University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Analysis of the Role of Cultural Heritage Attractions in Development of Urban Tourism in Central Iran )Case Study: Yazd City(
407
427
FA
Seyed Mohammad
Zare Ashkezari
PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
sm_zare@yahoo.com
Mohsen
Saghaei
0000-0002-9773-7820
Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran
mohsensaghaei@yahoo.com
Mir Najaf
Mousavi
Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
mousavi424@yahoo.com
Reza
Mokhtari Malekabadi
Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran
mokhtaryus@yahoo.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.51742
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Cultural or heritage tourism is a tool of economic development that leads to economic growth by attracting visitors from outside the host community through historic and heritage attractions of destinations. This is a human heritage as cultural traditions of each society and is considered as cultural tourist attractions. Hence, Yazd is an ancient city with archaic culture and also rich cultural heritage as cultural tourism products. These attractions, especially the urban attractions, are of great importance because of Iranian civilization identity and culture. They are considered as a component of development of Yazd city. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of these culture attractions in the development of cultural tourism in Yazd City.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Based on components of this study, this is an applied research and descriptive- analytical in methodology. Statistical population of this research is 384 internal tourism visitors of heritage- cultural attractions of Yazd city in 2014. This is calculated based on Cochrane sampling. To analyze the effects of degree of development, different indicators in cultural tourism have been used by analytic network model (ANP) and SWOT planning model in order to make strategic planning for cultural tourism development in the city of Yazd. Heritage- cultural attractions and capabilities of destinations are as independent variables and cultural and urban tourism development as dependent variables.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
Reviewing the number of internal and external tourists in Yazd province during the spring and summer 2011 indicates that about 1,244,048 tourists were entered the province that 92 percent of this tourists namely around 1,144,524 are visitors that have visited the cultural- historical monuments of Yazd. Of this number of visitors, 404,389 visitors have most likely a day trip and 839,659 tourists had to stay overnight at the hotel in town. Investigation on the number of tourists who have visited the historical sites of Yazd city during the years 2007 to 2011 indicate that after 2009 the number has sharply decreased. Thus, this number of 40,360 foreign tourists in 2009 has declined to 17,271 tourists in 2011. Also the number of internal tourists has decreased from 422,293 visitors in 2009 to 344,418 in 2011. Today, tourism growth is becoming more competitive. This is undeniable necessity for the development and promotion of qualitative and quantitative functions and the infrastructure needed for tourists. Hence, there are a lot of historical places and tourism sites in Yazd city. Tourism facilities in Yazd city is significantly are considerable among other cities of Iran. There are 47 hotels located in the Yazd city. This represents the concentration of tourism facilities in Yazd city. Also there are 36 tourism offices in the province and 26 offices are located in Yazd city. The results of field surveys shows 43.1 percent of internal visitors are complete acquaintance with historical and tourism sites of the city. This represents an effective advertising in this field. Thus, 78.9 percent of the visitors believe that advertising of cultural attractions in the Yazd city can be effective to outline the true face of Islamic- Iranian culture and attract internal tourists. Analytical findings based on network analysis indicate that indicators of cultural tourism capacities with amount 0.124 and tourist satisfaction with 0.116 are a very important factor in increasing of development of cultural tourism in Yazd city.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The first step in analysis of strategic planning of cultural tourism in Yazd city is to identify the dimensions and variables affecting the growth of this type of tourism. Therefore, the first attempt is to extract strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this kind of tourism. With the investigations conducted in relation to cultural tourism in Yazd city, we have allocated weaknesses and threats in this type of tourism, with coefficients of 8.41 and 7.36 in the highest value and strengths and opportunities with coefficients 6.12 and 6.54 in lowest value. Status of cultural tourism in Yazd city is faced with numerous weaknesses. This means that with current planning process, greater emphasis was on the increase in the number of tourist arrivals. It has been neglected to consider the issues like investment and participation of private sector in the restoration and maintenance of heritage–cultural phenomena. Thus, this heritage and cultural attractions show that the culture of people of Yazd is very attractive for domestic and foreign visitors. Therefore, to provide strategic planning of cultural tourism for Yazd city, win strategy will be used because this strategy will completely disable the internal negative factors. Hence, to provide a coordinated program and integrated management in all sectors of cultural tourism, the most important factors on development of tourism are including event and cultural-religious rituals in historic places, investment in the material sector of cultural heritage, cooperation with universities, reconstruction and rehabilitation of historic centers as an attraction of cultural tourism, human resource management, maintenance and preservation of cultural heritage by establishing a heritage museum, use of glass shield or fences for historic homes and other historic sites. Attracting more visitors involves some factors including creation of residential centers in the towns of Yard to increase durability of visitors staying, creation of vast green spaces in the center and historical attractions with maintaining non-interference and non-damaging in the historic attractions, commercial use of historic homes on the condition of invulnerability and destruction, cooperation in with the three provinces of Isfahan, Fars and Yazd in attraction of tourism, and creation of joint educational centers and training cultural heritage studies in Yazd.
Central Iran,Cultural heritage,development,Historical sites,Tourism attractions,Yazd city
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51742.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51742_3e20a72b589b22632f207a8e21e57775.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Evaluation of Environmental Quality in the Historical Urban Quarters of Iran (Case Study: The Quarter of Nafar-Abad, Rey)
429
439
FA
Leila
Soltani
Assistant Professor, Amin Institute of Higher Education, Iran
l_soltani1384@yahoo.com
Maryam
Darabi
M.A. in Geography and Urban Planning, Amin Institute of Higher Education, Iran
m.darabi1366@gmail.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.51980
<strong>Introduction </strong>
After the rapid population growth in the Iranian cities, these cities have experienced great changes. The physical structures of the cities are eroded and the managers have no attention to them. Many immigrants entered the cities have dwelled in the inefficient urban textures like in the marginal areas and old textures. Thus, the environmental quality of place has been weak. Undesired condition like air pollution, noise, bustle, accumulation of garbage, increase of harmful animals, lack of services and urban facilities, insecurity and other characters have lowered the environmental quality index in the areas. Citizens have been influenced by this undesired condition. Thus, evaluation of the environmental quality in the quarters of the cities and citizen satisfaction of that is one of the most important purposes in the urban planning.
In the last century, Tehran has experienced much growth. But in this process, historical quarters have been neglected. Thus, the quality of environment of these quarters has been lowered.
This research evaluates the environmental quality in one of the historical urban quarters in Rey, Tehran, named Nafar-Abad. But this quarter is so wearing out. It seems that wearing of this texture affects the environmental quality. Thus, this research has evaluated the environmental quality with physical-spatial, environmental, social and cultural indices. The research questions are:
- Is the environmental quality favorable in the quarter of Nafar-Abad?
- What is the level of citizens satisfaction from the environmental quality in the quarter of Nafar-Abad?
- Is there relationship between the sense of place and the citizens satisfaction from the environmental quality in the quarter of Nafar-Abad?
- Which indices are effective in the environmental quality in the quarter of Nafar-Abad?
<strong>Methodology </strong>
This is a descriptive- analytical research and an applied research in purpose. Data of this research have been gathered by documentary and survey methods. In survey method, data have been gathered by questionnaire tool. The statistical population size is 13667 and the number of samples determined by Cochran formula is 262 selected by simple random sampling. According to the hypothesis, a questionnaire consisting of 68 questions was used. These questions are made in a Likert format based on quality of environment criteria. These are physical-spatial, environmental, social and cultural criteria. Cronbach's alpha indicated that the questionnaire is designed with reliability requirements. In order to optimize measurements, we have reduced the number of variables and created a new structure of the variables in the form of multi-factor analysis. SPSS software was used in this analysis.
