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0 بسترهای ژئوپلیتیکی قاچاق کالا و ارز با تأکید بر بازارچه‎های مرزی (مطالعۀ موردی: استان کرمانشاه) Geopolitical Foundations for Contraband of Goods and Currency Emphasizing on Border–Marketplaces, Case Study: Kermanshah Province https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51253.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51253 0 اقدامات تجاری پویا و بازارچه‎های مرزی، می‎توانند نقش اساسی و بسیار مؤثری در ترقی و پیشرفت و همچنین، توسعۀ پایدارِ اقتصاد نواحی مرزی و بهبود استانداردهای زندگی مردم، کاهش فقر، توزیع مناسب درآمدها، ایجاد روابط دوستی و جلوگیری از مهاجرت و به‎خصوص کاهش و حتی جلوگیری از جریان قاچاق کالا و ارز ایفا کنند. در بازارچه‎های مرزی کرمانشاه مبادلاتی زیادی انجام می‎گیرد. جریان قاچاق کالا و ارز در کنار سایر گونه‎های قاچاق، ازجمله فعالیت‎های مافیایی است که مخاطرات انسانی و مشکلات بی‎شماری را در مقیاس‎های گوناگون برای مکان و جوامع به‎ارمغان آورده است. این نوشتار درصدد است نقش بازارچه‎های مرزی کرمانشاه را درثبات اقتصادی و امنیتی مرتبط با جریان قاچاق در این استان، به‎ویژه در مناطق مرزی بررسی کند. سؤال اصلی پژوهش این‎گونه مطرح شده است که آیا ایجاد بازارچه‎ها، ثبات اقتصادی و امنیتیِ مناطق مرزی را به‎همراه دارد و زمینۀ کاهش قاچاق را فراهم می‎آورد؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش، از روش پژوهش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی بهره‎جویی شده است. جمع‎آوری اطلاعات و داده‎ها نیز میدانی (پرسشنامه) و کتابخانه‎ای است، استفاده از نمودار و تحلیل داده‎ها، زمینۀ شکل‎گیری پاسخ نهایی و نتیجه‎گیری را فراهم آورده است. نتایج پژوهش بیان می‎کند که مجموعه عوامل ژئوپلیتیکی نامناسبی در مناطق مرزی وجود دارد که همانند بازارچه‎های مرزی، زمینۀ قاچاق کالا و ارز را فراهم کرده است. امنیت و ثبات اقتصادی نیز در این مناطق وجود ندارد و اغلب، سرمایه‎گذاری برای حل مشکل بیکاری درکانون توجه نیست. 1 Introduction Economic and trade exchange is one of the significant factors to establish friendly relationship among neighboring countries and also to provide means for livelihood of the local people in borderland. By this way, the people by supporting each other can contribute to stability and progress of economic and security using the available opportunities and sources. The dynamic trade actions and bazzarche (market) in border can effectively play a main role in progress and sustainable development and the economics of borderland. This can also help promote the quality of life, reduce poverty, support suitable distribution of incomes, establish friendship relations, and prevent emigration. There is a bulky exchange in the borderland Bazaarche in Kermanshah. This study is trying to examine the role and position of borderland Bazaarche in the economic stability and security in the province, particularly in the border areas.  The main hypothesis of this study is that with establishing such Bazaarche, economic stability and security has been ensured to some extent. Considering the distribution of settlements and that of soil and water resources in border areas, and also the low population in rural areas, alongside the nature of relations among the people of the area and those in borders, the sagacious development of such areas and promotion of the life quality in frontier zones finds special economic, cultural and security importance. The instability in border population, in one hand, and the absence of space and regional balances between border villages in capital, on the other hand, they have profoundly affected development of such zones. Hence, the existing population masses of the border margins have been pushed in a socio-economic isolation. Nowadays, injustices like these beside the unofficial business network or contraband have made governments to cooperate with each other to clean their borders using modern methods.   Methodology Applying an analytic-descriptive method, the effective role of border marketplaces on traffic flow and its geopolitical elements have been studied in this research. The data have been gathered via field and library researches and archived documentations.   Results and Discussion Local people are not completely satisfied with security established by central government. However, a relative satisfaction on their local security is imaginable. Such imperfect acquiescence with life circumstances and the absence of exhaustive security lead to an economic instability. Since development and security have very close interrelations, comprehensive socio-economic development of frontiersmen seems being necessary to secure the border areas. The most important weaknesses which cause traffic flow on borders might be pointed out as following: Unemployment Border closure Negligence of government Decrease in the number of tourists Lack of attention to rural areas Rural economic weakness, compared with their neighboring cities Lack of security as a result of terrorist gangs, and Lack of foreign investments in the cities. Considering the ethnic and cultural ties between the people of the two countries, the ground of a free trade zone seems being provided, while existing homogenous masses can be helpful to decrease tensions in establishing such zones. Controlling policies of contraband in the region not only are not suitable but have also been operated in ways that have caused economic backwardness and unemployment.   Conclusion Analyzing the results, it has been gotten that more employment and establishment of local marketplaces can lead to accumulation of stagnant and erratic moneys, guiding people toward trading, increasing security and limiting the smuggling process, economic stability and development of frontiers life style. Developing and securing the border rural regions of the province (Kermanshah) and economic investment on their local marketplaces can lessen both the differences between villages and cities and the size of their slices in welfare. Preventing the immigration of villagers to cities can also prepare substantially appropriate and secure economic, cultural, and sociological grounds. Since, as an accepted principle, the human factor has the main role in securing the society; villagers should be supported to return to the frontier zones boosting their local marketplaces. In other words, the border’s security and economic stability are not strictly depended on military aspects, but there are other economic, sociological and ideological aspects. These can play vital roles in the establishment of internal and international security and development. 465 484 زهرا پیشگاهی فرد Zahra PishgahiFard دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران zfard@ut.ac.ir محمّد باقر قالیباف Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران محمد رئوف حیدری فر Mohammad Raoof Heydari Far استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران amirhidry123@pnu.ac.ir شهریار حیدری Shahriyar Heydari دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران sh.haydari834@yahoo.com : امنیت بازارچه‎های مرزی ثبات اقتصادی قاچاق مبادلات مرزی 1. Abdi, E., 2009, the Study of Developmental Reflexes of Borderland Bazarcheh, University of Tarbite##Modars, Tehran (in Persian).##2. 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0 بررسی گسترش افقی شهر مشهد در چند دهۀ اخیر و تأثیر آن بر منابع آب Physical Development of Mashhad City in the Recent Decades and Its Impacts on Water Reserves https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51282.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51282 0 الگوی حاصل از توزیع فضایی فعالیت‎های انسان شهری که از آن به فرم یا شکل شهر یاد می‎شود، بنا بر ماهیت پویا و متغیر شهرها، همیشه در حال تغییر و دگرگونی بوده است، اما ناپایدارترین و نامطلوب‎ترین شکلی که شهرها تا کنون به خود دیده‎اند، شکل گسترده یا گسترش افقی شهری است. شهر مشهد که شهر مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش انتخاب شده نیز از این مقوله مستثنا نیست. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که رشد افقی سریع و بی‎برنامۀ شهر مشهد در دهه­های اخیر (1385– 1335) به بحران­های زیست‎محیطی، به‎ویژه در منابع آبهای سطحی و زیرزمینی منجر شده است. این مهم که با استفاده از روش‎های مختلف مانند عکس‎های هوایی، نقشه‎های موجود در سازمان‎ها، نقشه‎های توپوگرافی و نرم‎افزارهای GIS و SPSS انجام شده است، نتیجه می‎دهد که توسعۀ جسته‎گریختۀ مناطق شهری و صنعتی در حومۀ شهر مشهد، به‎صورت مستقیم و غیر مستقیم سبب تخریب و نابودی منابع آبی منطقه شده است. برای نمونه در دوره‎های مختلف رشد این شهر 88 رشته قنات و تعداد زیادی چشمه به‎کلی نابود شده‎اند که با نابودی این منابع آبی پایدار و بروز بحران کم‎آبی در شهر، از روش‎های جدید، مانند حفر چاه‎های عمیق و احداث سدها استفاده شده است که عمدتاً ناپایدارند. در حال حاضر با وجود صرف هزینۀ زیاد برای تأمین آب شرب، هنوز هم این شهر با مشکل کمبود آب مواجه است. 1 Introduction Water is among the basic needs of human beings, without which life would be impossible on the earth. Today, water shortage is an important problem in many regions of the world. Accelerated growth of world population, especially in developing countries, absence of control over exploitation of water resources and excessive water consumptions can jeopardize human communities worldwide. Each country endeavors to tackle the water shortage problem based on its particular climatic conditions. Located in a semi-arid zone, Iran has always been exposed to a permanent hazard of water shortage. Accordingly, since long ago a wide range of methods have been applied to optimize use of water resources as well as tackle the water shortage plight. The Need to water is the main necessity of human and the shortage of water is considered as a serious crisis in the world. Because of the increasing growth of the world population particularly in developing countries and not controlling the amount of removal and irregular consumptions, this crisis seriously threaten human societies, especially in developing countries. According to lodgment of 56% of world population in cities and increasing process of urbanization in south countries, researchers believe in water shortage era, citizens from Beijing to Founics in USA will compete with farmers on the right of using water, so the pressure on limited water sources will be increased.  In other words, the war of the next century will be over water not oil. On the other hand, one of the most important problems in urban planning scope is about spatial growth and development of city and the patterns. The pattern resulting from spatial distribution of human activities in cities as City Form or Shape is always changing, according to the dynamic and changing nature of urban areas. But the most unsustainable and unfavorable shape that cities have ever seen is the wide-spreading or horizontal expansion. Mashhad as the second megalopolis in Iran is selected as the case study of this survey. Thus, the main goal in this research is analysis of horizontal extension of Mashhad city over late decades and its effects on water resources. The main question is: what is the impact of horizontal expansion of Mashhad on quality and quantity of water resources.   Methodology The research method in this study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques by the processing of satellite data and aerial photographs for land use within the city of Mashhad.  The spatial data used in the research are aerial photographs for the years of 1956, the various bands of MSS and TM of Landsat satellite for the years of 1976, 1986 and 1996 and IRS-1D LISS III bands for 2006. Thus, the maps of the city of Mashhad in mentioned years were extracted using the ENVI application - to process satellite images- and ArcGIS as the geographic information system application. We also used SPSS application in order to analyze collected data.   Results and Discussion Analysis of the pattern of population density of Mashhad has indicated that this city used to grow slowly, both in spatial and demographic aspects, as in the first official census (1956) Mashhad had a population of 242000 people and an area of 16 square kilometers. In that era, this city was fairly compact and had rather high density (151 persons per hector). In the next periods of expansion, the growth rate of the city size exceeded the growth rate of the population as the population density of Mashhad decreased to 124 people per hector in 1966 and 85.5 persons in hector in 1976. The extent of the city was 220 square kilometers in 1986 and the population density was 66.5 persons per hector as the least. This pattern and the spatial pattern show dispersed growth, peripheral, exterior and disjointed expansion over different periods. The results show that the rapid and chaotic vertical growth of Mashhad and the disjointed expansion of urban and industry districts in suburb over the recent decade (1996-2006) cause environmental crisis, particularly scarcity of water recourses directly or indirectly. Since Mashhad is located in a semi-arid region, there are a large number of qanat (aqueduct) fields antecedently existed there and exploited for cultivation and drinking water uses. However, due to urban sprawl and the expansion of city construction, almost all these qanat ranges have essentially been destroyed. This paper initially allows a brief reference to qanats and their importance in Iranian cities. Then, urban sprawl and its expansion in Mashhad have been surveyed at different times. Maps of urban growth and qanats have been acquired and explained. Finally, alternative methods for providing water after the destruction of qanats and disadvantages of these systems have been presented briefly. As the resistance of the city decrease against disasters such as flood and the vulnerability of the city may increase because of impermeable surfaces and shifting of the watercourse, this may also disrupt supply of underground aquifers. There were about 162 aqueducts in Mashhad and suburbs; but as it gradually changed to arid up to 88 aqueducts, with a discharge of 10736 liter per second, because of the rapid growth of city. As now just two aqueducts (Emamiye and Ghasem Abad) with a discharge of 320 liter per second are survived that are used for urban uses. There are a lot of ruined spas, as now just one spa (with permanent the capacity to provide for a mere months) and two aqueducts have survived.   