of Urbanism, Social Content, Spoon Press, London.
32
33. Seradon, B., 2016, Social Capital, Cambridge, Polity Press.
33
34. Suzuki, E., 2015, Low Work Place and Social Capital, Journal Social Science No. 70, PP. 1367-1372.
34
35. Walsh, G., 2009, Examining the Antecedents and Consequence of Corporate, Journal of Management, Vol. 20, PP. 187- 203.
35
36. Afrkat, H., Jalalian, H., Anvari, A., and Manouchehri, A., 2016, Analysis of the Role of Social Capital in the Survivability of Merged Villages in Miandoab, Strategic Quarterly of Rural Development, No. 4, PP. 441-415. (In Persian)
36
37. Ansari, E., and Ataee, P., 2012, Investigating the Rate and Impact of Social Capital on Social Psychosocial Residents of Residential Complexes, Journal of Urban Studies, No. 2, PP. 113-138. (In Persian)
37
38. Bandar Abad, A., and Ahmadinejad, F., 2015, Evaluation of Quality of Life Indicators with Emphasis on the Principles of Living in the City of Tehran, Tehran, Journal of Urban Planning and Research, Fifth Year, Pages 74-55. (In Persian)
38
39. Khorasani, M, Rezvani Mojie, H., and Rafieian, M., 2012, Evaluation and Evaluation of Urban Village Resilience, Case Study: Varamin County, Journal of Rural Studies, No. 3, PP. 79-104. (In Persian)
39
40. Sasanpour, F., Tuliya, S., and Jafari, H., 2014, The Ability of Cities to Survive for Sustainable Urban Development (Tehran Metropolis), No. 42, PP. 157-195. (In Persian)
40
41. Shirkvand, M., and Techno, Z., 2015, Social Capital and Quality of Life in Small Towns, Comparative Study of Small Towns of Guilan Province, Journal of Geographic Space, Vol. 6, No. 20, PP. 191-175. (In Persian)
41
42. Sadeghpour, B., and Moradi, V., 2010, Statistical Analysis with AMOS Software, SPSS Mazandaran University Press. (In Persian)
42
43. Toqraei, M., and Rezvani, M., 2011, Conceptual Mapping of Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Marketing Activities of Small Companies, Journal of New Marketing Research, No. 3. (In Persian)
43
44. Fanni, Z., 2015, Small and Middle Cities (Planning and Development), Tehran: Publications of the Municipal Organization. (In Persian)
44
45. Statistical Center of Iran, 2016, Statistical Yearbook and Results of Census of Cities and Cities of Alborz Province, Deputy of Statistics and Informatics. (In Persian)
45
46. Mousavi, M., Hassani, M., and Manouchehri, A., 2013, Analysis of Citizens' Social Capital and Its Impact on Quality of Life, Miandoab Townships, Journal of Human Geographical Research, No. 45, PP. 197-220. (In Persian)
46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of ANN Models for Evaluation of Potential and Optimum Pattern of Urban Expansion of Tabriz City
Introduction
An important phenomena in the recent centuries in different countries of the world are the emergence of numerous and new cities, the development of ancient cities, the advancement of urbanization, and urban development. Urban development and changes in land use patterns results in widespread social and environmental impacts including decline in natural spaces, increased vehicle accumulation, reduction in agricultural land with high production potential and decline in water quality. Urban development in any country is not coincidental and on the other hand, controlling its future development requires careful planning. Understanding the right patterns of urban growth is needed to manage sustainable urban growth and plan for urban development. The high rates of urban population growth in Iran and the lack of urban infrastructure and the increased trend of land use change is followed by the loss of valuable ecological land in urban and peri-urban areas due to marginalization, industrial pollution and other human activities. This makes it necessary to performurban development modeling. Tabriz, as one of the most important metropolises of Iran, is physically expanding over time. One of the challenging problems in the development of the city is the lack of proper management and failure to pay attention to effective factors. In recent years, the city of Tabriz has enjoyed a lot of physical growth due to its immigration status. Correct management of urban growth is one of the key issues in the subject.
Methodology
There are several methods to determine the appropriate areas for urban growth and one of the effective methods used in this study to select the suitable areas for development in the city is the neural network method. In this study, to determine the optimal location for urban growth, we have used three groups of criteria including socio-economic, land use and biophysical factors in 7 information layers. The data used in this research can be generally divided into two main categories. The data used to extract land use in the study area are including satellite imagery and topographic maps. It is essential to identify the variables affecting the creation of the main prerequisites for the development of land use. In this study, independent variables are including socioeconomic, biophysical and land use. Since there are several decision making rules for exploiting these variables, the distance between these variables was considered as an indicator. To work with the artificial neural network we have to initially find the effective parameters in urban development as input to the network (INPOT). Then, a number of educational points are provided to the network, so that the network uses these points (TARGET) to measure the impact of each option. It determines the input layers to deal with new areas. After determining the number of hidden layers in the network structure, the entire study area is provided to train network. The network performed by training points in the province to zoning of the areas with the potential of urban development.
Results and discussion
MLP network with 16 input layers (effective factors in urban development), 7 intermediate layers (test and error method), and a neuron in the output layer lead to an outline map. Thus, the training was provided to meet new samples. The network was stopped after 15 repetitions and got the necessary training. The network repeats 15 times to find the best possible option with the highest correlation and the lowest error.
Conclusion
In this study, natural, social and economic factors and urban services such as hospitals, business centers and educational facilities have been included in the model. The results of the research have indicated the vicinity of the city for more suitable development areas. The industrial areas in the northwest parts of the city are considered due to lack of access to urban services in the fault domain as inappropriate for development in Kandrood village in the southeast of Tabriz. The area has been connected to the city over time and it is is not a good place for urban development because the centers do not have access to services, especially hospitals. On the other hand, this part of Tabriz has gardens and the expansion of residential areas in this part will be accompanied by the destruction of gardens. The areas appropriate for development in the final map are located in the south, southeast and north of the Tabriz city. There are some vacant lots in of the areas of west in some agricultural lands in surrounding areas of the city.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_71556_8a0a35fc03ca0763276c3f137680cb99.pdf
2019-09-23
731
745
10.22059/jhgr.2019.275737.1007860
physical development
Tabriz
neural network
Site selection
Rahimeh
Rostami
rahimeh.rostami@gmail.com
1
MA in GIS and RS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Milad
Baqeri
milad.bagheri@ut.ac.ir
2
MA in GIS and RS, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Meysam
Argany
argany@ut.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor of GIS and RS, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mostafa
Hasanvand
m.hasanvand0666@yahoo.com
4
MA in GIS and RS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
ابراهیمزاده، عیسی و قاسم رفیعی، 1388، تحلیلی بر الگوی گسترش کالبدی شهر مرودشت با استفاده از مدل آنتروپی شاتون، فصلنامة پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دورة چهلویکم، شمارة 69، صص 123- 138.
1
آزادخانی، پاکزاد، سلیمانی، سمیه و مهدی امیدی، 1396، بررسی الگوی توسعة کالبدی-فضایی شهر ایلام با مدل آنتروپی شانون و هلدرن، فصلنامة مطالعات عمران شهری، دورة دوم، شمارة 4، صص 4-25.
2
حاتمینژاد، حسین، لرستانی، اکبر، احمدی، سجاد و مریم محمدی، 1396، تحلیل الگوی گسترش فیزیکی شهر خرمآباد با استفاده از مدلهای آنتروپی شانون و هلدرن و تعیین جهات بهینة گسترش آن با استفاده از مدل Ahp، پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دورة چهلونهم، شمارة 3، صص 529-537.
3
زمردیان، محمدجعفر، 1370، اصول و مبانی عمران ناحیهای، چاپ دوم، انتشارات کتابستان، مشهد.
4
سرور، هوشنگ، سرور، رحیم و مهدی توحیدی، 1395، بررسی الگوی بهینة توسعة فیزیکی شهر بانه براساس شاخصهای توسعة میانافزا، فصلنامة جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی، سال پنجم، شمارة 20، صص 65-82.
5
شکویی، حسین، 1376، دیدگاههاینودرجغرافیایشهری، جلد اول، انتشارات سمت، تهران.
6
صمدی، امیر، 1394، بهکارگیری تلفیقی شبکة عصبی مصنوعی و منطق فازی در توسعة شهری (نمونة موردی: شهر مریوان)، پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تهران.
7
عامری، علیرضا، شیرانی، کورش، کرمی، جلال و عبدالله کلوراژان، 1395، کاربرد شبکة عصبی پرسپترون چندلایه (Mlp) در مکانیابی دفن پسماند جامد شهری با تأکید بر خصوصیات هیدروژئومورفیک (مطالعة موردی: شهرستان فریدونشهر)، محیطشناسی، دورة چهلودوم، شمارة 2، صص 329-341.
8
عظیمی آملی، جلال، 1388، اصطلاحات و مفاهیم علوم شهری، انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد واحد نور.
9
فکوهی، ناصر، 1383، انسانشناسیشهری، چاپ اول، نشر نی، تهران.
10
قرخلو، مهدی، داودی، محمود، زندوی، سید مجدالدین و حسنعلی رجانی، 1389، مکانیابی مناطق بهینة توسعة فیزیکی شهر بابلسر بر مبنای شاخصهای طبیعی، فصلنامة جغرافیا و توسعه، دورة نهم، شمارة 23، صص 99-122.
11
مشکینی، ابوالفضل و اصغر تیموری، 1392، سنجش گستردگی شهری و تأثیر آن بر تغییرات کاربری اراضی با استفاده از Rs و Gis؛ نمونة موردی: شهر کرج طی دورة 1363-1391، معماری و شهرسازی آرمانشهر، شمارة 17، صص 375-387.
12
مظفری، غلامعلی و انور اولیزاده، 1387، بررسی وضعیت توسعة فیزیکی شهر سقز و تعیین جهات بهینة توسعة آتی آن، مجلة محیطشناسی، سال سیوچهارم، شمارة 47، صص 11-20.