The study area is the quarter of Nafar-Abad, Rey. It is one of the southern and the oldest quarter of Tehran. This is an overcrowded place with old buildings that attracted many immigrants.
<strong>Results and </strong><strong>D</strong><strong>iscussion</strong>
The results have indicated that the environmental quality of Nafar-Abad is in very low level. One of the reasons of this condition is because of the old texture of this area. The value of land and housing is very low in this quarter. Half of the population of this quarter is immigrants often without any sense of place. This affects their unwillingness to login to renovation process.
<strong>Table 1. </strong><strong>The names and description of factors</strong>
<strong>Factor</strong>
<strong>Name</strong>
<strong>Description</strong>
1
Physical quality of residential environment
Dissatisfaction from home facilities, home Area, Number of rooms, Insufficient vision of residence and Insufficient Lighting in the quarter
2
Social space of quarter
Feel being comfortable of the people in this quarter, Stress from the social environment of the quarter, The presence of evil and malicious
3
Citizen's belonging to place
Etiquette of people, Lack of interest of people to living in this quarter
4
Environmental pollution
Vermin, Garbage, Unpleasant odors, water pollution
5
Public services of the quarter
Lack of parks and green spaces, cinema, educational centers, commercial centers and commercial services
6
Health care facilities
Lack of medical facilities, medical personnel and proper medical equipment
The environmental index has a very bad situation in the area. The geographical conditions of this quarter make many kinds of pollutions like the air and water pollutions, harmful animals and accumulation of garbage. Also physical index with the physical failure of wearing texture, lack of parking, worn out houses, dilapidated building and inefficient passages have so problems.
Also the social-cultural index is in the lowest level in this quarter. Some of its reasons are the low levels of sense of security, social heterogeneous structure, disturbance of hooligans, drug use and high population density. But Nafar-Abad is one of the most exceptional quarters of Iran in the social indices. Despite the large numbers of refugees and social problems caused by them, social potential is high due to the presence of indigenous people. The sense of belonging to place in native citizens is the strength of this quarter. The cost of maintenance of the buildings is high for dwellers and they have weak incentives for this.
<strong>Conclusion <strong> </strong></strong>
- All of the indices of environmental quality are in very low level in the quarter of Nafar-Abad. To the extent that this quarter has become one of the most undesirable quarters in this city.
- Citizen's dissatisfaction from dwelling is because of the weakness of the environmental quality in this quarter.
- Immigrants are indifferent about the fate of place. Thus, they do not show a willingness to improve the quarter.
- Native dwellers are more satisfied in the quarter because of their high sense of place. They have more credible socio-economic position than the non-indigenous residents. Because of their attachment to this place, they still are committed to live in this quarter. But it seems that low environmental quality of Nafar-Abad make them to leave this place in the future.
Strengthening in the neighborhood ties increase the participation in the renovation process.
Evaluation of environmental quality,Historical quarter,Nafar-Abad,Social and cultural indicators,Urban Environment
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51980.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51980_8a8c62f7792b967bb1e45ce3474a71a8.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Analysis of Spatial Fragmentation in the Spatial Organization of Yazd Using Network Analysis and Space Syntax
441
459
FA
Mojtaba
Rafieian
0000-0001-7371-7617
Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
mrafiyan@gmail.com
Azadeh
Alizadeh
MA in Urban Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
a_alizadeh67@yahoo.com
Ali akbar
Taghvayee
Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
taghvaea@modares.ac.ir
10.22059/jhgr.2016.51998
<strong>Introduction </strong>
One of the critical issues associated with sustainability in the twenty-first century is how cities are growing and developing in the space. Rapid urban growth and physical development of cities cause disintegration of the spatial organization of cities and consequently spatial inequality between urban spaces. This phenomenon can be considered as spatial segregation or fragmentation in the urban space. To accept the principle of sustainable development requires a coherent and balanced spatial structure of cities. Our modern cities have been faced with imbalance service and fragmented urban growth. This can show instability in the cities, such as poverty and informal settlements, spatial and social gaps and a lack of cohesion, the excessive density, traffic and environmental pollution. Urban spatial structure is affected by road network and the main urban landuse, particularly Urban Public Services. The objective of this research is to find spatial fragmentation based on distribution of public services and the spatial structure of urban road network in Yazd city.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology </strong>
To perform this analysis, we have used polygon layer of Yazd block and street network layer in GIS 10. To analyze the level of public services, we also employed network analysis technique with 10 variables including educational and cultural, health, sporting, shopping centers, urban facilities, office services, parks, police, and passenger terminals. To analyze the spatial organization of urban spatial structure, Space Syntax technique have been employed with 5 variables including global and local integration, connection, control, and intelligibility. This analysis has been made by using axwoman6 extension in ArcGIS 10 software. The method of Space Syntax is a suitable technique for analysis of urban spatial structure permeability. Integration is the main concept of configuration space. Integration of a point indicates its connection to the general structure or a subset of it.
Since the value of the variables is different, the Fuzzy Delphi technique has been used for weighting of them. The Fuzzy Delphi is the combination of Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in fuzzy environment. In this method, AHP weighting process is done based on the Pairwise Comparison Matrix. The indicators are weighted by 10 urban professionals who have knowledge of the physical space.
Finally, we have also used Kernel Density analysis to analyze patterns of spatial fragmentation and Hot spot analysis to understand the spatial clustering and focused fragmentation or integration in spatial structure of Yazd.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
Overlapping Space Syntax parameters in Yazd city indicates that both north-south and east-west crossing, that almost cover the entire city, are the most integration crossing in the city. As a result, these streets form the city backbone and considered the main factor of the urban spatial organization coherence. Thus, it can be argued that the more spaces between these structures and other urban spaces, the more is the isolated areas or spatial separation in the urban space. The results of Kernel Density analysis of space syntax results represent the spatial coherence in downtown and away from the downtown towards the periphery. This reduces spatial integration and increase in spatial segregation and greater disintegration, especially in margin neighborhoods southwest of the city.
Simultaneously, the results of network analysis indicate that rich areas are developed in inner urban spatial areas and deprived regions in the newly developed part of the city. The old and historical districts are in the central city of Yazd and much of the city has worn out neighborhoods in these districts. The old districts are at higher level of service than other urban areas in this part of the city. These are the reasons for scattered development, especially on the South West and West edge of the city. Thus, the level of service is zero in these parts of the neighborhoods.
In hot spot clustering, although the central area of the city and the historical context have formed hot spots in terms of service level, but they have low and middle scores in terms of the spatial structure of the spatial concentration. Also, some marginal neighborhoods in terms of service levels are at low level, but in terms of the integration of the spatial structure they have formed hot spots. This phenomenon may be caused by organic fabric of historic neighborhoods and checked fabric of marginal areas. The checked fabric is more permeable than the organic fabric.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Distribution of urban services as one of the main indicators of citizen welfare and shaping urban spatial structure and activity is one of the important problems in most of the developed and developing countries. The results of this study indicate that while some downtown neighborhoods are parts of historical and worn-out textures, but in terms of service levels they have higher scores in comparison with other places around the city. However, this is due to lack of quality of life suffering from time-warning. Lack of coherence and integration of the internal structure of these neighborhoods with the whole structure of the city is the reason for lack of space quality in urban central neighborhoods. Perhaps the historic fabric neighborhoods are isolated socially from the rest of the city, but due to both physical and spatial relationships and integration with the main structure of the city they have no significant difference (although regeneration is necessary, particularly in the internal space areas). Thus, the spatial organization of historical fabric is not the cause of exhaustion in these districts. But the main reasons are social and economic problems. The spaces, which are separated from the spatial organization and formed in cold spots, are populated neighborhoods.