Conclusion The destruction of water resources sustainability and water crisis in the city caused application of new techniques such as deep wells and dams which are unstable. Indiscriminate exploitation of water resources and restoration of underground water lead to deepening of the wells to 28 meters to extract the underground waters over two recent decades. As a result, the city cannot survive by using existing resources. However, despite the already high costs for drinking water supply, the city still faces serious water shortages. 485 504 احمد پوراحمد استاد جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، ایران Pourahmad استاد جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران apoura@ut.ac.ir سید علی حسینی Seyed Ali Hosseini دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران hosieniali@yahoo.com سید محمد حسینی Seyed Mohammad Hosseini دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران sm.hosseini1@ut.ac.ir محمد نصیری Mohammad Nasiri دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت تهران، ایران ایران sahosseini2@yahoo.com بحران‎های زیست‎محیطی شکل‌های پایدار گسترش افقی مشهد منابع آب Abbaszadeh, G., 2006, Modeling the Physical Development of the Urban Texture a Long Sustainable Development, Case Pattern: Mashhad City, The Faculty of Literature and Human Science, Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad. 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0 تبیین جغرافیایی بنیادهای هویت در مقیاس محلی Geographic Explanations for the Foundations of Identity at Local Scale https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51224.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51224 0 دو رکن اصلی جغرافیا را انسان و مکان شکل می‎دهد؛ به‎گونه‎ای که برخی جغرافی‎دانان از جغرافیا با عنوان علم مکان‎ها یاد می‎کنند. بحث دربارۀ هر مکان، اغلب در سه مقیاس جغرافیایی، یعنی محلی، ملی و جهانی مطرح می‎شود؛ زیرا در هر مقیاس، مجموعۀ متنوعی از پیوندها و شبکه‎های ارتباطی یا فرایندهای اجتماعی جریان دارند. برخلاف رشته‎های دیگر علوم انسانی، «هویت» در علم جغرافیا حاصل تعاملات متقابل بین انسان و مکان زندگی اوست. از این رو باید ضمن تبیین جغرافیاییِ این پدیده، مؤلفه‎های تأثیرگذار بر آن شناسایی شوند. «تبیین جغرافیایی» چیزی نیست جز توضیح و تفسیر دربارۀ «چرایی» یا «چگونگی» ظهور یک پدیده یا رخداد جغرافیایی و نتایج حاصل از آن. این نوشتار در راستای پرداختن به تبیین جغرافیایی بنیادهای هویت در مقیاس محلی، بر این نکته تأکید می‎ورزد که «چرا» و «چگونه»، «جغرافیا» بر شکل‎گیری «هویت» در «مقیاس محلی» تأثیر می‎گذارد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که نه‎تنها هویت هر مکان در مقیاس محلی (روستا، محله، شهر و ناحیۀ جغرافیایی)، به‎دلیل آنکه از عناصر کالبدی و کارکردی ویژۀ خود تشکیل‎شده «منحصربه‎فرد» است، بلکه «هویت ساکنان» این مکان‎ها نیز جدا از«هویت مکان» آنها نیست. پژوهش پیش رو از نوع کاربردی است که با بهره‎گیری از روش پژوهش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی صورت پذیرفته است. 1 Introduction Human being as a social creature is always interacting with his “place” of living. In fact, “place” is part of the earth where has various connections, communication networks, or social processes acting at three main local, national, and global scales. Although in humanities, identity is considered as a social phenomenon, in geography, it is the results of interactions between “human” and his living place. It requires “geographic explanation” of foundations or factors affecting the identity. If the geographic explanation is considered as the explanation and interpretation of the “why” or “how” on the emergence of a geographic phenomenon or event and its outcomes, this study intends to geographically explain the foundations of identity at local scale. This in going to find an answer to the key question that “why” and “how” “geography” affects the “identity” formation at “local scale”?   Methodology The descriptive and analytical method was used in this study. The data required for the study were collected from Libraries (books, papers,…) and internet.   Results and Discussion In the discussions of “explanation of identity”, it must be mentioned that each discipline of humanities which explains identity must answer the cause of the emergence of this phenomenon in its area of study. In the next stage, based upon the features of every scientific discipline, how variables such as society, place, culture and policy affect the formation of identity is stated. In explanation of the phenomenon of identity through geographic approach, the factors of “human” and “place” are considered as two basic issues in the formation of identity. The effect of human factors on identity can be analyzed based on the issues like the level of awareness and literacy, different forms of power relations, and function of sociopolitical institutions in various places. The other aspect of geography and identity is the living place and space of humans. Place and space lead to differences in various phenomena, such as identity, in three ways. First, social processes are formed in places. Second, activities occur locally, so they can be spatially various. Finally, spatially various activities can create spatially various contexts. These three ways are, indeed, the “cause” or “why” of the influence of space on different phenomena such as identity. On the other hand, in geographic explanation of identity, place affects identity in two “ways”; in the first way, place is the context of forming identity, but in the second, place creates a sense of identity which is referred to by geographers as “sense of place” and “identity of place” both which being influenced by “place identity”.   Conclusion In geography, like other sciences, sufficient answers are provided to “why”, “how”, and “what” questions at “explanation” stage. In “explaining the phenomenon of identity” through “geographical landscape”, the factors of “human” and “place” are considered as two basic factors. The findings indicate that at “local scale”, regarding “human identity” two groups of identities, i.e. “ethnic group identities” and “local people identities” can be recognized. With respect to “place identity”, the identity of places such as village and city were also recognized. “Geographic explanation of identity foundations” at local scale reveals that the identity of every place (including village, locality, city, and geographic area) which involves physical and functional elements is unique, and the identity of every individual residing in these places are not separable from the “identity of place”. It can be concluded that the “human identity” at local scale is affected by values, beliefs, and etc. of human systems. On the other hand, the “identity of place” at local scale is affected by “physical”, and particularly, “functional” elements varying from one place to another. It must be mentioned in the discussions of “identity of place” that the identity an individual or group acquires from a place is very important, because the spirit of place is hidden in its human activities. Hence, despite the fact that humans live in different places and in spite of the difference among the identity of one place from that of other places, the identity of humans is mixed with the identity of their places. 505 522 مرجان بدیعی ازنداهی Marjan Badiee Azandehie استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران mbadiee@ut.ac.ir محمدباقر قالیباف Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران mghalibaf@ut.ac.ir سید موسی پور موسوی Seyed Mousa Pourmousavi استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، دانشگاه امام حسین (ع)، تهران، ایران ایران mpmousavi@yahoo.com محمد هادی پوینده Mohammad Hadi Pooyandeh دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران pooyandeh@ut.ac.ir انسان تبیین جغرافیایی مقیاس محلی مکان هویت Abolhassani, S.R., 2009, Define and Measure the Components of Iranian Identity, Strategic Research Institute, Tehran. (in Persian)##Ahmadi, H., 2009, The Foundations of Iranian National Identity: National Identity Theoretical Framework, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, Tehran. (in Persian)##Badiee Azandehie, M., Panahandekhah, M., Mokhtari, R., 2008, The Role of Sense of Place in Native Identity, Case Study: Yasouj Students of Tehran University, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2, PP. 157-175. (in Persian)##Behfruz, F., 2005, Philosophy and Methodology of Scientific Research in Geography, Tehran University Press, Tehran. (in Persian)##Behzadfar, M., 2006, City of Identity, Tehran City Publication. (in Persian)##Bemanian, R., Mahmoudinejad, H., 2007, The phenomenology of Place, Organizations of Municipalities and Dehyariha, Tehran. (in Persian)##Crang, M., 2004, Cultural Geography, Translated by Mehdi Gharakhlu, Samt Publication, Tehran.##Darabi, H., 2009, The Role of Participation in Rural Environmental Design, Environmental Studies, Vol. 35, No. 52, PP. 111-124. (in Persian)##Dehkhoda, 2010, Dictionary CD.##Fakohi, N., 2002, Identity Formation and Patterns of Local, National and Global (Case Study: Lorestan), Journal of Sociology and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 4, PP. 127-161. (in Persian)##Faye, B., 2002, Contemporary Philosophy of Social Science, Translated by Dayhami, Tarheno Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Flint, C., 2006, Introduction to Geopolitics, Routledge, London and New York.##Giddens, A., 2001, Sociology, 4th Edition, Cambrige, Polity Press,London.##Hafeznia, M.R., 2009, Introduction to Research Methods in the Humanities, Samt Publication, Tehran.##(in Persian)##Herb, G.H. and Kaplan, D.H., 1999, Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale, Published by Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham.##Holt-Jensen, A., 1997, Geography, History and Concepts, Translated by Jalal Tabrizi, Seir & Siah Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Jamshidi, M., 2008, Foundations and Explanation Methodology, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, Tehran. (in Persian)##Jenkins, R., 2002, Social Identity, Translated by Touraj Yarahmadi, Publication Shirazeh, Tehran. (in Persian)##Johnston, R., 2000, A Quastion of Place: Exploring the Practice of Human Geography, Translated by Jalal Tabrizi, Foreign Ministry Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Kamran, H., Vasegh, M., 2010, Explanation in Geography, Journal of Geography Society, Vol. 8, No. 24, PP.7-26. (in Persian)##Little, D., 1992, Explanation in Social Sciences, Translated by Soroush, Srat Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Lynch, K., 1960, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Massachussettes.##Mirheidar, D., 2007, Principles of Political Geography, Samt Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Mirheidar, D., Hamidinia, H., 2006, Comparison of Geopolitics and International Relations (Methodology and Implications), Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 1, PP. 1-41. (in Persian)##Mirheidar, D., Zaki, Y., 2010, The Concept of Geographic Scale and Its Importance in Postmodern Geography, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1, PP. 5-36. (in Persian)##Mirmoghtadaiee, M., 2004, The Criteria For Identifying and Evaluating the Physical Identity of Cities, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba Journal, Vol. 2, No. 19, PP.29-38. (in Persian)##Mojtahedzadeh, P., 2008, Identity and Democracy in Iran, Kavir Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Muir, R., 2000, Political Geography, a New Introduction, Translated by Doreh Mirheidar, National Geographical Organization Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Murray, W., 2009, Geography of Globalization, Translated by Jafar Javan and Abdollahi, Chapar  Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Nozari, A., 2000, Philosophy of History, Methodology and Historiography, Tarheno Publication, Tehran.##(in Persian)##Partovi, P., 2008, Phenomenology of Place, Academy Art Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Pouramad, A., 2006, Philosophy of Geography, Tehran University Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Rabbani, R., 2006, Urban Sociology, Samt Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Relph, E., 2010, Place and Placelessness, Translated by Noghsan and Mondegari, Armanshahr Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Sadeghi, M., 2006, The Kind of Explanation and Theories Science Explanation, Nameh Hekmat, Vol. 4, No.8, PP.45-64. (in Persian)##Schwandt, T., 2001, A Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry, (2nd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.##Shakouee, H., 2003, New Trend in Philosophy of Geography, Gitashenasi Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Shakouee, H., 2007, Environmental Philosophy and the Schools of Geography, Gitashenasi Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Shakouee, H., 2011, The Social Geography of Cities, Jihad Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Small, J, 1990, A Modern Dictionary of Geography, Edward Arnold Press, London.##Smith, A., 1998, Sources of Ethnic Nationalism, Journal of Strategic Studies, Tehran. (in Persian)##Tavassoli, Gh., 1994, Theories of Sociology, Samt Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)##Taylor, P. and Flint, C., 2000, Political Geography: World Economy, Nation State and Locality, Prentice, New York.##Walliman, N., 2006, Social Research Methods (Sage Course Companions Series), Sage Publications Ltd, London.##Woodward, J., 2003, Scientific Explanation, the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Available in: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-explanation.##Woodward, K., 2000, Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Nation, The Open University, Routledge, London.##