13
نصیری، اسماعیل و مهدی ناصرمقبل، 1395، تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر توسعة فیزیکی شهرهای کوچک طی دو دهة اخیر (مطالعة موردی: شهر گرمدره)، فصلنامة مطالعات مدیریت شهری، شمارة 19، صص 43-53.
14
نگارش، حسین، 1382، کاربرد ژئومورفولوژی در مکانگزینی شهرها و پیامدهای آن، نشریة جغرافیا و توسعه، سال اول، شمارة 1، صص 133-150.
15
16. Ameri, A., Shirvani, K., Karami, J., and Kolorojan, A., 2016, Application of Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (Mlp) in Determination of Urban Solid Waste Landfill with Emphasis on Hydrogeomorphic Properties (Case Study: Fereydoun Shahr City), Journal of Ecology, Vol. 42, No. 2, PP. 329-341. (In Persian)
16
17. Azadkhani, P., Soleimani, S., and Omidi, M., 2018, Investigating the Pattern of Spatial Development in Ilam City with Shannon and Hellendron Entropy Model, Urban Civil Development Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 4, PP. 4-25. (In Persian)
17
18. Azimi Amoli, J., 2010, Urban Sciences Terms and Concepts, Islamic Azad University Press, First Printing. (In Persian)
18
19. Ebrahim Zadeh, E., Rafiee, G., 2010 An Analysis of Marvdasht Autonomous Development Pattern Using Shatun Entropy Model, Journal of Human Geography Research, No. 2, PP. 123-138. (In Persian)
19
20. Fakuhi, N., 2004, Urban Anthropology, First Volum, Ney Publication, Tehran. )In Persian)
20
21. Gerkhlu, M., Davoodi, M., Zandavi, M., and Rajani, H., 2010, Finding Optimal Areas of Physical Development of Babolsar City Based on Natural Indicators, Geography and Development Quarterly, No. 23. (In Persian)
21
22. Hatami Nejad, H., Lorestani, A., Ahmadi, S., and Mohamadi, M., 2018, Analysis of the Pattern of Physical Expansion of Khorramabad City Using Shannon and Hellenron Entropy Models and Determining Its Optimal Expansion Directions Using the Ahp Model, Journal of Human Geographic Research, Vol. 49, No. 3, PP. 529-537. (In Persian)
22
23. Meshkini, A., and Teymoori, A., 2013, Measurement of Urban Sprawl and Its Impact on Land Use Change Using Rs and Gis, Case Study: Karaj City During 1985-2013, Journal of Urbanism Architecture and Urbanism, No. 17, PP. 375-387. (In Persian)
23
24. Nasiri, E., Nasermogbel, M., 2017, Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Physical Development of Small Towns Over the Past Two Decades (Case Study: Garmdreh), Journal of Urban Management Studies, No. 19, PP. 43-53. (In Persian)
24
25. Negaresh, H., 2004, Application of Geomorphology in the Location of Cities and Its Consequences, Journal of Geography and Development, No. 1, PP. 133-150. (In Persian)
25
26. Samadi, A., 2015, The Application of Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Integration in Urban Development (Case Study: Marivan City), Master's Thesis, University of Tehran. (In Persian)
26
27. Sarvar, H., Sarvar, R., Tohidi, M., 2017, The Study of the Optimal Model of Physical Development in Baneh City Based on Interindustrial Development Indicators, Geography and Environmental Studies Quarterly, No. 20, PP. 65-82. (In Persian)
27
28. Shakooyi, H., 2007, New Perspectives in Urban Geography, Samt Publication, Vol. I, Tehran. (In Persian)
28
29. Zomorodian, M., 1991, Fundamentals of Regional Civil Enkgineering, Second Edition, Ketabestan Publication, Mashhad. (In Persian(
29
30. Atkinson, P. M., and Tatnall, A. R. L., 1997, Introduction Neural Networks in Remote Sensing, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 18, No. 4, PP. 699-709.
30
31. Gomez, H., Kavzoglu, T., and Mather, P., 2002, Artificial Neural Network Application in Landslide Hazard Zonation in the Venezuelanandes, Abstracts of 15th International Conference on Geomorphology, Tokyo, Japan, PP. 23-28.
31
32. Hess, G. R., 2001, Just What Is Sprawl, Anyway? www4.ncsu.edu/~grhess.
32
33. Hires Kara G. K., 1989, Fundamental of Town Planning’s, Published by O. P. Kaptur for Dan Pat Ray and Sons, and Delhi.
33
34. Huang, H. G., Hwang, R. C., and Hsieh, J. G., 2002, A New Artificial Intelligent Peak Power Load Forecaster Based on Non-Fixed Neural Networks, Electrical Power Energy Syst 24, PP. 245- 250.
34
35. Jalili Ghazi Zade, M., and Noori, R., 2008, Prediction of Municipal Solid Waste Generation By Use of Artificial Neural Network: A Case Study of Mashhad, Int. J. Environ. Vol. 2, No. 1, PP. 13-22.
35
36. Kiartzis, S. K., Bakirtzis, A. G., and Petridis, V., 1995, Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Neural Networks, Electric Power Syst Res, No. 33, PP. 1 -6.
36
37. Lehner, A., Kraus, V., and Stennoche, K., 2016, Urban Growth Scenarios of a Future Mega City: Case Study Ahmedabad, Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. Iii, No. 2, PP. 165-172
37
38. Merlin, P., 2000, Methods Quantitative and Space Urban, Univercity of Paris.
38
39. Noori, R., Karbassi, A., Mehdizadeh, H., Vasali Naseh, M., and Sabahi, M. S., 2011, A Framework Development for Predicting the Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient in Natural Streams Using an Neural Network, Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, No. 3, PP. 439- 447.
39
40. Noori, R., Khakpour, A., Omidvar, B., and Farokhnia, A., 2010, Comparison of Ann and Principal Component Analysismultivariate Linear Regression Models for Predicting the River Flow based on developed discrepancy ratio statistic, Expert Systems with Applications , No. 37, PP. 5856–5862.
40
41. Park, S., Jeon, S., Kim, S., and Choi, C., 2011, Prediction and Comparison of Urban Growth by Land Suitability Index Mapping Using Gis and Rs in South Korea, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 99. No. 2, PP. 104-114
41
42. Sliuzas, R. V., 2004, Managing Informal Settlements: A Study Using Geo-Information in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
42
43. Tewolde, M. G., and Cabral, P., 2011, Urban Sprawl Analysis and Modeling in Asmara, Eritrea. Remote Sensing, Vol. 3, No. 10, PP. 2148-2165.
43
44. Yaakup, A., 2007, Gis as New Approach and Method in Preparing and Implementing the Development Plan in Malaysian Planning System, Journal Alam Bina, No. 7, PP. 21-41.
44
45. Yilmaz, I., 2009, Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Frequency Ratio, Logistic Regression, Artificial Neural Networks and Their Comparison: A Case Study From Kat Landslides (Tokat-Turkey), Computers and Geosciences, Nol. 35, PP. 1125-1138.
45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Evaluation of suitable Sites for Solar Farms by Multi Criteria Decision Making in GIS (Case Study: East Azarbaijan Province)
Introduction
Energy as the fundamental need of mankind is essential for modern societies to achieve the interrelated goals: such as human needs for heating, cooling, lighting, mobility and for running a large diversity of appliances, it is necessary to supply power and heat to production systems. Global energy resources can be classified into three main groups, namely fossil energies (oil, gas, coal, etc.), nuclear energy, and renewable energies (wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, etc.). Most of the energy sources currently relied on finite resources and will be depleted because of the increasing demand. In addition, there have been serious local air, water, and soil pollution problems as a result of consumption of the various energy resources. It has become clear that application of fossil fuels is not a wise option not only because of its global impacts on climate system but also the short-term and very long-term impacts on society and the ecosystem. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the fastest growing technologies in using Renewable Energy Resources (RES) worldwide. Harnessing the untapped and unmatched solar potential would not only assist in improving total energy mixture but also reduce the emission of harmful and toxic gases. Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) can be defined as formal or structured approaches for individuals or groups to determine overall preferences among alternative options by taking account of multiple criteria and indicators. They have become increasingly popular in decision making on sustainable developments and on energy systems due to their ability to consider simultaneously a number of economic, environmental, social and technological aspects. The purpose of this study is to provide a decision support tool for decision makers using Fuzzy AHP as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique and GIS tools for investigation and selection of suitable solar farm sites in East Azarbaijan province.
Methodology
Based on the experiences of the previous studies in the literature and case study subject of this research, we selected nine criteria including GHI, PVOUT, elevation, slope, aspect, annual sunshine hours, average annual relative humidity, proximity to cities and roads. GHI and PVOUT layers are downloaded from “solargis” website. For generating climatic layers, we applied IDW method using 14 meteorological stations data downloaded from “East Azarbaijan metrological website”. Elevation, slope and aspect’s layers were created using ASTER satellite Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The layers of proximity to cities and roads have also been created using raster calculator tool in ArcGIS 10.3 software. All criteria have been generated in ArcGIS 10.3 software and standardized in a [0-1] scale using different equations. In order to perform overlay analysis, all layers have been set to same cell size of 29.27 square meters. In some areas, due to legal constraints, engineering or environmental aspects, there is no possibility to deploy solar farms. Thus, three types of areas including protected areas, areas so close to cities and areas close to active faults have been defined as constraint areas. We applied fuzzy AHP technique to determine the relative weights of the criteria to each other. Finally, sensitivity analysis has been performed on the results of AHP in order to validate the outputs. In order to generate primary suitability map, the criteria and their weights have been combined using ArcGIS Raster Calculator. The highest suitability was 0.8 and the lowest was 0.0628 in the results. Then, constraint layers have been created using buffer tool and converted into a binary layer with 0 and 1 values in which the number 0 represents the places of the constraint and 1 represents those with no constraint. In order to generate final suitability map, the final binary constraint layer is applied to primary suitability map using multiplication operator by raster calculator tool.