On the other hand, disintegration in the spatial structure of the city is the influential factor in the high horizontal development of the city. Hence, the creation and redefining integration of urban spatial organization is essential to prevent the scattered development in the city.
network analysis,space syntax,Spatial fragmentation,Spatial Organization
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51998.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_51998_3202a724f0386baf599c34a68d41227d.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Analysis of the Patterns of Physical Development of Iranian Cities According to Population, Natural and Physical Variables
461
473
FA
Nooreddin
Azimi
Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Urbanism, Gilan University, Iran
nazimi86@yahoo.com
Nader
Zali
Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Urbanism, Gilan University, Iran
n.zali54@gmail.com
Seyed Reza
Azadeh
PhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography and Planning Science, University of Isfahan, Iran
seyedrezaazadeh@yahoo.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.52187
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Urbanization is one of the most important human phenomena creating enormous impacts on the environment at local, regional and global scales. Although urbanization in the form of land-cover occupies less than 2% of the Earths land surface, there is plentiful evidence that human disturbance due to urbanization has significantly altered the natural landscape.
Cities are currently home to nearly half of the world population and over the next 30 years most of the two-billion people of global population is expected to occur in urban areas. In the developing world, Urban sprawl is the common characteristic of many fast growing cities across the globe that consumes agricultural lands around the cities and has pressure on natural environment. In the first half of 20<sup>th</sup> century, the majority of people were living in rural areas and cities had a slow growth. However, after mid 1950s due to the improvement in medical conditions as well as rural urban migration, it is faced with rapid population growth in urban areas. Improvement in the socio-economic conditions, especially increase in the private car ownership in the following decades, led to the low density of physical expansion of many cities in the country. This paper attempts to examine the status of Iranian cities based on two main patterns of continuous and discontinuous physical development and seek for the association of major social and environmental factors related to growth patterns of urban areas in the country.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
A descriptive analytical method has been employed in this research. The main source of data for the study has been driven from Google Earth images and Google Maps as well as the results of General Census of Iran from 1956 to 2006. In this research, the growth pattern has been studied for all cities with population over 5000 in Iran. The attempts have been made to associate these patterns with main social and natural variables such as population size, annual population growth rate, density, area, city plan, elevation and regional climate pattern. A Chi Square analysis has been used to find the association between city growth models and selected social and natural variables.
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
The results of this research indicate that 413 cities out of 689 cities over 5000 people (59/9%) had continuous physical growth and 276 cities (40/1%) discontinuous growth. To describe the physical growth pattern, we did a Chi square analysis and tried to find their possible association with the existing physical patterns with a number of social and environmental variables. The following table summarizes the outcome of Chi square analysis with selected variables (Table 1).
<strong>Table 1. Summarization of the outcome of Chi square analysis</strong>
<strong>Variable name</strong>
<strong>Chi Square</strong>
<strong><em>(X<sup>2</sup>)</em></strong>
<strong>DF</strong>
<strong><em>(df)</em></strong>
<strong> (<em>sig</em>)</strong>
<strong>Pierson/Kendal</strong>
<strong>Correlation</strong>
<strong>(<em>R</em>)</strong>
population class
19.466
5
0.002
-0.033
City area
28.161
5
0.000
-0.196
Population density
19.322
3
0.000
0.183
Pop growth rate (10 yrs.)
8.177
4
0.085
-0.021
Pop growth rate (20 yrs.)
1.811
4
0.771
-0.004
Pop growth rate (50 yrs.)
4.004
4
0.405
-0.030
Elevation
13.431
6
0.037
0.072
اRegional climate
21.251
5
0.001
-0.071
Our analysis has revealed that there is an association between the population size of the cities and their physical growth patterns in a way that most large cities (over 500 thousands) have discontinuous physical growth pattern while most small and medium size cities have continuous physical expansion. The ratio of discontinuous physical growth pattern for cities between 5 to 24 thousands is 40%, cities between 25 to 49 thousands 45%, cities between 50 to 100 thousands 31%, and cities between 100 and 500 thousands 34%.
Our study also depicts that there is a significant relationship between physical pattern and the area of the cities. While small and medium sized cities have more continuous physical growth, most cities with large area size (over 5000 hectares) have discontinuous growth pattern. There is such a relationship between urban density and physical growth pattern. Our data indicates that over 45% percent of the discontinuously growing cities have less than 50 persons per hectares, while over 80% of the cities with more than 100 persons per hectare has continuous growth pattern.
To find any relationship with urban physical pattern, we calculated urban population growth for the three time periods of 10, 20 and 50 years. In contract with the discussed variables, none of the population growth rate for the three periods revealed any significant association with physical growth pattern in Iranian cities.
Among the environmental variables, two variables including elevation and climate were examined with respect to the physical patterns of the cities. Data findings indicates a correlation between elevation and city growth pattern in a way that the cities located at very low elevation (around Caspian see shores) tended to have more discontinuous growth pattern than those located in other areas. In contrast, the cities located at higher elevation especially above 1000 meters sea level are tended to have more continuous growth pattern. There is also an association betweenclimate type and growth pattern.Our data also indicated that the cities located in Moderate Caspian climate (Caspian Sea Climate) have more discontinuous physical growth while those located in other climates, especially semiarid and mountainous climate, have mostly continuous physical growth.<strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion </strong>
This study examined the status of Iranian cities in terms of their physical growth patterns and their associations with main social and environmental variables. In this research, all cities over 5000 inhabitants were examined based on two major physical patterns of continuous and discontinuous growth. Then, their relationship was tested with the selected variables using a Chi square analysis. Main results indicated that about 60% of Iranian cities has continued growth pattern and 40% has discontinuous pattern. The findings of this research have also indicated that four main social variables of population size, urban density, and area and two main environmental variables of elevation and regional climate have a degree of association with the physical growth patterns. However, there is a need for more detailed data and variables for explanation of the physical patterns of Iranian cities.
Continuous physical growth,Discontinuous growth,Iranian cities,Physical growth pattern
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52187.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52187_2eb70c4e9d6d2e99d89c3a6d580f2519.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Analysis of Socio-Human Relations in the School Mosque Spaces in Qajar Majesty, Qazvin
475
491
FA
Jamaleddin
Soheili
Assistant Professor of Architecture, Islamic Azad University of Qazvin, Iran
j_soheili@yahoo.com
Ensieh
Arefiyan
MA Student in Architecture, Sureh University, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Iran
nc_arefiyan@yahoo.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.52321
<strong>Introduction </strong>
In this paper, a new approach is applied to explain inner interactions in architectural spaces. This approach is recently used in urban design. It has also been used in architecture in this essay to consider the application of mosques_ madrasah in Qazvin. This city as instances of Salehich and Madreseh is proving the interactions between the spaces of masjed-madresse in Ghajari Majesty. According to the social communication, the impotence of this essay is to recognize the value of social interactions and their impression on the architectural design, particularly in the Masjed-Madreseh in Ghajar with further considerations. In this study, two mosques and headed Salehiyeh schools that belong to the same period and the city of Qazvin were selected as case study.
Now days, there are a lot of different approaches for reading the building and understanding the inner interactions of the buildings. One of these approaches is spatial property. This method is being proposed for the first time by Estidman, Bil Hilier and Hans. This theory in the urban design domain was established by Hiler and Hansen in 1984in Landon. It was based on searching for forms of the community or space. Since the space is formed from the social, cultural and economical characteristics, it is usually considered as background for the cultural, social properties (Rismanchy, 2010).
