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0 ارزیابی و پهنه بندی لرزهای شهر تبریز با استفاده از منطق Fuzzy با تلفیق AHP و TOPSIS در محیط ARCGIS Assessment and classification of seismic zones of the city of Tabriz with Fuzzy logic in Combining AHP and TOPSIS environment ARCGIS https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51251.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51251 0 امروزه با توجه به روند رو به رشد جمعیت و تراکم جمعیتی در مناطق شهری، به‌ویژه در شهرهای پرجمعیت و مستعد از نظر لرزه‌خیزی، لزوم نگرشی همه‌جانبه و فراگیر به حوادث طبیعی و فجایع ناشی از بروز آن‌ها، بیش از پیش جلوه کرده است. تمرکز بیش از اندازة جمعیت در محدوده‌های خاص شهری، نبود برنامه‌ریزی‌های پیشگیرانه و نبود آمادگی لازم برای مقابله با حوادثی نظیر زلزله، تهدیدی بسیار جدی و مهم برای شهروندان و تداوم حیات شهری به شمار می‌رود. در این پژوهش، شهر تبریز به‌عنوان مطالعة موردی انتخاب شده است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی و پهنه‌بندی لرزه‌ای تبریز، با توجه به معیارهای کیفی و ارائة مدل و الگوی مناسب برای ساخت‌وساز در تبریز است، بدین منظور، از 9 معیار فاصله از گسل، تراکم ساختمانی، تراکم جمعیتی، کیفیت سازه‌ها، شبکة ارتباطی، دسترسی به مراکز امدادی و ضروری، دسترسی به فضاهای باز و سبز، اندازة قطعات و فاصله از مراکز خطرزا استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش، ابتدا داده‌های آماری لازم جمع‌آوری شدند، سپس لایه‌های لازم برای پهنه‌بندی لرزه‌ای آماده شد و وزن‌دهی به لایه‌ها، براساس استانداردهای پهنه‌بندی انجام گرفت. تحلیل نهایی با استفاده از تلفیق روش‌های AHP و Fuzzy TOPSIS در محیط GIS (روش پیشنهادی) صورت گرفته است. در نهایت، میزان خطرپذیری کل مناطق شهر تبریز به دست آمده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مناطق شمالی شهر، بیشترین پهنه‌های خطرپذیری و مناطق جنوبی، کمترین میزان آن را دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مدل ارائه‌شده برای پهنه‌بندی خطرپذیری قابل استفاده است. 1 Assessment and classification of seismic zones of the city of Tabriz with Fuzzy logic in Combining AHP and TOPSIS environment ARCGISIntroduction Possibilities of seismicity due to geological position, tectonic condition, numerous faults in cities accompany with human factors like urban population, increase of weak urban shelters, disproportionate urban planning to earthquake disaster, have increased the seismic vulnerability of cities, as far as %90 of cities of Iran have been fragile. According to researches of National Context Plan of Iran by department of housing and urban development, Iran has been divided to very high risk, fairly medium-risk, fairly low-risk and low-risk regions, and %50 of urban population of Iran live in fairly high and high and very high-risk regions. In other words, zoning map of relative earthquake risk in Iran indicate that the majority of urban areas are in fairly high-risk range and approximately all of the country are in upper-middle-risk range and only few area of country are in low-risk region. Among the various levels of physical planning, the most efficient level to reduce earthquake vulnerability of cities, urban planning is the intermediate level. Assessment of damages or injuries directly or indirectly y are related to the adverse situation, planning and urban design. Bad condition of the physical elements and improper usages of land, inefficient city networks, urban compact, high density, the establishment of infrastructure, shortage and poor distribution of urban open spaces And the like play a vital role in increasing the amount of earthquake damage to their cities. Therefore what makes the phenomenon of earthquake disaster in cities in many cases, urban status is inappropriate. According to importance of assessment of vulnerability of cities to earthquake in Geography and Urban Planning, in this research for developing estimation of vulnerability of cities to earthquake and determination effect of each criterion in vulnerability of cities, fuzzy logic method integrating with analytical hierarchy process were used in GIS by utilizing spatial and descriptive data of elements. Physical dimensions can be regarded as the most tangible and important role in urban planning and earthquake mitigation. Body shape and the city, which includes various elements of their organization through planning and urban design takes place. This section can be through physical divisions of the city and neighborhood classification system, the communication network and hierarchy of urban centers, filled and empty levels, sectors and localities, urban signs, the block segmentation and classification of different patterns of urban, urban open spaces, population and building densities, distribution and growth of the app and the direction the city is implemented.Methodology This research is analytic- exploratory research and according to nature of data and lack of control of effective data this research is non-experimental. Method of collecting data at first stage is Library and documentation and studying various texts about earthquake and consequent damages. The region of this study is Tabriz. According to importance of assessment of vulnerability of cities to earthquake in Geography and Urban Planning, in this research for developing estimation of vulnerability of cities to earthquake and determination effect of each criterion in vulnerability of cities, fuzzy logic method integrating with analytical hierarchy process were used in GIS by utilizing spatial and descriptive data of elements. Needed criteria were chosen by using former studies and expertise comments. At next stage weight of criteria gained by analytical hierarchy process. After that the weight of criteria transmitted to fuzzy by triangular numbers. After that, negative and positive ideal obtained by using TOPSIS model. At the end, ultimate map were prepared in GIS.Findings There are two subject in assessment of hazard of disasters: the method of urban planning in relation with prevention of disasters which surrounds structure and context of city because this plan is capable to determine vulnerable areas, and the other one, estimating demand of countermeasures to damages resulted by earthquake which will assumed for next earthquake. Estimating of damage, develops preparation and countermeasure after earthquake. The first one is "assessment of vulnerability of region" and former is "estimation of damage". Assessment of vulnerability of region requires data of region in small scale (geographical data). New urban development plans, regulation of infrastructures, environmental improvement and other confronting plans to disasters, can be used in relation to this topic. Totally principles of urban planning are:For disaster risk assessment, It is necessary to prepare hazard zonation maps and geographic data about the geology, land use, population, buildings, equipment and other urban areas, urban activities. This information is updated by the GIS and has been used.ConclusionThe results show according to the criteria of selection, the northern city of Tabriz has the highest risk. These areas do not have well conditions in terms of physical conditions, economic, social and cultural. And the populations of these areas are informal settlements of the city of Tabriz. As a result, attention to these areas is necessary and must take priority enabling of the regions. Due to the earthquake is inevitable in Tabriz by reviewing the past years, Probability of an earthquake is possible at any time in Tabriz, the area is about 2 percent of the area includes the city of Tabriz, As a result of, easier to plan and manage this area. North and east of the city of Tabriz with high risk are the next priority. These areas are included as an area of approximately 9 percent of the city of Tabriz. Considering that a large part of the fabric of the old city of Tabriz is located in this area, planning for empowerment in this area should also be priorities. Central and southern areas of the city of Tabriz have less risk than other areas. In whole, the city of Tabriz, the risk is high. Should be more attention to all issues that will increase the safety against earthquakes, especially the rules of construction. Compliance with regulations in 2800 Ministry of Roads and Urbanization Will lead to sustainable buildings against earthquakes. 697 717 حسین حاتمی نژاد Hosein Hataminejad دانشیار دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران ایران hataminejad@ut.ac.ir ایوب منوچهری میاندوآب Ayoub Manouchehri Miandoab دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران ایران ayub.manochehri@gmail.com حسین آهار Hosein Ahar دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد قزوین ایران ahar@yahoo.com محمد علی سالکی Mohammad Ali Salaki دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه تربیت معلم تهران ایران salaki@yahoo.com پهنه بندی تبریز زلزله مدل‌های تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره منطق فازی Abdullahi, M., 2004, Crisis Management in Urban Areas, Municipalities and Ten Assists in the Publication. (In Persian)##Aguilar, A. Pujades, L. Barbat, A. and Lantada, N., 2009. 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0 طراحی کمپ‌های تفریحی- گردشگری (مطالعة موردی: سیلوانا) Designing of recreational and tourism Camps: case study, Silvana https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51261.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51261 0 هدف از ارائة این مقاله، بررسی، طراحی و ایجاد کمپ تفریحی- گردشگری در سیلوانا در غرب ارومیه است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است و گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق منابع و بررسی‌های میدانی انجام شده است. کمپ‌ها استراحتگاه‌هایی هستند که در مسیرها یا در مناطق دیدنی و خوش‌آب‌وهوا و به‌عنوان یک سایت تفریحی- گردشگری و ارائة خدمات به مسافران احداث می‌شوند و کاربری‌ها و فضاهای متعددی دارند. استان آذربایجان غربی، به‌ویژه ارومیه و ناحیة کردنشین سیلوانا به‌لحاظ طبیعی، منطقه‌ای ویژه و منحصربه‌فرد است. در نزدیکی شهر سیلوانا، فضایی وسیع و مشرف به رودخانه و در کنار سد سیلوانا، اراضی بسیار وسیعی وجود دارد که در روزهای تعطیل، هزاران گردشگر و مسافر را برای گردشگری و اقامت موقت و گذران اوقات فراغت به سوی خود جذب می‌کند. مکان‌یابی کمپینگ براساس ویژگی‌های طبیعی، تاریخی، مذهبی، ورزشی و... صورت می‌گیرد. در اطراف سد رودشهر چای، هیچ‌گونه استراحتگاه، فضای تفریحی و امکانات و خدمات وجود ندارد؛ بنابراین، وجود یک کمپ تفریحی- گردشگری و ورزشی بسیار ضروری است. در این مقاله، پس از بررسی مبانی نظری، تحلیل اقلیم و بررسی سایت، برنامه‌ریزی فیزیکی و طراحی کمپ انجام شده است. محدوده، جزء اقلیم‌های سرد و کوهستانی است و برای تفریح‌های زمستانه و تابستانه بسیار مناسب است. سایت کمپ، به سمت دریاچه، سد و به‌طور کلی به توپوگرافی زیبا دید دارد و به ارومیه و غرب کشور نیز دسترسی دارد. در برنامه‌ریزی فیزیکی این سایت، پارکینگ، رستوران، فضاهای تجاری، فضاهای فرهنگی، ورزشی و تفریحی مانند نمازخانه، شهر بازی، پیست اسب‌سواری، پینت‌بال، زمین گلف، زمین تنیس، زمین بسکتبال، استخر سرپوشیده، استخر سرباز، فضای سبز، زمین بازی کودکان، موزة حیات وحش، کمپ و واحد‌های مسکونی، واحد درمانی، نگهبانی، فضای پذیرش و اطلاعات، آتش‌نشانی، ایستگاه تاکسی، ساختمان اداری و سالن بولینگ، زمین فوتبال، جایگاه اسکی، جایگاه ماهیگیری، محدوده‌های استقرار چادر و آلاچیق، حمام و سرویس‌های بهداشتی، سالن اجتماعات، داروخانه و... در نظر گرفته شده است.  1 Extended Abstract Introduction The landscape of Iran is diverse and because of ecological diversity it attracts many tourists . Iran has a good capacity to provide entertainment for tourists . In west Azarbaïdjan, especially one of the natural , beautiful and unique place, Silvana , natural places , Chai River and hills gives a unique view to this area. as a result of highland ecology and cold weather tourists from different places such as city , out of city and country during different seasons have been attracted to this area. Due to the location and its natural places you can travel over snow on skis and go fishing . During winter and fall you can benefit from beautiful nature, features of a region , sport and entertainment .If you consider development in this area , tourism Spaces, resort, tents, some types of camps such as public - recreation, hiking, conferences, sports, science, special accommodation and activities……. Research method This paper is based on instructional-progressive and its methodology is investigative- descriptive. The research range is about Silvana region it’s located on 40 kilometers out of Orumiye . We have investigated some of the factors such as different types of camps, recreational camps, tourism camps and designing recreational camps. Data collection centered on the use of literature collected, documents, different sites, statistics and some organizations which located in orumiye . 50 experts from Orumiye city have been cooperated in this research. After providing and organizing information of ecology, environmental, social, economic, physical, infrastructural, Tourism topics and different types of camps, planning and designing of recreational-tourist camps around the Silvana dam have been identified. Results and Discussion By the theoretical studies around the Silvana and using Questionnaire of 50 experts of west Azerbaijan randomly Silvana ‘s site has been analyzed. This town has great rate in plane and valley, temperature, location, good access to transport by boat or ride a bicycle easily and suitable place for living. This town has a Medium rate in Motel, Villa, playing ground and it has a poor rate in Hotel. The site has a direct access to the water and land. You can have access to the water by boat from east to the west. This site constructed by the structure of main road network and consists of main loop which joined to the town entrance . this loop located on south – east part of the town and a boulevard on south- north in the center of the town used for giving services , in addition to the linked road , east-west boulevard located in the the site for easy access to the visitors. Conclusion This article has addressed the ecology, physical planning, Site and designing. This area has highland ecology and has good potential in winter and summer recreation, beautiful topography , easy access to the Orumiye and to the west part of the country . In physical planning Parking, restaurant, supermarket, and commercial spaces, cultural spaces, chapel, amusement park, horse riding track , paintball, and golf courses, Tennis court, basketball court, indoor pool, outdoor pool, green area, children's playground, museum and zoo camps and residential units, treatment units, security, reception and information area, fire station, taxi station, office building and bowling , soccer field, the place for skiing, fishing location, range of Pergola tents, shower and toilet, hall, pharmacy are predicted. Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana Keywords: camping, site analysis, physical planning, camp design, Silvana 719 730 حامد مظاهریان Hamed Mazaheriyan استادیار دانشکدة معماری، دانشگاه تهران ایران mazaheri@ut.ac.ir رضا زیاری Reza Ziyari کارشناس ارشد معماری، پردیس بین‌المللی کیش، دانشگاه تهران ایران abtin_0002002@yahoo.com برنامه‌ریزی فیزیکی تحلیل سایت سیلوانا طراحی کمپ کمپینگ 1. 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0 فرصت‌‌ها و چالش‌‌های همگرایی منطقه‌ای در خلیج فارس فرصت ها و چالش های همگرایی منطقه ای در خلیج فارس https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51268.