Results and discussion
The results obtained by AHP method show that PVOUT and GHI criteria have the highest priority and annual average relative humidity and annual sunshine hours have the lowest priority. The results show that 47.99% of the study area has weak suitability, 27.10% of that has moderate suitability, 18.31% has good suitability, and 06.60% has great suitability for solar farm deployment. The west and southwest areas of the study area are the most suitable and north and northeast areas are the least suitable. This can be argued that the west and southwest areas are mostly flat areas with high values of GHI and PVOUT and north and northeast areas are not suitable. To conduct sensitivity analysis, 3 criteria of weight scenarios were considered. In first scenario, equal weights are assigned to all criteria, in second scenario the higher weights are assigned to elevation, slope, and aspect criteria and weights of other six criteria considered equal. Finally, in third scenario the higher weights are assigned to GHI and PVOUT criteria. It should be noted that in all scenarios, the total weight of all nine criteria is 1 (i.e., 100%).
Conclusion
In this study site selection for solar farms has been conducted by Multi Criteria Decision Making techniques and Geographic Information System. Nine criteria were adopted by relative priority weights using Fuzzy AHP method. The PVOUT criterion has the highest weight and annual sunshine hour criterion has the lowest weight. Layer standardization for overlay analysis was conducted in ArcGIS 10.3. Three areas as constraint zones are applied to primary suitability map. The results show that forest and mountain areas are not suitable for solar farms and on the other side smooth and flat areas are mostly located in west and southwest parts of the study area as they are more suitable for solar farms. Policy makers and planners can use the results of this study for energy supply using solar energy as one of renewable and cleanest energy sources. The methodology used in this study can be performed in other areas with similar conditions.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_71397_e2ba037adc25050c11c8109394c47016.pdf
2019-09-23
747
764
10.22059/jhgr.2019.279885.1007909
Solar energy
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Fuzzy AHP
Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)
Sensitivity analysis
Najmeh
Neisani Samani
nneysani@ut.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of RS and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amir
Tahouni
amir.tahooni@ut.ac.ir
2
MA in RS and GIS, Faculty, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
مرکز آمار ایران https://www.amar.org.ir..
1
مهاجرزاده، محمد، معصومی، رحیم، کمالی محمدرضا، 1389، اصول و معیارهای مکانیابی صنایع راهبردی، انتشارات مبنای خرد.
2
Alamdari, P., Nematollahi, O., and Alemrajabi, A., 2013, Solar Energy Potentials in Iran: A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 21, PP. 778–788.
3
Al Garni, H., and Awasthi, A., 2017, Solar PV Power Plant Site Selection Using a GIS-AHP Based Approach with Application in Saudi Arabia, Applied Energy Vol. 206, PP. 1225–1240.
4
Aragonés-Beltrán, P., Chaparro-González, F., Pastor-Ferrando, J-P., and Pla-Rubio, A., 2014, An AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process)/ANP (Analytic Network Process)-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach for the Selection of Solar-Thermal Power Plant Investment Projects, Energy, Vol. 66, PP. 222–38.
5
Belton, V., and Stewart T. J., 2002 Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: An Integrated Approach, Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
6
Bunruamkaew, K., and Murayama, Y., 2011, Site Suitability Evaluation for Ecotourism Using GIS and AHP: A Casestudy of Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, Vol. 21, PP. 269–78.
7
Candelise, C., Winskel, M., and Gross, R. J. K., 2013, The Dynamics of Solar PV Costs and Prices As a Challenge for Technology Forecasting, Renewable Aand Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 26, PP. 96–107.
8
Diakoulak, I. D., Henggeler Antunes, D., and Gomes, Martins A., 2005, MCDA Aand Energy Planning, In: Figueira J, Greco S, Ehrgott M, Editors, Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: State of the Art Surveys, United States of America: Springer.
9
10. Dincer, I., 2000, Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development: A Crucial Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 4, PP. 75–157.
10
11. Doorga, J. R. S, Rughooputh, S. D. D. V., and Boojhawon, R., 2018, Multi-Criteria GIS-Based Modelling Technique for Identifying Potential Solar Farm Sites: A Case Study In Mauritius, Renewable Energy, Vol. 133, PP. 1-19.
11
12. Dozic, S., Lutovac, T., and Kali, M., 2018, Fuzzy AHP Approach to Passenger Aircraft Type Selection, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 68, PP. 165-175.
12
13. Elliot D., 2007, Sustainable Energy: Opportunities and Limitations, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
13
14. Ferroukhi, R., Gielen, D., Kieffer, G,. Taylor, M., Nagpal, D., and Khalid, A., 2014, Rethinking Energy: Towards a New Power System, Int Renew Energy Agency (IRENA).
14
15. Hung, M. M. H., and Yang, W., 2007, A Novel Sustainable Decision Making Model for Municipal Solid Waste Management, Waste Management, Vol. 27, PP. 209–19.
15
16. IPCC. IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. In: Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Youba, Sayboth, K., Zwickel, T., Eickemeier, P., Hansen, G., Von Stechow, C., Matschoss, P., Kander, S., Schlömer, S., Editors., 2011 United Kingdomand New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. P. 1075 Prep. for Working Group III Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
16
17. Johnson, K. C., 2010, A Decarbonization Strategy for the Electricity Sector: New-Source Subsidies, Energy Policy, Vol. 38, PP. 2499–507.
17
18. Liou, T. S., J. Wang, M. J., 1992, Ranking Fuzzy Numbers with Integral Value, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 50, PP. 247-255.
18
19. Kahraman, C., Kaya, İ., and Cebi, S., 2009, A Comparative Analysis for Multiattribute Selection Among Renewable Energy Alternatives Using Fuzzy Axiomatic Design and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process., Energy, Vol. 34, PP. 1603–16.
19
20. Kowalski, K., Stagl, S., Madlener, R., and Omann, I., 2009, Sustainable Energy Futures: Methodological Challenges in Combining Scenarios and Participatory Multi- Criteria Analysis, European Journal of Operational Research,Vol. 197, PP. 1063–74.
20
21. Ku, C.Y., Chang, C.T., and Ho, H. P., 2010, Global Supplier Selection Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Goal Programming, Journal of Quality and Quantity, Vol. 44, PP. 623-640.
21
22. Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Mamat, R., Yusaf, T., and Azmi, W. H., 2015, Solar Energy in Iran: Current State and Outlook, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 49, PP. 931-942.
22
23. Pokehar, S. D., and Ramachandran, M., 2004, Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making to Sustainable Energy Planning-A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 8, PP. 365–81.
23
24. Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., and Kothari, S., 2011, Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Environmental Protection: A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, PP. 1513–24.
24
25. Saaty, T. L., 2008, Decision Making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process, International Journal of Services Sciences, Vol. 1, PP. 83–98.
25
26. Sabziparavar, A., and Shetaee, H., 2007, Estimation of Global Solar Radiation in Arid and Semi-Arid Climates of East and West Iran, Energy, Vol. 32, PP. 649–55
26
27. Sanchez-Lozano, J. M., Antunes, C.H., Garcia-Cascales M.S., and Dias L. C., 2014, GIS-Based Photovoltaic Solar Farms Site Selection Using ELECTRE-TRI: Evaluating the Case for Torre Pacheco, Murcia, Southeast of Spain, Renewable Energy Vol. 66, PP. 478-479.
27
28. Sindhua, S., Nehraa, V., and Luthra, S., 2017, Investigation of Feasibility Study of Solar Farms Deployment Using Hybrid AHP-TOPSIS Analysis: Case Study of India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 73. PP. 496–511.
28
29. Sindhu, S. P., Nehra, V., and Luthra, S., 2016, Recognition and Prioritization of Challenges in Growth of Solar Energy Using Analytical Hierarchy Process: Indian Outlook, Energy, Vol. 100, PP. 332–48.
29
30. Strantzali, E., and Aravossis, K., 2016, Decision Making in Renewable Energy Investments: A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 55, PP. 885-898.
30
31. Tahri, M., Hakdaoui, M., and Maanan, M., 2015, The Evaluation of Solar Farm Locations Applying Geographic Information System and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods: Case Study in Southern Morocco, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 51, PP. 1354–1362.
31
32. Talinli, I., Topuz, E., Aydin, E., and Kabakcı, S. B., 2011, A Holistic Approach for Wind Farm Site Selection by FAHP, Wind Farm: Technical Regulations, Potential Estimation and Siting Assessment Intech, Croatia, PP. 213–34.
32
33. Uyan, M., 2013, GIS-Based Solar Farms Site Selection Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Karapinar Region, Konya/Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 28, PP. 11-17.
33
34. Vafaeipour, M., Zolfani, SH., Varzandeh, M. H. M., Derakhti, A., and Eshkalag, M. K., 2014, Assessment of Regions Priority for Implementation of Solar Projects In Iran: New Application of a Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach, Energy Convers Manag, Vol. 86, PP. 653–63.
34
35. Wang Y., and Chin K., 2011, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming Methodology, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Vol. 52, PP. 541–553.
35
36. Winebrake, J. J., and Creswick, B. P., 2003, The Future of Hydrogen Fueling Systems for Transportation: An Application of Perspective-Based Scenario Analysis Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Technol Forecast Soc Change, Vol. 70. PP. 359–84.
