Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 City development strategies of Piaranshahr with CDS approach City development strategies of Piaranshahr with CDS approach 1 22 96394 10.22059/jhgr.2024.111628.1006871 FA Abdollah Shikhi Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran. 0009-0008-7255-4332 Keramat Allah Ziari Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran. 0000-0001-9135-4768 Ahmad Pourahmad Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran. Journal Article 2021 04 15 Extended Abstract Introduction Since 1999, a new approach was proposed in the planning literature under the title of "Urban Development Strategy," which focuses on strengthening the competitive economy, but at the same time, environmental, financial, infrastructure, urban structure, and reduction aspects. It covers poverty and includes planning for measures prepared to improve urban management and governance, increase investment to improve services and employment, and sustain and systematically reduce poverty in the city. In these plans, with the focus on urban management and the participation of urban stakeholders, the city's vision is specified, and strategies are formulated to achieve the vision and sustainable development of the city. The rapid changes in Piranshahr due to the city's functioning require the city to have a basic, correct, flexible, and suitable plan. Despite this, having a comprehensive and forward-looking plan has been deprived. It has been limited to a guiding and comprehensive urban plan due to the emphasis on the physical aspect, static and traditional, lack of flexibility, weak implementation capability, the lack of attention to the dominant function of the city, and most importantly, the lack of people's participation in these plans have not met the current needs of Piranshahr. The current research was written to measure the indicators of urban development strategy, identify the city's potential, and formulate its development strategies. Methodology The present research is based on the objective, functional, and descriptive-analytical methods. Data were collected using a survey approach. The statistical population of the research is three groups of citizens, officials, and elites of Piranshahr. To evaluate the situation of Piranshahr in terms of the CDS index, questionnaires were distributed among a group of citizens, officials, and elites, and after data collection, they were analyzed in SPSS software. According to the results of the questionnaire and according to the upstream plans and the review of the existing situation, the key limitations and the potential and future development prospects of Piranshahr were identified and specified. Then, the factors identified in the SWOT model were evaluated, and their weighting was done by redistributing the questionnaire. According to the weighting results of the questionnaires, strategies were prioritized with a combination of AHP-SWOT and ANP-SWOT models and Expert Choice and Super Decision software. Results and discussion The evaluation results of CDS indicators in Piranshahr from the point of view of urban groups of citizens, officials, and elites were 2.42, 2.31, and 2.15, respectively. There is a significant difference in the evaluation of the views of the urban groups in relation to the indicators, and only in the index "dominance" (F (2, 479) =2.48, P=0.084), there is no significant difference between the groups. It can be said that "Piranshahr is not in a favorable situation in terms of CDS indicators and sub-indices." In the landscape creation process, citizens, officials, and elites have identified the main issues in the current situation as the lack of urban facilities and services (citizens), the lack of appropriate and sufficient government investments (officials), and the lack of a comprehensive plan for the city (elites) have listed the process of co-creating the vision was done in two stages, which is as follows: "A city with an economy based on commercial (overseas) commercial activity; a city with mining activity (with an emphasis on decorative stone mines); a city with natural and historical tourist attractions with an emphasis on shopping tourism; a city with an agricultural economy." The residents of Piranshahr have a consensus regarding the potential of Piranshahr and the vision of the city in the next 20 years. The results of the AHP model show that the strategy "Strengthening the commercial performance (overseas) of Piranshahr city and related functions" with the highest score (0.374) as the "best strategy" and the strategy "creating and developing infrastructure" Tourism strategies with an emphasis on shopping tourism and optimal utilization of natural and historical tourist attractions" were also selected with a score of 0.284 as an "alternative strategy" for the future development of Piranshahr. Also, the results of the ANP model indicate that the strategy "Strengthening the business performance (overseas) of Piranshahr city and related functions" with the highest score (0.357) as the "best strategy" and the main strategy for the future development of Piranshahr was determined. The final output of the two models shows differences only in the final weights of the strategies; so, the priority in the AHP model is 0.374 but in the ANP model it is 0.357. Conclusion What is clear is that Piranshahr is not in a favorable situation in terms of CDS indicators. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the management and development of Piranshahr from a participatory point of view. The city management and its development have left the path of following political management, and by involving the stakeholders of the city in the urban development program, the sharp divergence between the city management and social activists reduced and thus improved the situation of CDS indicators in the city and led it to a path where every citizen is responsible for the development of the city and thus the situation of CDS indicators in Piranshahr has improved. The ground for the development of the city should be prepared. On the other hand, according to the development of a specific vision for the city in a specific horizon (2035), it is necessary to prepare a comprehensive urban plan based on integrated urban management with the participation of citizens and creating a suitable environment by the urban management. The city's administrative and executive bodies should lead the city toward development by moving in the direction of integrated management. Funding The costs of this research have been covered by the student. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Since 1999, a new approach was proposed in the planning literature under the title of "Urban Development Strategy," which focuses on strengthening the competitive economy, but at the same time, environmental, financial, infrastructure, urban structure, and reduction aspects. It covers poverty and includes planning for measures prepared to improve urban management and governance, increase investment to improve services and employment, and sustain and systematically reduce poverty in the city. In these plans, with the focus on urban management and the participation of urban stakeholders, the city's vision is specified, and strategies are formulated to achieve the vision and sustainable development of the city. The rapid changes in Piranshahr due to the city's functioning require the city to have a basic, correct, flexible, and suitable plan. Despite this, having a comprehensive and forward-looking plan has been deprived. It has been limited to a guiding and comprehensive urban plan due to the emphasis on the physical aspect, static and traditional, lack of flexibility, weak implementation capability, the lack of attention to the dominant function of the city, and most importantly, the lack of people's participation in these plans have not met the current needs of Piranshahr. The current research was written to measure the indicators of urban development strategy, identify the city's potential, and formulate its development strategies. Methodology The present research is based on the objective, functional, and descriptive-analytical methods. Data were collected using a survey approach. The statistical population of the research is three groups of citizens, officials, and elites of Piranshahr. To evaluate the situation of Piranshahr in terms of the CDS index, questionnaires were distributed among a group of citizens, officials, and elites, and after data collection, they were analyzed in SPSS software. According to the results of the questionnaire and according to the upstream plans and the review of the existing situation, the key limitations and the potential and future development prospects of Piranshahr were identified and specified. Then, the factors identified in the SWOT model were evaluated, and their weighting was done by redistributing the questionnaire. According to the weighting results of the questionnaires, strategies were prioritized with a combination of AHP-SWOT and ANP-SWOT models and Expert Choice and Super Decision software. Results and discussion The evaluation results of CDS indicators in Piranshahr from the point of view of urban groups of citizens, officials, and elites were 2.42, 2.31, and 2.15, respectively. There is a significant difference in the evaluation of the views of the urban groups in relation to the indicators, and only in the index "dominance" (F (2, 479) =2.48, P=0.084), there is no significant difference between the groups. It can be said that "Piranshahr is not in a favorable situation in terms of CDS indicators and sub-indices." In the landscape creation process, citizens, officials, and elites have identified the main issues in the current situation as the lack of urban facilities and services (citizens), the lack of appropriate and sufficient government investments (officials), and the lack of a comprehensive plan for the city (elites) have listed the process of co-creating the vision was done in two stages, which is as follows: "A city with an economy based on commercial (overseas) commercial activity; a city with mining activity (with an emphasis on decorative stone mines); a city with natural and historical tourist attractions with an emphasis on shopping tourism; a city with an agricultural economy." The residents of Piranshahr have a consensus regarding the potential of Piranshahr and the vision of the city in the next 20 years. The results of the AHP model show that the strategy "Strengthening the commercial performance (overseas) of Piranshahr city and related functions" with the highest score (0.374) as the "best strategy" and the strategy "creating and developing infrastructure" Tourism strategies with an emphasis on shopping tourism and optimal utilization of natural and historical tourist attractions" were also selected with a score of 0.284 as an "alternative strategy" for the future development of Piranshahr. Also, the results of the ANP model indicate that the strategy "Strengthening the business performance (overseas) of Piranshahr city and related functions" with the highest score (0.357) as the "best strategy" and the main strategy for the future development of Piranshahr was determined. The final output of the two models shows differences only in the final weights of the strategies; so, the priority in the AHP model is 0.374 but in the ANP model it is 0.357. Conclusion What is clear is that Piranshahr is not in a favorable situation in terms of CDS indicators. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the management and development of Piranshahr from a participatory point of view. The city management and its development have left the path of following political management, and by involving the stakeholders of the city in the urban development program, the sharp divergence between the city management and social activists reduced and thus improved the situation of CDS indicators in the city and led it to a path where every citizen is responsible for the development of the city and thus the situation of CDS indicators in Piranshahr has improved. The ground for the development of the city should be prepared. On the other hand, according to the development of a specific vision for the city in a specific horizon (2035), it is necessary to prepare a comprehensive urban plan based on integrated urban management with the participation of citizens and creating a suitable environment by the urban management. The city's administrative and executive bodies should lead the city toward development by moving in the direction of integrated management. Funding The costs of this research have been covered by the student. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_96394_c43043335d711ee1590cfcba87ed0009.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Structural analysis of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in rural areas of Ilam province Structural analysis of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in rural areas of Ilam province 23 45 88424 10.22059/jhgr.2022.326278.1008333 FA Sakineh Karamshahi Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0000-5471-1682 Seyyed Eskandar Seidaiy Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-5453-4687 Abbas Amini Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-7282-0794 Farzad Karami Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0007-7794-691x Journal Article 2021 06 28 Extended Abstrac Introduction In the current situation, it becomes more necessary to pay attention to social and economic sustainability, taking into account the challenges and bottlenecks facing developing countries, and in the meantime, rural areas are facing many problems. A significant share of rural instabilities goes back to socio-economic instability, which, in addition to deteriorating employment, income, inequality of opportunity, access to services, basic needs, and the like, also has negative feedback on environmental sustainability. Due to these instabilities, rural areas are experiencing consequences such as urban-rural inequalities, population evacuation, migration, and environmental degradation. Economic sustainability and social sustainability are two inseparable components because individual welfare is not separate from the welfare of society, and the existence of social cohesion, empathy, and tolerance leads to the creation of space in which people feel more responsible and believe that a fairer distribution of resources plays a key role in the long-term survival of society. Methodology The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Inferential statistical methods (one-sample t) and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this research uses spatial analysis in GIS for sampling (Using the adjacent layers raster to the province's permanent rivers, settlement density, rural population density, distance from the road, distance from the nearest cities, the province's land layer, slope, and height and their overlap in the final raster and placing the whole province in 3 classes are high, middle, low. Out of 378 villages with more than 20 households, 37 villages were selected as a sample, and 250 questionnaires were calculated and randomly completed by the villagers in 2020-2021. Results and Discussion Numerical mean analysis obtained from the calculation of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in rural areas was obtained among the respondents using questionnaire data. To investigate this issue, a single-sample t-test was used, in which the component of social participation with an average of 3.1646 was higher than the average (3). Also, the analysis of research data with the structural equation modeling approach in PLS software includes the study of model fit in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model. Measurement models show the relationship between each hidden variable and its indicators. The reliability and validity of the variables are checked to evaluate the measurement models. After testing the measurement models, it is necessary to evaluate the structural model of the research that shows the relationships between the variables. For this purpose, are examined the coefficient of determination (R2) and the predictive power of Stone and Geiser (Q2). After evaluating the measurement and structural models of the research, the fit of the overall model is examined. The GOF criterion is used to evaluate the fit of the overall model. Finally, the results show that according to the results of t and the significance of path coefficients in PLS software, social stability has a more important role in creating overall stability than economic stability. Conclusion Structural analysis of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in order to identify, strengthen, and develop socio-economic factors affecting sustainability in the study area was the main purpose of this study. In terms of components and factors affecting the socio-economic stability of the study area, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that the component of social capital (social participation factor) has the greatest impact on social sustainability in the study area and in terms of economic stability except for the rural investment factor, other factors are in a weak position. The results obtained from estimating the structural equation modeling of fit indices have good validity and reliability. Also, the results of the structural equation modeling technique (in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model) showed that social capital has a greater impact on social stability than social welfare. Also, the economic justice component has the most significant impact on regional economic stability. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstrac Introduction In the current situation, it becomes more necessary to pay attention to social and economic sustainability, taking into account the challenges and bottlenecks facing developing countries, and in the meantime, rural areas are facing many problems. A significant share of rural instabilities goes back to socio-economic instability, which, in addition to deteriorating employment, income, inequality of opportunity, access to services, basic needs, and the like, also has negative feedback on environmental sustainability. Due to these instabilities, rural areas are experiencing consequences such as urban-rural inequalities, population evacuation, migration, and environmental degradation. Economic sustainability and social sustainability are two inseparable components because individual welfare is not separate from the welfare of society, and the existence of social cohesion, empathy, and tolerance leads to the creation of space in which people feel more responsible and believe that a fairer distribution of resources plays a key role in the long-term survival of society. Methodology The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Inferential statistical methods (one-sample t) and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this research uses spatial analysis in GIS for sampling (Using the adjacent layers raster to the province's permanent rivers, settlement density, rural population density, distance from the road, distance from the nearest cities, the province's land layer, slope, and height and their overlap in the final raster and placing the whole province in 3 classes are high, middle, low. Out of 378 villages with more than 20 households, 37 villages were selected as a sample, and 250 questionnaires were calculated and randomly completed by the villagers in 2020-2021. Results and Discussion Numerical mean analysis obtained from the calculation of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in rural areas was obtained among the respondents using questionnaire data. To investigate this issue, a single-sample t-test was used, in which the component of social participation with an average of 3.1646 was higher than the average (3). Also, the analysis of research data with the structural equation modeling approach in PLS software includes the study of model fit in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model. Measurement models show the relationship between each hidden variable and its indicators. The reliability and validity of the variables are checked to evaluate the measurement models. After testing the measurement models, it is necessary to evaluate the structural model of the research that shows the relationships between the variables. For this purpose, are examined the coefficient of determination (R2) and the predictive power of Stone and Geiser (Q2). After evaluating the measurement and structural models of the research, the fit of the overall model is examined. The GOF criterion is used to evaluate the fit of the overall model. Finally, the results show that according to the results of t and the significance of path coefficients in PLS software, social stability has a more important role in creating overall stability than economic stability. Conclusion Structural analysis of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in order to identify, strengthen, and develop socio-economic factors affecting sustainability in the study area was the main purpose of this study. In terms of components and factors affecting the socio-economic stability of the study area, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that the component of social capital (social participation factor) has the greatest impact on social sustainability in the study area and in terms of economic stability except for the rural investment factor, other factors are in a weak position. The results obtained from estimating the structural equation modeling of fit indices have good validity and reliability. Also, the results of the structural equation modeling technique (in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model) showed that social capital has a greater impact on social stability than social welfare. Also, the economic justice component has the most significant impact on regional economic stability. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_88424_c32bc8085e3ce76b3b756f20a3e2ffb4.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Future Studies of trends affecting the development of tourism in Iran in the Post-Corona era Future Studies of trends affecting the development of tourism in Iran in the Post-Corona era 47 62 88639 10.22059/jhgr.2022.335020.1008421 FA Ali Rahimi Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7669-5035 Mohammad Reza Rezaei Department of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 0000-0002-6721-3014 Hojjatollah Pashapour Department of Political Geography, Imam Ali University , Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 12 05 Future Studies of trends affecting the development of tourism in Iran in the Post-Corona era Extended Abstract Introduction: It seems that in the 21st century, with the emergence of new events, policymakers in various fields, including tourism, must go beyond the present and pursue tourism planning on a longer