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51268 0 خلیج فارس از رنسانس به این‌سو، از آبراهی با موقعیت ارتباطی و جایگاهی منطقه‌ای به موقعیتی استراتژیک، اقتصادی، سیاسی، ژئوپلیتیک و ژئوانرژی در مناسبات و تعامل‌های بین‌المللی بدل شد. به نظر می‌رسد منطقة خلیج فارس، این نقش منحصر به فرد و بی‌بدیل را تا نیمة نخست قرن بیست و یکم دارد. از ابتدای قرن بیستم تا پایان دهة هفتاد که مصادف با تولد کشور‌های کوچک حوزة جنوبی خلیج فارس است، به کمک انگلستان، تلاش‌هایی برای همگرایی میان این کشورها صورت گرفت، اما هیچ‌یک از این همکاری‌ها به همگرایی کاملی منجر نشد و اختلاف‌ها و چالش‌‌های بعدی را نیز به وجود آورد. حضور آمریکا و بازگشت انگلیس و فرانسه به منطقه، رقابت تسلیحاتی، دیدگاه‌های امنیتی متفاوت و بعضاً متضاد، نبود اعتماد جمعی، وجود اختلاف‌های ارضی و مرزی، نبود دیدگاه‌ها و هنجار‌های مشترک و وجود اختلاف‌های قومی و فرهنگی در منطقه، زمینه‌ساز واگرایی و از سازه‌‌های مهم ناهمانندی و ناهمگرایی منطقة خلیج فارس است. قرن بیست و یکم را با توجه به مزایا و تجارب حاصل از این همگرایی‌ها، باید قرن همگرایی مجدد منطقه‌ای دولت‌ها در جهان نامید. منطقة خلیج فارس نیز مجموعه‌ای از امتیازها و مؤلفه‌‌های همسازة همگرایی منطقه‌ای را دارد که در صورت توافق در مورد آن‌ها می‌توان به همکاری و مشارکت جمعی و سپس به همگرایی منطقه‌ای دست یافت. عواملی نظیر قلمرو جغرافیایی مشترک و موقعیت همسایگی، دین و ارزش‌‌های فرهنگی مشترک، منابع نفت و گاز مشترک و سیاست‌گذاری هماهنگ در خصوص آن، مزایا و مصائب ژئوپلیتیک همسان و ضرورت برنامه‌ریزی دربارة آن و موضوع‌های مشترکی نظیر مسائل زیست‌محیطی، گردشگری و مواد مخدر، بر این همگرایی مؤثرند. به نظر می‌رسد توجه و تمرکز بر موضوع‌ها و مسائل مشترک واقعی و عینی محیط اجتماعی، اقتصادی، امنیتی و سیاسی این کشورها می‌تواند زمینة تفاهم، توافق، همکاری مشترک و در نهایت همگرایی منطقه‌ای را ایجاد کند.  1 AbstractPersian Gulf waterway renaissance since the communicative situation and the status of regional strategic location, economic, geopolitical, and political Zhyvanrzhy became international relationships and interactions. It looks unique and unmatched in the Persian Gulf region in the first half of the twenty-first century should be. From the beginning to the end of the seventies of the twentieth century coincided with the birth of the small countries of the Persian Gulf the southern areas of convergence between the countries with the assistance of the British efforts were made, but none of these collaborations did not result in a complete convergence platform, and conflicts maker was the next challenge.Britain and France and returned to America to attend the regional arms race, with different and sometimes conflicting perspectives of security, lack of public trust, territorial disputes, lack of vision and common norms and ethnic and cultural differences in the region and the underlying structural divergence important non-identity and non-convergence of the Persian Gulf region. Twenty-first century should be a century of re-integration of regional governments with regard to the benefits and experiences gained from the convergence of the call. Persian Gulf region also enjoys a number of privileges and structural components of the regional integration If they can agree on a collective partnership and then found a convergence region. Factors such as joint territory Position neighborhood, religion and cultural values, oil and gas resources sharing and coordinated policy on the Cancel Passion common geopolitical advantages and necessity of planning and issues of mutual concern, such as environmental issues, tourism and drugs. Seems to focus on issues of common Subscribe concrete and real in the social environment, economic, security and political available can help understanding, agreement and cooperation of the regional convergence.AbstractPersian Gulf waterway renaissance since the communicative situation and the status of regional strategic location, economic, geopolitical, and political Zhyvanrzhy became international relationships and interactions. It looks unique and unmatched in the Persian Gulf region in the first half of the twenty-first century should be. From the beginning to the end of the seventies of the twentieth century coincided with the birth of the small countries of the Persian Gulf the southern areas of convergence between the countries with the assistance of the British efforts were made, but none of these collaborations did not result in a complete convergence platform, and conflicts maker was the next challenge.Britain and France and returned to America to attend the regional arms race, with different and sometimes conflicting perspectives of security, lack of public trust, territorial disputes, lack of vision and common norms and ethnic and cultural differences in the region and the underlying structural divergence important non-identity and non-convergence of the Persian Gulf region. Twenty-first century should be a century of re-integration of regional governments with regard to the benefits and experiences gained from the convergence of the call. Persian Gulf region also enjoys a number of privileges and structural components of the regional integration If they can agree on a collective partnership and then found a convergence region. Factors such as joint territory Position neighborhood, religion and cultural values, oil and gas resources sharing and coordinated policy on the Cancel Passion common geopolitical advantages and necessity of planning and issues of mutual concern, such as environmental issues, tourism and drugs. Seems to focus on issues of common Subscribe concrete and real in the social environment, economic, security and political available can help understanding, agreement and cooperation of the regional convergence.Persian Gulf waterway renaissance since the communicative situation and the status of regional strategic location, economic, geopolitical, and political Zhyvanrzhy became international relationships and interactions. It looks unique and unmatched in the Persian Gulf region in the first half of the twenty-first century should be. From the beginning to the end of the seventies of the twentieth century coincided with the birth of the small countries of the Persian Gulf the southern areas of convergence between the countries with the assistance of the British efforts were made, but none of these collaborations did not result in a complete convergence platform, and conflicts maker was the next challenge.Britain and France and returned to America to attend the regional arms race, with different and sometimes conflicting perspectives of security, lack of public trust, territorial disputes, lack of vision and common norms and ethnic and cultural differences in the region and the underlying structural divergence important non-identity and non-convergence of the Persian Gulf region. Twenty-first century should be a century of re-integration of regional governments with regard to the benefits and experiences gained from the convergence of the call. Persian Gulf region also enjoys a number of privileges and structural components of the regional integration If they can agree on a collective partnership and then found a convergence region. Factors such as joint territory Position neighborhood, religion and cultural values, oil and gas resources sharing and coordinated policy on the Cancel Passion common geopolitical advantages and necessity of planning and issues of mutual concern, such as environmental issues, tourism and drugs. Seems to focus on issues of common Subscribe concrete and real in the social environment, economic, security and political available can help understanding, agreement and cooperation of the regional convergence. Factors such as joint territory Position neighborhood, religion and cultural values, oil and gas resources sharing and coordinated policy on the Cancel Passion common geopolitical advantages and necessity of planning and issues of mutual concern, such as environmental issues, tourism and drugs. Seems to focus on issues of common Subscribe concrete and real in the social environment, economic, security and political available can help understanding, agreement and cooperation of the regional convergence.Persian Gulf, divergence, convergence system, regional global powers . iran 731 755 بهادر زارعی Bahador Zarei استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران ایران b.zarei@ut.ac.ir حسین شاه دوستی Hosein Shahdousti کارشناس ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد واحد تهران مرکزی ایران shahdosti99@yahoo.com علی زینی وند Ali Zeynivand دکتری روابط بین الملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم تحقیقات تهران ایران ali_zeinivand@yahoo.com ایران و کشور‌های منطقه کنشگران منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای خلیج فارس واگرایی همگرایی Amirahmadian, H. and Entessarnader, 1993, Iran and Arab World, Mcmillam, London. (In Perisan)##2. Aras Bulent, 14 April 2009, Turkeys Soft power, available at: Gardian. co.uk.##3. Ardekani, M., 2012, Review of the Trade Policy Persian Gulf Cooperation Council's Attention to Trade Policy Iran, Trade Studies, No. 23. (In Perisan)##4. Asadi, A. 1998, Economic Integration in the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, Dimensions and Challenges, Strategy Report, Center for Strategic Research. (In Perisan)##5. Asadi, B., 1989, Persian Gulf from a Statistical Standpoint, Persian Gulf Research Center, Tehran, Political and International Studies. (In Perisan)##6. Assefi, H and Vatandost, G., 1997, Convergence and Stability in the Persian Gulf, Political and Economic Information, No. 124. (In Perisan)##7. Bazyarizadeh, Y., 2011, Environmental Protection Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, Journal of Public Relations, No. 78. (In Perisan)##8. Burrell R. M. and Mclachlan, K. S., 1999, The Political Geography of the Persian Gulf, Baltimore Press.##9. Dvyrty, J. and Graf, R., 1993, Conflicting Theories in International Relations, translated by Tayyab and Bozorgi, A., Ghomes publication, Tehran. (In Perisan)##10. Ebrahimifar, T., 1999, Investigating the Causes of Divergence in the Persian Gulf, Foreign Policy Journal, Tehran. (In Perisan)##11. Elahi, H., 2009, The Persian Gulf and its Problems, Ghomes publication, Tehran. (In Perisan)##12. Eldar, S., 2006, The First Common Market and a Common Currency, the Economic Journal, No. 39##13. Emam jomeezadeh, s. j. and Toyserkani, M., 2010, The Persian Gulf Cooperation Council Geopolitical and Geo-political Domination and Resistance, journal of Foreign Policy, No. 1. (In Perisan)##14. GHvam, SAA., 2006, Analyzing Different Aspects of Convergence in International Relations, International Studies Quarterly, No. 4.##15. Hafeznia, MR, and Rabie, H., 2013, Regional Studies, Persian Gulf, Samt publication, Tehran. (In Perisan)##16. Hafeznia, MR. and Romina, E., 2005, The Development of Relations Between Iran and Saudi Arabia and Its Impact on the Geopolitics of the Persian Gulf, Geographical Research, No. 77. (In Perisan)##17. Hettne, B., 1999, Globalization and Regionalism: the Second Great Transformation, MacmilanPrss ltd, London.##18. Jaefarivoldani, A., 1998, The Epicenter of the Crisis in the Persian Gulf, Kihan publication, Tehran. (In Perisan)##19. Jones, P., 1996, Maritime Cofidence and Security Bulding Measureg in the Persian Gulf Region, the Jornal of International Affairs Vlll, No. 2, summer.##20. Karimpour, Y., 2000, Introduction to Iran's Neighbors, Tarbiat Moallem University Press. (In Perisan)##21. Kouzegr, V., 2011, The Impact of Globalization on the Arabic Countries of the Persian Gulf, Journal of International Relations, No. 3. (In Perisan)##22. Lawrence, R., 2003, Regionalism, Multi Literalism and Deeper Integration, Palgrame.##23. Mojtahedzade, P., 2000, Countries and Borders, Atai Publication, Tehran. (In Perisan)##24. Mojtahedzade, P., 2001, Security and Territorial Issues in the Persian Gulf, the publication of the Office of Political and International Studies. (In Perisan)##25. Moshirzadeh, H., 2006, The Evolution of the Theory of International Relations, Samt, Tehran. (In Perisan)##26. Motghe, A., 1996, Indicators and Security Challenges in the Persian Gulf, Strategy Quarterly, No. 10. (In Perisan)##27. Mousavi, S., 2007, The Pattern of Regional Security in the Persian Gulf, Experiences and Obstacles, Journal of Strategic Studies, No. 4. (In Perisan)##28. Noeeparast, Z., 2008, The Prospects of Convergence in the Persian Gulf, Political Information – Economic, No. 254. (In Perisan)##29. Omidi, A., 2006, International Law and the Artificial Islands in the Persian Gulf, Political Information - Economic, No. 237 and 238. (In Perisan)##30. Omidi, M., 2010, Environmental Pollution, Threatening the Future of the Persian Gulf, the growth of Geography, No. 93. (In Perisan)##31. Ramazani, R., 1999, The United State and Iran: The Patterns of Influence, Prager, New York. (In Perisan)##32. Reesi, M., 2012, The Causes and Consequences of Migration from the Southern Districts of Balochistan to the Arab Countries in the Persian Gulf, Political Information - Economic, No. 248. (In Perisan)##33. Rouhidehbane, M., 2012, Construct a Simplistic Explanation of the Reasons for the Divergence of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, Foreign Relations Quarterly, No. 1. (In Perisan)##34. Shirudi, M., 2007, Convergence and Unites Crisis in Relations of Persian Gulf Countries, The Idea of Approximation, No. 10. (In Perisan)##35. Zarei, B., 2013, Persian Gulf from Yesterday to Tomorrow, Tehran, Tehran University. (In Perisan)##

0 تحلیلی بر چشم‌اندازهای نظری دربارة جهانی‌شدن: نظریة مزیت ویژگی مکانی Theoretical Perspectives on the Globalization https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51233.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51233 0 جهانی‌شدن، فرایندی تاریخی است که با نخستین مهاجرت­های انسان در آفریقا آغاز شد و به دیگر نقاط جهان گسترش یافت. مهاجران، بازرگانان و دیگران، همواره در طول تاریخ، عقاید و کالاهای خود را به دیگر نقاط جهان منتقل کرده­اند. این امر، ابتدا در مسافت‌های کوتاه و بعد در مسافت­های بلندتر انجام شد. در واقع، جهانی‌شدن فرایندی است که از زمان آفرینش انسان وجود داشته و در دهه‌های اخیر، رشد چشمگیری داشته است. در حوزه‌های مختلف زندگی می‌توان آثاری از آمیختن، اقتباس و انطباق تأثیرهای خارجی را مشاهده کرد. برخی از صاحب‌نظران، سال 1492 را زمان آغاز فرایند جهانی‌شدن اعلام کرده‌اند، اما بیشتر محققان و نظریه‌پردازان، این فرایند را دارای چنین قدمتی نمی‌دانند. به‌هرحال باید گفت جهانی‌شدن فرایندی است که از زمان آفرینش انسان وجود داشته، اما در سال‌‌­های اخیر، رشد چشمگیری داشته است. دربارة جهانی‌شدن، تا امروز مطالب و نظریه‌های متعددی ارائه شده است. این تنوع نظری و گفتمانی در این زمینه، ناشی از ماهیت و اهداف متفاوت آن است، اما مهم‌ترین چالش در مفهوم نظری این واژه، تعارض در بیان دو واژة جهانی‌شدن و جهانی‌سازی است. تعارض و تفاوت نگاه به این دو واژه، ناشی از تفاوت نگاه به فرایندی است که در سه دهة اخیر، ابتدا در بعد سیاسی و امنیتی و سپس از بعد اقتصادی، با تغییر مفهوم مرزها و تغییر کارکرد فضا و مکان، بر تمام رفتار انسان‌ تأثیر گذاشت. در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا به نقش و جایگاه مکان و ویژگی‌های مکانی، متناسب با ارزش‌ها و هنجارهای آن پرداخته و ابعاد و تأثیرهای آن در حوزه‌های مختلف، بررسی شود؛ زیرا پدید آمدن عناوینی همچون «شهروند جهانی» که محصول مستقیم فرایند جهانی‌شدن است، به تغییر یا تردید در پایه‌های ارزشی و هنجاری جوامع و ظهور پدیده‌های جدید در این عرصه منجر شده است. این روند، نقش و اهمیت مکان‌های جغرافیایی را نیز در سطوح مختلف (چه از نظر مفهومی، چه از نظر مبانی و چه در حوزة مصادیق کارکردی) تغییر داده است و جالب اینکه بسیاری از جوامع، در حال ایجاد سازگاری بین خود و این روندها هستند. 1 Extended AbstractIntroductionMost studies of TNCs from emerging economies do not have on explicit theoretical underpinning. There are even fewer studies which put a particular theory into practice. Several theoretical frame work, however, have been proposed. Globalization basis of the globalization process is the philosophy of capitalism that is the utilitarianism of Bentham ,and other writers.The idea is that maximization of self – interests is the virtue and the rationalism. Individuals, while selfishly maximizing their own interests, maximize the combined as the invisible hands of the market by Adam smith.MethodologyAnother Adverse effect of separation of production from consumption engendered by the process of globalization is the protection of consumers from the effects of production. The most straight forward example of this phenomenon is the demand from the developing world. The depletion of Local resource bases has often provided a check to economic excesses, but, in today`s world, over – consumption can deplete resources on a global rather than Just a local scale. If a resource is depleted globally, it is lost to human kind forever.A second example is the international trade in pollution. If richer countries can export pollution to poorer countries, then a natural check on local pollution Levels is Lost and problems of Pollution threaten to become global rather then Just Local in scale.Results and DiscussionThose constraints can be significant when it coms to services to individual customers: Training services, personal banking and personal telecommunication or retailing are Possible examples. However, there are two major trends that can reduce Language constraints. Also Governments impose regulatory constraints that often work against globalization, either because they limit the free flow of personnel regulation, on working permits, cash exchange control. Tax. goods custom duties. quotas, data censorship. The internet and EDI control or because they impose Localization constraints (Local content policies, Local ownership and joint venture policies.ConclusionThe world of the 21st century will mark a global transition to an urbanized human race. From fever than third of the world's people Living in cities in 1950,we expect that this Proportion will double by 2050. As we have Learned over the past half century, urbanization offers both risk and promise. With more than five billion people Likely to be Living in these cities within the next 50 years. Failure to address urban infrastructure and assure adequate standards of Living will create human culture media ideal for the selection ,mutation, and transmission of deadly and resistant microbes.Global systems able to produce and distribute food are essential for healthy people.Extended AbstractIntroductionMost studies of TNCs from emerging economies do not have on explicit theoretical underpinning. There are even fewer studies which put a particular theory into practice. Several theoretical frame work, however, have been proposed. Globalization basis of the globalization process is the philosophy of capitalism that is the utilitarianism of Bentham ,and other writers.The idea is that maximization of self – interests is the virtue and the rationalism. Individuals, while selfishly maximizing their own interests, maximize the combined as the invisible hands of the market by Adam smith.MethodologyAnother Adverse effect of separation of production from consumption engendered by the process of globalization is the protection of consumers from the effects of production. The most straight forward example of this phenomenon is the demand from