36
37. Zoghi, M., Ehsani, A., Sadat, M., Amiri, M., and Karimi, S., 2017, Optimization Solar Site Selection by Fuzzy Logic Model and Weighted Linear Combination Method in Arid and Semi-Arid Region: A Case Study Isfahan-IRAN, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 68, PP. 986–996.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Applications of GIS in Improving Urban Businesses
Introduction
In a general categorization, businesses in urban spaces are divided into service, commercial, manufacturing, and technology and information groups. The components of urban businesses in various fields are related to the spatial characteristics and geographical location of the business. Geographic and spatial investigations provide the useful information for urban business owners. However, in recent years, less attention has been paid to the spatial parameters of urban businesses. The spatial analysis of customer, competitors and market behavior are important for development of business in urban space. It will make a better understanding of markets, competitors and customer behavior in the urban areas. Information is a basic tool for development of the urban business. In the past two decades, advanced industrial countries have focused on new information technologies as the core of development. Today, there are a variety of computer information systems available to provide information in various fields of urban business. GIS as one of these systems can be used for spatial or geographic purposes in urban areas. Given the complexities of urban space, GIS can simulate complex spatial analyses and provide appropriate solutions. This technology, using the strong functions, makes accurate decisions and optimal management of the resources in urban space. Small and large businesses in urban areas can use GIS as a useful tool for analysis and decision making. GIS capabilities in business analyst, network analyst, spatial analyst, 3D analyst and many other complex analyzers make it possible to accurately implement integrated systems including complete urban business systems in urban management. In this study, the use of GIS as an appropriate and highly relevant information technology is discussed for the development and improvement of urban businesses.
Methodology
The city of Babolsar, located in Mazandaran Province, Iran, has been selected as the study area. This city has long been a hub for tourists and visitors due to its peculiar location. Given the significance of tourism as a major source of income, creating tourist infrastructures such as restaurants has found great importance. In this study, the applications of GIS as a suitable information technology for the development and improvement of urban businesses are initially studied through the library method. Then, to evaluate the location options and select the most suitable place to establish a restaurant in Babolsar, the best-worst combination was used as one of the multi-criteria analysis tools of GIS. Effective criteria and restaurant alternative locations are then determined based on previous researches and standardized criteria maps are produced. Each criterion is then weighted by experts using Best-Worst Method (BWM). The Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method is ultimately applied to combine criterion maps with the criteria weights to determine the alternative scores in the expert-derived map. The map is divided into three classes of suitable, moderate, and unsuitable.
Results and discussion
GIS is able to answer a large volume of business owners' questions in the field development and improvement of the urban business. These six questions are When, Where, Why, How, and what. In order to improve business development, GIS has the ability to integrate economic, social and spatial data from customers, competitors and the market. Then, by analyzing and modeling the location-based data, it can use the results to develop and improve the urban businesses. Information technologies play a key role in business development, digital marketing, advertising, real time monitoring, customer support and long term business growth. This study has examined the applications of GIS as one of the information technologies in the context of business development. The strong relation between business and location makes GIS as a valuable tool to support information needs in business-related decision making processes and attain long term business success. The spatial-analytical capabilities of GIS, such as network and overlay analyses can be effectively used to explore and analyze the business situations in order to provide more informed business decisions, plans and marketing strategies. GIS has the potential to integrate the spatial (location), economic, demographic, and social data to model customers and competitors’ behaviors and answers the questions in the domains such as customer and marketing analysis, market prediction, investment, advertisement strategy, business site selection, market, and so on. GIS is helpful for the business owners in modeling and tracking the customer behavior so that they can answer questions about customers, business customer’s density over urban areas; the best business customer’s locations in city; the products and services of customers in a particular urban area; and other customer’s access to other locations.
Conclusion
In recent years, most of the countries that are affected by continued recession or the ongoing financial crisis focus on developing and promoting businesses including entrepreneurship, marketing, and commerce processes. Information technologies play a key role in business development, digital marketing, advertising, real time monitoring, customer support and long term business growth. This study examines the applications of GIS as one of the information technologies in the context of business development. The strong relation between business and location makes GIS as a valuable tool to support information needs in business-related decision making processes and attain long term business success. The spatial-analytical capabilities of GIS, such as network and overlay analyses can be effectively used to explore and analyze the business situations in order to provide more informed business decisions, plans and marketing strategies. GIS has the potential to integrate the spatial (location), economic, demographic, and social data to model customers and competitors’ behaviors and answers the questions in the domains such as customer and marketing analysis, market prediction, investment, advertisement strategy, business site selection, market, and so on.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_73452_4ffbd02d3ac09ebd7a7dd854e6370a9c.pdf
2019-09-23
765
781
10.22059/jhgr.2019.276755.1007868
GIS
Urban businesses
Market
Spatial Analysis
customer analysis
Mohammadreza
Jelokhani Niaraki
mrjelokhani@ut.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor of RS and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Narjes
Mahmoody Vanolya
mahmoodi.narjes.v@ut.ac.ir
2
MA in RS and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Karimi Firozjaei
mohammad.karimi.f@ut.ac.ir
3
PhD Candidate in RS and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Bateman, I. J., Jones, A. P., Lovett, A. A., Lake, I. R., and Day, B. H, 2002, Applying Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to Environmental and Resource Economics, Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 22, No. 1 and 2, PP. 219-269.
1
Batey, P., and Brown, P., 1995, From Human Ecology to Customer Targeting: The Evolution of Geodemographics, GIS for Business and Service Planning, PP. 77-103.
2
Beaumont, J. R., 2001, GIS and Market Analysis, In Geographical Information System: Principles and Applications, PP. 75-120.
3
Birkin, M., Clarke, G. P., and Clarke, M, 1999, GIS for Business and Service Planning, Geographical Information Systems: Principles Techniques Management and Applications, Vol. 2, PP. 709-722.
4
Bu, L., and Wang, F., 2019, Data Science and Digital Business, In Data Science and Digital Business (PP. 23-40). Springer, Cham.
5
Chacón-García, J., 2017, Geomarketing Techniques to Locate Retail Companies in Regulated Markets, Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), Vol. 25, No. 3, PP. 185-193.
6
Chaudhuri, S., 2018, Application of Web-Based Geographical Information System (GIS) In E-Business, In Digital Marketing and Consumer Engagement: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (PP. 649-665). IGI Global.
7
Fagir, D. H. B., 2016, Finding the Best Location for New Restaurant Using GIS Technologies, Sudan University of Science and Technology, PP. 57-115.
8
Galbraith, J., and Coonin, B. R, 2001, GIS in Business, Reference and User Services Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 1, P. 9.
9
10. Hess, R. L., Rubin, R. S., and West, L. A., 2004, Geographic Information Systems as a Marketing Information System Technology, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 38, No. 2, PP. 197-212.
10
11. Ismael, A. A., and Bashir, M. S., 2014, Applications of GIS in Business Decision Making: The Case of Egypt, International Journal of Computer Applications, Vol. 94, No. 14, PP. 31-36.
11
12. Jiang, B., and Yao, X., 2006, Location-Based Services and GIS in Perspective, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 30, No. 6, PP. 712-725.
12
13. Kechagioglou, X., Lemmens, R., and Retsios, V., 2019, Sharing Geoprocessing Workflows with Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), In Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Geoinformatics and Data Analysis (PP. 56-60). ACM.
13
14. Kita, P., Szczyrba, Z., Fiedor, D., and Letal, A., 2018, Recognition of Business Risks When Purchasing Goods on the Internet Using GIS: Experience From Slovakia, Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 18. No. 3, PP. 647-663.
14
15. Kunz, M. B., and Ratliff, J. M., 2012, A Geo-Spatial Examination of Small-Owned Businesses of Kentucky, The Entrepreneurial Executive, Vol. 17, P. 97.
15
16. Lin, X., and Zu, Y., 2013, Multi-Criteria GIS-Based Procedure for Coffee Shop Location Decision, PP. 14-30.
16
17. Maguire, D. J., 1995, Implementing Spatial Analysis and GIS Applications for Business and Service Planning, GIS for Business and Service Planning, PP. 171-191.
17
18. Maguire, D. J., Smith, R., and Kouyoumjian, V., 2008, The Business Benefits of GIS: An ROI Approach, ESRI, Inc, PP. 83-101.
18
19. Malczewski, J., and Rinner, C., 2015, Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Geographic Information Science, New York: Springer.
19
20. Pick, J. (Ed.), 2004, Geographic Information Systems in Business, Igi Global, PP. 1-20.
20
21. Rezaei, J., 2015, Best-Worst Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method, Omega, Vol. 53, PP. 49-57.
21
22. Ringo, L. G., 2009, Utilizing GIS-Based Site Selection Analysis for Potential Customer Segmentation and Location Suitability Modeling to Determine a Suitable Location to Establish a Dunn Bros Coffee Franchise in the Twin Cities Metro, Minnesota, Papers in Resource Analysis, PP. 5-10.
22
23. Tzeng, G. H., Teng, M. H., Chen, J. J., and Opricovic, S., 2002, Multicriteria Selection for a Restaurant Location in Taipei, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, PP. 171-187.
23
24. Jelokhani-Niaraki, M. 2013, Web 2.0-based collaborative multicriteria spatial decision support system: a case study of human-computer interaction patterns, University of Western Onario.
24
25. Jelokhani-Niaraki, M., 2018, Knowledge sharing in Web-based collaborative multicriteria spatial decision analysis: An ontology-based multi-agent approach, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 72, PP.104-123.
25
26. Hasani, S., Sadeghi-Niaraki, A., and Jelokhani-Niaraki, M., 2015, Spatial data integration using ontology-based approach, The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 40, No.1, PP. 293-296.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation and Analysis of Environmental Awareness in Rural Settlements around Yasuj City
Introduction
The awareness of environment state and examination of its changes are among the issues having attracted the attention of many researchers during recent years. This tendency has been so strong that it can determine the required changes in management and to present managerial plans in a correct recognition of environment state. Awareness about the consequences of wrong behaviors can decrease their occurrence. Villages are important human settlements having very close connection to the environment, in a way that they mutually influence each other. Most of economic activities in these regions are based on direct relationship with nature. The appearance of villages around the cities is different from other villages because of the different system of settlement relationships and the presence of forces resulting from them. Achieving the rural environmental sustainability is under the influence of public environmental awareness that, in turn, is also affected by various factors. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to examine the environmental awareness of villagers around Yasuj City. The purpose of the study is to analyze environmental awareness of villagers living in the suburbs of Yasuj City.