In Iran, Abaszadegan and Memarian were the first researchers that presented the new way of looking at the space. There have been some researches in the urban domains (Yazdanfar et al., 2008; Rismanchy and Bel, 2010; 2011; Molazade, 2012) that have weeded this opinion in the scale of residential and native Iranian architecture. This is understood with due attention to the existing use of this notion in Iranian architecture. Therefore, this essay is to study of the mosques-madrasah of Ghajar in Qazvin City and to describe this nation in the scale of architecture. Analysis of the graph is to examine each space and social relations and structures with a hidden pattern.
<strong>Methodology </strong>
With the spatial method, the inner relations of spaces have been indicated in a branching graph. This graph is named as an explanatory graph shaped by full amply circles or multiplication or plus as the presentation of spaces. It has also horizontal and vertical pique lines to explain the identical spaces, concordant relation and the relation between two spaces. The circles with the symbol are introduced as the original space s connected to an oblique line. If the spaces are in the some level we place the related circles in a horizontal row, if the space connected to another level and there are some other spaces in that level, we use the vertical line. Therefore, that space will be known as joint one. They will be named in any rows of the horizontal line of angina. That naming will be called as classifying the space. The more this classifying numbers, the more the space will be in the way.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion </strong>
It can be concluded that with applying the method based on space analysis, the possibility to measure one kind of architecture, i.e., Masjed-Madreseh, according to the retention of social relations in the architectural spaces, can be high with the rules and graphs. Before this, architects and researchers used to classify the spaces in to public and private according uses of each space. But, with this method a more accurate and exact way can be made with numbers and characters. A higher sense of being introverted space, this space is directly related to introversion and privacy. To get more internal space, we have to pass the extra spaces, as the spaces in which higher levels are higher figure of more privacy. Also getting a connection (line) into a space (circle) means the relationship between the joint spaces. The space in the mosque is before the porch and two hallways or stairs as the joint places. Eivancheh in pre-school rooms are designed for the storage space. The hierarchy is stored as a space with more privacy. Since the school entrance to the mosque is an interesting place, there are two aisles on either sides of the floor space. It will be redirected and we do not feel any interference with other users on the lines connecting to the space for each user.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion </strong>
Since any school should be connected to all the educational spaces and also with the rooms that are particularly used for individual study and open space as court yard that can be seen at the entraining, the curiosity and view is an invitation for learning.
The hierarchy for reaching a place in Iranian architecture is very important andin the Masjed-Madrese there are some pre-spaces where has a little differences with the main spaces in graph and the table of itineration. In this kind of architecture with two different applications together, as seen in the depth of space, the education applications are in a type and are designed for the worshiping spots. With more depth, the inter farceuse of the act ivies has no in inconsistency with each other while staying together independently. The spatial depth of “Paso” is more visible compared with the other educational spaces with a connection to the room.
Architecture,Ghazvin,Madrese,Masjed,Space,Spatial manner
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52321.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52321_5227a2237e164896ff44a186fe38fa2d.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Analysis on Satisfaction of Rural People about Dehyaries Performance (Case Study: Oskou County Villages)
493
506
FA
Zhila
Daneshvar Ameri
Assistant Professor of Arcitecture, Department of Management and Agriculture Development, University of Tehran, Iran
jdanesh@ut.ac.ir
Hossein
Shabanali Fami
0000-0002-4885-0317
Associate Professor, Department of Management and Agriculture Development, University of Tehran, Iran
hfami@ut.ac.ir
Mohammad
Shokati Amqani
0000-0001-5369-5764
PhD Candidate in Agricultural Development, University of Tehran, Iran
mohammad_amegan@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/jhgr.2016.52376
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Dehyary (rural administration unit) as an NGO for its mission need to make assessment and ensure the quality and quantity of process applications and management services. These units are consequently obliged to the social accountability and consent of the villagers. To achieve optimum satisfaction of villagers, as their effective reaction, will affect performance of Dehyary units that they perform duties of citizens with greater confidence, such as participation in development, and social and cultural projects. Thus, many rural development experts also recognize that sustainable development is not possible without the participation of villagers; because the development, decrease costs with the rural people participation. According to the research carried out in the field of rural management, it is a multifaceted process which consists of three pillars: people, government and public institutions. In this process, with the participation of people and through the formation of rural organizations, the rural development programs and projects are developed and implemented and also placed under supervision and evaluation. Since the study explains the level of rural residents’ satisfaction from the performance of Dehyary units, it will cause clear view of the strengths and weaknesses with which the policy-makers and planners are faced in modern management of rural areas. This study attempts to measure and evaluate the level of villagers satisfaction with Dehyary performance in Oskou County. It will be able to identify all tips and significant factors which could have a positive impact on the operation of Dehyary.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This is a kind of quantitative research and in terms of the purpose it is a kind of practical research. The main instrument was a questionnaire via survey in this study. Reliability was tested by method of content validity or logical validity. The content validity depends on the judgment of experts in the studied subject. Therefore, to determine the validity and revisions, the questionnaire was studied by the faculty of department management and Agricultural Development in University of Tehran. After summing up the opinions and interviews with a number of the units, it was attempted to adjust the final questionnaire. Then, to determine the reliability of the study, a designed questionnaire was used pre-test between 35 residents of villages in Oskou County. The county has 30 villages with only 22 Dehyary units suitable for this study. Therefore, population of this research were formed (N= 40752). To calculate volume of the sample, we examined 35 persons from samples as the pre-test. The standard deviation obtained from the pre-test was equal to 38.1. Then, through the Cochran formula, we obtained number of sample rural residents. Sampling method was also with disproportionate assignment by random sampling. By the way, up to 220 persons among residents of 22 villages were studied. Thus, we selected 10 subjects from each village.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
The lack of sufficient knowledge of the Dehyary duties for villagers can cause a challenge of excessive expectations. This can lessen the Dehyary performance with public consent. Since the amplitude of the total performance was determined from 1 to 5, it can be concluded that the Dehyary performance on modern management of the villages is from medium to high level. In fact, Dehyary has been relatively successful in management of the covered villages. According to the satisfaction of the villagers from Dehyary performance, the satisfaction rate of the Dehyary performance will be promoted to rank third. It means as much as the degree of Dehyary is higher, its performance has also raised and consequently increased in the level of satisfaction of the rural people. But the performance comes descending from Dehyary’s degree from three onwards. According to the results of the study, the highest satisfaction rate in rural areas is related to the environmental performance and the lowest rate is related to the construction performance of the administration unit. Ability to predict the probability of satisfaction of the rural people was calculated through the prospective and progressive process of the ordinal logistic regression. The results showed that the highest effectiveness is related to social functioning of the Dehyary.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion </strong>
Important findings of this study indicate that 63.3 percent of respondents have middle and higher satisfaction in their villages. According to these findings, the satisfaction of rural people is higher relative to part-time than full-time performance. The analysis of these findings can reveal that due to the workload of full time units the third grade dimensions is heavy. Dehyary performance also is reduced because consent somewhat has direct connection with the performance. It will show dissatisfaction in the rural people. A unit cannot solely conduct different tasks. On the other hand, Dehyary is defined as a legal entity or organization in the context of rural management law while it used to be just one person as an administrator (Dehyar) to do the tasks. The results of other studies also confirm the findings of the research. Likane, in his research has introduced a set of factors as a cause of fall in the job performance of the managers. These factors are including insufficient time, not sufficient human resources, lack of cooperation with others as well as no facilities, equipment and tools. Therefore, it is recommended Dehyary Assistance for the units of Grade three and full-time Dehyary.