the developing world. The depletion of Local resource bases has often provided a check to economic excesses, but, in today`s world, over – consumption can deplete resources on a global rather than Just a local scale. If a resource is depleted globally, it is lost to human kind forever.A second example is the international trade in pollution. If richer countries can export pollution to poorer countries, then a natural check on local pollution Levels is Lost and problems of Pollution threaten to become global rather then Just Local in scale.Results and DiscussionThose constraints can be significant when it coms to services to individual customers: Training services, personal banking and personal telecommunication or retailing are Possible examples. However, there are two major trends that can reduce Language constraints. Also Governments impose regulatory constraints that often work against globalization, either because they limit the free flow of personnel regulation, on working permits, cash exchange control. Tax. goods custom duties. quotas, data censorship. The internet and EDI control or because they impose Localization constraints (Local content policies, Local ownership and joint venture policies.ConclusionThe world of the 21st century will mark a global transition to an urbanized human race. From fever than third of the world's people Living in cities in 1950,we expect that this Proportion will double by 2050. As we have Learned over the past half century, urbanization offers both risk and promise. With more than five billion people Likely to be Living in these cities within the next 50 years. Failure to address urban infrastructure and assure adequate standards of Living will create human culture media ideal for the selection ,mutation, and transmission of deadly and resistant microbes.Global systems able to produce and distribute food are essential for healthy people.The world of the 21st century will mark a global transition to an urbanized human race. From fever than third of the world's people Living in cities in 1950,we expect that this Proportion will double by 2050. As we have Learned over the past half century, urbanization offers both risk and promise. With more than five billion people Likely to be Living in these cities within the next 50 years. Failure to address urban infrastructure and assure adequate standards of Living will create human culture media ideal for the selection ,mutation, and transmission of deadly and resistant microbes.Global systems able to produce and distribute food are essential for healthy people. 757 770 کیومرث یزدان پناه درو Qiumars Yazdanpanah-dero استادیار گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران ایران kyazdanpanah@ut.ac.ir جهانی‌شدن شهروند جهانی فرایندهای جهانی‌شدن مزیت مکانی نظریة جهانی‌شدن 1. ????, 2000, Trading, Wiley and Sons, New York, pp.1–27.##2. ?????, 2003, Global Strategic Management, Palgrave Mac Milan: New York. 3. ??????, 1997, Approach to management, New York, Harper Collins.##4. Adams, H., 1931, The Education of Henry Adams, Modern Library, New York.##5. Amnesty International, 1998, Human Right Principles or Companies, All index Number ACT, Amnesty International Publications, Wcixodj, London.##6. Amor, D., 2000, The E-Business (R) Evolution; Living and Working in an Interconnected World, Prentice Hall PTR, London.##7. Beitz, C., 1979, Political Theory and International Relation, Princeton University Press, Princeton.##8. Cerutti, F., 2007, Global Challenges for Leviathan: A political Philosophy of Nuclear Weapons and global worming Lanham, Lexington Books, MD.##9. Crafts, N., 2000, Globalization and Growth in the Twentieth Century, IMF Working paper, pp. 90–93.##10. Darity J. W. and Hews, 2005, Trade and Uneven Development, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 52-63.##11. Daulaire, N., 1999, Globalization and DeveloPment, Vol. 42, pp. 22 -24.##12. Falk, Richard, 1999, Predatory Globalizations, polity press, Cambridge.##13. Fraser, J. N, and Jeremy, O., 1997, Whats New About Globalization? Mckinsey, Quarterly, pp. 170 – 176.##14. Mahathir Bin M., 1996, Globalization: What It Means to Small Nations.##15. Mill, J. S, 1986, Principles of Political Economy, Oxford University Press.##16. Neill, H., 2001, Globalization Competitiveness and Human Security, Globalization, Technology and Trade in The 21st century, pp. 462 – 469.##17. Ricardo, D., 1967, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Irwin, Home wood, pp. 83–89. 18. Rodrik, D., ????, Globalization Gone Too Far?##19. Rodrik, D., 1999, The New Global Economy Developing Countries, Making Openness work, Washington D.C., Overseas Development Council.##20. The Economist, 2001, Globalization and Its Critics: A survey of Globalization, The Economist, 29 sep, pp. 5-6-7.##21. The Globalization Website, maintained by Frank Lecher (Emory University).##22. Third World Economics Trends & Analysis, N. 168-1-15 september, 1997.##

0 ارزیابی و تحلیل رضایت مندی مدیران محلی از خدمات سازمان‌های محلی مطالعة موردی:‌ روستاهای شهرستان شیروان و چرداول Assessment of local manager's satisfaction with local organizations service Case study: villages of shirvan va Chardavol County https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51271.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51271 0 این پژوهش با هدف سنجش و تحلیل رضایت مدیران محلی از عملکرد سازمان‌های محلی فعال در نواحی روستایی شهرستان شیروان و چرداول (استان ایلام) انجام شده است. حوزة پژوهش، تمامی روستاهای بالای 20 خانوار شهرستان است که در زمان پژوهش، شورای اسلامی داشته‌اند و جامعة آماری تحقیق نیز تمامی اعضای شورای اسلامی این روستاهاست. به‌دلیل ضرورت آگاهی از میزان رضایت روستاییان تمامی روستاها، مطالعه به‌صورت تمام‌شماری انجام شد و در مجموع، 445 پرسشنامة بسته از 168 روستای بالای 20 خانوار گردآوری شد. در این پژوهش، برای سنجش رضایت روستاییان از مدل شکاف کیفیت خدمات، برای تحلیل نتایج و ارزیابی نظر مدیران محلی از آزمون کای‌اسکوئر تک‌نمونه‌ای و برای مقایسه و سطح‌بندی رضایتمندی، از تحلیل خوشه‌ای استفاده شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد روستاییان، در مجموع از عملکرد سازمان‌های محلی، رضایت اندکی دارند. در این میان، روستاییان دهستان زردلان با امتیاز 5/3 (در بازة یک تا پنج) کمترین و روستاییان دهستان کارزان با امتیاز 53/3 بیشترین رضایت را از خدمات عمومی اعلام کردند. خدمات رسانة جمعی (رادیو و تلویزیون)، آنتن‌دهی موبایل، بیمة روستاییان و خدمات آموزش ابتدایی، بیشترین امتیاز رضایتمندی جامعة آماری را کسب کردند و در نهایت، نتایج تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد ارتباط مثبت و معناداری بین شاخص عمومی برخورداری، و ارتباط معکوس و معناداری بین شاخص میانگین فاصلة دسترسی با شاخص رضایت‌ عمومی وجود دارد. 1 IntroductionThe services offered by the public organizations might be defined as intangible and totality of systems, activities and benefits which assists to resolve the nonphysical problems. The villagers' expectations on services gradually increased from the local organizations by reason of developing technologies and improvement of communications. In today's democratic governments to meet people and satisfy them to the community is important for People's participation in local governance and consequently it is important to organizational success. In rural areas, the range of services offered by local public organizations. Quantitative assessments of service quality can also identify gaps between citizens’ perceptions of public organization services and that of managers. Finally, service quality assessments can be used as a strategic tool for marketing public services. Hence the purpose of this study was to measure and analyze the rural satisfaction of local organizations in shirvan va Chardavol County.Theoretical basesThere are several approaches to measure satisfaction on which It pointed to the SERVQUAL and gap model. From that initial research, Parasuraman et al. developed a service quality instrument called SERVQUAL that consisted of 22 pairs of statements which measure customer expectations and perceptions of service delivered on a seven- or nine-point Likert scale. For each pair of statements, the gap difference between the two scores is calculated. The idea is that the service is good if perceptions meet or exceed expectations and problematic if perceptions fall below expectations.Research Statistical Unit, is all rural households over 20 villages in county. Research Statistical population is all members of the village council and the study was done by counting all. The overall 510 questionnaires were collected from 168 villages. The data were collected using a closed questionnaire. The survey was administered in 2012 with the help of three field assistants.The model of Service Quality Gaps was used to assess satisfaction and One sample Chi-square used to analysis and assessment of comments. Also Cluster analysis was used to compare and cluster the villagers' satisfaction and one way ANOVA tests and Duncan's post hoc test was used to compare the satisfaction of villagers in different counties. Pearson correlation was performed to identify which service quality dimensions were correlated strongly with citizen satisfaction. Data from 445 valid questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 16.DiscussionThe study has also attempted to identify the most important service quality dimensions that determine citizen satisfaction with public services. The results showed that the villagers have little satisfaction in all of the local organizations. Average satisfaction index on a Likert scale was equal to 2.54 and also Average distance index to services was equal to 15.5 km. ZARDALAN sub district villagers are less and KARZAN sub district most satisfied with the public services. Cluster analyses showed that four group of services have Better performance. Firth group of services were include primary school, health center and rural telephone. Second group were radio, TV channels (two, one and three TV channels), rural electricity and mobile service. The third group was rural health insurance and the fourth group was Rural Water and road. Correlation analysis revealed a Positive correlation exists between index of rural Enjoyment and the public consensus. Also there is a negative correlation between index of distance access and the public consensus.ConclusionGeneral results of the study indicate low satisfaction with the quality of local organizations in the city of Shirvan and Chrdavl villagers and this result showed the importance of local organizations to provide comprehensive services. Especially the spatial distribution of rural satisfaction, showed that Dissatisfaction in underserved sub district (Zrdlan) is broader and more perceptibleSuggestionsOne of the research results is that the index of rural Enjoyment is important in explanation of the villagers Satisfactory. Although at first glance this result seems reasonable and acceptable, but expected that successful projects can make it difficult to provide Hierarchical Regionalization. Because the main goal of such schemes, the economic and efficient use of infrastructure services and provide higher level services to all villages to a point, not logical nor scientific.So it seems despit some deficiencies in the services area, rural views to the functioning of such institutions must change as well.Keywords: rural satisfaction, local organizations, service quality, shirvan va Chardavol CountyQuantitative assessments of service quality can also identify gaps between citizens’ perceptions of public organization services and that of managers. Finally, service quality assessments can be used as a strategic tool for marketing public services. Hence the purpose of this study was to measure and analyze the rural satisfaction of local organizations in shirvan va Chardavol County.Research Statistical Unit, is all rural households over 20 villages in county. Research Statistical population is all members of the village council and the study was done by counting all. The overall 445 questionnaires were collected from 168 villages. The data were collected using a closed questionnaire. The model of Service Quality Gaps was used to assess satisfaction and One sample Chi-square used to analysis and assessment of comments. Also Cluster analysis was used to compare and cluster the villagers' satisfaction and one way ANOVA tests and Duncan's post hoc test was used to compare the satisfaction of villagers in different counties. Pearson correlation was performed to identify which service quality dimensions were correlated strongly with citizen satisfaction. The results showed that the villagers have little satisfaction in all of the local organizations. ZARDALAN sub district villagers are less and KARZAN sub district most satisfied with the public services. Correlation analysis revealed a Positive correlation exists between index of rural Enjoyment and the public consensus. Also there is a negative correlation between index of distance access and the public consensus.General results of the study indicate low satisfaction with the quality of local organizations in the city of Shirvan and Chrdavl villagers and this result showed the importance of local organizations to provide comprehensive services. Especially the spatial distribution of rural satisfaction, showed that Dissatisfaction in underserved sub district (Zrdlan) is broader and more perceptible 771 789 علیرضا دربان آستانه Alireza Darban Astane استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران ایران astaneali@ut.ac.ir مرتضی قنبری Morteza Ghanbari دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mortezaghanbari@ut.ac.ir محدثه صحرایی خانقاه Mohaddese Sahraee Khanghah دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mohadesehsahrai@ut.ac.ir تحلیل خوشه‌ای رضایتمندی سازمان محلی شهرستان شیروان و چرداول کیفیت خدمات 1. 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Dyvandri, A. and Delkhah, J., 2005, Design and Development of a Model for Measuring Customer Satisfaction in the Banking Industry, According to the Bank's Customer Satisfaction Measurement, Journal of Business Research, No. 37, PP. 185-223. (In Persian)##14. Faraji, H., 2010, Locating Rural Production Units, Journal of Geography and Regional Development, No. 1, PP. 209-228. (In Persian)##15. Fiegenbaum, A. V., 1991, Total Quality Control, 3rd edition, New York, MC Grave-Hill.##16. Firoozabadi, A. and Jajarm, H. F., 2011, Villagers' Satisfaction and Its Related Factors in the Performance of Dehyaries, Journal of Rural Researches, Vol. 3, No. 1, PP. 61-91. (In Persian) 17. G. W. Andrew, 1985, An Introduction to Rural Geography, British library cataloguing in publication.##18. Gronroos, C., 2000, Service Management and Marketing, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.##19. Javadi, M. Seddigh Samiee Sarhangi, F. Mottahedian, A. Fereal Khamseh, F. and Zareach, A., 2008, Assessing the of Janbazan Satisfaction form Medical Health Services with Demographic Characteristic, Teb-e-Janbaz (Iranian Journal of War and Public Health), Vol. 2, No. 3, PP. 28-35. (In Persian)##20. Kavoussi, M. and Saghaei, A., 2005, Methods of Measuring Customer Satisfaction, Sbzan, Tehran. (In Persian)##21. Lothgren, M. and Tambour, M., 1999, Productivity and Customer Satisfaction in Swedish I ph a dea Network Model, European Journal Operational Research, Vol. 115, PP. 449-45.##22. Mcnealy, R. M., 1994, Making Customer Satisfaction Happen, Chapman and Hall, Newberys.##23. Mechanici, J. and Sadeghi, H., 2011, Determine the Optimal Spatial Pattern of Rural Service Centers, Land Suitability Approach Using AHP (Case Study: The County of Izeh), Research and Rural Planning, 2nd edition, PP. 69-47. (In Persian)##24. Mokhlis S., Yaleakho, A. and Mamat, I., 2011, Municipal Service Quality and Citizen Satisfaction in Southern Thailand, Journal of Public Administration and Governance, Vol. 1, No. 1, PP. 122-137.##25. Motiei Langroodi, H., 2007, Rural Planning in Iran, Jihad Mashhad University, Mashhad. (In Persian)##26. Oliver, R. L., 1980, A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions, Journal of Marketing Research, No. 57, PP. 231-245.##27. Parasuraman, A. zeithamel, V. A. and Berry, L., 1985, A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implicatio, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 49, fall. PP. 41-50.##28. Parsa, R. and khierkhah, T., 2011, Evaluation of Patients' Satisfaction Level, Quality of Police Services, Social Services, Journal of Human Development of police, No. 37, pp. 119-136. (In Persian)##29. Rampersad, H., 2001, 75 Painful Questions about Your Customer’s Satisfaction, the TQM Journal, Vol. 13 No. 5, PP. 157-168.##30. Rezvani, M., 2002, Introduction to Rural Development Planning in Iran, Ghomes, Tehran. (In Persian)##31. Rodriguez-Pose, A., 2008, OECD Rural Development Conference, Innovative Service Delivery, Meeting the Challenges of Rural Regions, Cologne, Germany 3-4: www.oecd.org/gov/regionaldevelopment/cologne.##32. Swift, J. A. Ross, J. E. and Omachonu, V. K., 1998, Principles of Total Quality, 2nd edition, Boca Raton, Fla: St. Lucie Press.