0 برنامه‎ریزی راهبردی توسعۀ گردشگردی تفرجگاه بند ارومیه Strategic Planning of Tourism Development, Case Study: Urmia Band https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52691.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.52691 0 با توجه به اینکه برنامه و طرح­های اجرا شده برای توسعۀ روستاها، موفقیت چندانی در مشکلاتی چون فقر، بیکاری، مهاجرت روستاییان، سطح بهداشت و...، نداشته است، امروزه برای حل این مشکلات بسیاری از برنامه­ریزان و صاحب نظران معتقدند، یکی از راهکارهای توسعۀ همه‎جانبه روستاها، گسترش گردشگری در این مناطق است. تفرجگاه بند، یکی از مناطق گردشگری شهر ارومیه، به‎دلیل نزدیکی به شهر و طبیعت زیبایش، نظر گردشگران زیادی را به خود جلب کرده است، ولی به‎دلیل نبود برنامه­ریزی و مدیریت گردشگری، سود اقتصادی چندانی برای ساکنان محلی به همراه نداشته است. با توجه به اینکه هدف هر نوع برنامه­ریزی دستیابی به رفاه و توسعه است، این پژوهش نیز با هدف برنامه­ریزی راهبردی برای توسعۀ گردشگری در منطقۀ مورد مطالعه، به‎منظور افزایش درآمد، بالا بردن سطح اشتغال و بهبود کیفیت زندگی ساکنان محلی صورت گرفته است. پژوهش پیش رو از نوع کاربردی است و از لحاظ تحلیل در چارچوب روش­های توصیفی ـ تحلیلی قرار می­گیرد، ابزار جمع­آوری اطلاعات کتابخانه­ای و میدانی است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش را سه گروه ساکنان محلی، گردشگران و مسئولان شکل داده‎اند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری کوکران تعیین شد. تحلیل اطلاعات حاصل از پرسشنامه به‎کمک نرم‎افزار SPSS انجام گرفت، سپس با استفاده از روش SWOT و QSPM، راهبردهایی برای توسعۀ گردشگری در منطقۀ مورد مطالعه پیشنهاد شده است. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش، منطقه از شروط اولیۀ توسعۀ گردشگری برخوردار است، لذا برای پایداری آثار گردشگری و بهره­مندی از آثار اقتصادی ناشی از این فعالیت در منطقۀ مورد مطالعه، برنامه‎ریزی و مدیریت گردشگری امری ضروری و اجتناب­ناپذیر است. 1 Introduction Today, most of the economic activities in rural areas as well as level of employment of rural people and income have declined sharply. Therefore, one of the main reasons for tourism development in rural areas is to overcome the low level of income and to provide the rural residents with new job opportunities. This is because researches indicate that rural tourism has a desirable effect beside rural activities such as agriculture and it provides rural households with considerable lateral incomes. Rural tourism is defined as a multidimensional activity in the environments outside urban areas and it is related to visiting the phenomena displaying the nature of life in villages. Tourism economic dimension is highly important in sustainable tourism. Tourism economic dimensions are highly addressed in tourism sustainable development literature. Main issues of economic sustainability include economic benefits, diversification of local economy, controlled economic growth, improvement of local and regional relations, and fair distribution of economic benefits in local economy. Furthermore, tourism economic sustainability dimension indicate suitable income, stabilized prices of goods and services and equality of job opportunities in the society. As a key factor, satisfaction of tourists with sustainable tourism is highly important in parallel with long term economic efficiency of local tourism. Increasing growth of tourism in the late 1960s led to increased demand for planning. In general, it is evident that if tourism development intends to increase the number of tourists as well as the incomes obtained from rural areas to a desirable level and if it aims to be according to the limits established by social and environmental conditions of the intended areas, there will be a need for management planning in tourism industry.   Methodology The present research is a case study. It is an applied research based on the content and with a descriptive-analytic method. Data collection is conducted by using a mixed method (library, field methods and questionnaire). SWOT model is then used to analyze the data. Statistical population of this research includes 3 groups, namely households residing in place, tourists and authorities. In this research, statistical sample volume of local residents was determined by using Cochran Sampling Method. Opportunities, advantages, disadvantages and strategies were then codified by using threats matrix and then, a suitable strategy was selected for the area using positioning condition of Band Park in (EI) diagram.   Results and Discussion Field studies and the results indicate that Band Park of Urmia enjoys the preliminary conditions for rural tourism development, but this activity has provided the local residents with insignificant economic profits due to spontaneous tourism. This is in the manner that based on the opinion poll made for tourism authorities, 77.1% of the samples believed that no planning has been made in that area for tourism development and utilization of its economic effects. The results of SWOT analysis and QSPM matrix for Band Park Tourism indicate that use of SO strategies are in the first priority for tourism development of that area.   Conclusion Today, the role of tourism in revival and development of rural areas is undeniable. While preserving natural resource and environment of villages, tourism leads to economic development of these areas. Economic experts consider tourism as an economic phenomenon. They believe that tourism is basically an economic phenomenon and any movement and change in the economy will directly affect tourism. Researches and studies made so far indicate that Band Park has several potentials in the field of nature and rural tourisms, but these potentials have not so far been utilized in parallel with direction of natural and economic procedures and processes for sustainable development of tourism economy. This is due to lack of any accurate and scientific understanding concerning the available potentials, bottlenecks and capabilities. Using SWOT Model and analyzing the existing situation, some strategies were provided for development of tourism in Bank Park among which Offensive Strategies (SO) are prior to tourism development in the area. 523 540 سیدحسن مطیعی لنگرودی Hassan Motiee Langroudi استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران shmotiee@ut.ac.ir فضیله دادورخانی Fazileh Dadvar Khani دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران fkhani@ut.ac.ir مریم رضائیه آزادی Maryam Rezaiihe Azadi کارشناس‎ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی گردشگری دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران rezaeieh@mailinator.com انور شریفی Anvar Sharifi کارشناس‎ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی گردشگری دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران sharifi@mailinator.com اقتصاد برنامه‌ریزی بند ارومیه روش SWOT گردشگری Ardestani M, 2009, Foundations ofRural Tourism, Publications of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic. Tehran. 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0 بررسی و تحلیل موانع ژئوپلیتیکی مناسبات اقتصادی ایران جمهوری آذربایجان Study and Analysis of Geopolitical Obstacles in Economic Relations between Iran and Republic of Azerbaijan https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51263.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51263 0 اصولاً برقراری روابط تجاری ـ اقتصادی عمیق بین کشورها، مستلزم وجود بسترها و زمینه­های هم­تکمیلی است. بسترهای و زمینه­های هم­تکمیلی در برقراری روابط اقتصادی، همچون ظرف اصلی و بستر پویای روابط تجاری ـ اقتصادی بین کشورها عمل می­کنند. روابط تجاری ـ اقتصادی ایران با جمهوری آذربایجان نیز از این امر مستثنا نیست. در روابط اقتصادی بین ایران و جمهوری آذربایجان، تعلقات ژئوپلیتیکی گوناگونی، از جمله اشتراکات تاریخی، فرهنگی و وابستگی­های فضایی ـ جغرافیایی بین طرفین، شاکلۀ اصلی بسترهای هم­تکمیلی است؛ با این حال طبق شواهد و مستندات موجود، روند جاری در روابط تجاری ـ اقتصادی ایران و جمهوری آذربایجان در قیاس با روابط اقتصادی جمهوری آذربایجان با رقبای ایران در منطقه، اصلاً رضایت­بخش نیست. در واقع با توجه به وضعیت موجود، سؤال پژوهش حاضر این است که با وجود چنین وابستگی­های جغرافیایی و ژئوپلیتیکی توانمند یا فضای کاملاً بارور برای تعمیق مناسبات تجاری ـ اقتصادی بین ایران ـ جمهوری آذربایجان، مهم‎ترین دلایل ژئوپلیتیکی ضعف در مناسبات طرفین چیست؟ در همین راستا، طبق نتایج این پژوهش، مناسبات اقتصادی بین ایران و جمهوری آذربایجان از وجود موانع ژئوپلیتیکی همچون اختلافات طرفین در زمینۀ رژیم حقوقی دریای خزر، تبعات سیاسی ـ ژئوپلیتیکی بحران قره­باغ، تقابل رویکردهای ناسیونالیستی طرفین و مناسبات راهبردی جمهوری آذربایجان با ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا و اسرائیل رنج می­برد؛ اگرچه دلایل سیاسی نیز در وقوع وضعیت جاری در مناسبات اقتصادی طرفین بی‎تأثیر نیست، بررسی آن از مجال این پژوهش خارج است. 1 Introduction In the first place, the trade-economic relations between countries require to supplementary contexts and fields. The supplementary contexts and fields act in the strengthening of economic relations as the main container of the trade-economic relations between countries. The trade-economic relations of Iran and Azerbaijan also are not exempted from this. In the economic relations between Iran and Azerbaijan have different geopolitical specifications including the historical, cultural likenesses and geographical dependencies as the main configuration of complementary contexts. However, according to the evidences, the present process in the bilateral economic relations is not satisfactory in comparison to economic relations of Iran’s regional rivals with Azerbaijan. In other words, the economic relations of the parties are suffering from some geopolitical obstacles. Thus, the question is that despite the geographical and geopolitical dependences or very fertile environment for deepening the relations between Iran and Azerbaijan, what are the most important geopolitical reasons for the weakness in the economic relations between the parties?   Methodology With respect to theoretical foundations, the actual method applied in the present research is analytical-descriptive. Library, internet and raw statistical data have been used for data collection and indexing. This research has been done in two different and completely interrelated sections. The first is that the economic potential of Azerbaijan, the strategic-economic importance of this Republic in the Iran’s North geopolitical axis and especially the current trends in the economic relations of Iran with Azerbaijan (in this research, statistical data related to current trends in the trade relations between Iran and Azerbaijan were obtained from the Tehran Chamber of Commerce and After the necessary calculations in the form of the analyzed statistics used in the context of the research). The data were reviewed and analyzed and then, in the next section of research by descriptive - analytical focusing on the differences between Iran - Azerbaijanon the Caspian Sea legal status, the political - geopolitical consequences of Nagorno-Karabakh crisis, opposition on the nationalist approaches (Turkish - Iranian) and strategic nature of Azerbaijan's relations with the U.S. and Israeli have been studied and analyzed as the main geopolitical factors of weakness in the bilateral economic relations or the most important geopolitical obstacles against the strengthening of the bilateral economic relations.   Results and Discussion The nature of geopolitical factors of weakness in economic relations between Iran and Azerbaijan are so complex that each of them is easily influenced by negative feelings of the parties against each other. In fact, aside from the common religious identity (Shiite identity) between Iranians and Azerbaijanis, in front of Shiite identity and nationalism of Iranian state, Azerbaijani state is recognized by secular identity and Turkish nationalism. These affect subsidiary issues causing a geopolitical hostile negative mentality in the national attitudes of Tehran - Baku against each other. According to the evidence, the bilateral economic relations are somehow a victim of the same geopolitical hostile space. Among these, in one hand, Baku claims that along with the continuation of Nagorno-Karabakh crisis, deepening of Iran’s relations with Armenia are against the Armenian occupation policies in Nagorno-Karabakh and the kind of nationalist degrading attitude towards Azerbaijan's independence by some of the Iranians as well as the nature of the relations between Baku and the West or Israel are the greatest threats to the independent existence of Azerbaijan state. In front, Tehran also claims that the increased presence and influence of Israel and the West in Azerbaijan Republic as well as the reflection of Baku Turkish nationalism on the North West of Iran is completely in contrast with the interests and national security of Iran. These claims with deep disputes in determining the legal status of the Caspian Sea and its side issues has changed the general trend of mutual relations, especially in trade-economic field as the kind of mentality is quite negative. The mentality has not produced anything other than political disintegration between Iran and Azerbaijan and consequently weakening of the economic relations between the parties. It may also establish a deep geopolitical distance in the nature of Iranian economic relations with Azerbaijan relative to those with other regional competitors, especially Turkey.   