Dehyari,Management performance,Oskou,Satisfaction of rural people
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52376.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52376_897ec2e09e30037ae1a853e96966b0c7.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Impacts of Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation Project on Rural Food Security in Miandarband Region
507
521
FA
Fariba
Jahan Ramezan
MSc in Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Iran
fg89_bahar@yho.com
Kiyumars
Zarafshani
Associate Professor of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Iran
zarafshani2000@yahoo.com
Farahnaz
Rostami
Assistant Professor of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Iran
fr304@yahoo.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.52448
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Food security over the past decade was one of the main objectives of rural development policies in many countries. Agricultural policies such as productive improvement, conservation and utilization of water and land resources are being considered in the heart of development projects. Among these initiatives to achieve improved quality of infrastructure, environment and welfare is the land consolidation and land rehabilitation plans. In the otherwise small farm landholdings couples with scattered plots have created a major challenge for agricultural development in Iran. Land fragmentation provides an appropriate strategy to overcome current problems in Iranian farming systems. Thus, agriculture is the major source of food security in the world. For food security to ensure, agricultural policies such as water management, land improvement projects and land consolidation should be included in the heart of development projects. Studies show that land consolidation and land rehabilitation affects food security of rural households. However, most land improvement projects are implemented with limited attention to participation of stakeholders. Thus, these projects have low satisfaction level among the rural population. During the past decade, there has been increasing demand for water management strategies across rural areas of Iran. In line with development programs, dam construction and water saving strategies in Iran have attracted the attention of many development practitioners. However, the impact of these projects on rural livelihood is not understood. Recently, the Gavshon Dam Project has been implemented by both the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Regional Water Company. The purpose of this project was to provide irrigation water to water users (irrigated farmers) and to enhance the livelihood of farmer households. However, during the past 5 years since the beginning of the project, impact evaluation had not been conducted by the stakeholders. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative research was to assess the impact of land improvement project on rural food security in Miandarband region.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
Qualitative research paradigm was selected because of impact evaluation. In other words, impact evaluations are best determined with qualitative research methods so that direct and indirect impacts are determined. The research method was based on multi-case study through a pre-port design. Data was collected using participatory rural appraisal methodology such as social and resource mapping as well as seasonal calendar. Triangulation techniques have been used to validate and test for trustworthiness of the findings. For example, in-depth interviews and focus group discussion has been also used to collect further data. The unit of analysis comprised of five villages including Jelogiresofla, Safiabad, Sarabshela, Khoshneshinanesofla, and Kolakaboodevosta. These villages have been selected because they have experienced before and after land improvement projects. From each village eight farmers were selected through a purposeful sampling. A total of 40 farmers lived in the region before and after the project have participated in the study. Data have also been analyzed using relational content analysis. In order to get a clear picture of causal condition, mind mapping has been used for further analysis of the qualitative data.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
The results of this study revealed that the project has impacted food security of farm households. Moreover, rural households were able to have access to diverse food material and gained more purchasing power. The results of this study have implications for agricultural policymakers and the regional water company in the province. First, agricultural policymakers can use the result of this study as a risk assessment tool in the future land improvement projects. For example, future land consolidation projects in the province may be implemented with minimum risk since the result of this study shows positive impact in food security of farm households. Second, regional water company have gained experience in launching water management schemes with Agricultural Jihad Organization. Future studies should concentrate on more participatory land improvement projects in Kermanshah province. This would enhance livelihood strategies of farmers and empower farmer households. Moreover, participatory water management schemes allows for collective actions among the stakeholders. The results of the research have also indicated that the Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans have left impacts on food security of farmers in these regions. In physical access to food, results have revealed that after Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans, access to financial resources and access to a variety of food is increased. An attempt by access to market, the Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans have not been changed in these regions.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
In this subject Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans changed food consumption pattern from dairy and beef cattle to consumption of vegetables, such as tomatoes, eggplant, etc. because of increasing irrigated farms. In other words, there was a significant improvement in food security as an attempt for physical and economic access in this region by Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans. Anderson (2006) maintained that land modernization project in Australia have caused improvement in the food security of farmers. Other researchers have achieved similar conclusions. For example, the studies of Sedara and co-worker (2002) in Cambodia and Aksykn et al (2008) in China revealed that, proper use of water and soil resources makes adequate access to food and food security. On the other hand, these results were also confirmed by other studies including Rivera and Qamar (2003), Sallaku (2010), Kruger and Medlin (2007), and Anderson (2006). Similar results of these studies can demonstrate that Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans will increase the agricultural productivity and economic state of farmers. Because of this situation food security will be increased. In terms of research methodology, this study contributes to current literature on qualitative research paradigm. Participatory rural appraisal proves to be effective in that farmers are greatly considered and the researcher played the role of facilitator. This in turn empowered the poor and marginalized population in the region. This study had its limitations in that some farmers were reluctant to participate in the study. Further research is needed to discover different methods of motivating passive farmers to participate more effectively.
Food security,Land Consolidation,Land improvement,Participatory rural appraisal,Water management schemes
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52448.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_52448_c1bbb117ced0b3bedc9838e885123133.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
The Role of Citizen Participation in Urban Management Approach for Improvement and Renovation of Old Textures (Case Study: Region 12 of Tehran Municipality)
523
539
FA
Mojtaba
Amiri
Associate Professor, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Iran
mamiry@ut.ac.ir
Akbar
Neshat
MSc in Urban Management, Urban Management Department, University of Tehran, Iran
niknaei.majid@yahoo.com
Majid
Niknaei
MSc in Urban and Regional Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
niknaei.majid@gmail.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.56449
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Restoration of old texture, especially in the large urban centers, is one of the most complex subjects attracted the attention of managers, professionals, and people. In the process of urban improvement and renovation, creation of a safe economic base and elimination of material poverty of its inhabitant segments in one hand and cooperation of managers with stakeholders on the other hand can contribute to successful implementation of a project. One of the most critical management parameters before any decision for urban old textures is participation of the residents who are privileged in the areas. It seems that urban authorities do not consider the social and physical properties of the areas. Because of the need for urban renewal in region 12 and having many decisions and follows, a very small percentage of old tissues has been renovated. Region 12 of Tehran Municipality with old tissues and consequently different problems has numerous challenges to provide different strategies for solving problems in the context of improvement and renovation of old tissues. Regarding the issue of renovation in the region, about 30% of the region (about 495 hectares) is the old tissues. Unfortunately innovation progress has been less than one percent in year 2012 (Monzavi, 2010).
In this study, various aspects of citizen participation in urban improvement and renovation of old tissues and their different problems, procedures, legal and historical aspects will be studied according to statistic methods (correlation). Finally, we will summarize the subject whether we can achieve improvement and renovation of old tissues of Region 12 of Tehran Municipality by participation management? This study tries to study the role of participation management in improvement and renovation of old tissues of Region 12 of Tehran Municipality and modernization in the context of collaborative management in district 12 of Tehran Municipality due to its strategic location and the interaction between the executive management, political institution, people and other beneficiary factors in improvement and renovation of the city. We determine how the factors such as lack of coordination between the relevant factors influence obstructs to accelerate regeneration of the tissue (Akhtari, 2010). The overall aim of the research is the role of citizen participation in urban management of region 12 old tissues. In addition, more detailed goals such as renovation and improvement program based on systematic viewpoints and appropriate conditions of old tissues, help understand the effective factors on cooperative behaviors in executive management of renovation and improvement. We try to identify aspects of citizen participation in the renovation and improvement process of old region 12 of Tehran municipality old tissues and to study the influence of citizen participation on solving renovation and improvement of old tissues problems.