##33. Taghvai, M. and Zarrabi, A., 2000, Rural Services and How to Organize the Distribution Confusion (Case Study: Gachsaran County), Journal of Human Sciences, University of Zahedan, Siastan and Balouchestan, No. 7. PP. 121-141. (In Persian)##34. Venus, D. and Safaeian, M., 2002, Methods Used in Marketing of Banking Services for Iranian Banks, Neghahe Danesh, Tehran. (In Persian)##35. Wisniewski, M., 2001, Using Servqual to Assess Customer Satisfaction Wisector Services, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 11, No, 6. PP. 380-388.##36. Zavar, T. Behrangi, M. 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0 ارزیابی کالبد محله‌‌‌های قدیمی شهری در پاسخ‌دهی به احساس امنیت (نمونة موردی: محلة ملک‌آباد شهر قزوین) Evaluation of old city’s neighborhoods in response to the sense of safety (A case syudy of Qazvin, Malek abad https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51240.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51240 0 احساس امنیت، یکی از نیازهای روحی انسان و از مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های کیفیت فضاست. در جوامع شهری امروز، عوامل گوناگون محیطی سبب بروز انواع بزهکاری­ها و بی‌قانونی­ها و ناامنی در شهر شده­اند. این در حالی است که بافت­های شهری و محله‌های قدیمی ایران، از بعد امنیت و آرامش، شهرة شهرها بوده­اند. این مسئله، اگرچه متأثر از ساختار اجتماعی و فرهنگی نیز بوده است، نباید از طراحی هوشمندانة کالبد این‌گونه محله‌ها غافل شد. این موضوع، هدف اصلی این پژوهش است. غالب این محله‌ها، بر مبنای اصول، ساخته شده‌اند و زمینة مناسبی برای تحقیق فراهم می­کند. مقالة حاضر در دسته­بندی پژوهش­های کیفی قرار­ گرفته و ضمن بهره­گیری از تحلیل فضایی، به‌وسیلة نرم‌افزار GIS، بر مبنای روش مطالعة موردی (Case Study) انجام شده است. بدین ترتیب که با­ مروری بر معیارهای امنیت شهری، جامع­ترین نظریه، یعنی نظریة «پیشگیری از جرم، از طریق طراحی محیطی یا CPTED»، ملاک عمل قرار گرفته و مدل به­دست­آمده در یکی از محله‌های قدیمی قزوین پیاده شده است. نتایج ارزیابی با استفاده از روش­های ماتریس گولر و چک­لیست معیارها نشان می­دهد از بین سه معیار مشخص‌شده، محلة ملک­آباد در معیارهای نظارت طبیعی و تقویت قلمروها، وضعیت مطلوبی دارد و در معیار کنترل دسترسی­ها در وضعیت زیر متوسط قرار گرفته است. نقاط قوت محله نیز مشخص شده و در انتها یافته­های علمی و عملیاتی تحقیق ارائه شده ­است. در نهایت می­توان گفت ارزیابی کالبد محلة ملک­آباد به‌عنوان نمونه‌ای از محله­های قدیمی شهر تاریخی قزوین نشان می­دهد این محله توانسته است در پاسخ­دهی به نیاز به احساس امنیت ساکنان آن در حد مطلوب ایفای نقش کند. 1 Extended Abstract:Introduction:Urban neighborhoods have changed over time. The body formed appropriate to the circumstances and needs of each period. People at any time use some available tools to achieve the needs and aspirations they have. As a result, the body of each neighborhood is a reflection of ideas, methods and tools developers have at their period.Feeling safe is one of the important human needs and one of the most characteristic qualities of the space. On the other hand, in today's complex urban communities, environmental factors cause different types of crime, lawlessness and chaos, and thus, the lack of security in cities and urban areas. Meanwhile, the urban texture of the old neighborhoods in Iran was known for their security and safety of its residents. Although this issue has also been influenced by social and cultural factors, the intelligent designing and planning of such neighborhoods should not be ignored. The main objective of this research is to identify the spatial characteristics of the old neighborhoods of cities which helped to improve the safety of their inhabitants. Because it is based on Islamic principles (such as maintaining privacy) and provides a fertile field for research and gain experience. This article is classified in the category of qualitative research and the method of research is based on a case study. Research has been performed by use of spatial analysis software, GIS.Methodology: Urban security in different periods, have always been subject to numerous theorists. The result of these discussions and votes, before taking shape as schools and documented opinions, were expressed by theorists and experts individually. In this study, the formation of opinion and a summary of the most important scholars in the field of security and crime in urban areas is discussed. With an overview of world literature and urban security standards, the most comprehensive theory of the "theory of crime prevention through environmental design, or CPTED" have been applied and theoretical framework of research is obtained, which has been implemented in one of the oldest and original neighborhoods in the city of Qazvin. Malek Abad is one of the old neighborhoods of Qazvin, which has shaped fully in organic texture according to the city's core development and in spite of recent construction and renovation, it still retains its old identity and composition. Overall, the neighborhood can be mentioned as a mix of residential homes, public places and some local land use but its private, semi- private and public domains, as well as its access control, according to its antiquity, provides an appropriate field of research. Evaluation is done by using methods of Goeller Scorecard and Checklist of criteria.According Results and discussion:to the research framework, there have been 3 criteria: ‘territorial reinforcement’, ‘access control’ and ‘natural surveillance’. The data needed for each one, gathered in two ways, questionnaires and collected field. First criteria (territorial reinforcement) were defined by two sub criteria "sense of ownership" and "definition of public and private spheres", in which some Indicators like ‘referring to a unique name for the neighborhood’, ‘unique mental boundaries of the neighborhood in the residents mind’, ‘housing time of residents’, ‘recognition the neighbors of together’ and ‘matrix of response – location’ are evaluated in the case study. The second criteria (access control) is divided into 8 sub criteria which include: Visual permeability, separate pedestrians and cars, the passing traffic, texture penetration and ability to provide parking lots, useless streets and spaces without protection, marked and visible entries, lighting, having ways potentially to escape. The last criteria (natural surveillance) is comprised of two sub criteria: ‘size and congestion of space’ and ‘form of space’. All mentioned criteria and sub-criteria, developed in order to assess the neighborhood body's response to the sense of security of residents and to be able to compare the results obtained, finally all of them vote in the 5 scale range of Likert (In which score of 5 is the most desirable rating).Assessment results show that among the three specified criteria, Malek Abad neighborhood is in a good condition in criteria of ‘natural surveillance’ by gaining the score of 4. It means that visual control of the neighborhood is doing well and on the other hand, the theory of the observer's eyes on the street is fully achieved there. The case in criteria of ‘territorial reinforcement’ obtained score of 3.77 which is a little above the average. It shows that (Often non-normative) construction affected on the neighborhood structure to some extent and disassembled the order of organic and hierarchical ways of it. Although the territorial separation in the residents mind is very powerful, it requires some improvements and suitable spatial building to make boundaries of public, semi-public and private spaces clearer and more recognizable. The most significant problem in the studied neighborhood was in the criteria of access control. It evaluated under average by score of 2.95. According to third criteria, there were several problems in different places, such as: Violating the privacy in the main streets, no sidewalks in most places, especially in the southern area, directing traffic passing through the neighborhood streets, low permeability in some passages especially deadlocks for emergency, the inability to provide adequate parking lot, existence of useless spaces and abandoned and desolate land and finally, the lack of suitable definition of neighborhood’s entry.Conclusion:Finally we can say evaluating Malek Abad neighborhood as an example of the old neighborhood of the historic city of Qazvin, shows it has succeeded in responding to the needs of its residents to feel safe reasonably and acceptable. However, renewal and setbacks and some other changes have been implemented mostly in main pathways of neighborhood, have led to additional vulnerabilities of old texture in the access control. Items that cause the strengths in such neighborhood are also shown and finally, the scientific and operational research findings are presented. 791 808 محمد مهدی عزیزی Mohammad M. Azizi استاد گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه تهران، پردیس هنرهای زیبا ایران mmazizi@ut.ac.ir الهه شعبان جولا Elaheh Shabanjoola کارشناس ارشد برنامه‌ریزی شهری و منطقه‌ای دانشگاه تهران، پردیس هنرهای زیبا ایران elsh_urb@yahoo.com احساس امنیت پیشگیری از جرم از طریق طراحی محیطی چک‌لیست معیارها طراحی ضدجرم ماتریس گولر 1. Ashton, J., 1988, Healthy Cities Concepts and Visions, University of Liverpool.##2. Atlas, R., 1999, Designing Against Terror: Site Security Planning & Design Criteria, Architectural Graphics Standards, Atlas Safety & Security Design.##3. Carmona, M. Heath, T. T. and Tiesdell, S., 2003, Public Places - Urban Spaces, Architectural press, Oxford.##4. Chermayeff, S. and Alexander, C., 1892, Public and Private Spheres of Life, Tehran University Press, Tehran.##5. Crowe, T. D., 1991, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and Space Management Concepts, Butterworth Heinemann, Stoneham.##6. Duhl, L., 1987, Planning For & Getting A Healthy City, Education Unit, Reopved Health.##7. Heshmati, M., 2003, Defensible Space - Urban Design Strategies to Prevent and Reduce Crime, Tehran: MS Thesis, School of Architecture, Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University. (In Persian)##8. Kalantari, M., 2001, Investigation of Crime in the Geographic Areas of Tehran, PhD Thesis, Tehran University, Tehran. (In Persian)##9. Lynch, Kevin, 1983, City Landscape, translated by M. Mozayeni, Tehran, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)##10. Mortazavi, Sh., 1988, Environmental Psychology, Tehran, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)##11. Ogawa, A. and Shibasaki, R., 2003, Analysis of the Relation Between the Occurrence of Crime and Its Spatial Tendency in Shibuy an Area, Tokyo university, Tokyo.##12. Robinson, M., 1996, The Theoretical Of CPTED 25 Years of Responses to C. Ray Jeffry, Appalachian State University Department of Political Science & Criminal Justice.##13. Ruzbnam, Lvryjyv, V., 2004, Crime Prevention and the Environment, translated by R. Parvizi, Security Journal, Interior Ministry, Year IV, No. Tehran. (In Persian)##14. Salehi, E., 2008, Characteristics of Urban Spaces in a Safe Environment, Centre for Architectural Research, Tehran. (In Persian(##15. Shkvyy, H., 1990, Urban Social Geography (Social Ecology of the City), Tehran, University of Jihad. (In Persian(##16. Tavalaee, N., 2004, The City Form; Study of Spatial Coherence in Thought and Practice, PhD thesis, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Tehran University. (In Persian)##17. Trancik, R., 1986, Finding Lost Space, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold company.##18. Wellesley, D. J., 1990, Urban Living the Individual in the City, Hong Kong, Longman group.##

0 پهنه بندی کاربری توسعة شهری با استفاده از منطق فازی (fuzzy) در محیط سامانة اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) (مطالعة موردی: گرگان، گنبد و علی‌‌آباد) Zoning Urban Development Iand use Using Fuzzy Logic within Geographical Information System (Case study: Gorgan, gonbad and https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51248.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51248 0 سرزمین، منبعی محدود و آسیب­پذیر است، اما اگر از سودمندی­های آن به‌درستی استفاده شود، این منبع، ابدی و قابل تجدید خواهد بود. برای بهره‌برداری از سرزمین، با صرفة اقتصادی و مستمر باید روند بهره‌برداری را در چارچوبی برنامه­ریزی‌شده به نام طرح مدیریت اجرا کرد. چنین تفکری، مقدمه­ای برای آمایش سرزمین یا برنامه­ریزی برای استفاده از اراضی شده است. ایجاد و به­کار­گیری سامانه­های اطلاعات جغرافیای (GIS)، در بسیاری از زمینه‌ها از جمله آمایش سرزمین، محیط زیست و توسعة شهری، به بروز تغییرها و جهش­های عظیمی منجر شد. این پژوهش، تلاش می‌کند بخشی از نیازهای اطلاعاتی در مورد امکان توسعة شهری و تخمین قابلیت اکولوژیکی و اقتصادی- اجتماعی شهرستان­های علی­آباد، گنبد و گرگان در استان گلستان را تأمین کند و مناطق مستعد توسعة شهری را بیابد. در این تحقیق، برای جمع­آوری داده­های مورد نیاز در سامانة اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، نقشة تناسب اراضی برای کاربری توسعة شهری از روش ارزیابی چندمعیاره (MCE) و فازی­سازی (Fuzzy) استفاده شد و عوامل مورد بررسی با توجه به روش وزن­دهی سلسله‌مراتبی (AHP)، در محیط نرم‌افزار IDRISI Kilimanjaro و ArcGIS آماده شد. نتایج نشان می­دهد که 3،845،306،130 متر مربع از مساحت منطقه با توان بالا، 36،553،066 متر مربع با توان متوسط و 5،067،405،586 متر مربع نیز با توان ضعیف است.  1 AbstractIntroductionAccording to the researchers theory, land is a limited and vulnerable resource which can be perpetual or retrievable, in case, utilize from its profits in stately (Makhdoum, 1387: 20). Fortunately, from the late of previous Christian century on, human has realized to have an incessant and frugal exploitation from an area in order to implement programs and projects manageably (Makhdoum, 1387: 20). Such issue is considered as an introduction on land using map or manage to use of lands the scholars narrate that land users is the most valuable, cheapest and effective solution concern reduction of environments destruction and prompt the social peace and economical efficiency, and it the developments methods have been stable, not to signify the economical peace and criterion (Makhdoum, 1387: 21). Rapid development and evolution of computers technology consist of hardware and software compartments in the recent decades, provided tremendous technical facilities in relation to processing the geometrical and graphic data of land, moreover, it has been organized through applying information (Makhdoum and colleague 1384: 80-eastman and colleague 1998: 180). Our perimeter environment is Saturated with multi criteria and humans are compelled to make decision in such fields, so they designate appropriate techniques for determine consciously (Ghodsipour, 1384: 50)Need to the development of a strategy and programming in various cases is one of the major reasons to be appealed into multi criteria analysis in land using map (Binat and Nige 2001: 45). So as the domination of multi criteria decisions over environmental management has been considerable this makes the development of specific devices for their controlling within GIS environment.Present study is provide apart of data on Urbana's development and predict the ecological potency of Aliabad, gonbad and gorgan in golestan province because of placing the capable districts of Urbana's development by applying multi criteria methods within geographical information system.Materials and Methods This article is going to achieve the capable districts of Urbana's development, as if, it ask to help from GIS. As long as making the decisions is various, thus using MCE method concern scrutinizes ecological resources with multi variables. The preferred formula for (MCE) is as follow: S= ∑i=1 to n wi xi * Ӆ ci s= Suitability for the intended zone wi= Weight of each layerxi= fuzzy layers Ӆ= Accent mark ci=Boolean layers Discussion of findingsTo understand the general targets, firstly, increasing fundamental information of turban's development accommodate to the results of assumptions and various experiences of scholar. After passing through scientific shortages and collect sufficient data, provide a database accompany to substantial amendments.There are two kinds of data layers in (MCE) method as Boolean and fuzzy layers. Boolean layers have 0 and 1 values which imply the definite limitation; however, fuzzy ones have multiple number scalar numbers in condition. By looking upon weight of factors and parameters for any use the layer, will be fuzzy layers which determined 0 to 255. Its desirability increases as far as being closed to 255 numbers. Specific parameter for any user would be saved as data fuzzy layers and using for the combination of layers. Any layer has a Boolean and or (o and 1). (mahini and kamyab 1388: 270)The weights of factors show according to the bilateral comparisons of analytical hierarchical process in the IDRISI software. One of the most prevalent methods in using data combination is weighted linear combination (WLC). In WLC, the standard factors multiply in the appropriate weight, and then they accumulate together. As the weights have been accounted any cell, afterward created picture should be multiplied in the Boolean limitation in order to exclude the additional zones from accounting. Final image of favorable combinational calculation from 0 to 255 boundaries have no limitation to be developed. In this state, the layer wills be combined through WLC. Final map of Urbana's development land using is by having value from 0 to 255, which this layer is apt to be reclassified.ConclusionsAccording to the verbal ecological model of Urbana's development land using, for this reason, most interesting districts are located in the (0 to13) percent slopes with height of 400 to 1200 meter, southern directions and least amount of water and windy erosion in location, closest gaps to the 100 meter of buffer from the user of urban and village and also lakes, more deeper wells of district the distances which far from the faults of location, keeping on the suitable distance from protected areas, acceptable rainfall cover 500 millimeter, half-evolution soil to full evolution with medium granulation, absence of original stones as marn and shist, and also accumulation of the vegetation lesser than 30 percent have been expressed. According to these definition's, after combination of maps and investigation of districts values based on being and absence of increasing and decreasing agents, lands suitability for Urbana's development produced in three potencies: 1)high 2)middle 3)week. The results indicate that 38455306130 meter from area has high potential, 36553066 square meter has middle potential and 5067405586 square meter also is week. According to the researchers theory, land is a limited and vulnerable resource which can be perpetual or retrievable, in case, utilize from its profits in stately (Makhdoum, 1387: 20). Fortunately, from the late of previous Christian century on, human has realized to have an incessant and frugal exploitation from an area in order to implement programs and projects manageably (Makhdoum, 1387: 20). Such issue is considered as an introduction on land using map or manage to use of lands the scholars narrate that land users is the most valuable, cheapest and effective solution concern reduction of environments destruction and prompt the social peace and economical efficiency, and it the developments methods have been stable, not to signify the economical peace and criterion (Makhdoum, 1387: 21). 