دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 46 1 2014 04 21 Arctic Ocean, Geo-economics and Geo Strategic Scene of Confront for Super Powers اقیانوس منجمد شمالی، صحنۀ تقابل ژئواکونومیکی و ژئواستراتژیکی قدرت‎های بزرگ 31 48 50592 10.22059/jhgr.2014.50592 FA زهرا پیشگاهی فرد استاد جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه تهران سعیدرضا خلخالی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات سجاد کریمی پاشاکی دانشجوی مقطع دکترای رشته جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، واحد علوم تحقیقات Journal Article 2013 03 06 Introduction The importance of the Arctic Ocean became obvious in this century when the Russia sent a submarine to that place in august 2, 2007,in depth of 4261 meters and fixed her flag on the flat of this ocean. In fact, this became a background for a great challenge between border countries of the Arctic. The geopolitical theory of the last century which was named new Mahanism became clear. This article tries to specify that governing over Arctic Ocean is a very important subject for great powers like U.S.A., Russia, Canada, Norway, and etc. Because this region has a quarter of hydrocarbon of the world and also the distance between continents is so much shorter in this region by both ship and airplanes. So it causes that great powers compete and even confront (face) to each other for taking more benefit of the region. This is based on the ideas of new Mahanism and other ideas believing that the next superpower is the country which could rule over this ocean. But it must be under the icebergs not over the waters. This is the question do the geoeconomic conditions of the arctic could provide a background for challenge among great powers like Russia U.S.A., Canada, and Norway? This research wants to verify this idea with regard to the different views to reach a new conclusion. Since the countries around this ocean have rich and great resources, it seems that they have important geoeconomic aims. That is why Arctic Ocean has been called the scene for very far tomorrows. Some scientific books and sources chose the title of polar Mediterranean in order to put economy in general and energy in particular as the main reason for strategic activities. The North Pole provides a new scene for political affairs like Mediterranean sea in previous century. Methodology This study is a descriptive - analytical research aimed to describe the geographic characteristics and uses of Geo-economics. Arctic resources, diverse and relevant maps and images for analysis is consistent with the information received. This research attempts to answer the question: could geoeconomical characteristics of the Arctic confront big powers like USA and Russia for the region to establish? Results and Discussion Attitude change in the strategies of government has caused the government to consolidate power and Geoeconomics as the main character, although they should be considered at the top of the international scene. In addition to evaluation of the characteristics in the Arctic geopolitical objectives in the Arctic neighbors and the strategies in this area have been examined by the United States and Russia. According to various geopolitical theories, the Arctic is the next stage of operations. Given the importance of water resources, the Arctic can create conflict between the great powers. Arctic's future strategic developments will play a major role in this area and this will reveal truth of Neo-Mahanism theory. U.S.A. is seeking to register a new baseline in order to increase its influence in the region. This region of Canada and stream leads to understanding of its territorial waters. Russia on the other hand, because of the long shores presumes is the right exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf. Potential Arctic coastal countries seek to ensure energy security. Perhaps the great powers such as China and India want to meet their growing needs. Geo-economics and Geo-strategic importance is a confrontation and conflict between the great powers of the world. Conclusion Arctic's future strategic developments will play a major role in this area will reveal truth Neo- Mahanism theory. U. S. looking to register a new baseline in order to increase its influence in the region. This region of Canada and stream leading to it understands its territorial waters. Russia on the other hand, because of the long shores presumes is the right exploitation of the Arctic continental shelf. Potential Arctic coast Arctic countries to ensure energy security it provides. Perhaps for the growing needs of the growing powers such as China and India meet. Geo-economics and Geo-strategic importance and is therefore a confrontation and conflict between the great powers of the world. اهمیت قطب شمال در قرن حاضر از زمانی نمایان شد که روسیه یک فروند زیردریایی خود را در دوم اوت سال 2007، به ژرفای 4261 متری اقیانوس منجمد شمالی فرستاد و پرچم این کشور را در بستر این اقیانوس نصب کرد. درواقع این عمل روسیه، زمینه‎ساز مناقشه‎ای بزرگ بین کشورهای حاشیۀ قطب شمال شد و حقیقت یکی از نظریه‎های ژئوپلیتیکی قرن گذشته به‎نام «نئوماهانیزم» را بر همگان روشن کرد. این نوشتار در جست‎وجوی آن است که مشخص کند، حاکمیت بر اقیانوس منجمد شمالی به‎دلیل داشتن یک‎چهارم منابع هیدرو کربن جهان و همچنین کوتاه‎شدن مسیر هوایی و دریایی به‎دلیل گذشتن از دایرۀ عظیمه، سبب‎شده که قدرت‎های بزرگی همچون ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا و روسیه، بر سر تصاحب این منابع در حال رقابت و حتی تقابل با یکدیگر باشند؛ چرا که براساس نظریۀ نئوماهانیزم، در آینده کسی قدرت جهانی خواهد بود که بتواند بر این اقیانوس حاکمیت کامل داشته باشد. سؤال اینجاست که آیا ویژگی‎های ژئواکونومیکی اقیانوس منجمد شمالی، می‎تواند زمینۀ تقابل قدرت‎های بزرگی همچون ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا، روسیه، کانادا، نروژ و... را در این منطقه ایجاد کند؟ این پژوهش با بررسی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، در نظر دارد با استفاده از نظریه‎های مطرح‎شده و تلفیق آنها و دست‎یابی بر یک چارچوب نظری جدید، به بررسی موضوع پژوهش بپردازد. به نظر می‎رسد اهداف کشورهای حاشیۀ این اقیانوس، به‎دلیل داشتن منابع بسیار عظیم و غنی در قرن حاضر، بر مفهوم ژئواکونومی منطبق شده‎اند؛ به همین سبب، اقیانوس منجمد شمالی را صحنۀ عملیات فرداهای دور نامیده‎اند و در برخی منابع و کتب علمی، لقب مدیترانۀ قطبی را برای آن برگزیده‎اند تا بار دیگر اقتصاد و در رأس آن انرژی را، منشأ تحولات استراتژیک قرار دهند.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_50592_04963cf82bfcc5e652cd52458ba05fe8.pdf