horizon. The importance of futuristic studies in the field of tourism becomes better when we understand that in the absence of such studies, the position of planners is reactive and they can not plan an event until it is formed in the future; Future research, on the other hand, as a tool for recognizing and constructing the future, shifts policymakers from the issue of reaction to action and enables them to plan for a crisis before it forms. In a country like Iran, where tourism has not developed enough, proper planning, policy-making and looking to the future are very effective and facilitate the development of development visions; In summary, Iran's high potential in the field of tourism, high flexibility of this industry and the impact of various events such as Covid 19 and the benefits of using future-research studies in the tourism industry, this study aims to identify trends affecting the development of tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era. Under the Steep-v model, the main research questions can be presented as follows: - What are the social trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the technological trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the economic trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the environmental trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the political trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post Corona era? - What are the value trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post Corona era? - How will each of these trends affect the tourism in Iran in the post Corona era? Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of method and qualitative-quantitative in terms of the data used; In this research, the statistical population is experts in futures, research and tourism, and information has been collected through documentary and field methods; Since similar studies, 5 to 15 people have selected the statistical sample In this research, in the two main stages of the research, a total of 40 people were selected as a statistical sample The sensitivity of futuristic studies has led the researcher to use the snowball method in selecting sample members; In this method, future members of the sample are selected through former members of the sample, and the sample becomes larger and larger like a snowball. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and finally the analysis of research data has been done in Mikmak software. Results and discussion: What can be clearly deduced from the distribution of trends in the graph of direct effects is that the Iranian tourism system Iran tourism in the post-Corona era is stable and it is well possible to determine the position of each trend in each part of the graph. Most effective and most influential: spreading individualism and reducing the desire to participate in society, increasing political relations with Islamic countries, increasing scientific conferences and seminars, increasing the use of credit cards instead of cash, increasing the share of the private sector in tourism, increasing street protests. Most effective and Least Impact: Decreased people's trust in each other and tourists, Increased partying and overtaking relationships, Decreased patriotism due to life pressures, Increased graduation and reduced illiteracy, Increased reverse migration from the city to Villages, increasing tourists' awareness of their rights et al. most influential and Most effective:Increased security due to the expansion of e-banking, increased willingness of people to use virtual networks, increased role of Instagram bloggers in promoting destinations, increased clean and hybrid vehicles in transportation, recovery due to reduced travel in the Corona era, environmental degradation Living and building second homes, increasing voluntary clean-up groups, reducing good soil and desertification et al. Most effective and least effective: increasing the use of smart phones, increasing the use of CCTV, increasing the use of drones and robots, climate change, expanding tourism facilities and infrastructure, surpassing the tradition of modernity et al. Conclusion: According to the research findings, increasing the economic gap between the people, increasing international sanctions, increasing political relations with Islamic countries, increasing propaganda and distorting the events of the country, increasing the share of the private sector in the tourism economy, long bureaucratic process in the field Entrepreneurship, increasing travel demand with the end of the Corona epidemic, restoring the environment resulting from reduced travel in the Corona era, increasing people's use of smartphones, increasing the role of Instagram bloggers in advertising, et al were the trends that will have tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era. Constructive interactions and political relations between different countries and their impact on tourist traffic between the two countries is a subject whose pathology requires the expression of a set of clichéd issues; Because this trend has a significant impact on other trends such as increasing economic gap, people's purchasing power, tourist demand, etc., the need to further develop political relations with other countries is emphasized; Although political relations with other countries have taken complex angles in the last decade, but given Iran's vast natural and religious capabilities, we can emphasize the development of political relations with the countries of the Islamic world and the countries of the Persian Gulf; In this regard, the establishment of a tourism organization, similar to the Organization of the Islamic Conference and led by Iran, may be very helpful. Keywords: Future Studies, Tourism Development, Iran