809 823 محمد سلاورزی زاده Mohammad Salaavarzi zadeh دکتری تخصصی جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان ایران fileman89@gmail.com جمال محمدی Jamal Mohamadi استاد‌یار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان ایران j.mohammadi@geo.ui.ac.ir عبدالله کبودی Abdollah Kaboudi کارشناس ارشد ارزیابی و آمایش محیط زیست، عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه آزاد آبدانان ایران abdulahk64@gmail.com پهنه‌بندی توسعة شهری سامانة اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) علی‌آباد گرگان گنبد منطق فازی (Fuzzy) 1. Ardakani, T. Danekar, A. Karami, M. Aghimi, H. Rafiei, G. and Erfani, M., 2011, Chabahar Bay Zoning Decisions Multivariable Model for Centralized User Outing, Journal of Geography and Land, Vol. 1, No. 1, PP. 1-20. (In Persian)##2. Beinat, E. and Nijkamp, P., .2001, Land Use Management and the Path Towards Sustainability, Multi-Criteria Analysis for Land-use Management, Kluwer Academic Publisher, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands, PP. 1-13.##3. Eastman, J. .R. Jin, W. Kyem, P. and Toledano, J., 1998, Multi-Criteria and Multi-Objective Decision Making for Land Allocation Using GIS, Multi-Critria Analysis For Land-Use Management, Kluwer Academic Publisher, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordecht, The Netherlands, PP. 227-251.##4. Farahman, S., 1997, Spatial analysis of urban development in Iran (The interaction of the economy), PhD thesis, Isfahan University, College of Administrative Sciences and Economics, pp 1-180. (In Persian)##5. Geological and Mineral Exploration (National Database of Geoscience Data), 2010, Geological Map of Golestan, Vol. 1, P. 1000000. (In Persian)##6. Ghodsipoor, H., 2005, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Amirkabir University of Technology Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)##7. Golestan Regional Water Company, 2009, Statistics wells, piezometers. (In Persian)##8. Katavic, I. and Marmullah, G., 1987, Mission Report for Pilot Project in Tuzla Lagon (Turkey), Map technical Reports, Seties, No. 15, PP. 47-49.##9. Mahini, A. and Kamyab, H., 2009, Remote Sensing and GIS Software Application With Edrisi, Mehrmahdis, Tehran. (In Persian) 10. Makhdoum, Majid, Land Use Foundation, ????, Tehran University Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)##11. Makhdoum, M. Darvishsefat, A. Jafarzadeh, H. Makhdoum, A., 2005, Environmental Assessment and Planning Using GIS, Tehran University Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)##12. Management and Planning Organization of Iran, 2008, Statistical Yearbook of Golestan, PP. 566. (In Persian)##13. Mendoza, G .A., 1997, A GIS-Based Multicriteria Approach to Land Use Suitability Assessment and Allocation. In Seventh Symposium on System Analysis in Forest Resources, Traverse City, USDA Forest Service, http//www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/other/gtr-nc205/landuse.htm. (2 April 2010), PP. 150-164.##14. Patrono, A., 2004, Multi-Criteria Analysis and Geographic Information System: Analysis of Natural Areas and Ecological Distributions, Multi-Criteria Analysis For Land-Use Management, Published by Kluwer Academic Publisher, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands, PP. 271-292.##15. Sarmad, Z. Bazargan, A. and Hejazi, E., 2009, Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences, Agah, Tehran. (In Persian)##16. Schreyer, A. and Malczeweski, J. 2004, Multicriteria Evalution Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Ordered Weighted Averaging, www.AHP. PP. 1-16.##17. Shokuei, H., 2006, Geography and Geographical Schools, Razavi, Mashhad. (In Persian)##18. Soil and Water Research Institute, 1981, Soil Report Part II Lands North Gorganroud (Gomishan), PP. 74. (In Persian)##19. Taherkia, H., 1997, Artificial Propagation of Fish Seller, Publication of Fisheries Corporation. (In Persian)##20. Tsaur, S. H. and Wang, CH. H., 2007, The Evaluation of Sustainable Tourism Development by Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Set Theory: An Empirical Study on the Green Island in Taiwan, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, PP. 17-30. (In Persian)##21. Van der Merwe, J. H., 1997, GIS-Based Land Evaluation and Decision-Macking for##

0 تحلیلی بر نقش مذهب در توسعة گردشگری مذهبی Analysis on role of religion in development religious tourism (Case study: Chak Chak Shrine) https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51220.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51220 0 گردشگران مذهبی، گردشگران فرهنگی هستند که برای زیارت اماکن، آثار و یادمان‌های مذهبی، انجام اعمال مذهبی، آموزش‌های دینی و گذراندن اوقات فراغت در مکان‌ها و مراکز مذهبی جهان سفر می‌کنند. این پژوهش به نقش مذهب در توسعة گردشگری مذهبی می‌پردازد. نوع تحقیق، کاربردی و روش بررسی آن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعة آماری، کلیة گردشگران داخلی و خارجی به زیارتگاه چک‌چک است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، از روش‌های آمار استنباطی مانند ضریب رگرسیون، تحلیل واریانس و تحلیل مسیر و برای ارائة راهکارها از مدل تحلیلی سوات استفاده شده است. بر اساس نتایج تحلیل مسیر، متغیر‌های وجود اماکن زیارتی زرتشتیان با میزان 822/0 و پایبندی به آیین‌های مذهبی با میزان 752/0 بیشترین تأثیرها را در توسعة گردشگری مذهبی در شهرستان اردکان داشته­اند. همچنین نتایج مدل رگرسیون خطی ساده، برابر با 652/0 است؛ یعنی به ازای افزایش تعداد گردشگران، ساختار فضایی توسعة این شهرستان نیز افزایش می‌یابد. به عبارت دیگر، افزایش تعداد گردشگران، موجب بالا رفتن توسعه و افزایش میزان شاخص‌های اقتصادی آن در شهرستان اردکان می‌شود. همچنین ضریب همبستگی چندگانه (R) محاسبة رابطة اعتقادات مذهبی و توسعة اماکن زیارتی و مقدسه را با میزان 812/0 تأیید می‌کند که نشان می‌دهد 2/61 درصد از تغییرات توسعة اماکن زیارتی و مقدسه، ناشی از اعتقادات مذهبی است. به عبارت دیگر، در مناطقی که اماکن دینی و مذهبی دارند، سطح توسعة گردشگری مذهبی بسیار بالاتر است. در نهایت، راهبردهایی چون تلاش در جهت احداث تأسیسات و تجهیزات رفاهی در اماکن زیارتی، استفاده از جشن مهرگان به‌عنوان فرصتی برای ارسال پیام صلح و دوستی ایرانیان به جهان، تبلیغات گسترده برای جذب گردشگران و استفاده از درآمدهای مکان‌های زیارتی برای بهسازی و حفاظت از آن‌ها، سبب توسعة گردشگری مذهبی در شهرستان اردکان و استان یزد می‌شود. 1 Analysis on role of religion in development religious tourism (Case study: Chak Chak Shrine) Extended Abstract Introduction Religious tourists Are Cultural tourists who travel to pilgrimage sites, relics, religious monuments, Religious practices, Teaching and spending their leisure time in places and religious centers in world. However, for many of Pilgrims It is important Traveling shrine as well as itself shrine. This is because who pilgrimage not only foreign trip but also an inner journey and spiritual journey. Religious and spiritual attractions of tourism in Iran are very precious. One of the attractions of religious is shrines and holy places every year large number of tourists who are attracted to them. The Zoroastrians have several shrines in Yazd But the most famous shrines is Chak Chak. Every year there are thousands of people of our country and around the world. This paper examines role of religion in the development of religious tourism with emphasis on shrines of Zoroastrians Chak Chak. Thus, Two hypotheses are discussed: 1) There are a significant correlation between an increase in number of tourists in the Chak Chak Shrine and development in Ardakan city. 2) There are a significant correlation between religious beliefs of Zoroastrians and And development of the their religious places. Methodology According to Evaluated factors, Type research is Application and Methods it descriptive-analytical. Statistical population, are domestic and foreign tourists in Chak Chak Shrine. For data analysis, has been used of Methods Inferential statistical Such as regression, analysis of variance, Path analysis and also for provided solutions of strategic planning (SWOT). Results and discussion Iran and the world Zoroastrians goes to Chak Chak Shrine from 13 to 17 June each year. After the end of religious rituals is visited various sites (religious and historical places) in Yazd province and city Ardakan, and this causes the region economic development. To determine the main causes of development of the religious tourism are entered independent variables into the regression model. Based results of Path analysis, were the highest effects on development religious tourism in ardakan city, Variables Existence Pilgrimage Places Zoroastrians with rate 0/822 and adherence to religious rituals with rate 0/752. Also Results Simple Linear Regression Model is Equal to 0/652. Means for every increasing in number of tourists, increases spatial structure Development this city. In other words, increasing number of tourists will be led to increased development and also rises in Indicators economic development in ardakan city. As well as multiple correlation coefficient (R) Confirmed Calculate relationship between religious beliefs and Development of pilgrimage and Sacred Places With rate 0/812 that Showing 61/2 percent of changes Development of pilgrimage and Sacred Places are Caused by religious beliefs. Conclusion and Suggestions Today, tourism is the most extensive of service industry and one of the greatest economic resources in world. Iran has a long history of having a very proper position among other countries. Religious attractions are including tourist destinations, With the proper planning and management of can be identified investment opportunities and can be obtained in a reasonable position in the world in terms of attracting tourists. Chak Chak shrine is a income source and the Factor of economic development for the city Ardekan and Yazd, and has led to the development of religious tourism. We can see the role of religion in the development of tourism. Government neglect, lack of private sector investment and the lack of appropriate facilities and infrastructures are main obstacles to the development of religious tourism in the region. In other words, in areas that has Places of religious are much higher levels of development religious tourism. Finally, strategies such as Efforts to establish welfare facilities and equipment in places pilgrimage, use of Mehregan Celebration as an opportunity to send a message of peace and friendship Iranian to world, Extensive advertising order to attract tourists And use of proceeds order to improve and protect places of pilgrimage Can lead to the development of religious tourism in ardakan city of Yazd province. - Attempt to construction of welfare facilities and facilities for tourists in the Chak chak shrine. - Making culture for appropriate behavior by foreign tourists. - Use the proceeds to improve and protect the for tourism development. - Creating green spaces or other attractions in near the place of pilgrimage. - Pave the roads and paths connecting to the shrine. - Widespread propaganda to tourist attraction by introducing the prominent works of historic in the surrounding of shrine. - Provide security for tourists, especially at night. - Use of Renewable Energy for Power Supply. - Use of this space to convey a message of peace and reconciliation of Iranians all over the world. Keywords: religious tourism, strategic planning, Chak Chak Shrine, ardakan city Analysis on role of religion in development religious tourism (Case study: Chak Chak Shrine) Extended Abstract Introduction Religious tourists Are Cultural tourists who travel to pilgrimage sites, relics, religious monuments, Religious practices, Teaching and spending their leisure time in places and religious centers in world. However, for many of Pilgrims It is important Traveling shrine as well as itself shrine. This is because who pilgrimage not only foreign trip but also an inner journey and spiritual journey.Religious and spiritual attractions of tourism in Iran are very precious. One of the attractions of religious is shrines and holy places every year large number of tourists who are attracted to them. The Zoroastrians have several shrines in Yazd But the most famous shrines is Chak Chak. Every year there are thousands of people of our country and around the world. This paper examines role of religion in the development of religious tourism with emphasis on shrines of Zoroastrians Chak Chak. Thus, Two hypotheses are discussed:Extended Abstract Introduction Religious Religious 825 841 میرنجف موسوی Mirnajaf Mousavi دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه ارومیه ایران mousavi424@yahoo.com ناصر سلطانی Naser Soltani استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه ارومیه ایران n.soltani@urmia.ac.ir علی باقری کشکولی Ali Bagheri Kashkouli دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه اصفهان ایران alib336@gmail.com برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی زیارتگاه چک‌چک شهرستان اردکان گردشگری مذهبی 1. Bahar, M. 2007, From Myth to History,. Cheshmeh publication, Tehran. (In Persian)##2. Biranovand, E., 2008, Spatial Analysis of Ecotourism Attractions in City of Khorramabad, MA thesis, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Isfahan. (In Persian)##3. Boyer, M., 1999, Le Tourism de L' a 2000,. Lyon: Press Universities the Lyon.##4. 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Ghare Nezhjad, H., 2007, Introduction to the Development of Tourism and Hospitality, First edition, Islamic Azad University publication, Najaf Abad. (In Persian)##13. Graham, B. and Murray, M., 1997, The Spiritual and the Profane: the Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Ecumene 4(4): 389–409.##14. Griffin, J., 1994, Order of Service, Leisure Management 14(12): 30–32.##15. Haab, B. 1996, The Way As an Inward Journcy: An Anthropological Enquiry Into the Spirituality of Present – Day Pilgrims to Santiago, confraternity of St. James Bulletin, 56.##16. Inoue, N., 2000, From Religious Conformity to Places, Social Compass 47(1): 21–32.##17. Jacowski, A., Ptaszycka-Jackoska, D., and Soljan, I. 2003, The World system of pilgrimage centers Tourism, 12(2).##18. Kavian Far, S., 2005, Tourism in France and the World, Journal of Municipalities Journal, No. 78, pp. 62-74. (In Persian)##19. Khosravi, H., 2007, Obstacles and Problems of Tourism Development in Qom Province, Journal of Geography Education, No. 80. (In Persian)##20. Kong, L., 2001, Religion and Technology: Refiguring Place, Space, Identity and Community, Area 33(4): 404–413.##21. Koskansky, O., 2002, Tourism, Charity, and Profit: the Movement of Money in Moroccan Jewish Pilgrimage, Cultural Anthropology 17(3): 359–400.##22. Kosti, F., 1998, The Enchantment of Religious Tourism: the Case of Mount Athos, Greece, Variety Studies 15(4): 5–13.##23. Lowenthal, D., 1997, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, London: Viking, London.##24. MacCannell, D., 1973, Staged Authenticity: Aarrangements of Social Space inTouristSettings, American Journal of Sociology 79(3): 589–603.##25. MacWilliams, M.W., 2002, VirtualPilgrimages on the Internet, Religion 32: 315–335.