Conclusion According to the results of this research, the general process of relations between Iran and Azerbaijan, particularly the economic relations of the parties, are engaged by important geopolitical obstacles. In other words, the economic relations between Iran and Azerbaijan are suffering from some geopolitical obstacles such as the problem of the Caspian Sea legal status, the political-geopolitical consequences of Nagorno-Karabakh crisis, contrasting nationalist approaches of the two parties and strategic relations of Azerbaijan with US and Israel. Although in this process the political obstacles are periodical, but because of the more stability in geopolitical obstacles, they are playing a major role in weakening or stopping of the economic relations growth between the two countries. In general, given the discussion on the geopolitical weakness factors in economic bilateral relations or geopolitical obstacles on the economic relations, now, it seems that the best way to reduce the obstacles and the subsequent return of economic confidence in the relations is the formation of a scientific and absolutely impartial committee with the participation of experts in history, economy and international relations of the two countries. to the committee are to study the bilateral relations and the resources of strengths and threats of the relations and common strategic - economic interests and review of the documents of parties., This may contribute to a peaceful national - strategic - economic relations in interests for mutual understanding on the weakness and strengthening factors in bilateral economic relations. Hence, it is necessary that both the states have agreed to common principles as the basis of commercial - economic transactions to make decisions for the future. 541 560 یاشار ذکی Yashar Zaki استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران yzaki@ut.ac.ir علی ولیقلی زاده Ali Valigholizadeh استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه مراغه، ایران ایران agholizadeh24@gmail.com ایران بحران قره‌باغ جمهوری آذربایجان رژیم حقوقی خزر روابط آذربایجان با آمریکا و اسرائیل Abramov, Y., 2012, Azerbaijan, Israel to Increase Ties, Retrieved from:  http://www.news.az/articles/politics /57420.##Aghai Diba, B., 2003, the Low and Politics of the Caspian Sea in the 21stCentury, IBEX Publishers, Maryland.##Asadikia, B., 1995, Azarbaijan Republic, Institute for Political and International Studies, Tehran. (in Persian)##Aslanlı, A. & Hesenov, İ., 2005, Azerbaijan Foreign Policy in Hayder Aliyev Period, Platin Publication, Ankara. 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(in Turkish)##Exports Handbook to Azerbaijan Republic, 2006, Institute for Trade Studies and Research, Tehran.##(in Persian)##Firuzian, M., 2007, Chalenges of Iran in the Caspian Sea, Center for Strategic Research, Retrieved from: http://www.csr.ir/departments.aspx?lng=fa&abtid=07&depid=44&semid=901. (in Persian)##Ghorbani, M., 2012, Israel in Azerbaijan Republic, Aran News, http://www.arannews.ir/fa/news/30562.aspx. (in Persian)##Gül, C., 2007, Investment is Advantageous in Azerbaijan, Ekonomık Forum. (in Turkish)##Hodge, N., 2005,Amid Regional Uncertainty, Afficials Review Caspian Guard Initiative, Defence Daily. Retrieved from: http://www.nesl.edu/userfiles/file/center%20for%20international%20law%20and%20policy /nagorno.pdf.##Hoseinpour-e Pouyan, R., 2006, Study and Analysis of overlaping of Iran's foreign policy in cooperation with Azerbaijan in the geopolitical realities, Thesis in Tarbiat Modares University. (in Persian)##Katsman, C., 2010, Ambitions of Iran in the Caspian Sea and Azarbaijan Republic, Retrieved from: http://www.irdiplomacy.ir/Modules/News/Phtml/News.PrintVersion.Html.php?Lang=fa&TypeId=62&NewsId=8100. (in Persian)##Mehri Porgu, V., 2007, an Analysis of Iran and Azerbaijan Relations, Political Research Center, Assembly Research Center, Report No. 8649. (in Persian)##Public International Law & Policy Group, 2000, The Nagorno-Karabagh Crisis:A Blueprint for Resolution.##Sharifinejad, J., 2008, Iran and Kharabakh Crisis, Retrieved from: http://www.asnoor.ir/Public/Articles/ ViewArticles.aspx?Code=174756. (in Persian)##Shoaib, B., 2007, the Legal Regime of the Caspian Sea. Retrieved from: http://www.iras.ir. (in Persian)##Taghvainia, E., 2011, Pathology of Iran and Azarbaijan Republic Relations, IRAS, Retrieved from: http://www.iraneurasia.ir/fa/pages/?cid=15348. 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0 سطح‎بندی فضایی محورهای گردشگری استان فارس بر مبنای خدمات و تسهیلات گردشگری Spatial Classifying of Tourism Routes in Fars Province Based on Tourism Services and Facilities https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51227.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51227 0 خدمات و زیرساخت‎های گردشگری، به‎دلیل رابطۀ مستقیم بین افزایش کمیت و کیفیت زیرساخت‎ها و تعداد گردشگران اهمیت دارد. از مهم‎ترین ارکان توسعۀ مقاصد گردشگری، وجود سیستمی کارآمد از تسهیلات، خدمات و تأسیسات گردشگری است. کیفیت بالای خدمات گردشگری اثر مستقیمی بر ‎‎‎افزایش درآمد منطقۀ گردشگری دارد، به‎افزایش مدت اقامت گردشگران و درنهایت افزایش رضایت آنان منجر می‎شود و بر انگیزۀ بازدید مجدد گردشگران از مقصد مد نظر می‎افزاید. گردشگری رابط میان گردشگر و جاذبه است و بازدید هر گردشگر از جاذبه‎ها، بسته به گذر از این محورهاست. بنابراین در پژوهش پیش رو به سطح‎بندی این محورها از لحاظ خدمات لازم برای گردشگران پرداخته شده است تا متناسب با ظرفیت هر محور گردشگری و مدیریت مناسب آن، سیستم خدمات‎رسانی بهتری برای گردشگران فراهم شود و پاسخگوی نیازهای آنان باشد. از سوی دیگر، پس از شناسایی محورهای دارای موانع و محدودیت‎های خدماتی، در رفع مشکلات این محورها تلاش خواهد کرد. روش پژوهش کاربردی است. ابتدا معیارهای پژوهش به‎کمک روش دلفی به‎دست آمدند و سپس با تحلیل سلسله‎مراتبی وزن‎دهی شدند. در مرحلۀ بعد با مدل COPRAS که یکی از مدل‎های تصمیم‎گیری چندمعیاری است، محورهای گردشگری استان فارس رتبه‎بندی شدند و در چهار سطح قرار گرفتند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که محورهای شمالی و جنوبی با توجه به اینکه درگاه بیشترین ورود گردشگران به این استان هستند، از خدمات کمتری برخوردارند و باید در اولویت توسعۀ خدمات و زیرساخت‎های گردشگری قرار گیرند. 1 Introduction No activity like tourism will be formed without appealing attractions. Most of the researchers agree that tourism attractions are the basic element for tourism development. Development of tourism activities will be impossible without appropriate tourism services because tourism services are the fundamental for tourism development. Disregarding of this issue has impeded tourism growth and will lead to dissatisfaction of tourists. Consequently, we have wasted financial, mental and emotional costs for tourists and caused their dissatisfaction. Since tourism is developed by environment, human beings and their activities in places as a local and spatial phenomenon provides the ground for spatial links between origin and destination points. Tourism processing around each geographical space is conducted in a process of compatibility of attractions, dwellings and necessary facilities. This in turn forms a process of tourism reception with understanding of tourism on one side and a deep measurement and understanding of the related spade on the other side, because the tourists may be managed better by understanding the infrastructures and by ranking them in an area. Therefore, it is very necessary to provide coordination between the number of tourists and the capacity of tourism places and especially infrastructures. Since tourism routes are parts of this space and in fact there are link between tourism spaces and the tourists, it is, therefore, necessary to identify and organize tourism routes as the fundamentals of tourism development in terms of service quality and quantity. For this reason, in order to identify, organize and plan for development of tourism routes of Fars Province, it is necessary that these routes are ranked in tourism services because as a managerial tool, this ranking can be helpful for the planners based on the capabilities of each tourism route. The role and position of the capabilities are specified and proportional to the characteristics of each of the tourism routes, loading level of physical elements. The volume of investment in the tourism zones are specified proportional to the characteristics of each of the tourism routes so that tourists can be managed better proportional to the capacity of each tourism route and also because we can meet maximum needs of this class by offering suitable services and to identify and remove the impediments of service restrictions of the routes.   Methodology Based on the objective of this research, this is an applied research and based on the procedure and nature, it is a descriptive and analytical research. For the goals of this research, the effective criteria in road tourism services were firstly identified by using Delphi method and library studies and completed with the viewpoints of experts. Then, proportional to the criteria, local data of the zone were collected. After that, the weights of each of the criteria were specified after completion of pairvise comparison questionnaire by the experts using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). In the next step, Expert Choice 2000 application is used to accurately calculate the weight of research criteria. Finally, the ranking map of tourism routes in Fars Province is drawn by using the database of GIS and recovery capability, data analysis and COPRAS ranking method.   Results and Discussion The present research was carried out with the goal of spatial classifying of tourism routes of Fars Province based on the services and facilities. For this reason, in the first step the criteria and indices of the research as the most important and primary process of research were conducted by the experts using Delphi technique within three steps using questionnaire. Finally, the required criteria were extracted as shown in figure 1. It should be noted that in this research the number of services and facilities are considered that are located near each of the tourism routes. For this reason, a buffer limit of about one kilometer is defined for each of the routes. The number of services in the zone has been identified due to easier access as well as tourist needs to this type of service. Moreover, for the number of cities and villages as well as tourism attractions, a buffer limit of about 3 km has been defined in that the cities and villages and also tourism attractions have potentially minimum of the services. After collection of data, the matrix that specifies the amounts of each index was formed. It should be noted that the tourism routes of the research were modeled with basic changes based on the general tourism routes of Fars Province defined by the Cultural Heritage Organization. This organization has determined 43 general tourism routes for Fars Province. In this research, 31 highly attractive routes along with the services of each of them were specified to make the research operational and applicable.   Table 1: weight and criteria of tourism services next to the Tourism Routes Along the Way     0.18 Catering Services The Complex way Restaurant Dining Hall 0.07 0.02 0.01 Car Service Gas station Kind 1 Kind 2 0.10 0.03 0.01 Business services Sandwich Store Bakery 0.03 0.01 0.01 Attraction Level of attraction Vanity of attraction No of attractions 0.36 0.11 0.03   Infrastructure City Rural police Cultural services 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01                 Conclusion Research results indicate that tourism routes including “Shiraz-Marvdasht-Safa Shahr-Abadeh-Esfahan”, Shiraz-Marvdasht-Safa Shahr-Abadeh”, and “Shiraz-Marvdasht-Safashahr-Eghlid” which are the entrance highways for tourism from central and north zones of the country to this province. These routes have the least tourism services. On the other hand, these routes have the most transportation traffic and they have contained in themselves the most important tourism attractions such as the Shrine of Cyrus the Great, Persepolis, Naghsh-e Rostam which require the attention of the planners and experts. Moreover, tourism routes in the south of country like “Shiraz-Firooz Abad-Ghir Khanj-Gerash-Lar-Bastak”, “Shiraz-Sarvestan-Fasa-Darab-Rastagh-Haji Abad”, and “Shiraz-Akbar Abad-Jahrom-Jooyam Banarouyeh-Dehkouyeh-Lar-Harmood-Bandar Abbas” are the main tourism routes of the province. They have the minimum tourism services as well. Therefore, the results show that the more we get far from the center of the province towards the suburb towns, the less the tourism routes enjoy tourism facilities. Most of the tourists enter from the south part of the country to Fars Province, where have the minimum tourism services. 