country, Mic Mac Future Studies of trends affecting the development of tourism in Iran in the Post-Corona era Extended Abstract Introduction: It seems that in the 21st century, with the emergence of new events, policymakers in various fields, including tourism, must go beyond the present and pursue tourism planning on a longer horizon. The importance of futuristic studies in the field of tourism becomes better when we understand that in the absence of such studies, the position of planners is reactive and they can not plan an event until it is formed in the future; Future research, on the other hand, as a tool for recognizing and constructing the future, shifts policymakers from the issue of reaction to action and enables them to plan for a crisis before it forms. In a country like Iran, where tourism has not developed enough, proper planning, policy-making and looking to the future are very effective and facilitate the development of development visions; In summary, Iran's high potential in the field of tourism, high flexibility of this industry and the impact of various events such as Covid 19 and the benefits of using future-research studies in the tourism industry, this study aims to identify trends affecting the development of tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era. Under the Steep-v model, the main research questions can be presented as follows: - What are the social trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the technological trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the economic trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the environmental trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era? - What are the political trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post Corona era? - What are the value trends affecting the tourism in Iran in the post Corona era? - How will each of these trends affect the tourism in Iran in the post Corona era? Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of method and qualitative-quantitative in terms of the data used; In this research, the statistical population is experts in futures, research and tourism, and information has been collected through documentary and field methods; Since similar studies, 5 to 15 people have selected the statistical sample In this research, in the two main stages of the research, a total of 40 people were selected as a statistical sample The sensitivity of futuristic studies has led the researcher to use the snowball method in selecting sample members; In this method, future members of the sample are selected through former members of the sample, and the sample becomes larger and larger like a snowball. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and finally the analysis of research data has been done in Mikmak software. Results and discussion: What can be clearly deduced from the distribution of trends in the graph of direct effects is that the Iranian tourism system Iran tourism in the post-Corona era is stable and it is well possible to determine the position of each trend in each part of the graph. Most effective and most influential: spreading individualism and reducing the desire to participate in society, increasing political relations with Islamic countries, increasing scientific conferences and seminars, increasing the use of credit cards instead of cash, increasing the share of the private sector in tourism, increasing street protests. Most effective and Least Impact: Decreased people's trust in each other and tourists, Increased partying and overtaking relationships, Decreased patriotism due to life pressures, Increased graduation and reduced illiteracy, Increased reverse migration from the city to Villages, increasing tourists' awareness of their rights et al. most influential and Most effective:Increased security due to the expansion of e-banking, increased willingness of people to use virtual networks, increased role of Instagram bloggers in promoting destinations, increased clean and hybrid vehicles in transportation, recovery due to reduced travel in the Corona era, environmental degradation Living and building second homes, increasing voluntary clean-up groups, reducing good soil and desertification et al. Most effective and least effective: increasing the use of smart phones, increasing the use of CCTV, increasing the use of drones and robots, climate change, expanding tourism facilities and infrastructure, surpassing the tradition of modernity et al. Conclusion: According to the research findings, increasing the economic gap between the people, increasing international sanctions, increasing political relations with Islamic countries, increasing propaganda and distorting the events of the country, increasing the share of the private sector in the tourism economy, long bureaucratic process in the field Entrepreneurship, increasing travel demand with the end of the Corona epidemic, restoring the environment resulting from reduced travel in the Corona era, increasing people's use of smartphones, increasing the role of Instagram bloggers in advertising, et al were the trends that will have tourism in Iran in the post-Corona era. Constructive interactions and political relations between different countries and their impact on tourist traffic between the two countries is a subject whose pathology requires the expression of a set of clichéd issues; Because this trend has a significant impact on other trends such as increasing economic gap, people's purchasing power, tourist demand, etc., the need to further develop political relations with other countries is emphasized; Although political relations with other countries have taken complex angles in the last decade, but given Iran's vast natural and religious capabilities, we can emphasize the development of political relations with the countries of the Islamic world and the countries of the Persian Gulf; In this regard, the establishment of a tourism organization, similar to the Organization of the Islamic Conference and led by Iran, may be very helpful. Keywords: Future Studies, Tourism Development, Iran country, Mic Mac