##26. Mansouri, A., 1997, The Role of Tourism in Shiraz Urban Planning, Geography Ph.D. dissertationThesis, University of Isfahan. (In Persian)##27. Mohammadi, S.A. & et al. 2003, Sequential Path Mode for Determination##Interrelation aAmong Yield and Related Characters in Maize, Grop. Sci, 43, pp 1690- 1667. (In Persian)##28. Momeni, M., et al., 2008, Structure and Function of Religious - Cultural Tourism and nNeed for iIntegrated mManagement in Mashhad metropolisMetropolis, Journal of Geography and Development, Sixth YearVol. 6, No. 11, pp. 25-1. (In Persian)##29. Mousavi, M. N. Abdolahzade, M and Ali Bagheri Kashkouli (2014), Religious Tourism (nature and concepts), Arad Press, Tehran, 85. (In Persian)##30. Mousavi, M. N., 2009, Analysis of Boundary Function for the Spatial Structure of the Border Towns, Geography and Urban Planning Ph.D. dissertationThesis, University of Isfahan. (In Persian)##31. Nolan, M. L. and; Nolan, S. 1989, Christian Pilgrimage in Modern Western Europe, Chapel Hill,: The University of North Carolina Press.##32. Nolan, M.L. and Nolan, S., 1992, Religious Sites as Tourism aAttractions in Europe, Annals of Tourism Research 19: 68–78.##33. Olsen, D.H. and Guelke, J.K., 2004, Spatial Transgression and the BYU Jerusalem Center Controversy, Professional Geographer 56(4): 503–515.##34. Olsen, D.H. and Timothy, D. J., 1999, Tourism 2000: Selling the Millennium, Tourism Management 20: 389–392.##35. Paasi, A., 2003, Region and Place: Regional Identity in Question, Progress in Human Geography, 27(4): 475–485.##36. Papoly Yazdi, M. H. and Saghaei, M., 2007, Tourism (Nature and Implications), first edition, published by the Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance, Tehran. (In Persian)##37. Preston, J. J., 1992, Spiritual magnetismMagnetism: An Organizing Principle for the Study of Pilgrimage, in A. Morin's (ed.) Sacred Journeys: The Anthropology of Pilgrimage, Westport, CT: Greenwood, CT.##38. Rahim Poor, A. and Seyed Hoseini, S. D., 2000, The Features of Islamic Tourism Mahia publication. 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0 تحلیل آسیب پذیری بافت شهری در برابر زلزله (منطقه مورد مطالعه: منطقه دو شهرداری تهران) Analysis of urban fabric vulnerability against earthquake. (Case study: Tehran,District 2). https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51226.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51226 0 علی­رغم توسعة نظام­های اجتماعی- اقتصادی و شهرنشینی، انسان­ها به­طور فزاینده از اثرات زیان­بار بلایای طبیعی رنج می­برند. زلزله یکی از مهم‌ترین مخاطرات طبیعی است که به‌دلیل خرابی ساختمان­ها و زیرساخت­های شهری، خسارات فراوانی را به اموال و دارایی­ها، در نواحی شهری و اطراف آن وارد می‌آورد. از این رو نواحی آسیب­پذیر شهرها، از جمله مناطقی هستند که می‌توان با شناخت، پهنه­بندی و سیاست­گذاری درست، آثار منفی بلایا را در آن‌ها کاهش داد. این پژوهش در دو بخش توصیفی– تحلیلی صورت گرفته است. در بخش توصیفی، با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه­ای - اسنادی، معیارهای متناسب با هدف تحقیق، انتخاب و سپس داده­­­های توصیفی جمع­آوری شدند. شاخص‌ها در سه بخش کالبدی، اجتماعی و محیطی قرار می‌گیرند و برای هریک از شاخص­ها معیارهایی در نظر گرفته شده است. پس از بررسی، در مجموع، یازده معیار انتخاب گردید. در بخش تحلیلی، مدل­هایی که در پژوهش حاضر برای تعیین آسیب­پذیری منطقه در برابر زلزله استفاده شده، مدل ANP و عملگر Fuzzy هستند. پس از به­دست­آوردن وزن هریک از معیارهای تعیین‌شده از طریق مدل ANP، از تکنیک Fuzzy برای تلفیق لایه­های مورد نظر، استفاده شده است. نتایج، حاکی از آن است که بافت شهری منطقة 2 شهرداری تهران به­میزان متوسط و بالایی آسیب‌پذیر است و این میزان در مناطق شرقی و جنوبی، با توجه به نتایج حاصل از تکنیک فازی بیشتر است. 1 AbstractDespite of the social - economic development systems and urbanization, people are increasingly suffering from the effects of natural disasters. Earthquak is one of the major natural disasters that cause damage to building and urban infrastructure. So, Vulnerable areas of the cities are areas that we can with identify, zoning and policy making, reducing the negative effects brought about by the disaster. The present study was included in two parts: descriptive and analytical. The descriptive section of the library and documentation in accordance with the criteria selected and Three indicators of physical, social and environmental are considered and criteria for each of the parameters are considered. descriptive data were collected and the analytical models used. In this study to determine the seismic vulnerability of the region to be used in the model ANP and Fuzzy. After obtaining the weight of each criteria set by the model ANP, Fuzzy techniques for the integration layer is used. The results indicate that, urban Fabric vulnerability at District 2 is high and this rate in southern and east regions according to the results of fuzzy techniques is much higher.Introduction In our times with the development of social-economic systems ,and urbanization, earthquake is one of the major natural hazards Cause damage to buildings and urban infrastructure. During the twentieth century, growth population cause for the construction of settlements in high risk areas. A large number of the population will settle in big. Many of the major cities have been at or near the active faults. Thus, the‌ vulnerability of cities, especially in urban contexts in developing countries is a serious examination of the earthquake. Hence, the study of earthquakes in urban areas is also important, not only for developing countries but also in developed. Among these, Tehran as a metropolis in recent decades has a growing and increasingly irregular and non-homogeneous led to tissues is of non-standard. Despite the increase in construction in some areas of the districts2 of Tehran, Due to the high price of land has developmed rapidly and had a high density. The District 2, have a population of over 321,496 thousand. Much of the area due to the rapid construction in the past two decades. On the other hand the existence of faults in the vicinity and within this range, the region's vulnerability to natural disasters is increasing. Hence it is necessary to identify the fabric vulnerable to serious remedy to reduce vulnerability to earthquakes take place in urban contexts. Thus, the need to attention this region as one of the most vulnerable areas of Tehran.MethodologyThis study include of two parts of , descriptive and analytical that the section of descriptive with using the library and archival research objective selection criteria in accordance with the descriptive data has been collected. The analytic model in this study to determine the seismic vulnerability of the region to be used in the model ANP and Fuzzy. One of the common methods of multi-criteria decision making process of network analysis ANP. Model, analytic network process ANP complex relationships between and among elements of the decision through the replacement of hierarchical network architecture into consideration. In this study, the the effectiveness criteria identify and were defined and for The rating criteria for each study, the questionnaire was designed to get the opinions of experts (30 experts) were recorded Tables that The criteria for determining the value and importance of the approach ANP to calculate the weights of the criteria. After obtaining the weight of each criteria set by the model ANP, technique, Fuzzy and to combine layers of spatial analysis and GIS, is used and Finally, vulnerable areas in the study area has been provided.DiscussionIdentify and prioritize effective criteria of the vulnerability of urban planning and appropriate corrective actions in these tissues is particular importance to during the incident. Therefore, in this study, the indicators in the areas of environmental, physical and social chosen the following set of criteria considered, and for The rating criteria for each study, the questionnaire was designed And to get expert opinions, the tables have been recorded and used to determine the value and importance of the criteria by ANP method to calculate the weights of the criteria we have discussed. In this study Eleven criteria have been considered. After entering the inputs to the software SuperDecision the final weight is obtained by set criteria. In this study, in order to attain the purpose of and to characterize the vulnerability of urban used of Spatial Integration of GIS techniques GIS and fuzzy operators. criteria through ANP has weighted and For each criterion, the layers are prepared and then The criteria in GIS environment using appropriate fuzzy operators (gamma), fuzzy membership to have received. Through the appropriate digital layer on the investment criteria established by each layer, and the digital layer of vulnerable zones in the study area are shown.ConclusionThe values in the standardization of map layers and the weight of each layer is considered zero to one. Whatever the number is closer to one indicative of a greater utility and desirability of any size is closer to zero, it will be reduced. As you can seen in the map, Amount of pixels that are closer to dark spaces have value of zero and reduced from space utility And urban fabric have high vulnerability, Conversely, pixels that have been gray and white colors Values are more And the vulnerability index have more desirable. With a little reflection on the current situation can be found in the map, the majority of the district 2 have moderate vulnerability that In the meantime, the eastern half, both South and North-West district 2 of Tehran Municipality due to high density residential population has a high vulnerability. The central part of the urban area due to the lack of open spaces and bright colors of certain users are more desirable.Keywords:Analysis, vulnerability, urban, fabric, earthquake. 843 856 ابوالفضل مشکینی Abolfazl Meshkini استادیار دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران abolfazl.meshkini@gmail.com صفر قائد رحمتی Safar Ghaed Rahmati استادیار دانشگاه یزد ایران رضا شعبان زاده نمینی Reza Shabanzadeh namini دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری ایران rezashbz@yahoo.com آسیب‌پذیری بافت تحلیل زلزله شهر 1. Abasnezhad, A. and Hasanzadeh, R., 2008, Earthquake Risk Management, Adapted from the Book, Protection of Land, Author: Koban & Espens, Kerman Municipality Disaster Management Center. Vol. 1. (In Persian)##2. Ahadnezhad R., M., 2010, Urban Social Vulnerability Assessment Against Earthquakes, (Case Study: Zanjan), Urban and Regional Studies. Vol. 2, No. 7. (In Persian).##3. Armas, I., 2012, Multi-criteria Vulnerability Analysis to Earthquake Hazard of Bucharest, Romania, Nat Hazards, Springer Science Business Media B.V.##4. Bonham-Carter, G. F., 1991, Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists, Modelling with GIS, Pergamum, Ontario, pp. 291-300.##5. Cross, John A., 2001, Megacities and Small Towns: Different Perspectives on Hazard Vulnerability, Environmental Hazards 3.##6. Ghadiri, Mahmod, 2008, The Relation Between Social Structure of Vulnerability to Earthquake Hazard Case of Tehran Metropololises Neibourhoods, PhD thesis, Geography and Urban Planning, Supervisor: Dr. Eftekhari, A., university of Tarbiat modares. (In Persian)##7. Guk Sun, C., 2012, Applications of a GIS-based Geotechnical Tool to Assess Spatial Earthquake Hazards in an Urban Area, Springer-Verlag.##8. Hedayatniya, H., 2007, Physical Planning for Urban Vulnerable Areas Against Earthquake, Case Study: Abak Area, Region one of Tehran, Supervisor: Dr. bemanian, M., Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Art Tarbiat Modares University. (In Persian)##9. Hwa Wang, J., 2007, Urban Seismology in the Taipei Metropolitan Area: Review and Prospective, Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.##10. Joseph, S, Williams, R. and Yule, W., 1997, Understanding Post-Traumatic Stress: A Psychosocial Perspective on PTSD and Treatment, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.##11. Kapstein Lopez, P., ???? Three Approaches to Urban Vulnerability: Social, Physical and Urban, Vulnerable Areas in the Interior of a Chilean City. 12. Karami, O., 2001, Planning for Improvement of Circulation Pattern in Organic Area with Respect Reduction of Earthquake Hazards, Supervisor: Poorjafar, M., A thesis presented for the degree of master of Art in urban and regional planning, school of Art Tarbiat Modares university. (In Persian)##13. Kreimer, A., Arnold, M. and Carlin, A., 2003, Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk, The World Bank Disaster Management Facility Washington, D.C.##14. Martins, V. N. Cabral, P. and Sousa e Silva, D., 2012, Urban Modelling for Seismic Prone Areas: the Case Study of Vila Franca do Campo (Azores Archipelago, Portugal).##15. Mesgari, M., Teymori, M. and Shorvarzi, H., 2011, Locate Hospitals, Using With Fuzzy, Bimonthly Shhrngar, No 54, p. 30. (In Persian)##16. Min Xu, C., Hao Zhang, J., Kaneyuki N., Qisheng He, J., Chaoyi Chang, Y., and Mengxu Gao, X., 2010, Change Detection of an Earthquake Induced Barrier Lake Based on Remote Sensing Image Classification, International Journal of Remote Sensing.##17. Nowroozi, M., 2011, The Evaluation of Urban Physical Vulnerability in Earthquake against Using GIS, Case Study: Khorramdarreh, supervisor: Dr. Ahmadinejad, M., Department of Geography and Urban Planning, university of Zaman. (In Persian)##18. Peng, Yi., 2012, Regional Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment Using a Combination of MCDM Methods, Springer Science Business Media, New York.##19. Poormohamadi, M. and Mosayebzadeh, A., 2008, Earthquake-Vulnerability of Cities in Iran and the Role of Community Participation in Aid, Journal of Geography and Development, No. 12 ,pp. 144-117.( In Persian)##20. Rasoolnezhad, E., 2009, Ranking Selected Branches of Saderat Bank in Tehran Using the Integrated of Data Envelopment Analysis Model/ Hierarchy Process (DEAHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP), Supervisor: Jabal Ameli, F., Master Thesis of Economy and E-commerce Trends, University of Tehran. (In Persian)##21. Rezaee, M., 2010, Explain the Resilience of Urban Communities to Reduce the Impact of Natural Disasters (Earthquakes), Case Study: Tehran Metropolis, PhD thesis, Geography and Urban Planning, Supervisor: Rafian, M., Asgari, A. (In Persian)##22. Sabokbar F. H., Salmani, M., Fereydooni, F., Karimzadeh, H. and Rahimi, H., 2008, Waste Landfill Rural Location. Using Network Analysis Process (ANP): A Case Study of Rural Quchan city. (In Persian)##23. Shanshan Ye, Guofang Zhai and Jiyuan Hu, 2011, Damages and Lessons from the Wenchuan Earthquake in China, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal.##24. Zangi Abadi, A. and Tabrizi, N., 2005, Tehran Earthquake and Vulnerability of Assessment Urban Space, Journal of Geographical, No. 56. (In Persian)##25. Zebardast, E., 2011, Application of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) in Urban and Regional Planning, Fine Arts- Architecture and Urbanism, No 41. (In Persian)##