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0 تحلیل تطبیقی شاخص‌های توسعۀ پایدار شهر بم بعد از زلزلۀ سال 1382 با سایر نواحی شهری کشور Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Development Indicators in Bam after the Earthquake of 2003 and in the Other Urban Areas of Iran https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51262.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51262 0 امروزه نظام­های مدیریت و برنامه­ریزی شهری، در تلاش‎اند از طریق رصد تحولات توسعۀ شهری، برنامه­های توسعه را به سمت پایداری قوی­تر هدایت کنند. پایش تغییرات نظام شهری و تحولات ابعاد پایداری توسعۀ شهری، زیربنایی برای تحقق اهداف ارزشمند توسعۀ پایدار شهری شمرده می‎شود. در این میان شهر بم پس از زمین‎لرزۀ 1382، نسبت به سایر شهرهای کشور با تغییرات گسترده­ای در زمینه­های فیزیکی، اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی و زیست‎محیطی، همراه بوده است. بنابراین ارزیابی تحولات توسعۀ­ این شهر در مقایسه با وضعیت شاخص‎های پایداری سایر نقاط شهری کشور، ضروری به نظر می­رسد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی و تحلیل ابعاد پایداری شهر بم و مقایسۀ آن با شاخص­های پایداری شهری در سطح ملی است. با عنایت به هدف پژوهش، فرضیۀ اصلی تحقیق این‎گونه مطرح شده است: به نظر می­رسد بین ابعاد پایداری توسعۀ شهر بم و سایر نقاط شهری کشور، تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد. در راستای آزمون فرضیۀ پژوهش، داده­های مورد نیاز از سرشماری­های عمومی به‎دست آمده است و با استفاده از آزمون ناپارامتری علامت، تحلیل­های لازم روی داده­ها انجام گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد، شهر بم به لحاظ شاخص­های پایدار شهری نسبت به متوسط نظام شهری کشور، وضعیت مطلوب­تری دارد و به‎طور کلی در ردیف شهرهای پایدار شمرده می‎شود. تحلیل­های آماری نشان داد، شهر بم به لحاظ شاخص­های اجتماعی و زیست‎محیطی در مقایسه با  پایداری شهرها در گسترۀ ملی، از وضعیت پایدارتری برخوردار است، اما در بعد اقتصادی، مقادیر شاخص­های پایداری شهر بم تفاوت معناداری با مقادیر متوسط شاخص­های پایداری اقتصاد شهری کل کشور ندارد و پایداری این بعد در مقایسه با ابعاد اجتماعی و محیطی پایداری شهر بم کمتر است. 1 Introduction Today, systems of management and urban planning attempt to reach a more sustainable development through monitoring promotions in urban development and development plans. Monitoring of changes in the urban places and sustainable urban development is considered as a base for the realization of worthy goals of urban sustainable development. The Bam after the earthquake 2003, compared to other cities were encountered with wide variations in the context of physical, economic - social and environmental conditions. It seems essential to evaluate the developmental changes of this urban area in comparison with the statement of sustainability indices of other cities. The aim of the present research is the investigation and analysis of different dimensions of sustainability in bam and its comparison with other urban areas of nation. According to end of this work, the theoretical base of this research is outlined as follows: it seems that there is significant difference between sustainability levels of urban development with other urban areas of Iran.   Methodology Method of this study is analytic – descriptive. The needed data are gathered from public census and are analyzed by sign test. The subject has a documentary method. The analysis level in some of the selected indices is social, economic and environmental. The case study of this research is Bam. The data have been gathered from censuses in 2006 and statistic yearbook. The indices under study are 37 selected indicators in social, economic and environmental parts. For analysis of  the data, at first statistic indices that are related to social, economic and environmental dimensions in Bam and other urban districts of Iran have been gathered and then by using SPSS the difference between stability dimensions of Bam and national average has been considered.   Results and Discussion In order to test the hypothesis and simplifying the process of putting this study in to practice, the main hypothesis was divided into 3 minor hypotheses. These have been tested through the statistic test. The findings are: In social dimension, Sig is 0/0 35 and is less than meaningful level of  =0/05.  Therefore, H0 is rejected and this can be concluded that there is a meaningful difference between the level of stability development of Bam and other urban districts of the country in social dimension. Moreover, the results show that since there are many positive signs, level of development stability of Bam in social dimension are higher than other urban districts. In economic dimension the significance value (0/754) is greater than   = 0/05 and H0 is proved and this can be concluded that the difference between level of development stability of Bam and other urban districts of country in economic dimension is not meaningful. In environmental dimension the significance value (0/039) is less than  = 0/05. Therefore, H0 is rejected and this can be concluded that the difference between level of development stability of Bam and other urban districts of Iran in environmental dimension is meaningful. The results indicate that, since there are many positive signs, level of development stability of Bam in environmental dimension is higher than other urban districts   Conclusion The results of analysis in the scale of stable dimensions indicated that, in economic indices, Bam is in a low position compared with other cities, the dependence ratio in Bam, is higher than the national average and the amount of 10-14 years old children who are the labor force in society is very large. The desirable employment in economic parts has a low position but many people are inactive. About the reasons of such conditions, it can be mentioned that, there are many reasons, such as: the annihilation of native population, the immigration of unskilled and not well educated people from rural regions to Bam, destruction of aqueducts, gardens, physical foundations, ownership affairs and social abnormality. Moreover, the essence of agenda and plans that have been put into execution after the earthquake is the cause for paying less attention to economic affairs in Bam. Based on research results, it can be mentioned that the dimensions of economic, pleasure, aesthetic and welfare in development plans in Bam were weak and that most of the plans and projects are related to physical and constructional affairs, but according to undesirable economic and psychic conditions of inhabitants, which are the disadvantages of the devastating earthquake in 2003, need economic, welfare, leisure, aesthetic and psychic actions. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare and execute economic agenda and make more efforts in planning proper schedule for development of the city in the future, and try to promote economic indices as the foundation of a pleasant life for people in the city. Because of the disturbance of the social texture of the city after the earthquake, increase in households and in the population of children and teenagers, in society dimension, it is necessary to make proper scheduling for them.  In environmental dimension, the conditions of landscape and urban natural gas facilities were undesirable. Thus, it is important that in addition to providing energy foundations especially urban gas as an economical energy and decision about it must give priority to the demand of pleasure, aesthetic and welfare in development plans in the future. 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0 حاشیه‎نشینی و نقش آن در بروز و گسترش مواد مخدر و اعتیاد (مطالعۀ موردی: شهر اردبیل) Marginalization and Its Role in the Emergence and Spread of Drug Abuse and Addiction (Case Study: Ardabil) https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51274.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51274 0 رشد شتابان شهرنشینی و افزایش مهاجرت روستاییان به شهرها، مسئلۀ حاشیه‎نشینی و اسکان غیر رسمی را پدید آورد و به تناسب، موجب گسترش نابهنجاری‎هایی در شهرها شد، لذا شناخت نقش حاشیه‎نشینی در بروز انواع آسیب‎های اجتماعی از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است؛ چرا که امروزه در کشورهای جهان سوم یکی از معضلات شهرنشینی، حاشیه‎نشینی و آسیب‎های اجتماعی ناشی از آن است. گسترش حاشیه‎نشینی در شهر اردبیل و اسکان جمعیت غیر شهری در آن، به افزایش ناهنجاری‎های رفتاری در این بخش از شهر انجامیده است. لذا در این مقالۀ پژوهشی تلاش شده است، نقش مواد مخدر و اعتیاد در بخش حاشیه‎نشین شهر مشخص شود. روش پژوهش از نوع توصیفی و تحلیلی محسوب می‎شود که اطلاعات آن از استنتاج منابع به‎دست آمده است. نمونه‎گیری به روش تصادفی انجام گرفت و از بین مناطق حاشیه‎نشین اردبیل، محلۀ میراشرف برای نمونه انتخاب شد. برای برآورد حجم نمونه به‎منظور توزیع پرسشنامه نیز، از روش کوکران بهره‎جویی شده است، لذا از میان 1896 خانوار براساس این روش، 90 خانوار برای حجم نمونه انتخاب شد و پرسشنامۀ مد نظر به‎طور تصادفی بین خانوار توزیع شد. پس از جمع‎آوری اطلاعات و داده‎ها از طریق پرسشنامه و اخذ آمارهای رسمی از سازمان‎های مربوطه، به‎کمک نرم‎افزارهای SPSS و GIS تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. همچنین برای ترسیم نقشه، نرم‎افزار GIS به‎کار گرفته شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می‎دهد که رشد شتابان شهری در اردبیل و گسترش حاشیه‎نشینی، سبب افزایش آسیب‎های نابهنجار اجتماعی، ازجمله مواد مخدر در شهر اردبیل، به‎ویژه در مناطق حاشیه‎نشینی (اسکان غیر رسمی) شده است. 1 Introduction Uncontrolled growth of cities in the recent years, especially in developing countries, has created many problems in different aspects of the country, in national, regional and local levels. This has also led to suburbanization and squatter areas. These cities are faced with many challenges. Some of these challenges are related to abnormal texture conditions and unbridled physical (marginalization) and some other challenges related to social, cultural, economic conditions resulting from urban phenomenon. Therefore, it is very important to understand the role of suburbanization in the emergence of different social disorders. This is because one of the major concerns of the third world countries is due to urbanization problems, suburbanization. This study wants to study the role of marginalization in social damage, particularly in the drug deal.   Methodology The research method is descriptive - analytical and the data have been derived from field research and information resource. Marginalization in Ardabil region is also famous thirteen-fold indicating that most of these areas have been in certain time ranges. The expansion and sprawl of suburbanization in Ardabil city and urbanizing non-urban population in this city added more to behavioral disorders in that part of the city. In fact, the first cell of the formation areas is in direct contact with marginalization development of urbanization, the period of land reform and the influx of villagers without land to the cities and between countries in the early 1970s. However, it is escalated to 70 simultaneous conversions of Ardabil city center of the province. Sampling was done through simple random method and from among all Ardabil zones, Mir-Ashraf zone was selected as the sample.  In estimating sample volume for distributing questionnaires we used Cochran’s method; hence from among 1896 households we selected 90 households as our sample volume and the related questionnaires were distributed randomly among them. After data collection through questionnaire and acquiring official statistics from the related organizations, data analysis was done through SPSS and GIS applications.   Results and Discussion The results of the statistical analysis of addiction indicate the 7.91 of the highest social damage in the neighborhood Mir-Ashraf. According to estimates derived from the number of people suffering from addiction in Ardabil marginalized region, about 80 percent of people in a region have the damage.   Conclusion From the perspective of urban ecology, urban mass increase is directly related to increasing of local population. This is especially true in suburban neighborhoods. Research findings indicated that rapid growth of urbanization along with suburbanization sprawl have led to social disorders like drug addiction in Ardabil city especially in suburbanized and squatter areas of this city. The previous studies confirmed the hypothesis that urban ecology and urban social pathologies are much more prevalent in some areas than other areas. In the present research the environment influences human (social) economic and social conditions and cultural place, and the incidence of social pathology has been demonstrated. Therefore, it can be affected by the social pathologies of social, cultural and geographic locations. 603 614 یوسف ىرویشی Yousof Darvishi دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، مرکز تحصیلات تکمیلی دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران ایران phddarvishi@yahoo.com آسیب‎های اجتماعی حاشیه‎نشینی رشد شهری مواد مخدر مهاجرت Ardabil Expansion Society Studies, 1999, Budget and Planning Organization. (in Persian)##Bhagat., R.B., 2001, Urbanization in India, General Population Conference, Salvador-Brazil, August 18-24. ##Costello, M.A., 1987, Slums and Squatter Areas as Entrepots for Rural-Urban Migrants in a Less Developed Society, Social Forces, Vol .66, No. 2, PP. 427-445.##Darvishi, Y., 2014, Rapid Urban Growth, Physical and Social Pathology  in Ardabil City, Thesis for Doctorate, National Center for Higher Education, Payam-e-Noor University. (in Persian)  ##Hafeznia, M. R., 2003, An Introduction to Human Science Research, Samt, Tehran. (in Persian)##Hadizade, N., 2004, Suburbanization and Its Organizing Approaches in the World, Mashhad Municipality. (in Persian)##Martin, C., 2000, Ethnolog D'un Bodonville de Lima, Le Petit Peuple De Tupac Amaru, Harmattan, Paris.##Raulin, A., 2001, Anthropology Urbaine, Armand Colin, Parise.##Sheikhi, M., 2007, Citizen Sociology and Urban Pathology, Harir, Tehran. (in Persian)##Sheikhi, M. T., 2003, Urban Sociology, Architecture and Urban Constraction, Samt, Tehran. (in Persian)##Shukouei, H., 1994, Social Geography of Cities, Social Ecology of Cities, 2nd Edition, Jihad Daneshgahi Publication Institute (Majd), Tehran. (in Persian)##Social Statistics of Ardabil Province, 2003, Ardabil Governor-generalship. (in Persian)##