Methodology
The methods used to collect and analyze data in this article are analysis of upper documents, meta-analysis and interview. In Analysis of the documents, we tried to study available documents in renovation organization and detailed plan of the area. In Meta-analysis, the studies conducted in renovation organization and Tehran urban planning Center have been analyzed about participation and intervention systems on Tehran old tissues. Interview technique has been used in order to have more valid data from previous methods. The objective of this technique includes three major categories of privileged in old tissues: citizen of region 12, facilitators of renovation offices and urban managers in renovation and improvement district. Content analysis and content review have been used due to collection of used data for reduction and analysis of them. The method used in this research is descriptive –analytical. Proceedings have been carried out by library studies, field visits, and interviews with responsible managers and citizens opinions through questionnaire (survey). After collecting all the information, a description of the relative frequency has been calculated and used by kai square method and Ho hypothesis. The relationship between participatory management with improvement and renovation of old tissues has been studied in this case.
Conclusion
The low levels of citizen participation hypothesis in urban renovation and regeneration of old tissues should mention that the frequencies related to this hypothesis shows the frequencies in high participation than participation citizen in the renovation and restoration of urban old tissues. In the other hypothesis namely high role of urban management in renovation and regeneration of worn tissues, the frequencies shows the advantage and lack of management in renovation and restoration of urban worn tissues. According to the surveys carried out from residents of old tissue of region 12, in connection with the renovation and regeneration, it can be mentioned that improvement plan of urban worn tissues as many urban development projects are faced with citizens distrust problems which stems from not sharing the process of renovation and restorations of worn tissues with citizens of these tissues. Neglecting the needs of people, those who directly are associated with these kinds of tissues problems can intensify this distrust and disaffiliation.
According to the obtained results, educational, employment, income and residential specifications show special needs of worn tissues residents to increase citizen participation. This study shows that solving the improvement and renovation problems has a direct relationship with urban management. Thus, utilization of capacity and organizational capability of organizations, institutions, private sector and citizens in local participation and collaborative management is the most effective guidelines can help region 12 of Tehran Municipality to realize their executive policies and improve the improvement and renovation in the worn and old tissues.
Old tissues,participation,Urban improvement and renovation,Urban Management,Urban revitalization
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_56449.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_56449_8c0c789ab1be2229b11e2eb3f944078d.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Emerging Issues and Perspectives in Boundary Studies
541
555
FA
Marjan
Badiee Azandahi
0000-0003-0712-8835
Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran
mbadiee@ut.ac.ir
Fatemeh
Sadat Mirahmadi
PhD in Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran
smirahmadi@ut.ac.ir
10.22059/jhgr.2016.56832
<strong>Introduction</strong>
As a dynamic phenomenon, boundary is one of the basic issues in political geography and geopolitics. It is not a geographical and fixed phenomenon; rather, it has its own internal dynamic features, creates new realities, and affects the lives of people and groups living in its vicinity. Different types of boundaries, such as political, social, economic, and virtual can be impenetrable or penetrable, simple or complex, and single or multiple. Classification of studies about boundary is always changing. In the past, most of the studies exclusively focused on state, but this view has changed today, so that one can witness development of the studies of boundary beyond the focus on hard international boundaries. Nowadays, they are not only borders drawn around land states, but also around nations, groups, religions and individuals. However, traditional views about boundary do constitute part of the vast discourse about them during the past decades and have not been totally abandoned. Given the changes in today world and with regard to lack of a theoretical literature about boundary and its changes in political geography and geopolitics, the present study seems well-suited. Hence, this study, review the previous studies on boundary, tries to investigate the emerging issues and perspectives in today boundary studies in political geography.
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This study is a basic theoretical study conducted through analytic method. The data collection method was library and computer searching.
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
In traditional view, the international boundaries are the lines which separate the land of one state from a neighboring state. This perceptive mostly addresses the typology of boundaries, with respect to the emergence and adaptation with ethnic-language groups (before residence, adaptive, imposed, and abandoned), adaptation with natural features (e.g. mountains, valleys, and rivers), and the function of international boundaries (separation, integration, difference, and conflict). However, in the new discourse, boundary is considered as the geographical sign and construction of “regulative authority” in social relations. As signs of power, boundaries are different with respect to social scale, importance, and stability from international boundaries. They are ranged from national states in unique racial, religious, and sexual borders to barbed wire borders which specify special areas such as processing-export and military regions. Therefore, the key point is that the boundaries are the outcomes of international contracts, economic conditions, or cultural considerations, and geographically a sign of a “regulative authority”. For instance, international borderlines have actively been constructed to create and enhance the norms of “national territory” and “national identity”, and work in line with preserving and supporting the dominance of the states. In the new perspective, the phenomena are perceived as dynamic social constructs. Such impacts have been organized around debates among “static nature” and “change”, “stability” and “dynamicity” of the “spatial bounding” of social construction and reconstruction of the boundaries. The recent interests in globalization reflect the importance of “spatial organization of social life” and “boundaries”, particularly, if it is related to hypothetical reduction of the importance of national states. In this view, boundaries – as drawing or limiting the space- are not solely a social construct, but crossing worlds are placed in numerous sets and interfering methods through them, as social world is full of different boundaries. Hence, politics not only considers different boundaries, but reconfigures different relations between different boundaries. This involves important issues including globalization and boundaries -how has globalization affected the concept and studies of boundaries-, boundary hierarchies in spatial scales, such as the study on administrative and civil boundaries which affect the daily lives of citizens more than international boundaries. The “spatial distribution patterns of the phenomena” is affected by such boundaries), the social construction of boundary and identity (the novel studies address the complex process of the construction and maintenance of the boundary with respect to the role of identity discourse in the social construction of boundary). The management of boundaries following migrations, human force, and application of technology are some other issues related to the geographic feature.
<strong>Conclusion </strong>
Since 1990s, the study of boundaries has gained importance due to some factors such as the collapse of Soviet Union, Berlin Wall collapse, globalization, and at the same time, the rise of nationalism. The superficial stability of the boundaries as the main feature of boundary studies during the cold war was challenged. In one hand, there is a new interest in “hard territorial lines” which are consistently drawing and marking the lines between countries, on the other hand, there is an increasing attention to the nature of bounding and the residence of people and groups within different social and spatial areas which have resulted in parallel but far discourses. In this respect, while in traditional perspective, most studies focus on international boundaries and their typology, in new perspective, the boundary is considered as a line which separates various spatial and social scales. Most of the present studies in critical geography reflect the interest in boundaries as dynamic social constructs and “boundary” has changed into a part of the more extensive cultural geography. The key point in work of geographers is that while boundaries are the outcomes of international contracts, economic conditions, or cultural considerations, they are geographically a sign of a “regulative authority” in social relations. However, not all boundaries have the regulative effect by separating “we-they”, such as the boundaries drawn for developing constituencies. Also, in some areas where there is a strong “state/society” boundary, drawing boundaries in places like courts and free business councils, can serve as a greatly competitive mediating process – through the emergence of power relations between the state and daily social life. This is full of geographical – political struggles and can be interpreted again. Hence, it can be argued that borders, rather than working as stable lines, serve as processes, discourses, symbols and networks. Also, the study of boundaries in today’s word requires a hierarchical and multi-dimensional perspective.