Methodology
The present study has an analytical-descriptive method. The first step in the environmental awareness evaluation was to prepare the criteria. To have an effective evaluation, it is required to determine measureable, scientific and acceptable factors by researchers and experts in this study. The indices and variables of the study were selected based on the opinions of professors and researchers in the field of rural studies in accordance with the region under study and with consideration of the theoretical bases and the review of related literature in the environmental awareness and behavior domains. The environmental awareness and tendency to destroy natural resources were evaluated using 11 and 2 variables, respectively. The study population was settlements around Yasuj City. Ten villages were selected among all the villages around the city using randomized cluster sampling. Cochran formula was used to determine the size of the sample population. Accordingly, 384 households were selected to complete the questionnaires. In order to evaluate the reliability of the data, we used Cronbach’s alpha. Results showed that the questionnaire has an appropriate reliability.
Results and discussion
By examining the status of environmental awareness in the villages under study, it can be understood that these settlements have coefficient of 22.3 and a medium sustainability. Results of coefficient analysis showed that there is significantly negative correlation between the environmental awareness and respondents’ age. There is no significant relationship between environmental awareness and respondents’ gender. There is a significantly positive relationship between environmental awareness and respondents’ education level. Furthermore, results of correlation analysis showed that there is a significantly negative relationship between inhabitants’ environmental awareness level and the tendency to destroy the nature. The highest average belongs to the variable “If the way of treating nature is not adjusted, the environment will face disaster”, and lowest average belongs to the variable “The most important factor in Ozone layer depletion is Carbon dioxide gas”.
This study has evaluated the status of environmental awareness within rural settlements around Yasuj City. Environmental awareness is the individual’s information about environmental issues as well as the factors influencing their spread and recognition of proper treatment to obviate them. Operationally, environmental awareness includes people’s information regarding the importance and role of environment in their life. Villages are faced with many environmental problems and some of the most common problems are including improper way of collecting the rubbish and its disposal, providing potable water, water treatment networks, cutting the trees, putting jungles on fire and etc. Generally, the best instruments to enlighten rural societies, promote publics sensitivity, attention and knowledge about environmental aspects is to educate them on environment which is very important regarding the influence of humans on the environment. Therefore, if the inhabitants are lacking environmental awareness, unregulated exploitation from surrounding natural resources will play a fundamental role in creation of environmental damages.
Conclusion
After analyzing the results, it was found that 53 percent of the respondents have a higher level of environmental awareness than the median level; and 47 percent of them have a lower level of awareness than the median level. This shows that rural settlements are on a median level of environmental awareness. The results are in line with the results presented by Cruise et al. (2014). On the other hand, the findings are inconsistent with the findings of Saho et al. (2015) and Sanjai (2013). In addition, regarding the gender of the respondents and their environmental awareness, the findings of the present study disapprove the findings of Blaji (2017). As a fact, villagers’ environmental awareness plays an important role in achieving rural environmental sustainable development.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_73527_363040b7934d0570a9e9df24070a1c3e.pdf
2019-09-23
783
796
10.22059/jhgr.2019.281345.1007930
Development
environment
Environmental awareness
Sustainability evaluation
rural settlements
Fazileh
Khani
fazileh.khani@gmail.com
1
Professor of geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Salmani
sasalmanim@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor of geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Enayatollah
Moshfeghnejadi
menait@yahoo.com
3
MA in geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
ایزدی، فاطمه، کریمیان، علیاکبر و حمید سوداییزاده، 1392، برآورد میزان آگاهیهای زیستمحیطی دانش آموزان روستایی و رابطة آن با آگاهی والدین و مربیان مطالعة موردی: دانشآموزان دورة راهنمایی روستاهای منطقة جی اصفهان، پژوهشهای روستایی، دورة چهارم، شمارة 4، صص 777-792.
1
بریمانی، فرامرز و صادق اصغری لفمجانی، 1389، تعیین شدت ناپایداری محیطزیستی سکونتگاههای روستایی سیستان با استفاده با استفاده از مدل سنجش چندمعیاره، مجلة جغرافیا و توسعه، دورة هشتم، شمارة 19، صص 127-144.
2
بذرافشان، جواد، طولابینژاد، مهرشاد و هانیه استکی، 1397، بررسی آثار حس تعلق مکانی بر بازساخت فضایی-کالبدی سکونتگاههای روستایی (مطالعة موردی: دهستان نِه، شهرستان نهبندان)، مجلة پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دورة پنجاهم، شمارة 4، صص 791-807.
3
حجازی، رضوان، رجبدری، حسین و امیررضا خانیذلان، 1396، بررسی رابطة بین آگاهی و نگرش محیط زیستی دانشجویان و دانشآموختگان حسابداری، مجله بررسیهای حسابداری، دورة چهارم، شمارة 16، صص 53-72.
4
خانی، فضیله، 1396، بنیانهای برنامهریزی در فضاهای متغیر روستایی، چاپ اول، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
5
خواجه شاهکویی، علیرضا، نجفی کانی، علیاکبر و زینب وصال، 1394، بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر آگاهیهای محیط زیستی روستاییان (مطالعة موردی: دهستان جاغرق در شهرستان بینالود)، پژوهش و برنامهریزی روستایی، سال چهارم، شمارة 9، صص 85-96.
6
سبزهای، محمدتقی، قلیپور، سیاووش و معصومه آدینهوند، 1395، بررسی رابطة بین آگاهی، نگرش و رفتار حامی محیطزیست دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه قم، آموزش محیطزیست و توسعة پایدار، سال چهارم، شمارة 4، صص 5-16.
7
ستوده، احد و فرزام پوراصغر سنگاچین، 1389، بررسی گزارشهای شاخصهای پایداری و عملکرد محیطزیست در سالهای 2004-2005 و جایگاه ایران، مجلة محیطزیست و توسعه، سال اول، شمارة 1، صص 51-72.
8
سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله و امین فعالجلالی، 1397، سنجش آگاهی و رفتار محیطزیستی روستاییان (مطالعة موردی: دهستان زنگلانلو)، فصلنامة برنامهریزی فضایی، سال هشتم، شمارة 1، صص 29-50.
9
شبیری، سید محمد، 1394، زبان تخصصی آموزش محیطزیست، انتشارات دانشگاه پیامنور، تهران.
10
صالحی، صادق و لقمان امامقلی، 1391، مطالعة تجربی رابطة آگاهی و رفتارهای زیستمحیطی (مطالعة مناطق شهری و روستایی شهرستان سنندج)، مسائل اجتماعی ایران، دورة سوم، شمارة 1، صص 121-147.
11
صالحی، نفیسه و آزیتا کوشافر، 1393، بررسی سطح آگاهی محیط زیستی معلمان زن، فصلنامة زن و فرهنگ، سال ششم، شمارة 21، صص 105-118.
12
فاضلنیا، غریب و عبدالرضا رکنالدین افتخاری، 1384، تبیین نظریهای عوامل مؤثر بر شناخت و آگاهی روستاییان از توانشهای خود و محیط پیرامون، برنامهریزی و آمایش فضا، دورة نهم، شمارة 1، صص 111-150.
13
مهمدی کربلای، زینب و عبدالعظیم آجیلی، 1394، تبیین میزان آگاهی دختران روستایی در حفاظت از محیطزیست در راستای توسعة پایدار (مطالعة موردی: روستای دغاغله)، علوم و مهندسی محیطزیست، سال سوم، شمارة 1، صص 55-68.
14
هوشمندان مقدمفرد، زهرا و شمسعلی اخبار اسماعیلی، 1395، مؤلفههای اثرگذار بر آگاهی زیستمحیطی هنرجویان کشاورزی زنجان، پژوهش مدیریت آموزش کشاورزی، شمارة 37، صص 73-84.
15
16. Izadi, F., Karimeian, A. A., and Suodaiezadeh, H., 2013, Estimation of Environmental Knowledge of Rural Students and its Relationship to Parent and Teacher Knowledge Case Study: Students in the Guidance Course in the Villages of Isfahan, Rural Research, No. 4. PP. 777-792. (In Persian)
16
17. Barimanie, F., and Asghary, S., 2010, Determination of Environmental inconstancy of Rural Settlements of Sistan Using Multi-Criteria Assessment Model, Journal of Geography and Development, Vol. 19, No. 8, PP. 127-144. (In Persian)
17
18. Bazrafshan, J., Toulabinejad, M., and Esteiky, H., 2018, The Effects of Sense of Spatial Property on Spatial-Physical Reconstruction of Rural Settlements (Case Study: Neh Village, Nehbandan City), Journal of Human Geography Research, Vol. 50, No. 4. PP. 791-807. (In Persian)
18
19. Hejazi, R., Rajabdari, H., and Khanizelan, A., 2017, The Relationship Between Environmental Knowledge and Attitude of Accounting Students and Graduates, Journal of Accounting Reviews, Vol. 14, No. 16, PP. 53-72. (In Persian)
19
20. Khani, kh., 2017, Fundamentals of Planning in Rural Spaces, First Edition, Tehran University Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
20
21. Khageh Shahkouie, A., Najafi Kani, A. A., and Vesal, Z., 2015, Investigating Factors Affecting Rural Environmental Awareness (Case Study: Jaghargh Village in Binalood Township), Rural Research and Planning, Vol. 9, No. 4, PP. 85-96. (In Persian)
21
22. Shobeiry, M., Gholipour, S., and Adinehvand, M., 2015, The Relationship Between Knowledge, Attitude and Supportive Behavior of Female Students of Qom University, Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, Vol. 4, No 4, PP. 5-16. (In Persian)
22
23. Sotudeh, A., and Pour Asghar Sangachin, F., 2010, Investigating the Reports of Environmental Sustainability and Performance Indicators for 2004-2005 and the Position of Iran, Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 1, No. 1, PP. 51-72. (In Persian)
23
24. Sojase Gheydari, H., and Faal Jalaleh, A., 2018, Rural Environmental Awareness and Behavior (Case Study: Zanglanloo Village), Journal of Spatial Planning, Vol. 1, No. 8, PP. 29-50. (In Persian)
24
25. Shobeiry, S. M., 2015, Specialized Language of Environmental Education, Payame Noor University diffusions, Tehran. (In Persian)
25
26. Salehi, S., and Emamgholy, L., 2012, Experimental Study of the Relationship between Knowledge and Environmental Behaviors (Study of Urban and Rural Areas of Sanandaj City), Iranian Social Issues, Vol. 1, No. 3, PP. 121-147. (In Persian)
26
27. Salehi, N., and Koushafar, A., 2014, Investigating the level Of Environmental Awareness of Female Teachers, Journal of Women and Culture, Vol. 21, No. 6, PP. 105-118. (In Persian)
27
28. Fazelneia, Gh., and Roknaldin Eftekhary, A., 2005, A Theoretical Explanation of Factors Influencing Villagers' Knowledge and Awareness of Their Abilities and Environment, Planning and Space Preparation, Vol. 1, No. 9, PP. 111-150. (In Persian)
28
29. Moohamadi Karbalaie, Z., and Agelie, A., 2015, Explaining the Rural Girls' Awareness of Environmental Protection in Sustainable Development (Case Study: Daghaghlee Village), Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 3, PP. 55-68. (In Persian)
29
30. Hoshmandan Maghadamfard, Z., and Akhbar Esmaieli, Sh. A., 2015, Effective Factors on Environmental Knowledge of Zanjan Agricultural Students, Agricultural Education Management Research, No. 37. PP. 73-84. (In Persian)
30
31. Ahmad, J., Noor, S., and Ismail, N., 2015, Investigating Students’ Environmental Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Communication, Asian Social Science, No. 11. PP. 284-293.