0 رویکرد نو منطقه گرایی در راستای ارتقای نظام مدیریت توسعة فضایی ایران New Regionalism Approach for Improving the System of Spatial Development Management in Iran https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51221.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51221 0 هدف از این نوشتار، بررسی رویکرد «نومنطقه­گرایی» و تبیین امکان کاربرد آن در نظام مدیریت فضایی ایران است. از این رو، ابتدا مشکلات نظام مدیریت فضایی ایران در سه زمینة مرتبط با ظرفیت­های مناسب در بین مدیران، کارشناسان و شهروندان، نظام مدیریتی کشور (مدیریت و برنامه­ریزی فضایی و بخشی) و مدیریت یکپارچة فضایی تحلیل شده و جایگاه هریک از طرح­ها و برنامه­ها و نهاد­های تصمیم­ساز و تصمیم­گیر در سطح منطقه­ای بررسی شده است. سپس با توجه به نتایج بررسی، محدوده­های فضایی که در سطح منطقه­ای تحت پوشش طرح­ها و برنامه­های موجود قرار نمی­گیرند، شناسایی ­شده و نارسایی­های قانونی مرتبط با آن تحلیل شده است. در ادامه، رویکرد نومنطقه­گرایی تشریح شده و با مطالعة ابعاد و همچنین زمینه­های قانونی آن، امکان کاربست نومنطقه­گرایی در نظام مدیریت فضایی ایران بررسی شده است. یافته­ها بیانگر آن است که این رویکرد برای حل بسیاری از نارسایی­های کنونی توسعة منطقه­ای، و نیز مواردی همچون تعادل­بخشی، بهره­برداری بهینه و هم‌افزایی منابع، راهگشاست. همچنین نشان داده شده است که بنا بر ماهیت رویکرد نو­منطقه­گرایی، می­توان از آن برای استفاده و تقویت مزیت­های رقابتی مناطق کشور بهره برد. به­کارگیری رویکرد نومنطقه­گرایی در نظام مدیریت فضایی ایران، مستلزم آن است که از یک سو محدوده­ای جدید در سطح منطقه­ای برای آن تعریف شود و از سوی دیگر، الزامات قانونی مدیریت یکپارچة فضایی در این محدوده، در نظام تقسیمات کشوری پاسخ داده شود. این رویکرد را می‌توان برای رسیدن به اهداف گوناگون اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و زیست­محیطی و در سطوح مختلف از مقیاس درون‌کشوری تا فراملی و با مشارکت همة بازیگران (از قبیل دولتی و غیردولتی) از طریق نهادها به صورت توأم، پایین به بالا و بالا به پایین، در نظر گرفت. 1 Extended AbstractIntroductionThe spatial development management in Iran is not well integrated and thus, manifested in the chaotic and somehow win-lose competitions within the regions. This result in inefficient use of resources and regional disparities. Overcoming this hurdle needs new solutions which are encountering with challenges relating to the contextual capacities in public sector and civil society as well as lack of legal institutional arrangement for the spatial integration at regional scale. It should be taken into consideration that nowadays, Iran’s national resources (i.e., oil revenues as the most important national source) are dwindling and consequently, the regional resources ought to be relied more than past. The system of spatial development management in Iran is not opt for fulfilling this new role. In this regard, finding new approaches to improve the spatial development management in Iran, will contribute to better regional resource mobilization which is discussed in this article.MethodologyThe aim of this article is to study the new regionalism approach and to investigate its applicability in the spatial management system of Iran. Therefore, firstly the shortcomings of spatial management system of Iran in three interrelated contexts of appropriate capacities among managers, experts and citizens towards the integrated spatial management are analyzed. Then, each of the existent plans and programs and the related regional decision making institutions in Iran is studied. Considering this, next, the spatial loopholes at the regional level which are not covered by the said plans and programs are recognized and the statuary deficiencies are identified. Next, the new regionalism approach is explained and the possibility of its application to cover the shortcomings in the spatial management system of Iran is deliberated. The research method is based on analyzing secondary data and formal related documents about Iran’s spatial management system. In addition, the academic sources with regard to spatial regional development have been reviewed to provide the theoretical framework for the problems. Findings and discussionNew Regionalism is an approach which recognizes certain regions capable of cooperation and integration among their intra-regional institutions in pursue of political, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental synergies. New regionalism attempts to reduce the political dispersion (if not confrontation) of regional stakeholders. Considering the status quo, these attempts may include a spectrum of preliminary to radical actions. As a matter of fact, new regionalism should be implemented step by step to ease the resistance to change as well as to give it time for tailoring the most appropriate institutional arrangement. Voluntary cooperation among municipalities and specialized institutions for pooling resources to provide regional services and/or collective industrial projects is a good start. These will set the stage for further integrations over time. In Iran like other developing countries, for implementing and sustaining the process of new regionalism formation, of critical importance is good regional governance based upon democratic decision making, rule of law, transparency, accountability, inclusiveness, efficiency and equity. Accordingly, collaboration of regional rivals becomes possible through the trust-building arising from good governance. Besides, the lack of capacities in public sector and civil society mentioned as hurdles will be ameliorated. All in all, The findings of this study indicate that the new regionalism approach is useful for completing many deficiencies of the present regional development in Iran including regional disparities and inefficiencies in resource utilization. The rival political divisions at regional scale are hampering coordinated development and this approach has the capability to reduce the rivalries and establishing collaborative milieu. It has been construed that the needed actions should be taken step by step, starting with those simple ones which can be done with the existing laws to create the capacity for the next reformist steps. Also, it is shown that due to the nature of new regionalism, it can be used in order to utilize and strengthening the comparative advantages of Iran’s regions at both national and supra-national scales. The application of new regionalism approach in the spatial management system of Iran necessitates on one hand, the recognition of a buoyant and flexible new regional level of governance and on the other hand, the provision of the statuary status at this level in the administrative divisions of the country. New regionalism can be applied for a variety of socio-economic, political and environmental objectives at different scales of national and supra-national levels with the inclusive participation of all key players and concurrent top-down and bottom-up processes. The institutional arrangement for such an approach is missing now. ConclusionBearing in mind the nature of new regionalism which emphasizes the integration - not the assimilation - within the existing dispersion of spatial institutions, it can be utilized at different global and national scales to prevail the particularism. In addition, new regionalism has the potential to upgrade social capital and sectoral synergy among the regional stakeholders. In this regard, the Iranian spatial development management has capabilities yet to be realized. Having said this, the need for greater decentralization (i.e., toward devolution) of the bureaucratic system is an imperative later.In conclusion, the new regionalism approach can initiate cooperation among spatially divided regional entities in socio-economic, political and environmental issues. The approach leads to utilizing the competitive advantages at both national and international levels which in turn, is conducive to spatial development of regions. The contextual requisite for this is good governance. In fact, good governance is needed to ensure the transparent, accountable, responsive, lawful, efficient, democratic and equitable decisions at the public sphere of regions. Decentralization plays a major role in this regard and regions should be given more authority over their own resources. However, this is a gradual institutional process concomitant to the capacity building among all the regional agents of development. Therefore, a step by step process has been introduced while the necessary statuary pre-requisites are prepared. 857 874 مظفر صرافی Mozafar Sarafi دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ایران sarrafi53@yahoo.ca ناصر نجاتی علاف Naser Nejati allaf دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامه ریزی منطقه ای، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ایران nasernejati@yahoo.com تقسیمات کشوری در ایران توسعة منطقه ای حکمروایی شایسته نظام مدیریت فضایی ایران نومنطقه‌گرایی 1. Akhundi, A., Barakpur, N., Taherkhani, H., Asadi, A. and Basirat, M., 2006, Political and Management Fragmentation at Tehran Metropolitan Area Administration: Implications and Strategies, Second seminar in the capital construction. (In Persian)##2. Akhundi, A., Barakpur, N., Taherkhani, H., Asadi, A. and Basirat, M., 2007, Tehran City-Region Governance: Challenges and Trends, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba, No. 29. (In Persian)##3. Akhundi, A. and Barakpur, N., 2010, Strategies to Establish Governance System in the Metropolitan Area of Tehran, Strategy quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 57. (In Persian)##4. Alizade Aghdam, A., Abbas zade, M., Kuhi, K. and Mokhtari, D., 2013, Urban Institutions and Citizen Participation in Urban Management (Case Study: Isfahan), Human Geography Research Quarterly, vol. 45, No. 2. (In Persian)##5. Asgari, et al., 2004, Planning of Metropolitan Management System in Iran, Institute of Economics, Tarbiat modarres University, center for urban planning studies, vol.2. (In Persian)##6. Amin .s, 1995, Regionalization in Response to Polarizing Globalization in Hettne and Inotai (eds).##7. Arabshahi, Z., 2004, Fourth Plan Under the Lens of Good Urban Governance, Municipal, No. 69. (In Persian)##8. Athari, K., Barakpur, N, Kazemian, G. and Mehdizade, J., 2007, Urban Governance: Theoretical Basis and Necessity of Its Formation in Iran (Discuss), Jostarhaye Shahrsazi quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 19-20. (In Persian)##9. Barakpur, N., 2006, Urban Governance and Management System of Cities in Iran, Conference on urban planning management. (In Persian)##10. Brenner. N., 2003, Metropolitan institutional reform and the Rescaling of state space in contemporary Western Europe, European urban and regional studies, 10 (4).##11. Buzan, B. and Waever, O., 2003, The Structure of International Security, Regions and Powers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.##12. City- Regions in Alleng. Scott, Slobal city- region: Trends, Theory, Policy, Oxford Press.##13. Clement Miu, 2005, A Stronger Pearl River Delta Government Initiatives##14. Damanpak, J., 2007, Asian common house convergence, Citizen Diplomacy, No.16. (In Persian)##15. Dehghani F., J., 2009, Evolution in Regionalism Theories, Central Eurasian Studies, The Center for International Studies, Faculty of law and political science (special for conference of regional studies), Vol. 2, No. 5. (In Persian)##16. Ezzati, N., Heydaripur, A. and Eghbali, N., 2011, Role of Spatial Planning in Border Areas in the Planning System (Case Study: Iranian Border), New Approaches in Human Geography Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 4. (In Persian)##17. Ghahremanpur, R., 2009, Comparing the Approaches of Fourth and Fifth Development Plan Twenty-Year-Old Vision Regionalism, Defense Strategy Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 24. (In Persian)##18. Gills, Barry K. (ed) (2000), Globalization and the Politics of Resistance, New York, ST. Martin’s Press.##19. Henton, D., 2001, Lessons From Silicon Valley: Governance in Global.##20. Hettne. B, UNU, WIDER, 1994, The New Regionalism, Implication for Development and Peace.##21. Jessop, B., 2003, The Political Economy of Scale and the Construction of##22. Cross – Border Micro – Regions, in Fredrik Soderbaum and Timothy Shaw, ed.##23. Kamran, H., Karimipur, H., 2002, Globalization, regionalism and nation-states, Geography Research Quarterly, No. 42. (In Persian)##24. Kaplinsky. R., 1980s, Third World Industrialization In the Open Economies In a Closing World, London, Frank Cass.##25. Katzenstein, P. J., 2005, Asia and Europe in the American Imperium, World of Regions, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.##26. Kazemian, G. and Mirabedini, Z., 2011, Pathology of Integrated Urban Management in Tehran From the Perspective of Policy Decision Making, Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba, No. 46. (In Persian)##27. Lalepur, M., Sarvar, H. and Sarvar, H., 2011, Management and Spatial Planning of Metropolitan Areas in the Era of Economic Globalization With Emphasis on the Tehran Metropolitan Areas, Spatial Planning. (In Persian)##28. Mittelman, J., 2000, The Globalization Syndrome: Princeton University Press, Princeton.##29. Mosallanejad, A., 2010, Strategic Alliances Policy in Regional Development, Politics quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 3. (In Persian)##30. Motavvaf, S., 1997, A look of Environmental Regionalism Theory and the Possibilities of Its Use in Regional Planning in Iran, journal of planning and budget, No. 15. (In Persian)##31. Musavi, M., 2009, Globalization and regionalism: segregation or integration, International journal of foreign affairs, Vol. 1, No. 3. (In Persian)##32. Navabpur, H., 2008, Planning System and Statistical System in Iran, Tehran, The Economic Study Center of Iran. (In Persian)##33. Palmer, Norman D., 1991, The New Regionalism in Asia and The Pacific, Lexington Books, Lexington.##34. Parhizkar, A. and Kazemian, G., 2005, Urban Governance Approach and Its Necessity for the Management of Metropolitan Area of Tehran, Economic research quarterly, No.16. (In Persian)##35. Saei, A., 2006, Globalization and the New Regionalism Interaction or Reciprocity, Journal of the Faculty of law and political science, No. 71. (In Persian)##36. Sarrafi, M., 1998, Principles of Regional Development, Plan and Budget Organization. (In Persian)##37. Sarrafi, M. and Turanian, F., 2004, A Review of Theoretical Perspectives of Metropolitan Management –With an Emphasis on Institutional Aspect, Urban Management Quarterly, No. 17. (In Persian)##38. Seyfoldini, F. and Panahandekhah, M., 2010, Challenges and Barriers in Regional Development Planning, Human Geography Research Quarterly, No. 73. (In Persian)##39. Shahidi, M., 2007, Urban Planning, Transportation and Urban Governance, Jostarhaye Shahrsazi Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 19-20. (In Persian)##40. Sheykhi, M., 2001, Regional Planning in Iran (1981-2001); Necessity, Trends, Challenges, Urban management quarterly, No. 6. (In Persian)##41. Sotude, M., 2008, Globalization and the Integration of Muslim Countries, Vol. 11, No. 42. (In Persian)##42. Taghvayi, A. and Tajdar, A., 2009, Introduction to Good Urban Governance in the Analytical Approach, Urban Management Quarterly, No. 23. (In Persian)##43. Unches (Habitat), 2000, The Global Campaign For Good Urban Governance, Environment & Urbanization,Vol. 12, No. 1 April, pp. 197-202.##44. Xiangming, Ma., 2012, The Integration of the City-Region of the Pearl River Delta, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 97–104.##45. http://www.maslahat.ir##

0 نقش نهاد خیریه‌ای کمیتة امداد در بهبود کیفیت فیزیکی مسکن مددجویان زیر پوشش روستایی (نمونة موردی: بخش کندوان، شهرستان میانه) THE ROLE OF A CHARITABLE INSTITUTION RELIEF COMMITTEE IN PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENT OF HOUSING QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF RURAL CLIENTS (CASE STUDY: RURALS KANDOVAN DISTRICT OF MIYANEH TOWNSHIP) https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51222.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51222 0 مسکن به‌عنوان یکی از پدیده‌های واقعی، از نخستین مسائلی است که بشر همواره با آن دست به گریبان بوده و همواره برای دگرگونی و یافتن پاسخی مناسب، معقول و اندیشیده برای آن تلاش کرده است؛ بنابراین، مسکن یک نیاز است، اما نه هر مسکنی. آنچه ایده‌آل آدمی است، دسترسی به مسکنی با کیفیت مناسب است. حدود نیمی از جمعیت جهان فقیرند و تقریباً 600 تا 800 میلیون نفر در خانه‌های غیر استاندارد زندگی می‌کنند؛ زیرا محل سکونت آن‌ها بدون امنیت و زیرساخت‌های لازم و تسهیلات آب و برق و فاضلاب است و نیز در معرض مخاطره‌های متعدد قرار دارد. در سال‌های پایانی قرن ۲۰، راهکارهای عمده‌ای با هدف رفع این مشکل مطرح شد که یکی از این راهکارها، اقدام سازمان‌ها یا بنیادهای خیریه (NGO) در جهان است که نمونة بارز آن در ایران، کمیتة امداد امام خمینی (ره) است. هدف این پژوهش، واکاوی نقش نهاد خیریه‌ای کمیتة امداد در بهبود وضعیت فیزیکی خانه‌های روستاهای ایران است که با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و پیمایشی، با روش توصیفی و تحلیلی و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss انجام شده است. به‌همین منظور، در این مقاله سعی شده است تا اقدام‌های این نهاد و تأثیر آن در بهبود کیفیت فیزیکی مسکن مددجویان روستایی در بخش کندوان شهرستان میانه، بررسی، تحلیل و ارزیابی شود. به‌همین سبب، متغیرهای وضعیت فیزیکی مسکن مددجویان، با استفاده از آزمون ویلکاکسون در دورة قبل و بعد از حمایت کمیتة امداد، در ۳۷ روستای بخش کندوان، در قالب سه دهستان و ۱۶۰ خانوار بررسی شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که امدادرسانی‌های کمیتة امداد در تمامی متغیرهای وضعیت فیزیکی مسکن، به تغییرهای معنادار در نزد مددجویان زیر پوشش منجر شده است.  1 Extended AbstractIntroduction: Housing as one of the real phenomena of the human issues that have always been struggling with it. And always trying to change and to respond, it is reasonable for. House is therefore a necessary but not any housing, what is the ideal man, is access to good quality housing. Furthermore, housing in rural areas, in addition to answering the need for security and privacy of home and family, circle of village-based production system and mutually linked with it. The quality of housing in all housing has traditionally been considered. In this context, housing, as well as their socio-economic status is considered. So we can say that housing is one of the factors affecting the quality of life. Quality of life is a multidimensional and complex concept. Some see it as welfare, social welfare, happiness, satisfaction, and some of these have been interpreted as described Yet sadly, About half of the world’s population is poor and approximately 600 to 800 million people living in non-standard housing. Because Place they lacked the necessary security and infrastructure and facilities, and wastewater utilities and are also exposed to numerous hazards. In order to resolve this gap in the late twentieth century the major solutions to this problem was raised that one of the strategies that organizations or charities (NGO) in the world. In the example of Iran, is Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA).This research investigated the role of charitable relief in the physical improvement of rural housing is Iran.Methodology: This descriptive and analytical research using library resources and methods and areusing Spss software. Data collected through observation, interview and questionnaire design (field sampling and interviewing patients) conducted validity and reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to / is 0.8654, which is acceptable And the questionnaire used in our study used qualitative and ordinal scale is