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_88639_c52f0d9f8fb84ea294975f6b595d5308.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 The effect of validity and conflict of the image of the destination of historical cities on the happiness of tourists and the resonance of the brand of the tourist city (Case study of Yazd city) The effect of validity and conflict of the image of the destination of historical cities on the happiness of tourists and the resonance of the brand of the tourist city (Case study of Yazd city) 63 78 88535 10.22059/jhgr.2022.286757.1008434 FA Yazdan Shirmohammadi Department of Business Administration, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5838-7592 Esmael Nasiri Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Gilan, Rasht, Iran. Mehran Shahrestani Department of Tourism Management, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 01 02 Extended Abstrac Introduction Historical tourism is one of the most important parts of tourism development, and many variables are effective in developing this type of tourism. The image of the destination is one of the determining factors in the tourist's joy of historical tourism. The image of the destination is considered a multidimensional and hybrid structure and follows the attitude pattern of three elements, including cognitive, emotional, and perceptual elements. Although some research considers the destination image as a two-dimensional structure (cognitive and emotional), some claim that tourism researchers have completely neglected the third dimension of the destination image, which has a useful meaning, over the past decades. The destination image was limited to studies of its perceptual or cognitive component. Now, travelers have concerns about their inexperience in destinations and want to find the most relevant information about their stay and destination before traveling. Providing reliable information for tourist destinations intended to facilitate the highest level of tourist experience and enjoyment leads to the tendency and encouragement of tourists to destination-oriented activities and experiences, including creating positive images of the destination, visiting the destination, shopping, and recommendations. Visiting the destination to others ultimately leads to joy and satisfaction that will lead to positive economic consequences for residents of historic cities. Visiting historic sites is one of the most popular activities among tourists. This justifies the favorable position of cultural heritage tourism among the fastest-growing tourism markets. However, less research has been done on the behavior of cultural heritage tourists. In 2014, approximately 40% of international tourists were identified as cultural heritage tourists based on their participation in cultural visits or activities. Culturally, they have been considered by marketing researchers. Methodology Since the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of validity and conflict of destination image of historical cities on the joy and resonance of tourists, in terms of purpose, it is applied, and in terms of research, the method is descriptive-survey and in data analysis using structural equation modeling has done. In order to test the hypotheses of the statistical community, tourists in Yazd from April 1 to late September 2019 have been selected. Morgan table was used to determine the number of research samples, and the statistical sample of this research was 384 people. In this study, the independent variables are perceived originality, conflict, and source credibility; the mediating variables are cognitive image, emotional image, and destination image; and the dependent variables are tourist joy and brand resonance recommendation, and 28 questions have been assigned to collect the necessary data. In inferential data analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and KMO test were used to determine the internal stability of the instrument. All statistical calculations of this study were performed using SPSS23 statistical software and analyses related to structural equation modeling using AMOS23 software, and the significance level of the whole test is P <0.05. Discussion and Results The findings of this study showed that the creation of positive images of the destination is due to positive interaction with the local community. Zhang et al. (2014) also concluded that the perception of the destination image can be influenced by political, ideological, religious, ethnic, and cultural issues. The findings of this study showed that emotional image has more effects on behavioral goals than cognitive image. This means that emotions, contrary to the cognitive claim of the image, have a more significant impact on the emotional image; Gartner (1994) and Hudson, Ruth, Madden, and Hudson (2015) achieved similar results. The findings of this study indicated that the image of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the intention to travel to that destination. Moon, Aziz, and Boji (2018) reached similar conclusions. The results showed that destination managers and marketers can increase tourists' motivation to recommend a trip to that destination by creating a good image of the destination. Conclusion This study aimed to evaluate the presentation of a theoretical model on the relationships of variables of perceived originality, conflict, source validity, cognitive and emotional