31
32. Balaji, P. S., and Anbalagan, A., 2017, A Study on Environmental Awareness Among Rural and Urban Secondary School Students in Thiruvallur District, Internation Eductional Sclentific Research Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, PP. 26-31.
32
33. Bulatović, J., and Rajović, G., 2018, Environmental Awareness Population in City Municipality of Zvezdara (Belgrade) for the Sustainable Zvezdarske Forest, World News of Natural Sciences, No. 16. PP. 1-17.
33
34. Cruz Soto, R., Balderrama, T., Vélez-Sánchezverin, SC., Aguilar-Palma, N., Viramontes-Olivas, O., and Durán, A., 2014, Environmental Awareness of the Young in a Rural Community in the Sierra Tarahumara, Chihuahua, Mexico, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 4, No. 5, PP. 197-201.
34
35. Elfving, M., and Ristimäki, S., 2011, Environmental Education in Rural Development, A Case Study in Mecubúri District, Mozambique, Master’s Thesis in Peace and Development Work, School of Social Sciences, PP. 1-103.
35
36. Julie, E. S., 2007, From Intentions to Actions: The Role of Environmental Awareness on College Students, Journal of Undergraduate Research, Faculty Sponsor: Tracie Blumentritt, Department of Psychology, PP. 1-4.
36
37. Kumar, S., 2013, Environmental Awareness Among Rural Folks of Hamirpur District, H.P, The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), Vol. 1, No. 2, PP. 81-84.
37
38. Rifkin, J., 2006, European Dream, as the European Vision of the Future Slowly Overshadows the American Dream, Zagreb, Školska Knjiga.
38
39. Sahu, U., Roy, M., and Monika, R., 2015, Environmental Awareness Among Undergraduate Students in Rural Area, IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), Vol. 4, No.1, PP. 27-32.
39
40. Sosa, M., Alcalá, R., Soto, T., and Quintana, C., 2008, Percepción Ambiental De Estudiantes Universitarios a Través De Variables Medioambientales, Revista Latinoamericana De Recursos Naturales, No. 4. PP. 178-184.
40
41. Vasudevan, S., 2012, A Study on the Extent of Environmental Awareness Among Rural People in Coastal Area of Kerala, Environment and Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, No. 11, PP. 194-205.
41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Muslim Brotherhood and its Territory Building in the Political Geography of the Islamic World
Introduction
The Muslim Brotherhood began as a political-social movement in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna in Egypt. Despite the fact that the Muslim Brotherhood is an Egyptian organization, the essence of this ideology, based on territory, a nation, and divine sovereignty, gave it transnational motives on a regional and global scale. In order to be able to achieve its ultimate goal, the Brotherhood sought to build a territory in the political geography of the Islamic world. Thus, in the late 1930s, it began to establish ties with Islamist enthusiasts in the Arabic and Islamic world. Using a descriptive-analytic research design, this study aimed to determine factors motivating the territory building activities by the Muslim Brotherhood in the political geography of the Muslim world.
At the end of the First World War, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Britain and France began to divide the Ottoman Empire among them; each dominating a part of Southwest Asia. Aside from Iraq, Jordan and Palestine where occupied by the Britain, and Syria and Lebanon, the rest of the Ottoman territories, including Egypt, have become the focal point of rivalry among the colonial powers. Apart from the colonial powers and governments, which have always been a constant force for the territory building in the Muslim world, ideologies are among other actors motivating the territory building activities. One of these actors is the "Muslim Brotherhood" that was established by Hassan al-Banna in 1928, and has been taking considerable efforts for the territory building, especially in the West and Southwest Asia, despite its failure in Egypt (2013). This study is to analyze the role of this ideology in the territory building and regional competitions, because the Turkish government is now using this ideology in line with its “Neo-Ottomanism” tendencies.
Methodology
A descriptive-analytical method was employed in this study. The data were collected using a library method from different books, articles and internet resources. The first stage in the method was the attempts in identifying relevant and relevant resources, identifying and extracting important materials by note taking. Finally, we made efforts in collecting and processing the library documents. By examining the role, the presence, and influence of the Muslim Brotherhood's ideology on different national scales, the main question addressed in this study is: What factors have motivated the territory building activities by the Muslim Brotherhood in the political geography of the Muslim world? Based on the methodology taken in this study and according to the theory of territory building, it seems that such activities can be attributed to ideological believes of this Islamic movement to defend the greatness of Islam and Muslims.
Results and discussion
As mentioned, with the collapse of the Ottoman caliphate, colonial powers dominated Islamic countries. The rulers of the Islamic countries did not have a strong will to handle the affairs of their country, and the colonial countries treated the people as they wished. The cruelty and oppression of the colonialists against peoples of the Islamic nations were so intense that the anger of Muslim people and intellectuals was provoked. One of these Muslim intellectuals was Hasan al-Banna from Egypt. He believed that the whole world of Islam is a single homeland, all Muslims, a nation that must be based on the rule of divine law. In 1928, al-Banna established the Muslim Brotherhood in response to the oppression of French companies against Egyptian workers. After a while, the Brotherhood became a widespread ideology in Egypt. This movement had some clash and conflicts with Israel, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, and Hosni Mubarak. With the advent of the Arab Spring which was followed by the Egyptian Revolution (2011), Mubarak was overthrown and the Brotherhood came to power after years of struggle, but their rule was short and they were overthrown in 2013. Therefore, the findings of this study also indicated that the collapse of the Ottoman caliphate, the domination of the colonialists over the Islamic countries, their oppression to the Muslims, the establishment of the regime of Israel, and also political tyranny in Islamic countries were among the factors that strongly influenced the Muslim Brotherhood and forced them to react to the turbulent conditions of the Islamic world. The results indicated that such activities were motivated by the ideological beliefs of this Islamic movement to awaken the Islamic Ummah and defend the greatness of Islam and Muslims.
The Brotherhood’s dominance has been developed on a regional and global scale. But their territory building activities were not uniform and concurrent outside the borders of Egypt. In the early 1930s, the Muslim Brotherhood established the “International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood”. This organization, beyond the Islamic world, sought to spread its influence in Europe. After the dissolution of the Brotherhood by Nasser, this organization played an important role in connecting the Brotherhood branches.
Conclusion
The Muslim Brotherhood founded as a movement in response to the developments in the Islamic world developed its power beyond national borders in pursuit of their goals. Some of the goals are including the Islamic awakening and the defense of the greatness of Islam and Muslims, and launching a territory building campaign on a regional scale. The Brotherhood also sought a sphere of influence on a global scale to advance its goals and plans. Therefore, the Muslim Brotherhood established the International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1930s to create and enhance coordination and communication between the branches of the Muslim Brotherhood. Therefore, the territory building activities by the Muslim Brotherhood in the Muslim world can be considered in the context of Islamic awakening movement and convergence in the Muslim world based on the teachings of Salafi Islam promoted by Seyyed Jamal al-Din Asadabadi.
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_73599_b1dc8dd0d2e1a773b006bd31e3f46c3a.pdf
2019-09-23
798
823
10.22059/jhgr.2019.285592.1007976
Muslim Brotherhood
Ideology
territory building
Muslims
the Islamic world
Yashar
Zaki
yzaki@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
karimi
hasankarimi62@gmail.com
2
PhD Candidate in Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohamad Bagher
Ghalibaf
mghalibaf@ut.ac.ir
3
Associate Professor of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Javad
Etaat
detaat@yahoo.com
4
Associate Professor of Political Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
ابراهیمی، نبیالله، 1395، نئوسلفیگری و جهانیشدن امنیت خاورمیانه، پژوهشکدة مطالعات راهبردی، تهران.
1
آجیلی، هادی و مهدی بیکی، 1395، واکاوی دگردیسی سیاسی جنبش اسلامگرای اخوانالمسلمین تونس، پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام، سال ششم، شمارة 1، صص 1- 281.
2
احمدی، حمید، 1390، سیر تحول جنبشهای اسلامی، دانشگاه امام صادق (ع)، تهران.
3
احمدی طباطبائی، سید محمدرضا و مهدی پیروزفر، 1397، اسلام سیاسی مدرن در ترکیه؛ مطالعة موردی اندیشههای سیاسی نجمالدین اربکان، فصلنامة سیاست، دورة چهلوهشتم، شمارة 2، صص 289- 307.
4
احمدیان، حسن، 1391، گذار مصر از رژیم اقتدارگرا؛ عوامل و زمینهها، فصلنامة مطالعات فلسطین، شمارة 13، صص 191- 218.