Based on the population of 37 villages in three districts respectively KANDOVAN Mianeh city center, north of warm, tea and includes 160 households covered by the beam. This sample is randomly selected. SPSS software for data analysis and non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used. The Kandovan of 1244 square kilometers, which constitutes 22% of the total area of the city Mianeh.This section north of Sarab city of Ardabil and East to the South and West of the city center is limited And at 47 to 48 degrees east longitude and geographic latitude 37 to 38 degrees to the left of center is located. Aban 1385 census population of 24,820 persons living in villages consisting of 5,875 families. Of these 920 households, including 46 urban and 874 rural households with a total population of 107 urban and 2,049 rural and 2,156 people are covered by the Relief Committee.Results and discussion: This research was in order to try investigating the actions of the institution and its impact on physical quality improvement of rural housing in the Kandovan District, Mianeh, review, analysis and evaluation. So variable physical condition of housing clients, villages and 160 households in37villages of Tuesday Kandovan form and analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Analysis and hypothesis testing, and physical condition of the housing component of non-parametric Wilcoxon test were used. The results show that all the components and items related to their housing-related activities Relief Committee, The average number of positive ratings and a significant level of state ntervention to cover the cost of coverage are good. Level significantly lower than the mean level. Wilcoxon test showed that the mean differences were significant. This means that because of the better coverage than before the process is Low but significant levels out, indicating the fact that it is true that the committee on physical improvements in rural housing clients Kandovan effective but not enough to be a concern in this case is forthcoming.Conclusion: Quality of construction materials used in the manufacture of steel and concrete housing units has increased in recent decades. Residential treatment facilities and services such as electricity, water, gas and telephone are also increased during this period. This change reflects the improvement in the quality and quantity of housing in rural areas during the last decades. Housing was a major consideration in the Development Plan.The application of NGOs and charitable organizations would strengthen the degree of care and attention has been urban and rural housing.The results show that the Relief Committee for all variables in the physical condition of housing leads to significant changes in their clients is covered. Physical improvements to residential clients in the cover before it are up. So that after coverage of the number of units built in 1387 to accommodate the number of patients was 97 which the number of years before the establishment of the committee The Kandovan was not beyond from Number 14. In recent years, about 72 of housing for clients by the committee, the Housing bonyad is underway. Repair and reconstruction of housing units in 31 patients in 1387 and by funds such as loans and mortgages Qrzalhsnh or repairs have been done by the committee. In addition to the above, committee work, and grant a power meter extension and construction of new housing, gas and waterAnd somewhat older houses patients since 1377, has taken over. The number of branches has increased from 151 in 1377 to 1387. Share in 1387, is 75. Size from 40 m to 60 m range and base units. Usually unaccompanied patients 40 meters and 60 meters for the rest. Report has been obtained from the Statistical Yearbook committee and compare it with the results of statistical data analysis can be concluded that the physical condition of housing significantly different than that of patients covered. And patients were satisfied with the physical quality of housing built in committee, so we can reject the hypothesis H0 in favor of H1 and Committee actions to improve the physical condition of housing is covered by the client. But these measures are not enough. Keywords: charitable institutions, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, physical quality of rural housing, rural development. 875 887 عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری abdoreza Rokenedin Eftekhari دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران eftekhaa@modares.ac.ir اکبر میرجلالی Akbar Mirjalali کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران akbarj4@gmail.com توسعة روستایی کمیتة امداد امام خمینی نهادهای خیریه‌ای وضعیت فیزیکی خانه‌های روستایی 1. Ahari, Z., et al, 1982, Minimum Housing, Building and Housing Research Center of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. (In Persian)##2. Athari, K., 2005, Housing in Poverty: Poverty, Social Policy, Journal of Social Welfare, Vol. 5, No. 18, pp. 1-15. (In Persian)##3. Bourne, I.S., 1981, A Geography of Housing, Prentice-Hall.##4. Bukenya, J. Gebrement, T. and Schaeffer, P., 2003, Analysis of Quality Rural Development: Evidence from West Virginia Data, Growth and Change, Vol. 34, PP. 202-218.##5. Dalalpour Hamdi, M., 2000, Housing Planning, Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)##6. Epley, D. and Menon, M., 2008, A Method of Assembling Cross-sectional Indicators into a Community Quality of Life, Soc Indic Res, Vol. 88, PP. 281-296.##7. Gahramani A., 1387, Changes in the Construction Industry of Iran, Journal of Identity, No. 3, autumn and winter. (In Persian)##8. Jafari Samimi, A., et al, 2007, Factors Affecting the Behavior of House Prices in Tehran, Iran, Economic Research Journal, Vol. 9, No. 32, autumn. (In Persian)##9. Khoshfar, G., 1995, Proceedings of the Second Seminar on Application of Social Indicators in Housing Development, Proceedings of the Second Seminar on Development Policies of Housing, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Vol. 2. (In Persian)##10. Lotfi, H., et al, 2009, Indicators Are Essential Components in the Planning and Rural Housing Policy in Iran, Quarterly Geographical Journal, No. 7. (In Persian)##11. Message Housing Foundation, 2011, Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 66, May. (In Persian)##12. Mokhber, A., 1984, Social Housing, Plan and Budget Organization, Tehran. (In Persian)##13. Naeb, M., 2005, City Mianeh, World Publishing Jam. (In Persian)##14. Nikouseresht, N. and Kharrat Zebardast, S., 1996, Housing, Human Settlements Agenda, Housing Economics Bulletin, No. 18. (In Persian)##15. Pacione, M., 2003, Urban Environmental Quality and Human Wellbeing –A Social Geographical Perspective, Landscape and Urban Planning.##16. Rafiee, F., 2006, NGO Management Principles, Vadiat, Kerman. (In Persian)##17. Rahnamaei, M., 2003, Methods of Construction and Urban Planning, Geography, 3rd edition, Tehran, Center for Architecture and Urban Studies. (In Persian)##18. Report of the Fourth Development Plan, 2005. (In Persian)##19. Rezvani, M. Shakiba, A. and Mansourian, H., 2008, Assessing Quality of Life in Rural Areas, Journal of Social Welfare, Vol. 8, No. 30-31, autumn and winter. (In Persian)##20. Saeedi, M., 2003, Introduction to Public Participation and Non-governmental Organizations, Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)##21. Sartipipour. M., 2005, Indicators of Rural Housing Architecture, Art Journal, No. 23, summer. (In Persian)##22. Shahbaz, E., 1995, Extension and Rural Development, Tehran University publications, Tehran. (In Persian)##23. Sharifzadeh, M., 2011, Housing, the Population of the Poor, Journal of Second Harvest, the Seventh Year of Consecutive Numbers 11 and 12, summer and fall. (In Persian)##24. Shiah, E., 2005, The City and the Region, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran. (In Persian)##25. Statistical Center of Iran, 1996, Statistical Yearbook of Interior, the Building and Housing. (In Persian)##26. Statistical Center of Iran, 2006, Census of Population and Housing. (In Persian)##27. Statistical Yearbook Relief Committee, 2004 – 2008. (In Persian)##28. Zarei, H., 2008, The Housing Market Is Still Bewildering, Economic Report In the Seventeenth, No. 204, January. (In Persian)##29. http: //www.fa .wikipedia.org/w/index.php? (Jan, 2010)##

0 توسعة گردشگری زمستانی در مقاصد روستایی (مطالعة موردی: روستا‌های حاشیة پیست اسکی شمشک شمال تهران) Strategies for Winter Tourism Development in Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages around the Shemshak Ski Piste, North of Tehran) https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51231.html 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51231 0 وجود جاذبه‏های گردشگری، یکی از مهم‏ترین دلایل مسافرت مردم به مقصدی خاص است. جاذبه‏‌ها به‌عنوان عامل کشش، با توجه به ویژگی‏های خاص و جذابیت‏هایی که دارند، می‏توانند گردشگران را از نقاط و سرزمین‌های دور جذب کنند. در این میان روستا‌ها جاذبه‌‌های گردشگری فراوان دارند و همواره گردشگران زیادی را به سوی خود جذب می‌کنند؛ بنابراین، توسعة پایدار گردشگری روستایی و مدیریت خردمندانة آن نیازمند برنامه‌ریزی است. در این میان، ایران با وجود جاذبه‌های فراوان فرهنگی، تاریخی و طبیعی هنوز نتوانسته است جایگاه خود را به‌عنوان یک کشور پذیرندة گردشگر در بازار جهانی صنعت گردشگری بیابد، از این رو سهم ناچیزی از درآمدهای این صنعت، نصیب کشور شده است. این مسئله، در زمینة گردشگری داخلی و به­ویژه گردشگری روستایی نیز صدق می‌کند. سؤال کلیدی تحقیق آن است که راهبرد‌های مناسب برای توسعة گردشگری زمستانی در مناطق روستایی حاشیة پیست اسکی شمشک چیست؟ به این منظور، مقالة حاضر با استفاده از روش پیمایشی و مطالعه‌های میدانی در سطح کارشناسان و خبرگان با مدل SWOT به ارائة راهبرد کانونی برای توسعة گردشگری زمستانی در مناطق روستایی پرداخته است. قلمرو زمانی تحقیق، زمستان 1389 و آذر تا بهمن 1390 است. روایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از پانل متخصصان گردشگری و اساتید دانشگاهی تأیید شد و برای سنجش پایایی، از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد که ضریب به‌دست‌آمده 72 درصد است. نتایج، نشان‌دهندة این است که راهبردهای توسعة گردشگری زمستانی در روستا‌های منطقة حاشیة پیست اسکی شمشک در وضع موجود، جهت‌گیری به سوی راهبرد رقابتی است که در قالب 8 راهبرد فرعی، قابل پیگیری و عملیاتی‌سازی است، اما برای دستیابی به جایگاه مطلوب، در توسعة گردشگری زمستانی، با محوریت مشارکت روستا‌های حاشیة پیست اسکی شمشک نیاز به اتخاذ راهبرد جهشی تهاجمی است. 1 Extended AbstractIntroductionTourism is changing in to a main basis of social welfare, economic and social development of the communities and governments. Tourism has been one of the greatest economic sections of the world, with 988 international inputs and 1 billion dollars income in 2011. It is a multi-purpose industry with a considerable share in providing the countries with the added value during the last decades, and an important source of income for development countries. Nowadays, tourism is something beyond an industry and in fact a sustainable social and global phenomenon which possesses its own specific complexities. Many developed countries of the modern world assume tourism as the best way for promotion of culture, providing international understanding and achieving plentiful economic income. Actually, the main purpose of developing domestic and foreign tourism is development of the destination areas concerning social and economic development. Tourism attractions are the main reason for travelers to visit a site. Attractions are motivations which can be used for attracting visitors, because of their specific characteristics and beauties.Rural tourism is one of the tourists, the different dimensions of sustainable economic, social and environmental sustainable development of local communities to achieve bidder. Therefore, to achieve this requires the design, development and implementation of the strategic model, together with appropriate strategies and specific areas of the tourism planners and managers. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a strategic model for rural tourism development in the study area has been carried out. Villages are of great importance concerning the tourist attraction, and many tourists visit the rural areas. Therefore, sustainable rural tourism and its intelligent management require planning. Iran also has many cultural, historical and natural attractions, however the country has not be successful to get a suitable position in the world tourism industry and a trivial share of the industry's income has been devoted to Iran. The point is also true in Iran's domestic and specifically in rural tourism.Tourism is an efficient instrument plays a crucial role in economic development of the rural areas. It has been focused in many countries in order to overcome the socio-economic challenges of their rural areas. Tourism, today is one of the most dynamic economic activities plays an important role in the sustainable development of local areas. This industry through a simultaneously combination and utilizing the internal and external resources has many social, economic, cultural and environmental benefits. A survey on the literature reveals that one of the crucial rural tourism in mountainous areas is winter tourism. Winter tourism and winter sports are dependent on snow. The winter sport destination is defined as a geographic, economic and social unit consists of companies, organizations, activities etc. where the enough snowing is the basis for providing the tourist s with required services, activities and snow sports. Also, Beyazit defines the winter tourist as an individual who visits and area for pleasure and to play winter games and sports and to use its snow related natural attractions (2010, 679).The most attractive winter sport is ski. That is why snow is known as white gold (Serbulent, 2007, P.1) and winter tourism requires snow (Luthe, 2007, P.2).The most proper snow depth is 30-50 centimeters for this purpose with at least 100 days sustainment which in turn depends profoundly on other factors including the slope radiant and the sunshine angle (Kammer, 2002, 109). Developing the ski camps is very profitable for the local population including economic and income diversity, improvement of infrastructures and services, providing the local dwellers with mental security and reduction of environmental damages (Lasanta, 2007, 1327). Being seasonal is the most crucial characteristic of the winter tourism which is a function of the weather and holidays (Ahas, 2007).The author has become interested in studying various aspects of the winter tourism, because of its importance in one hand, and presence of numerous visitors on the other hand. Generally, majority of the field studies and scientific studies conducted in the world and Iran confirm that tourism is an effective facilitator of the economic social development and revival and restoration of the societies (Cavaco, 1995; Operman, 1996; Williams and Show, 1998).MethodologyThe key question of the research is that. "What is the appropriate strategy for developing winter tourism in rural areas around the Shemshak ski piste?" the present study has been conducted to answer the question, through a survey and field study among the experts and elites using a SWOT model (2010-2011). The questionnaire's validity was confirmed by the panel of professors and tourism experts, and alpha Cronbach's coefficient was calculated (72%) to evaluate its reliability.Results and DiscussionThe Harvard or SWOT model has been taught in Harvard commerce school since 1920 as a unit of commercial policy. It has been the main sprite of the most strategy compiling models in various economic, service, public and non-profitable sections (Bristone, 1381, P.31). The main purpose of the model is relating the organization to the environment to achieve the best strategies. The most important points in the model are strengths and weak points of the organizations ands the effective opportunities and threats (Bristone, 2002, P.32). Therefore, data collection process was conducted using field studies and open ended question naire. At the beginning we studied the area's internal and external environment and determined the opportunities and threats. They were ranked according to the questionnaire's data analysis and opinions of the experts. Eighty two questionnaires were distributed and 74 ones were completed by the experts at local and province levels. ConclusionThe results reveal that the winter tourism development strategies in the villages around the Shemshak ski piste tended to be a competitive strategy in the frame work of 8 side-strategies which are practicable and pursuable. However, to achieve a proper position in winter tourism development we need an offensive assaulting strategy with regarding to participation of the villagers around the Shemshak ski piste as the main axis. 889 903 مسعود مهدوی حاجیلویی Masoud Mahdavi Hajiloui استاد گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران ایران mahdavihaj@yahoo.com بهار بیشمی Bahar Bishami دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران ایران bbeishami@yahoo.com استان تهران پیست اسکی شمشک توسعة روستایی گردشگری گردشگری زمستانی

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