دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 45 3 2013 09 23 International Aspects of Environmental Geopolitics جنبه‌های بین‌المللی ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی 121 146 35248 10.22059/jhgr.2013.35248 FA سید عباس احمدی استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران 0000-0001-8691-4564 طهمورث حیدری موصلو دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران روح الله نیکزاد کارشناس ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی Journal Article 2012 05 13 Extended Abstract Introduction Human capabilities in maintenance of their living space or in destruction of its prospects in relation to natural conditions create a balanced ecosystem. This states the fact that human is the main factor of the destructions, composition, and disorder in the areas of biological and Bio geographic issues. It is now understood that governments and the nations in the world should be thinking about preserving the planet earth and its environment, not just preserving their countries. This thinking has become increasingly global and it seems it is in serious consideration of government. Hence, development of the environmental crisis and its consequences on the patterns of interaction and cooperation, or the conflict between groups of men and political actors has been the main factor that geopolitical experts and experts of this knowledge pay attention to the environmental problems. So this subject is interpreted as one of the schools of green geopolitics. Now it seems necessary to consider the dimensions of geopolitical environmental issues and global problems. Methodology The main method of this study was a descriptive-analytical approach that has been carried out using a literature review in library data. The main question of this research is that what threats and security issues the geopolitical environment of regional and global scale in the twenty-first century is faced with? In line with this question important presumptions are mentioned, including the impact of human societies on the form and physical function of the earth is reached to the extent that is of geopolitical nature in global and regional scale. It seems to be point of focus by countries and global and regional powers in the field of security threats and issues in the twenty first century. Results and Discussion Concerns about global politics of the environmental issues includes the capacity of governments to address climate warming, ozone layer destruction and other global issues, potential of international are effective cooperation, satisfaction of environmental movements, multinational corporations to develop strategies and to pursue limited policies in regional and global scale. Doubts about the law of international institutions and existing regimes can help cultural development. There are also concerns about the inability of the international regimes to deal effectively with governments and other organizations not capable of obeying environmental standards. For example, countries like the United States and China have been warned that if they don’t implement their commitments upon the reduction of gas emissions, they will face the action of NGOs that are ready to face confront action and pressure against those who violate international obligations. In this regard, the UN Conference in Stockholm about serious attention to international nature of environmental destruction, in the article21, states that governments cannot damage the environment in their own sovereign. But they have the right to extract resources within their own borders. Thus, a series of international rules have emerged during the twentieth century to limit the right of dominant countries in the negative and destructive effects on the environment of the earth. Some times these rules appear in the form of bilateral or multilateral agreements. However, realization of these types of commitments usually requires the participation of the countries that are responsible for this subject. Although some of industrialized countries have showed resistance toward accepting responsibility, sanctions or compensation. Developing countries also have experienced damages from significant decrease in the fertility of the land due to soil erosion, deforestation and other forms of environmental degradation. You can be assured that if the rate of economic losses caused by environmental degradation in key developing countries increases in the decades ahead, the economic health of the whole world will be affected. Accordingly, if in line with the industrialization of a society, such an important issue of the environment is not considered, not only the economic development will not be achieved, but a lot of damages will be experienced that sometimes can often cause the benefits of an industrial activity for the community, in the long run, to be spent in compensation for the damages. Environmental security gets connected with any threat abroad to their environmental spaces, so that public policies can have influence on that. Security environmental advocates believe that the increasing pressure on safeguard systems of renewable natural resources and life, for health and human welfare as well as traditional military threats are serious. In this view, some researchers and policy makers believe that the environment security in terms of its inherent characteristicsis is more of a global phenomenon than a national one. Since the environmental threats affect all human beings, so it requires a collective cooperation on global scale. Conclusion In the recent years, geopolitics is profoundly concerned with environmental issues. For the governments and nations have reached the consciousness that they should think of the environmental issues as one of the most suitable strategies to obtain peace and comfort and to eliminate conflicts among themselves. The geopolitical environmental developments have never attracted attention and concern of governments and organizations as it is in the recent years. It was expected that human, every day more than the day before, could become a rational and conscious power that can maintain and develop contents of valuable environment and try to its improvement. Instead, it seems that increasingly man has become a powerful factor that acts as unconsidered and confused. Another factor should be managed based on this approach, in addition to environmental degradation and transformation, the risks and threats that are posed for the system of national government and environmental threats to security should also be considered. The threats to environmental security are expressed only when they just threaten national security. جهان در قرن بیس تویکم شاهد تحولات سریع و بی سابقه در حوزه ی ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی است. اثرگذاری سیاست های ملّی و تصمیمات کشورها، بر تغییر اشکال و ابعاد عملکرد فیزیکی زمین، به درجه ای رسیده است که مسائل زیست محیطی در قلمروهای منطقه ای، فرامنطقه ای و کروی، ماهیتی ژئوپلیتیکی پیدا کرده است. این تأثیرات با گذشت زمان، شتابی سرسام آور به خود گرفته و به همین دلیل توجه صاحب نظران و تحلیلگران مختلف را در سراسر جهان به خود معطوف کرده است. دلیل این امر تمایل جوامع انسانی به بهره کشی از محیط زیست، به مثابه یک منبع پایان ناپذیر است که سبب بروز فاجعه شده و ضمن نابودی برخی از فضاهای زیستی، به ایجاد چالش ها و تهدید های امنیت ی در حوزه های منطقه ای و فرامنطقه ای منجر شده است. این نگرانی ها به دنبال خود سبب تشکیل کنفرانس ها و نشست هایی در سطح جهانی و منطقه ای و در پی آن، پذیرش اجرای تفاهم نامه هایی در این زمینه شده است. اجرای تعهدهای بین المللی زیست محیطی نیز ، نیازمند همکاری نهادهای بین المللی، کشورها، سازمان های داخلی، منطقه ای و جهانی است. در این راستا، بسیاری از اندیشمندانی که نگران مسائل ژئوپلیتیک زیس تمحیطی هستند، معتقدند که تخریب ا زن، تغییرات آب وهوایی و فرسایش محیطی، به آشفتگی مسائل سیاسی در سطح جهان منجر می شود؛ زیرا ریشه ی اغلب آنها فرامرزی بوده و بنابراین کنترل آنها نیز خارج از اراده ی سیاسی یک کشور است. بنابراین، بهتر است کشورها در ترسیم سیاست زیست محیطی خود، برای حل وفصل مناقشه های ژئوپلیتیکی پیش رو، چه در سطح ملّی و منطقه ای و چه در سطح جهانی، به توافق های بین المللی توجه ویژه ای داشته باشند. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای، ضمن بررسی مسائلی که موجب شکل گیری نگرانی ها در حوزه ی ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی در سطوح منطقه ای و جهانی (فراملّی) شده است، به تبیین مسائل امنیتی، بحران ها و تهدیدها در این زمینه خواهد پرداخت.

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