5
اخوان کاظمی، مسعود، صادقی، سید شمسالله و کامران لطفی، 1397، تحلیل زمینههای سیاسی و اجتماعی حضور داعش در آسیای مرکزی، مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، دورة یازدهم، شمارة 1، صص 1-21.
6
آدابی، محمدجواد، 1388، اسلامهراسی، بنیادگرایی و تروریسم، مجموعه مقالات همایش (جهان اسلام قربانی تروریسم)، صص، 115- 120.
7
اسپوزیتو، جان و جان وال، 1397، جنبشهای اسلامی معاصر، ترجمة شجاع احمدوند، نشر نی، تهران.
8
البناء، حسن، 2011، مذاکرات الدعوه و داعیه، مؤسسه اقراء، مصر.
9
الجندی، انور، 1389، امام حسنالبناء شهید و منادی بیداری، ترجمة مصطفی اربابی، نشر احسان، تهران.
10
الصادق، محمد، 1437 ق، الاخوان و السعودیه، العوده المشروطه، جریده العربی الجدید اللندنیه، لندن.
11
برونیار، لیا، 1388، جمعیت اخوانالمسلمین مصر، ترجمة عبدالله فرهی، پژوهشکدة تاریخ اسلام، تهران.
12
بورجا، فرانسوا، 1392، اسلام سیاسی در تونس، ترجمة سید هادی خسروشاهی، بوستان کتاب، قم.
13
بهجتی اردکانی، حسین، 1394، عوامل مؤثر بر ناکامی اخوانالمسلمین در مصر، پایاننامة کارشناسی ارشد علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه پیامنور تهران.
14
پیشگاهیفرد، زهرا، سازگاری اردکانی، محمود، قالیباف، محمدباقر و حسن کامران، 1393، تبیین قلمروخواهی اخوانالمسلمین در منطقة خاورمیانه، پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام، سال چهارم، شمارة 1، صص 1- 27.1
15
تقوی سنگدهی، لیلا و سعیده وحیدفر، 1394، بررسی نقش اخوانالمسلمین در تحولات سیاسی سوریه 1954-2015، تاریخنامة خوارزمی، سال سوم، صص 73- 98.
16
حافظنیا، محمدرضا، 1390، اصول و مفاهیم ژئوپلیتیک، آستان قدس رضوی، تهران.
17
حشمتزاده، محمدباقر و محمد اسماعیل نوذری، 1391، گفتمان رسمی علمای مسلمان در اتحاد شوروی، مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، سال پنجم، شمارة 10، صص 61-78
18
خامهیار، عباس، 1390، ایران و اخوانالمسلمین: عوامل همگرایی و واگرایی، اندیشهسازان نور، تهران.
19
خدایوندی، علیاکبر، 1395، بررسی علل ناکامی جنبش اخوانالمسلمین مصر در ایجاد نظام سیاسی بعد از مبارک در سال 2012، پایاننامة ارشد علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه.
20
خیری، ابوذر، 1387، تجدید حیات اسلام در آسیای مرکزی، ترجمة سیاوش یاری و پرویز باقری، مؤسسه تبیان، قم.
21
دارا، جلیل و مصطفی کرمی، 1392، نقش اخوانالمسلمین در انقلاب 2011 مصر، در پرتو رابطه ساختار- کارگزار، فصلنامة جهان اسلام، سال سوم، شمارة 8، صص 27 – 54.
22
دکمجیان، هرایر،1366، جنبشهای اسلامی معاصر در جهان عرب، ترجمه حمید احمدی، تهران: کیهان
23
دوترئی، تری، 1385، سوریه، ترجمة مهسا خلیلی، ققنوس، تهران.
24
ذوالفقاری، سید محمد، 1389، جریان اخوانالمسلمین در خاورمیانه، فصلنامة پژوهشهای منطقهای، شمارة 3، صص 106- 129.
25
ذوالفقاری، سید محمد، 1390، بازخوانی اسلام سیاسی در تونس، مجلة پژوهشهای منطقهای، شمارة 6، صص 15- 51.
26
دیانت، محسن، عباسی، مجتبی و محمد فرهادی، 1398، بررسی و مقایسة نقش شاخصهای توسعة اجتماعی در گرایش بهسوی اسلام تندرو در آسیای مرکزی، مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، دورة دوازدهم، شمارة 1، صص 35- 56.
27
رأفت، یحیی، 1380، جماعت اسلامی پاکستان، ترجمة عابد حسن بارکزهی، نشر احسان، تهران.
28
رزق، جابر، 1380، اخوانالمسلمین، ترجمة مصطفی اربابی، تایباد: نشر سنتزنگنه، صباح و حسن کریمی، 1396، پیشینة گروههای جهادی در کردستان عراق، فصلنامة سیاست خارجی، شمارة 2، صص 81- 108.
29
ساجدی، امیر و رنجبر، رحمان، 1394، نقش و جایگاه نظامیان مصر در تحولات انقلاب ژوئیه 2011، سال پنجم، شمارة 1، صص 51- 76.
30
سلیمان، محمد، 1437، هل یسیر تنظیم الاخوانالمسلمین الی الانهیار الداخلیا؟، معهد واشنطن، تحلیل السیاسات.
31
سنائی، مهدی، 1391، گرایشهای اسلامی آسیای مرکزی، ماهنامة ایراس، شمارة 10، صص 50- 68.
32
قطب، سید 1390، نشانههای راه، ترجمة محمود محمودی، نشر احسان، تهران.
33
عنایت، حمید، 1381، سیری در اندیشة سیاسی عرب، امیرکبیر، تهران.
34
فوزی، یحیی و سید عباس هاشمی، 1394، جریانهای سیاسی اسلامگرا و چالشهای درون در اردن، جامعهشناسی سیاسی جهان اسلام، دورة سوم، شمارة 1، صص 1- 28.
35
فوزی، یحیی، 1391، علل شکلگیری و ماهیت جنبشهای سیاسی در خاورمیانه؛ بررسی موردی جنبشهای سیاسی در یمن، مطالعات جهان اسلام، سال اول، شمارة 1، صص 17- 34.
36
فیرحی، داود و اکبر عسکری صدر، 1397، علل شکست اخوانالمسلمین مصر پس از سرنگونی مبارک، علوم سیاسی، سال بیستویکم، شمارة 82، صص 99- 126.
37
کپل،ژیل، 1375، پیامبر و فرعون، ترجمه حمید احمدی، تهران: کیهانکریمی، حسن، 1397، ژئوپلیتیک، بنیادگرائی و رادیکالیسم اسلامی، نشر رازنهان، تهران.
38
کولائی، الهه و مهدی بلورچیزاده، 1397، تحول در نقش و جایگاه تصوف در آسیای مرکزی، مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، دورة یازدهم، شمارة 2، صص 435- 452.
39
محمد، ابراهیم و همکاران، 1390، اخوانالمسلمین یمن، اندیشهسازان نور، تهران.
40
محمد، ابراهیم و همکاران، 1385، اخوانالمسلمین مصر، اندیشهسازان نور، تهران.
41
محمودیان، محمد، 1391، اخوانالمسلمین و آیندة سیاست خارجی مصر، فصلنامة مطالعات راهبردی، سال پانزدهم، شمارة 1، صص 103- 125.
42
محمودی، اسماعیل، 1394، تبارشناسی پیدایش گروههای جهادی در کردستان عراق، فصلنامة زریبار، سال نوزدهم، شمارة 88، صص 164- 174.
43
مرادی، وحید، 1391، الگوی رفتار سیاسی اخوانالمسلمین پس از انقلاب 25 ژانویه، در بیداری اسلامی، ملاحظات ایرانی و غربی، انتشارات دانشگاه امام جعفر صادق، تهران.
44
مسعودنیا، حسین و عاطفه فروغی، 1392، نظری بر نقش گروههای اسلامگرا در سومالی، مطالعات جهان اسلام، شمارة 3، صص 97- 122.
45
مصطفی، هاله، 1385، راه بهسوی القاعده، نشر آزادمهر، تهران.
46
ملائکه، سید حسن و سید محمدامین حسینی، 1395، علل شکست اخوانالمسلمین در برپایی حکومتی باثبات در مصر، فصلنامة تحقیقات سیاسی و بینالمللی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شمارة 26، صص 55- 81.
47
میشل، ریچارد، 1389، تاریخ جمعیت اخوانالمسلمین از آغاز تا امروز، ترجمة سید هادی خسروشاهی، مرکز اسناد و تاریخ دیپلماسی، تهران.
48
ندوی، ابوالحسن، 1379، سخنی با اخوانالمسلمین، ترجمة زاهد ویسی، نشر احسان، تهران.
49
50. Ebrahimi, N., 2016, Neo-Salafism and Globalization of Middle East Security, Tehran, Strategic Studies Research Center. (In Persian)
50
51. Ajili, H., and Beiki, M., 2016, An Analysis of the Political Transformation of the Islamist Movement of the Muslim Brotherhood of Tunisia, Political Studies of the Islamic World, Vol. 6, No. 1, PP. 1-28 (In Persian)
51
52. Ahmadi, H., 2011, The Evolution of Islamic Movements, Tehran: Imam Sadegh University (AS). (In Persian)
52
53. Ahmadi Tabataba'i, S. M.R., and Piroozfar, M., 2018, Modern Political Islam in Turkey: Case Study of Najm al-Din Erbakan Political Thoughts, Quarterly Journal of Policy, Vol. 48, No. 2, PP. 289-307 (In Persian)
53
54. Ahmadian, H., 2012, The Transition of Egypt to the Authoritarian Regime: Factors and Grounds, Palestinian Studies Quarterly, No. 13. (In Persian)
54
55. Akhawan Kazemi, M., Sadeghi, S. S., and Lotfi, K., 2018, Analysis of the Political and Social Situations of ISIS in Central Asia (From Infiltration Threat to Actual Presence), Central Eurasian Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, PP. 1-21. (In Persian)
55
56. Adabi, J., 2009, Islamophobia, Fundamentalism, and Terrorism, Proceedings of the Conference on the Islamic World as Terrorism Victim, First Edition, PP. 115-120. (In Persian)
56
57. Esposito, J., and Wall, J., 2018, Contemporary Islamic Movements, Translated by A. Shuwa Vand Tehran: Ney.
57
58. Al-Banna, H., 2011, Mozakirat al-Da’wa and al-Da’ia, Eqra Institute, Egypt.
58
59. Al-Jandi, A, 2010, Imam Hassan al-Belna, Shahid and the Harbinger of Awakening, Translated by M. Arbabi, Ehsan, Tehran.