0 بررسی تطبیقی عوامل و موانع پذیرش شیوه‎های نوین آبیاری در بین کشاورزان (مطالعۀ موردی: شهرستان میاندوآب) Constructive Analysis about the Factors and Barriers in Rejection of New Irrigation Methods by Farmers (Case Study: Miandoab County) https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51229.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51229 0 شالودۀ اقتصاد روستایی بر فعالیت‎های کشاورزی استوار است و یکی از قدیمی­ترین مسائل در کشاورزی، مسئلۀ آبیاری است. قرار گرفتن گسترۀ وسیعی از ایران‎زمین در اقالیم خشک و نیمه‎خشک جهان از یک‎سو و از سوی دیگر توزیع نامناسب زمانی و مکانی بارش، کمبود منابع آب و نیز مسئلۀ انتقال آن از مسیرهای طولانی از چالش‎های اساسی این بخش است که همواره پیش روی دست‎اندرکاران اجرایی قرار دارد. در این راستا، یکی از راهکارهای موجود به‎کارگیری سیستم‎های آبیاری تحت فشار است. پژوهش تحلیلی ـ توصیفی حاضر به‎منظور شناخت عوامل اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی مؤثر در پذیرش سیستم‎های آبیاری تحت فشار و ارزیابی تأثیر این سیستم‎ها در نواحی روستایی با پیمایشی در شهرستان میاندوآب انجام گرفت. بدین منظور، در نمونه‎گیری تصادفی از 162 بهره‎بردار آبیاری مدرن شهرستان، 80 نفر انتخاب شدند و به همین تعداد نیز کشاورزانی که از روش‎های سنتی آبیاری استفاده می‎کردند، برگزیده شدند.‎ نتایج مطالعه نشان داد متغیرهای اجتماعی ـ فردی (شامل سن، تحصیلات، شغل اصلی، محل سکونت، تبلیغ و ترویج و علایق شخصی) و متغیرهای اقتصادی (شامل مقیاس مزارع، مالکیت ماشین­آلات، اعتبارات دولتی، تأمین برق ارزان، حمایت و همکاری دولتی در اجرا و محدودیت منابع آب)، اثر معناداری در پذیرش سیستم‎های تحت فشار دارند و کاربرد این روش‎ها از طریق افزایش در عملکرد، افزایش در سطح زیر کشت و کیفیت محصول، تسهیل عملیات آبیاری و کاهش هزینه‎ها و صرفه جویی در مصرف آب، نوسانات درآمدی بهره­برداران مدرن را کاهش داده است و با افزایش رضایت شغلی آنها، انگیزۀ ماندگاری را ارتقا داده است. 1 Introduction The foundation of rural economy is based on agricultural activities and irrigation is one of the oldest issues (especially in areas with scarce rainfall) in agriculture. Thus, most parts of Iran is located in arid (dry) and semi- arid continents of the world and improper distribution of rain in time and place, shortage of water resources and transmission of it from long path are basic challenges of this part. Hence, water resource management and increment of irrigation efficiency and efficiency utilization of water (as agriculture-based development) becomes more and more important. One of the available solutions is application of pressurized irrigation systems introduced recently as innovations to farmers.   Methodology The geographical range of the study area of the present research is Miandoab County. It is located in southeast of west Azarbaijan Province and lies in geographical coordinate of 36˚ 44' to 37 ˚18' N and 45˚ 36' to 45˚ 46' E. Based on De Martonne climatology model, the study area is lying in semiarid continent category. The major part of this county is alluvial plain with 2233 square kilometers, 13 percent of total area of country. Up to 19403 of beneficiaries are located in 80611 hectares of cultivation lands in this county and from this space 66.18 percent are cultivated by water and the rest is dry. The present analytical-descriptive research attempts to identify the effectiveness of social-economic factors in admission pressurized irrigation system conducted with scaling method in Miandoab County. For this, in the random sampling of 162 beneficiaries of modern irrigation of this county using of Cochran formula, 80 farmers and those who used the methods of traditional irrigation were selected. We used the questionnaire for data collection about social variables (age, education, habitat, basic profession, propagation and explanation  and private interests) and economic variables (land area, the number of land pieces, the number of machinery, governmental credits, providing cheap power and water sources limitations). These are the drawbacks and factors of admission between two beneficiary groups. They are in accordance with scales of these variables of statistical sample in SPSS application.   Results and Discussion Agricultural development and economic growth in developing countries were affected by quality and quantity of water resources. In Iran, from 93.3 percent of utilized water 93 percent was devoted to agriculture. With regard to critical situation and water resources reduction, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of utilized water in farms by converting the surface irrigation methods into modern or pressurized methods as basic solutions. The most advantageous property of using the pressurized irrigation system is sustainability of ecosystem. At first, this reduces the water dissipation, then reduces the cost of water transmission from long path (remote) and, at last, drawbacks the soil erosion. The efficiency of dropping pressurized irrigation systems is more than 90 percent and rainy system is more than 80 percent. The efficiency of traditional irrigation is less than 40 (fourteen) percent.  With the mentioned advantages, there is no sufficient tendency for investing in this project. It can be because of the fact that the responsible entities of agricultural and rural developments or own farmers do not pay attention to this problem. For this, we studied the rules of social-economic factors in admission of pressurized irrigation systems in Miandoab County.  1. Economic factors are (land area, the number of land's lots, the number of agricultural machinery, limitation of water sources, enjoying of governmental credits, and etc.). Originally, pressurized irrigation systems are designed for big lands of average scale and the initiation of these systems are not economical in minor scale units. Remarkably, pragmatics of innovative systems increases the rate of production. The amount of irrigated wheat production of beneficiaries has been increased in the period of before performance from 4.43 tons/hectares to 5.74 tons/hectares. The output average of sugar beet with increase in 56.75 percent reached to 73.62 tons/hectares. 2. Social factors: On the other side, the beneficiaries of pressurized irrigation systems in comparison with traditional beneficiaries have younger age average and high education, and their basic profession is agriculture. They have tendency to urbanization and they are imposed to more propagation and promotion. They accepted the risk and were interested in agricultural mechanism.  The age average of innovative beneficiaries (48.91) is lower than the traditional ones (54 years). On the other hand, in the studied population, only 75 percent of modern beneficiaries and 35 percent of traditional beneficiaries are literate. The rate of land ownership of innovative beneficiaries (27.99 hectares) about 3 times is more than the traditional ownership (9.34 hectares). On the other hand, modern beneficiaries are more interested in mechanization and they are mostly welcomed to agricultural explanation program for traditional farmers. Generally, social and economic factors of innovation adoption have differences between modern and traditional beneficiaries and the admission of these innovative systems accelerated the production per unit level.   Conclusion After 19 years from the arrival of the modern irrigation systems to this county, slow procedure is clear in its admission by farmers. As from the 2.83 percent of cultivation lands of this county, 58 percent are supplied with these systems by the farmers. The contrastive social-economic and structural factors of admission of this innovation in Miandoab County indicate that: among 15 defined variables (9 economic variables and 6 social variables) economic variables are affected more than social variables in system's admission. Admission of pressurized irrigation in modernization and agricultural development are affected by procedural model of that. Emission and admission of modern technologies of individual factors and innovator characteristics and innovation received system or structural factors affect the admission of these systems. Generally, social-individual variables such as age, education, basic profession, habitat, propagation and explanation, private interests and economic factors as farm indicator, machinery possession, governmental credits, providing cheap power, government support and cooperation in performance and limitation of water resources have significant effect on the admission of these pressurized systems. 615 634 عبدالحمید نظری Abdolhamid Nazari استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه پیام نور مرکز گنبد کاووس، ایران ایران رضا منافی آذر Reza Manafiazar ارشناس‎ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه پیام نور گنبد کاووس، ایران ایران rezamanafiazar@yahoo.com آبیاری آبیاری تحت فشار توسعۀ روستایی توسعۀ کشاورزی شهرستان میاندوآب Ahmad Khayyat Sh., 2006, Economic and Managerial Factors Affecting Farmers' Willingness to Invest in Pressurized Sprinkler Irrigation Systems, a Case Study in Bukan County, Agriculture Management MSc Thesis, Supervisor: Hosseinzadeh Firuzi, J., Agriculture Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz. 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(in Persian)##Jahannama, F., 2001, Socio - economic Factors Affecting the Adoption of Pressurized Irrigation Systems in Tehran, Case Study, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, Vol. 6, No. 36, PP. 237-258.##(in Persian)##Karbasi, A. R., 2001, Economic Analysis of Pressurized Irrigation Development Project in Khorasan, Journal of Agricultural and Economic Development, Vol. 9, No. 36, PP. 91-112. (in Persian)##Kohansal, M.R., Ghorbani, M., Rafiei, H., 2009, Assessment of  Environmental and Non-environmental Factors Effective at Reception of Sprinkler Irrigation, Case Study of Khorasan, Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, Vol. 17, No. 65. (in Persian).##Manafiazar, R., 2012, The Analysis of Doing Process of Pressurized Irrigation Systems and the Effect of the Rural Development of in Miandoab County, Geoghraphy and Rural Planning M.S Thesis, Gonbad Kavoos Payam -e- noor University. (in Persian)##Management and Planning Organization, 2006, Set of Series of National Development Documents, Objectives, Policies and Solutions for Fourth Development Programs Implementation (Water and Agriculture Department), Management and Planning Organization, Tehran. (in Persian)##Rogers, E. and Shoemaker, M., 1990, Innovations Conductivity, Cross-cultural Approach, Translated by Karami E., Fanayee A., Shiraz University Publications, Shiraz. (in Persian)##Statistical Center of Iran, the Detailed Results of the Agricultural Census of 2003, West Azerbaijan Province, Miranda City. (in Persian)##Torkamani, J. and Jafari, A., 1998, Factors Affecting the Development of Pressurized Irrigation Systems in Iran, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, Vol.6, No. 22, PP. 6-18. (in Persian)##Vice President of Strategic Planning and Control, 2010, Fifth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan Law of Islamic Republic of Iran. 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0 گونه‎شناسی بافت های روستاشهری؛ گام نخست در چشم‌اندازسازی روستاشهرها (مطالعۀ موردی گونه‎شناسی: بافت‌های روستاشهری یزد) Typology of Rural-Urban Textures, the First Step in the Vision of Rural Urban Studies (Case Study of Typology: Rural-Urban Textures ‎of Yazd) https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51244.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51244 0 همزمان با رشد برون‎زای بافت‌های شهری به سوی روستاها و مراکز زیستی پیرامونی، علاوه‎بر بافت‎های مرکزی شهرها، روستاهای الحاقی نیز در جریان توسعه با جایگزینی جمعیت، نیل به حاشیه­نشینی دارند و بافت‌های جدید مسئله­دار شهری با ماهیت روستایی پدید می‎آیند. روستاها در جریان این الحاق مهلت سازگاری و تطابق و در یک کلمه، شهری­شدن ندارند و این آغازگر مسئله در دو بستر متفاوت، یعنی شهر و روستاهایِ الحاقی به شهر است. به‎واسطۀ گستردگی این نوع الحاق­ها، پژوهش در زمینۀ چرایی و چگونگی پیدایش بافت­های روستاشهری و بیان پیشینه و رویکردهای گوناگون نسبت به این‎گونه بافت‎ها دارای ضرورت موضوعی، موضعی و زمانی است. برای امکان ارائۀ رهیافت‎هایی برای چشم‍اندازسازیِ بافت­های روستاشهری، گونه­بندی بافت­های روستایی الحاقی گام نخست است. این نوشتار با هدف تعریفِ مبنایی برای گونه­شناسی بافت‌های روستاشهری، با استفاده از روش پژوهش اکتشافی ـ توسعه‎ای؛ اصول راپاپورت برای قاعده‎مندسازی گونه‎شناسی، ازجمله به‎کارگیری شاخص‎های متعدد (گونه‎شناسی چندشاخصه‎ای)، پرهیز از تشخیص گونۀ ایده­آل و خالص و انتخاب معقولانۀ شاخص­ها و تعمیم نظریۀ شکلِ شهریِ لینچ را مبنا قرار داده و رفتار روستا و شهر را در جریان الحاق 15 نمونه روستای الحاقی به شهر یزد پی جسته است. پس از دسته‎بندی محورهای منتج از بررسی ماهوی این بافت‌ها، با استفاده از روش پژوهش تطبیقی در سه گونۀ کالبدی (ترکیبی، خطی و فشردۀ طبیعت محور، ترکیبی، خطی و فشردۀ انسان‎ساخت)، موقعیت‌شناسی (اقماری فرودست و فرادست، پیوستۀ فرودست و فرادست، درونی فرودست و فرادست) و هویت انسانی (اقتصادمحور، مذهب‎محور و قومیت محور) طبقه‌بندی شدند و مبنایِ گونه‎بندی، 15 بافت‌ روستایی الحاقی به شهرِ یزد قرار گرفت. 1 Abu-Lughod, J., 2000, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities, University of Minnesota Press, United States. 