Boundary hierarchy,Boundary management,Boundary studies,Globalization,Identity
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_56832.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_56832_067462b03443fbd6029f062ec47f8ee6.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
The Impact of Globalization on Economic, Social and Cultural Developments in Persian Gulf Region
557
576
FA
Bahador
Zarei
null
Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran
b.zarei@ut.ac.ir
Fatemeh
Moghaddam
MA in Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran
Shahabeddin
Shafee
MA in Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran
10.22059/jhgr.2016.55655
<strong>Introduction</strong>
Globalization is a process in economic, cultural, political, social and technology aspects. All societies, more or less in the third millennium, are changed or ready to be changed. In the process, many of the concepts and variables such as government, sovereignty, strength, authority, balance of power, collective security, political and economic independence, etc., are significantly evolving in the process. Globalization in the Persian Gulf just promotes a Western lifestyle and consumer products of industrialized countries. Transnational and multinational corporations are trying by advertising tool to penetrate local markets. Impacts of globalization on the Arabic countries of the Persian Gulf, in many areas, especially in field of the cultural aspects, are faced with a contradiction. The conflict is rooted in the contradictory nature of globalization on cultural and social dimension.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology </strong>
This research, because of importance of the issue, is mainly based on descriptive and analytical methods. As part of the findings in this study, the descriptive analytical method can be useful for the description, the expression of objective events, developments and examination of the Persian Gulf region. Much of the research is to collect qualitative data and content analysis by taking advantage of the analytical method. In this study, we tried to gather library information including external resources in the areas of globalization and its impacts on the Persian Gulf, Geopolitics, International Relations and the studies about Persian Gulf. We have also widely used the internal resources of specialists and experts in this field.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
The new role of the Persian Gulf in the last century, in addition to the continued development of the West, plays an important role in international and strategic equations and the security of the region with the development of Asian powers. Development of Asian countries in the globalization process and the transfer of capital, technology and markets send each kind of facility. This process can be on the issues such as energy security, trade in goods, technology, and labor exchange. The overall pace of economic growth is now concentrated on the area of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Today the claim is close to the accuracy of economic growth and development of the world. The West must be looking for the relationship and economic exchange with Asia.
In this context, we are to examine the mutual dependence between the flow of energy from the Persian Gulf to Asia which adds the geo-economic value for Asia and the West in the age of globalization. Apart from regional issues, e.g., the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq and its consequences, as well as territorial and border disputes, there are many widespread global issues such as individual freedoms, respect for human rights, relying on the government based on law, free elections and political participation.
From this perspective, the legitimacy of political power is not only limited to legality and compliance of the dominant values. It also extends the relationship between government and self-government. In this regard, it is said that the crisis of legitimacy emerged in a situation when a system controls the structures of society unilaterally and social and cultural identity of citizens under certain dominated (tool) and stopped production and fertility.
Among the regions of the world, the Persian Gulf region, the symbol of the traditional undemocratic regime, called the leaders to strongly influence the political consequences of globalization on the basis of their governance. The types of political regimes of the countries of the Arabic region, in traditional closed kingdom, were not exposed to wide cultural and political modernization. The global policy for the countries of the Persian Gulf has made similar threats. This can push it in different areas and cause a series of behavioral changes among the rulers and the people of this region.
<strong>Conclusion </strong>
The conditions governing the Persian Gulf region are making these countries as the most important states in air transportation, trade finance, central banks, international branches, transfer of technology, the centers of knowledge production and lucrative market selling to Asian, European, and American regions. They are also becoming a good place to exchange educated work force. In other words, the economies of the region are rapidly connecting to the global economy.
The process of globalization, from a political perspective, had the least influence on the Persian Gulf region. People of the region through political and legal pressures as well as internal and international situations have experienced the least changes in transition, from the beginning of the twenty-first century. For the first time in the history of the formation of government, they achieve minimal political rights.
In the recent decades, in parallel with economic and social changes, most countries in the Persian Gulf, in the light of the forces of globalization, have experienced changes in terms of culture and consequently many social and cultural fault-lines and conflicts have emerged. Nationalism, pan-Arab, socialism, pro-democracy and Islam are the powerful social movements in the Persian Gulf region. Persian Gulf region has been due to the emergence of Islamist forces relative to any other region in the world. Muslim identity is a force in this region. A great intellectual and practical capacity to deal with the political and social leaders influences the West.
Globalization,Iran,Persian Gulf Region,Social and cultural development
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_55655.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_55655_a1289619a0f67bc091f8b9eaa4fe9e49.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
The Geopolitical Analysis of Piracy in the Horn of Africa
577
590
FA
Kiuomars
Yazdanpanah Dero
0000-0000-0000-0000
Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Iran
kyazdanpanah@ut.ac.ir
Seyed Mostafa
Hashemi
PhD Candidate in Political Geography, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
hashemi@mailinator.com
Sajad
Karimi Pashaki
PhD Candidate in Political Geography, Islamic Azad University, Somesara Branch, Iran
pashaei@mailinator.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.57334
<strong>Introduction</strong>
After the Cold War II, geostrategic face took on a geo-economic domain. This means that on the world stage, military competition replaced by economic competition. Hence, the geopolitical divisions and geographic areas were classified based on their economic importance and competition was intensified around the area. Given that the Earth is covered by water and based on the Mahan theory states with better access to water, can prevail on the world; this is also the first aim of maritime trade security strategy of the United States. Thus, they began the development of its navy. Today, the seas are considered as a supplier of security. Since maritime transport is in the event of any significant component of the world geo economy structures, it is required to stay safe and in stable form. Therefore, United States attempts to provide maritime security in different regions according to their essential role on the ground.
The importance of the Horn of Africa during the Cold War due to the fact that this region was considered as local superpower competition for influence on Africa. At the present time the marine area as local to maritime transport has severe insecurity by national Somali pirate activity in the route of the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean in East Somalia. Attacks to cargo ships and passenger and crew hostage by advanced communication equipment and modern weapons create the suspicion in the area. This endangered the important geo-economic area to form an organized piracy despite the government efforts in preventive measures and sending warships to support their respective ships, especially in the eastern regions of Somalia in the Indian Ocean. In this paper, we strive to be a geopolitical analysis of piracy in the Horn of Africa. The strategy of the United States in this area and the reasons for the increased risk of maritime traffic reduce transportation security in the region despite America's military presence. One of the most important subjects that US undertake to maintain and establish economic security is to ensure the security of sea commerce. It is resulting from water pivotal role as World Peace Establisher. This emphasizes on US impression as the sea super power of the world for confrontation with challenge and threats removal with the use of its military sea bases.
To consider the polluted regions of piracy in the world, there are some points like South East Asia, Gulf of Guinea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Adan and Somalia Waters. The Horn of Africa is more important of them, because modern and organized piracy expansion especially by Somalian Pirates could endanger the sea traffic in the Gulf of Adan and Indian Ocean. It seems the absence of strong sovereignty structures in the Horn of Africa countries has a plenty of effects on more convulsive situations.