59
60. Al-Sadeq, M., 2016, Brotherhood and Saudis: Constitutional Return, The New London-Based Arab Newspaper.
60
61. Boruniar, L., 2009, The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Society, Translated by A. Farahi, Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic History. (In Persian)
61
62. Bourja.F., 2013, Political Islam in Tunisia Translated by Sayed Hadi Khosroshahi, Qom: Bostn Ketab. (In Persian)
62
63. Behjati Ardakani, H., 2015, Factors Affecting the Failure of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Master's Thesis in Political Science: Payame Noor University of Tehran. (In Persian)
63
64. Pishgahfard, Z., Sazgari Ardekani, M., Ghalibaf, M. B., Kamran, H., 2014, Explaining the Territory of Muslim Brotherhood in the Middle East, Political Studies of the Islamic World, Vol.4, No. 1. PP. 1-27 (In Persian)
64
65. Taghavi Sangdeh, L., and Vahidfar, S., 2015, The Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Political Development of Syria from 1954 to 2015, Kharazmi Chronology. (In Persian)
65
66. Rezq, J., 2001, Muslim Brotherhood, Translated by M. Arbabi, Sunnah, Taybad. (In Persian)
66
67. Hafzania, M. R., 2011, Geopolitical Principles and Concepts,. Astan Quds Razavi,Tehran. (In Persian)
67
68. Heshmatzadeh, M. B., and Nozari, M. I., 2012, The Official Discourse of Muslim Scholars in the Soviet Union, Central Eurasia Studies, Vo. 5, No. 10, PP. 61-78 (In Persian)
68
69. Khameyar, A., 2011, Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: Convergence and Divergence Factors, Andishe Sazan Noor, Tehran. (In Persian)
69
70. Khodayavandi, A. A., 2016, The Causes of Failure of the Egyptian Brotherhood-Muslim Movement in Creating a Post-Mubarak Political System in 2012, Master’s Thesis in Political Science, Razi University of Kermanshah. (In Persian)
70
71. Kheiri, A., 2008, Revitalization of Islam in Central Asia, Translated by Siavash Yari and Parviz Bagheri, Tabian Institute,Qom. (In Persian)
71
72. Dara, J., and Karami, M., 2013, The role of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 in the Light of the Relationship between Structure-Agent, The Islamic World Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 8, PP. 27-54 (In Persian)
72
73. Dekmejian, H, 1988, Contemporary Islamic Movements in the Arab World, translated by Hamid Ahmadi, Tehran: Kayhan. (In Persian)
73
74. Dutheri, T., 2006, Syria, Translated by M. Khalili, Ghoghnoos, Tehran. (In Persian)
74
75. Zolfaghari, S. M., 2010, The Muslim Brotherhood Movement in the Middle East, Quarterly Journal of Regional Studies, No. 3. (In Persian)
75
76. Zolfaghari, S. M., 2011, Revisiting Political Islam in Tunisia, Journal of Regional Studies, No. 6, PP. 106-129. (In Persian)
76
77. Diyanat, M., Abbasi, M., and Farhadi, M., 2018, An Analysis of the Relationship between Economic Indicators and Tendency toward Radical Islam in Central Asia,Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, PP. 101-121. (In Persian)
77
78. Rafat, Y., 2001, “Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan”, Translated by A. H. Barakzai, Tehran: Ehsan. (In Persian)
78
79. Zanganeh, S., and Karimi, H., 2017, The History of Jihadist Groups in Iraqi Kurdistan, Foreign Policy Quarterly, No. 2. (In Persian)
79
80. Sajedi, A., and Ranjbar, R., 2015, The Role of Egyptian Militants in the Developments of the July 2011 Revolution, Vol. 5, No. 1. (In Persian)
80
81. Suleiman, M., 2016, Is the Muslim Brotherhood moving to the Internal Collapse? Wahington: Policy Analysis. (In Persian)
81
82. Sanaei, M., 2012, The Islamic Trends in Central Asia, Iras Monthly Journal, No. 10.
82
83. Sayyed Qutb, 2011, Neshanaha- e- Rah, Translated by M. Mahmudi, Ehsan, Tehran. (In Persian)
83
84. Enayat, H., 2002, A Survey of Arabic Political Thought, Amir Kabir Press, Tehran.
84
85. Fowzi, Y., and Hashemi, S. A., 2014, Islamist Political Movements and Internal Challenges in Jordan, Political Sociology of the Islamic World, Vol. 3, No. 1, PP. 1-28.
85
86. Fawzi, Y., 2012, The Causes of the Formation and Nature of Political Movements in the Middle East: Case Study of Political Movements in Yemen, Studies of the Islamic World, Vol. 1, No. 1.
86
87. Fairahi, D., and Askari Sadr, A., 2018, Causes of failure of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt after Mubarak's Overthrow, Political Science, Vol. 21, No. 82. (In Persian)
87
88. Kepel, G, 1996, The Prophet and the Pharaoh, translated by Hamid Ahmadi, Tehran: Kayhan. (In Persian)
88
89. Karimi, H., 2018, Geopolitics, Islamic Fundamentalism, and Radicalism, Raz-e Nahan,Tehran. (In Persian)
89
90. Koulaie, E., and Bloorchizadeh, M., 1977, Transforming the Role and Position of Sufism in Central Asia, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2.
90
91. Muhammadi, E. et al., 2011, The Muslim Brotherhood of Yemen,: Andhishe Sazan Noor,Tehran. (In Persian)
91
92. Muhammadi, E. et al., 2011, The Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, Andhishe Sazan Noor, Tehran. (In Persian)
92
93. Mahmoudian, M., 2012, Muslim Brotherhood and the Future of Foreign Policy of Egypt, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 15, No.1, PP. 103-125. (In Persian)
93
94. Mahmudi, E., 2015, The Genealogy of the Emergence of Jihadi Groups in Iraqi Kurdistan, Zaribar Quarterly, 19, No. 88, PP. 164-174. (In Persian)
94
95. Moradi, V., 2012, Pattern of Political Behavior of Muslim Brotherhood after the January 25 Revolution in Islamic Awakening, Iranian and Western Considerations, Edited by A. Eftekhari, Imam Jafar Sadeg University Press. (In Persian)
95
96. Masoudnia, H., and Foroughi, A., 2013, A look at the Role of Islamist Groups in Somalia, Islamic World Studies, No. 3. (In Persian)
96
97. Mostafa, H., 2006, A Road to al-Qaeda, Azadmehr, Tehran. (In Persian)
97
98. Mallaekeh, S. H., and Hosseini, S. M. A., 2016, The Causes of Failure of Brotherhood in Establishing a Stable Government in Egypt, Journal of Political and International Studies, Islamic Azad University, No. 26, PP. 55-81. (In Persian)
98
99. Michel, R., 2010, The History of the Muslim Brotherhood from the Beginning to Today, Translated by S. H. Khosroshahi, Tehran: Center for Documents and Diplomacy History.
99
Nadavi, A., 2000, A word with the Muslim Brotherhood, Translated by Z. Wasi, Ehsan, Tehran. (In Persian)
100
Ahmad Rashid, J., 2002, The Rise of militant Islsm in Central Asia, Yale Univercity, Press. PP. 134.
101
Alexander, C., 2010, Tunisia: stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb, Rutledge.
102
Brusse, W.A., and Schoonenboon, j., 2006, Islamic Activism and Democratization, ISIM Review, No.18, P. 8.
103
Cohen، S.B.(1991)."Global Geopolitical Change in the Post – cold War Era.Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.81, No.4, PP. 551 – 580.
104
Collins, J., 2000, Military Geography, Washington, D.C. (USA): National Defense University.
105
Cook, S. A., 2007, Ruling but Not Governing, The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
106
Dodds, K., 2000, Geopolitics in a Changing World, Pearson Education Limited, England.
107
Karagiannis, E., 2006, Political Islam in Uzbakistan: Hizb Ut – tahrir al – Islamic, Europe – Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 2, P. 266.
108
Gray, M., 2010, Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World: Sources and Politics, Rutledge.
109
Hedges, M., and Cafiero, G., 2017, The GCC and the Muslim Brotherhood: What does the future hold? The Middle East Policy. Vol. 24.
110
No 1. pp. 129-153.
111
Johnston, R. J., 1990, Review of J. A. Agnew and J.S.Duncan (Ends), The Power of Place (Boston and London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), In Progress in Human Geography, No. 14, PP. 447 – 8.
112
Khatab, S., 2006, The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb, Rutledge, London.
113
McGregory,A. 2010, Islamic Movements in the Horn of Africa, The Jamestown Foundation.
114
Muscara, L., 2005, Territory as a Psychosomatic Device: Guttmann's Ki-netic Political Geography, Geographers, No. 10, PP. 26 -49.
115
Roberts, D., 2014, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood, Pragmatism or
116
Preference? "Journal of Middle East Policy. Vol. 21. No3.pp 84-94.
117
Sack, R.D. (1983).' Human territoriality: A Theory', Annals of the Association of American Geographers (73) 55- 74.
118
Shiv Malik, 2004, For Allah and the caliphate, New Statesman.
119
Wright, R., 2008, Dreams and Shadows: the Future Of The Middle East, Penguin Press.
120
Zollner, Barbara H. E., 2009, The Moslem Brotherhood, Hasan al Hudaybi and Ideology, Rutledge, London.
121