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Cowan, R., 2005, The Dictionary of Urbanism, Streetwise Press, and Norfolk, Chicago. Daneshpour, Z., 2006, Analysis of Spatial Inequality in the Peri-Urban Environment, Attempting to Use Strategic Planning and Management Approach in City of Tehran, Journal of Fine Arts, Vol. 25, No. 28, PP. 5-14, Tehran. (in Persian) Dutton, J. A., 2000, New American Urbanism: Re-forming the Suburban Metropolis, Skira Architecture Library, the University of Michigan, United States. Friedman, J. & Douglass, M., 1975, Agropolitan Development: Towards a New Strategy for Regional Planning in Asia, United Nations Centre For Regional Development, Nagoya. Friedman, J. & Douglass, M., 1984, Rural-Urban Development, Translated by Aziz Kiyavand, Published by Program and Budget, Tehran. (in Persian) Furuseth, O. J. and Pierce, J.T., 1982, Agricultural Land in an Urban Society, Association of American Geographers, Washington, DC. 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Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold), 289‐311. Owens, P.M., 2005, Beyond Density: Measuring Neighborhood Form in New England's Upper Connecticut River Valley, PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkley. Rapoport, A., 1990, Vernacular Architecture, in Turan M., (eds.),Current Challenges in the Environmental Social Sciences, Avebury, Aldershot, England. Rezvani, M., 1997, Studying Spatial–Locative Organization of Settlements and Optimizing it in Rural Areas, Sahrood County as the Case Study, Human Geography Research Quarterly University of Tehran. (in Persian). Rodrique, J. P., 2008, Urban Land Use and Transportation, Available at http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/ eng/ch6en/conc6en/ch6c2en.html (accessed 21 April 2008). Sabri, R.S., Falah, M., 2007, Modern Design of Tourism Structure in Rural-urban, Farahzad Rural-Urban as the Case Study, Journal of Housing and Revolution, Vol. 26, No. 120, PP. 47-61. Saeedi, A., 2008, Encyclopedia of Urban and Rural Management, Municipalities of Nation (Iran), Tehran. (In Persian) Shakoie, H., 2001, New Approaches in Urban Geography, Publish by SAMT, Tehran. (in Persian) Stanilov, K., 2009, Typo-Morphology an Object-Based Automat: Methodological Advances towards a More Accurate Modeling of Urban Growth Patterns, Center for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University Colleage, London. Tavassoli, M, 2009, Urban Design, the Art of Renovating Urban Structure, the House of Print and Design, Tehran. (in Persian) Taylor, N., 1973, The Village in the City London: Temple Smith, the University of California, United States. The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1984, the New Encyclopedia Britannica, Edinburgh. The World Bank, 2000, Urban Forum, Urban Poverty Reduction in the 21st Century, April. Aldous, T., 1992, Urban Villages: a Concept for Creating Mixed-use Urban Developments on a Sustainable Scale, Urban Villages Group, London. Walker, R., 2001, Urban Sprawl and Natural Areas Encroachment: Linking Land Cover Change and Economic Development in the Florida Everglades, Ecological Economics, Vol. 37, No. 3, PP. 357–369. 635 656 رضا اکبری Reza Akbari مربی دانشگاه یزد، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، یزد، ایران ایران مسعود قادریان Massoud Ghaderian دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران massoud.ghaderian@gmail.com بافت بافت‌های روستاشهری چشم‎اندازسازی شکل روستاشهری گونه‎شناسی Introduction##What will be explored in this article are urban spots in the problematic outer texture which is affected by annexation villages to city during the exogenous development of city. In fact, these areas will be the contexts with lack or shortage of utilities and infrastructure, widespread land speculation, widespread usage of informal / illegal natural resources, substantive change of land-use and the problem of institutional failure. The circumstances of these areas are the lack of an integrated organizational structure in the urban texture, confluence of partial institutions of overlapped functions, inconsistencies within and between organizational structures of rural urban textures.##Villages can be put in category of urban settlements in three ways: 1. aggregation of several villages and forming of an urban area, 2- conversion of a big village into a small city, 3- joining village to city and its conversion to an urban area. In this article, the order of “rural – urban texture” as a word is the third mode of conversion of a village into a city. Given the many and various issues facing the urban textures, several types of urban problematic textures will be recognizable. The integrated villages in the cities can be classified in limited categories besides having unique characteristics.##Related researches to urban form addressed typology of all urban forms with diversity purposes. Typology is effective, for three reasons; first, as a tool for describing urban structure; second, as a tool for planning to understand urban types which paves the way in micro and macro level for more appropriate planning and design. This article is following the third approach.##In fact, urban form emphasize on the spatial distribution of drivers of land-uses related to physical basis and transportation network. From Lynch’s view, urban form is spatial and formal emergence of civic-social life of city and activity of urban communities in place and time has found a multi-dimensional nature in the combination of subjectivity and objectivity. Urban form is resulted from the interaction of many forces which can be classified in three categories: natural, artificial and human factors. Understanding of urban morphology means to study settlements forms and provide critical insight comprehend urban growth models. The science of morphology considers three approaches in relation to the city’s phenomenon:##environment and behavior: focus on man-made environment in relation to human usage, behavior and perception.##place and its image: focus on dimensions of man-made environment in relation to human experiments, meanings and values.##structure and trend: focus on evolving man-made environment through analysis of classified element based on their types proposed in “urban morphology”.##Third approach is addressing systematic description and man-made environment analysis by focusing on studying the man-made environment without human dual behavior. This article, with aim of typology in the rural-urbans with the element of their forms attempt to recognize their structure through following the “structure and trend” approach.##Methodology##In the literature review section, in addition to collecting data with documentary method, the approaches with the ability to apply for typology of adjoint rural textures is selected and presented in the condition of Iran. In order to address the typology of these textures, comparative method is used based on some features of adjoint rural textures in Yazd City and finally, by the expert analysis method the results can be generalized.##Results and Discussion##This aim of this article is to define basis for typology of rural-urban textures.  Following the principles of Rappaport (in order to formulate typology) such as applying multiple indices (multi- indexes typology), avoiding pure and ideal type diagnosis, and selection of logical indices, this research  attempts to generalize the image city theory of Lynch and follow the behavior of village and city during adjunction of 15 sample villages into city of Yazd.##According to the results from substantive study of these textures and general categorization of rural-urban textures, they can be classified into three types: 1- physical (combinatorial, linear and nature-oriented compress, combinatorial, linear and man-made compress), 2- location (lower and upper satellite, lower and upper contiguous, lower and upper midland), and 3- human identity (economic- oriented, religious- oriented and ethnicity- oriented). These will be the basis for typology of 15 adjoint rural textures to city of Yazd.##Conclusion##This research shows that we are able to classify rural-urban textures in efficient types with the aim of identification of related problems and production of essential forecasts for revitalization to determine implicitly rural-urban future identity. Identification which is not only requires for nowadays life of the rural-urban texture, but also will be prerequisite to future vision- making of each identified types.##

0 تحلیل تأثیر عملکردهای محله‎ای بر رفتار سفر شهروندان (مورد مطالعه: شهر رشت) An Analysis about the Influence of Neighborhood Functions on Travel Behavior of Citizens (Case Study: Rasht City) https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51269.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51269 0 یکی از پیامدهای ضعف عملکردهای محله‎ای در سازمان فضایی شهرها، تغییر رفتار سفر شهروندان از محل سکونت به سایر مناطق شهر برای تأمین نیازهای روزمره است که استفاده از خودروی شخصی و مالکیت آن را به یکی از ضرورت‎های زندگی شهری تبدیل کرده است. شهر رشت نیز در سال‎های اخیر با مالکیت بیش از حد وسایل نقلیۀ شخصی، از این مسائل شهری دور نبوده است و حوادث ترافیکی بالا، انتشار آلاینده‎ها، افزایش زمان و هزینۀ سفر را درپی داشته است. در این راستا، تحلیل کارکردهای عمدۀ محله‎ای، مکان‎یابی آنها و تخصیص بهینۀ فضای شهری به کاربری‎های مورد نیاز با در نظر گرفتن استانداردها برای دسترسی آسان به خدمات شهری، از اهداف و ضرورت‎های اساسی برنامه‎ریزی شهری است که می‎تواند رفتار سفر شهروندان را به‎شدت تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. هدف این مقاله، تحلیل میزان اثرگذاری عملکردهای محله‎ای و شکل شهر رشت بر رفتار سفر شهروندان است. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی ـ توسعه‎ای است که به روش پیمایشی انجام گرفته است. جامعۀ آماری آن کلیۀ شهروندان شهر رشت است که به‎کمک جدول مورگان حجم نمونه 382 نفر تعیین شد. شیوۀ نمونه‎گیری برای شناسایی نمونه‎ها خوشه‎ای است. به‎منظور تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل اطلاعات، برای تعیین میزان رابطۀ معناداری بین متغیرها، از آزمون‌ آماری ناپارامتریک دو‌متغیرۀ تااو بی. کندال در قالب جداول دو‌بعدی در نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شده است. یافته‎های پژوهش حکایت از رابطۀ معنادار بین کمبود و توزیع نامناسب کاربری‌های تجاری، تفریحی، آموزشی و ورزشی در سطح محلات شهر رشت و فراوانی سفرهای درون‎شهری، برای دسترسی و استفاده از خودروی شخصی دارد. 1 Introduction Over the past two decades, numerous studies especially in American and European cities have concluded that components of city shape have some impacts on different ways of citizen travels. These components are urban form and shape, urban densities, mixed land use, the roads configuration (Leck Eran, 2006, 37) and accessibility patterns (C.M.H.C, 2007: 1-4). Study about the stages of physical growth and development of world cities from the past to the present indicates that technological changes over the past century, especially in transportation, have caused physical growth of cities. In the recent years, however, a reaction to urban sprawl is occurred in the form of “smart growth” initiatives. Attempts to restrict urban growth or to modify its form are motivated by three concerns: 1) to preserve open spaces and foster urban development of more aesthetically appealing, 2) to reduce the cost of providing public services, and 3) to reduce dependence on the automobile and the externalities associated with automobile use that have accompanied urban sprawl (Bento et al, 2004: 1). Good city form in this paper is the form that has the minimum time and transportation costs with higher performance and satisfaction. Thus, efficient neighborhood organizations have a good form creating citizen satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of neighborhood functions and city form of Rasht on travel behavior of citizens. In addition, Rasht like some other cities of Iran has been faced with two issues of rapid population growth, increasing the level of neighborhoods and high rates of car ownership.   Methodology This study is an applied-development research and conducted by a “survey” method. Statistical population of this study is the whole citizens of Rasht city, up to 382 persons by Morgan Table. Cluster sampling method was done to select the required amount of samples. Clusters selected for this study are all 92 neighborhoods in the city of Rasht, in each of these places five samples were randomly selected and the questionnaires were distributed among them and were completed. Finally, after eliminating incomplete questionnaires, 382 completed questionnaires were remained and the sample size of statistical population was covered completely. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed by getting opinion of teachers and experts, and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient to 87%. Excel and SPSS applications were employed to analyze the results of the methods and test hypotheses. Nonparametric statistical tests of “Kendalls tau –b” was used to determine the relationship between the variables.   Results and Discussion The research hypothesis is stated as It seems that there is a significant relationship between the increasing use of private automobile and functions of the urban inappropriateness. For hypothesis testing, the functions of urban neighborhoods in the city of Rasht Based on Likert scale were identified.  The significant relationship of the functions, with the use of citizen functions were reviewed and tested. In this paper, neighborhood organization and its relationship with travel behavior of citizens have been analyzed based on background studies and variables such as access to business, retailing, entertainment, education, sports, informational and other essential services. These variables using “Kendalls tau –b” nonparametric tests, correlation coefficients and their significance levels were calculated and are presented in Table 4. It can be said that the inappropriate access to retail services and inappropriate recreational, educational, sporting and other essential needed service functions have a significant relationship with using private automobile. There is not significant relationship between the inappropriate informational services and high rate of using private automobile. The reason is that informational service is quite appropriate in the city and people do not use private automobile to access these services. In the final analysis of the relationships between the variables, it can be said that inappropriate distribution of neighborhood services has not met the needs of people and citizens to access most of middle-class neighborhood services (except informational services) in using private automobile obligatory. Thus, there is a significant relationship between the inappropriate neighborhood functions and the use of private automobile.   Conclusion The results of this research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the urban inappropriate functions and the behavior of citizens. Causes of the increased car ownership in the city of Rasht are Urban sprawl and increased  distances, fewer number of buses, lack of planning to define new transportation axes, and etc. Thus, it is very important to determine sustainable urban form, and evaluate the functions of trip attraction to reduce the consequences of excessive use of private automobile in the city of Rasht. The research hypothesis of the study stated that there is a significant relationship between the increasing use of private vehicles and the urban inappropriate functions, by using the Kendall's tau-b test. The results also determined that the major neighborhood functions such as retail, education, health, recreational, sports and other essential service functions have the structural weaknesses and they needs the restructuring of urban planning and the establishment of appropriate functions in the neighborhood of community center. The functions are faced with low surfaces in neighborhoods, and this has led to an increasing demand of citizen travel to access these services and also increasing use of private cars. The results of this research have also confirmed strong relationship between the city form and functional variables of neighborhoods in meeting the public basic needs with the style and patterns of trips into the city. Lack of basic infrastructure and superstructure services in the neighborhood area has caused the disintegration of spatial organization and physical structure of the city. This makes it necessary to travel demand, development of roads, public service, transportation and other basic services. 657 676 سید علی حسینی Seyed Ali Hosseini استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران ایران hosieniali@yahoo.com یوسف بهرامی Yousof Bahrami دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران ایران bahrami.2009@gmail.com ایرج قادری مطلق Iraj Ghaderi Motlagh دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‎ریزی شهری، مربی دانشگاه پیام نور، مهاباد ایران bayan_iraj@yahoo.com رفتار سفر شکل شهر شهر رشت کارکردهای محله‎ای مالکیت خودرو Abdollahi, M., Tavakolinia, J & Sarrafi, M.., 2009, Theoretical Study of the Concept of Neighborhood and its Redefinition with Emphasis on the Conditions of Urban Neighborhoods of Iran, Human Geography Researches, Vol. 42, No. 2, PP. 83-102. 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0 شناسایی و ارزیابی گستره های فضایی فقر شهری در شهر یزد Identification and Assessment of the Spatial Extent of Urban Poverty in Yazd City https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51230.html 10.22059/jhgr.2014.51230 0 محیط­های شهری، سیستم­های پیچیده با پدیده­های پیچیده، روابط و تعاملات متعدد بین اجزا هستند. فقر نیز یکی از این پدیده­های پیچیده است که طی دهه­های اخیر در مراکز شهری مهم­ترین معضل اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی محسوب می­شود و به‎واسطۀ اثرهای سوء آن، جلوگیری از گسترش این پدیده، شناخت دقیق پهنه­های فقیر در شهرها را طلب می‎کند. در همین راستا، این پژوهش با شناخت دقیق­تر وضعیت تبلور فضایی فقر در محلات شهر یزد، در پی یافتن راهکار­ها و برنامه­ریزی­های اصولی به‎منظور انتخاب گام­های سنجیده است تا ضمن کاهش معضل­های موجود، با گشایش دریچه­های جدید به بحث فقر شهری، زمینه را برای سیاستگذاران، برنامه‎ریزان و مدیران شهری در تصمیم‎گیری‎های مربوط به کاهش مشکلات فقر و محرومیت در محلات شهری، فراهم کند. نوشتار حاضر از نظر هدف رویکردی کاربردی ـ توسعه­ای را در پیش گرفته است و از نظر روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به‎شمار می‎رود که پس از تشریح مفهوم فقر و فقر شهری با روش کتابخانه­ای، به‎کمک داده­های بلوک­های آماری سال 1385 با محاسبۀ 15 شاخص در قالب سه متغیر عمدۀ اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی، به شناخت و تحلیل توزیع فضایی فقر در محلات شهر یزد اقدام کرده است. برای دستیابی به هدف فوق، محلات شهری با استفاده از روش‎های ویکور و آنتروپی شانون سطح­بندی شدند و پس از آن نقشۀ توزیع فقر ترسیم شد. نتایج حاصل نشان می­دهد که 2/12 درصد از محلات شهر یزد خیلی فقیر، 5/19 درصد فقیر، 8/26 درصد متوسط، 6/36 درصد مرفه هستند و فقط 9/4 درصد در سطح خیلی مرفه قرار دارند. 1 Introduction Urban environments are complex systems with complex phenomena, multiple interactions and relationships between the components. Poverty is also a complex phenomenon that requires a multifaceted approach due to harmful effects (Paraschiv, 2012: 226). However, one of the important issues in the field of urban studies is the "spatial distribution of poverty”. With establishment and development of the poverty, old textures, inefficient textures, informal settlements, and marginalization of poor immigrants are faced with acute problems in unemployment, dependency, violence and insecurity, and so on. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, although several attempts have been conducted to combat poverty and to promote social welfare, but in the recent years the high inflation and uneven distribution of resources and income, particularly in urban areas has caused that poverty become as the most important social - economic problems. Due to the importance of poverty, the government is obligated under the law in Article 95 of the Fourth Development Plan to have the Comprehensive plans for poverty reduction and social justice ​​and also is required to execute that. Yazd is one of the large cities of Iran, during different periods in the imposed war and in the recent years, rural migration from influx of immigrants is not safe, following the decline and lack of services and reduction in the social, economic and quality of life indices. Therefore, there is no choice but to tackle the problem of poverty as the agent of imbalance in the city. Accordingly, the extent of poverty is considered as a necessity in addition to religious and human values to planning development with social justice approach and sustainable development. This research has been conducted for more detailed identification of the spatial extent of poverty in the Yazd city. It is also attempting to provide solutions and planning principles to select the next deliberate steps, This study particularly try to reduce the short-term decisions and unprofessional actions with opening a new window in issue of urban poverty as well as to provide the background for policy makers, planners and urban managers to reduce the problems associated with poverty and deprivation in urban areas. Hence, this research seeks to answer two main questions: What are dimensions, variables and indicators of urban poverty in Yazd city? How is status of the spatial distribution of poverty in Yazd city?   Methodology This research is applied - development with descriptive – analytic method. After explaining the concept of poverty and urban poverty using library evidence, indicators of the method have been prepared using census data of 2006 that were provided by the Statistical Center of Iran. The opinions of the experts have also been employed to assess the indicators. These indicators have been calculated in Excel and ArcGIS applications with attribute tables in three main economic, social, and physical criteria and fifteen indicators. These indicators are including burden dependent, rates of employment to education, literacy level, burden population, proportion of young population, average family members, general activities, economic participation of women, and burden of the actual dependents, employment rates, unemployment rates, population density in family unit, per capita and density residential, with matrix of 15 × 39. Using the VIKOR method as a multi-criteria decision-making, city’s quarter have been ranked. Weight of each index is calculated using Shannon Entropy models. After ranking of the city quarter, the map of poverty spatial distribution in the city of Yazd is plotted based on the above indices.   Results and Discussion After calculating the weights of Shannon Entropy models, the maximum weight is allocated to burden dependent, general activities rates, employment rates, burden population and the minimum weight is population density in family unit. This can be said that economic and social variables are proportionally higher. With calculation of the desirable and undesirable indexes and values of VIKOR, eventually, city’s quarter with fifteen indices are classified. Based on the results of this research 5 quarters are in very poor condition, 8 quarters in poor condition, 11 quarters in the middle condition, 15 quarters in comfortable condition, and 2 quarters in the upper status positions.   Conclusion The results of this study indicate that some factors affect the poverty. In these factors economic variables (including employment rates, unemployment rates, general activities rates, economic participation of women, burden the actual dependents, and burden dependents) and social variables (including ratio of young population, average family members, employment to education rates, literacy rate, and burden population) has a greater effect on the poverty situation and physical variables (include population density in family unit, per capita and density residential) have less impact on the situation. To summarize the results this can be said that 12.2% of the quarters in the city of Yazd are very poor, 19.5% poor, 26.8% moderate, 36.6% rich and only 4.9% are too rich. Analysis on the spatial distribution of poverty shows that in old quarters, especially historical textures, as well as in informal settlement quarters are the people are poorer than other areas. The spatial distribution of poverty indicates poor conditions of rural areas nest to the cities that are in bad condition in 3-1-4 (Eysh Abad) and 3-1-5 (Kheyr Abad). It is noteworthy that in these quarters, most residents are immigrants, while they have lower social - economic status that may decline these indices values. Results of this study are consistent with the results of the studies about informal settlements by the Organization of Ways and Urban Design of Yazd province. Based on the results of this study, the following suggestions for removal of the obstacles and problems can be proposed: Wider public education, especially among city’s authorities about the issue of poverty and poor quarters. Solving original causes of migrations to the informal settlement quarters. Job creation should be given higher priority in poor quarters. Formation of a working group or forum of municipal authorities, housing and urbanism and other related agencies to solve the problems of poor quarters. Establishment of social security for poor quarters in order to prevent illegal activities. Participation of citizens in their affairs is very important, citizen participation and trust and encouraging policies to solve the problem of urban poverty as an absolute necessity. 677 695 محمد رضا رضایی Mohamadreza Rezaei استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه یزد، ایران ایران rezaei58@gmail.com مهدی علیان Mehdi Alian دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، ایران ایران m.alian_87@yahoo.com امیررضا خاوریان Amirreza Khavarian دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، ایران ایران amir.khavarian@yahoo.com توزیع فضایی روش ویکور شهر یزد فقر شهری فقر Afshar, I., 1995, Monuments of Yazd, Volume II, Community Cultural Figures, Tehran. 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