In this study, we considered pirates activities in the Horn of Africa with analytical-descriptive procedure and tries to answer this question: What is the impression of pirate activities on region geopolitics? And it analyzes how did the attacks increase despite of countries preventive policies in military support of their ships? it can be argued that the US avoids decisively to encounter with these organized attacks despite of military dominance on the marine regions and the reason for the policy is to keep other countries dependent on its power.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Methodology</strong>
This is an analytical- descriptive research using the library- and also utilizes the existing map to analyze the position of the Horn of Africa in world geo-economic structures. Pirate activity leading to increased risk of maritime transportation in the region. Review helps analyze the strategy notes and the United States as a supplier of maritime trade security in the region.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
It can be discussed that the pirates utilize advanced equipment and logistical support in the Horn of Africa. The ecological situation in the region and the Horn of Africa can be helpful for the pirates. Motivation and increase in the status of the people of the region and their efforts are to strengthen the piracy in the region. The benefits from these piracy activities are other issues that have been addressed. The strategy of United States in this phenomenon has been noted in Somalia and terrorism.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
The peninsula of Somalia is weak point for the Horn of Africa countries. The scale of influence in Africa provides a strategic way. Somalia will not face the future with a clear vision. This maritime security and piracy and maritime terrorism is today linked with each other. This may affect the future prospects of the energy, organic sources, Islamic fundamentalism and etc. The future of this region can be found in two different scenarios:
1. In the first scenario, weak and unstable governments, land issues, arms competitions, the growth of militarism and development of ethnic and tribal conflicts can influence extremist terrorist bases in the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia. Most importantly, low index of economic, social and human development, the possibility of regional unrest and the subsequent expansion of pirate activity will bring the ultimate objective of United States in the region and create unsafe soft power for the country to justify their presence.
2. In the second scenario, the prospects for the region, providing education and population can reduce violence and conflict prediction. This may be the only way to alleviate this evil. In the one hand, employment indices for regional development, on the other hand, the powerful governments that have surrounded the national territory to fulfill our international commitments require the attention of the international community to promote the social welfare of the people of these areas.
Non-opposition to such military powers during the Cold War will continue for the time being. This means the multiplicity of local actors and tensions in the region of the Horn of Africa. Although the creation of regional or global alliances and unions in the fight against piracy and maritime terrorism is positive approach but these activities were not totally eliminate the insecurity arising from the activities of pirates. The result of these changes may merely reduce the intensity of the conflict, especially reducing piracy or transfers them to other areas. Conditions are favorable for the growth of insecurity despite United States military dominance in the region and on other world maritime trade routes. As long as the threat of piracy and terrorist activities threatening the country maritime interests it is not useful to apply a dual policy.
Geopolitics,Horn of Africa,Piracy,Sea security,Somalia,USA
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_57334.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_57334_b56b76a28aca8b6a9e23e7523131f594.pdf
University of Tehran
Human Geography Research
2008-6296
2423-7736
48
3
2016
09
22
Effects of Physical Development and Urban Land Use Change on Riparian Areas (Case Study: Khoshk River in Shiraz City, Iran)
591
602
FA
Meysam
Jamali
PhD Candidate, Geomorphology, Department of Natural Geography, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
jamali_mir93@yahoo.com
Ebrahim
Moghimi
Professor of Geomorphology, University of Tehran, Iran
emoghimi@ut.ac.ir
Zeynolabedin
Jafarpour
Assistant Professor, Climatology, Department of Natural Geography, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
mohammadrezajafarpour@yahoo.com
Parviz
Kardovani
Professor of Natural Geography, Department of Natural Geography, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
kardovani@yahoo.com
10.22059/jhgr.2016.57372
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The Khoshk River is originated from Golestan and Ghalat highlands and flow in a northwest and southeast direction. After traversing a short distance it covers Golestan and Dukohak from the right and the Ghasr Ghomshe tributary from the left. Then, in a direct cross from the middle of Shiraz metro police, it will divide it into half in south and east and at the end it will pour into Maharlo Lake. Numerous researches with different methods and purposes have been done. The aim of this paper is to investigate the changes of manipulation of the zones in time-place range in the sanctum of the river.
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<strong>Methodology</strong>
The main research method, in this paper is the traversal and analytical method. Thus, to determine the ranges in the limitation of the case, we have used existing maps, scope revision and Google earth software. Then, the oldest satellite images of the zone (Lansat8 OLI imagery) have been provided for 2015 with the power of 30 meter state dividing coherent to Shiraz metropolis. By the use of geological maps and topography, air shots and satellite images of Shiraz were studied and geomorphologic annotation of them were done to expand the city in sanctum of the river as to recognize the changes of dry riverbed due to urban expansion in two time sections 2015 and 1967.
<strong>Results and Discussion</strong>
In this paper the riverbed divides into 3 ranges as follow:
<strong>First range:</strong> the direction of Chanarsookhte is from Tange Sorkh to Maliabad Bridge with 8 km long and average slope of 1.42%. Riverbed is formed by generally marine stages and Razak marine condition. The feature of this part of river is rash slope, severe erosion of near lands, and brinding of strand. The width of alluvial sediments has been reported about 70 meters. The average of river width on the aerial image of 1967compared to 2015 revealed 19 m reduction. The river has been changed to 56 ha in 2015. This means 27.5 percent of river space has been reduced because of human operations in the sanctum of river, removing sand from the riverbed and the buildings.
<strong>Second range:</strong> the river has a distance of 15 km from Maliabad Bridge to Fazilat Bridge and the slope is 0.90%. In this direction, Nahre Azam sideway, Ghoran Gate, Sadi, Bajgah and etc. are flowing into Koshk River. Because of appropriate soil and enough mineral water, the gardens and agricultural lands has been expanded near the river. The property of this range is that the river channel has been shored by the stile barrier. The main characteristics of the river are narrow pass way of river channel, unsuitable bridges, floor fraction, lateral erosion of river, building sideways in both left and right shores of the river with the length of 7 km and urban buildings in the foot print of river. Thus, most of the violation to the sanctum of river has been occurred in this range which has caused some problems for Shiraz metropolis.
The average width of river in 2015 compared to 1967 has been reduced 140 meters. On the other side, the space has been changed from 312 ha in 1967 to 92 ha in 2015. This means 70.5% of river space has been reduced because of the change of controlling the lands due to human operation in the sanctum of the river.
<strong>Third range: </strong>the river is 10 km long from Fazilat Bridge to the terminal point of the city. The kind of bed sediment is formed by torrential alluvial sediments and Kovaterner sediments. The thickness of the alluvial sediments has been reported 200 meter. The property of this part of low slope channel is sedimentation of the alluviums and reduction of river tension, and low capacity at the time of big floodwaters.
Most of the river direction has been ended to shore by the stile barrier and the mean width of river compared to second range is lower (42m) and its mean depth compared to around deserts is 1.5m-2m. Nowadays, the average river width compared to 1967 has been reduced about 49 meters. The river space in this range in 1967 is about 95ha but nowadays it has been reached lower than 50ha. It means that 57% of river space has been decreased. The urban expansion and agricultural operations in this range has caused the constriction of the river pass way. As in every raining, it causes the uprising of river down the Sardkhane Bridge.
<strong>Conclusion</strong>
Investigation about the changes of urban expansion effects and changes in the lane controlling in the sanctum of Khoshk River are the most important aims of this paper. According to the results of urban expansion investigation in the first range, there is alluvial fan in the foot of mountains foothill stone which is firmed by sediments, shale and weak seeds. In the second and third local sections, the city is placed in a desert zone where the sediments of alluvial sediments are in Kovaterner. Urban expansion in the sanctum of river in the above time-local ranges causes the reduction of riverbed space compared to last year. The space of river bed has been changed from 77ha to 56 ha (27.5%) in the first range,, from 312 to 92 ha (70.5%) in the second range and from 95 ha to 41 ha (57%) in third range. The width displacement of the river was 176 meter in the first range, 145 meter in the second range and 68 meter in the third range. In the past, the city was nuclear and compressed and occupied lower space of river sanctum. It can also be argued that the type of physical expansion of this city has proceeded in thorough linear type.
Khoshk River,land use changes,Metropolitan Shiraz,Spatio-temporal changes,urban development
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_57372.html
https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_57372_9444f25d4924e90963501ee915f515d9.pdf