image, tourist joy, and brand resonance recommendation of a destination and the characteristics of these variables with a focus on the destination image. The results of this study showed that the source's perceived originality, involvement, and credibility have a positive and significant effect on cognitive and emotional images. Also, cognitive and emotional imagery affect the destination image. The findings showed that the destination image affects the intention of the visit and the intention of the recommendation. In fact, people who travel from a destination closer to their country of origin or region and feel close to the local people and their norms, or through the vast amount of information they obtain through the media and friends or relatives, travel to those destinations. In addition, creating positive images of the destination is due to positive interaction with the local community. Zhang et al. (2014) also concluded that the perception of the destination image can be influenced by political, ideological, religious, ethnic, and cultural issues. The findings of this study showed that emotional image has more effects on behavioral goals than cognitive image. This means that emotions affect the emotional image, contrary to the cognitive claim of the image. Gartner (1994) and Hudson, Ruth, Madden, and Hudson, 2015 achieved similar results. The findings of this study showed that the image of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the intention to travel to that destination. Moon, Aziz, and Boji (2018) reached similar conclusions, in line with the research findings showing that destination managers and marketers can increase tourists' intention to recommend by creating a good image of the destination. This study showed that focusing more on the emotional image dimension puts managers one step further in controlling behavioral goals because their feelings and emotions directly predict decisions about tourists. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstrac Introduction Historical tourism is one of the most important parts of tourism development, and many variables are effective in developing this type of tourism. The image of the destination is one of the determining factors in the tourist's joy of historical tourism. The image of the destination is considered a multidimensional and hybrid structure and follows the attitude pattern of three elements, including cognitive, emotional, and perceptual elements. Although some research considers the destination image as a two-dimensional structure (cognitive and emotional), some claim that tourism researchers have completely neglected the third dimension of the destination image, which has a useful meaning, over the past decades. The destination image was limited to studies of its perceptual or cognitive component. Now, travelers have concerns about their inexperience in destinations and want to find the most relevant information about their stay and destination before traveling. Providing reliable information for tourist destinations intended to facilitate the highest level of tourist experience and enjoyment leads to the tendency and encouragement of tourists to destination-oriented activities and experiences, including creating positive images of the destination, visiting the destination, shopping, and recommendations. Visiting the destination to others ultimately leads to joy and satisfaction that will lead to positive economic consequences for residents of historic cities. Visiting historic sites is one of the most popular activities among tourists. This justifies the favorable position of cultural heritage tourism among the fastest-growing tourism markets. However, less research has been done on the behavior of cultural heritage tourists. In 2014, approximately 40% of international tourists were identified as cultural heritage tourists based on their participation in cultural visits or activities. Culturally, they have been considered by marketing researchers. Methodology Since the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of validity and conflict of destination image of historical cities on the joy and resonance of tourists, in terms of purpose, it is applied, and in terms of research, the method is descriptive-survey and in data analysis using structural equation modeling has done. In order to test the hypotheses of the statistical community, tourists in Yazd from April 1 to late September 2019 have been selected. Morgan table was used to determine the number of research samples, and the statistical sample of this research was 384 people. In this study, the independent variables are perceived originality, conflict, and source credibility; the mediating variables are cognitive image, emotional image, and destination image; and the dependent variables are tourist joy and brand resonance recommendation, and 28 questions have been assigned to collect the necessary data. In inferential data analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and KMO test were used to determine the internal stability of the instrument. All statistical calculations of this study were performed using SPSS23 statistical software and analyses related to structural equation modeling using AMOS23 software, and the significance level of the whole test is P <0.05. Discussion and Results The findings of this study showed that the creation of positive images of the destination is due to positive interaction with the local community. Zhang et al. (2014) also concluded that the perception of the destination image can be influenced by political, ideological, religious, ethnic, and cultural issues. The findings of this study showed that emotional image has more effects on behavioral goals than cognitive image. This means that emotions, contrary to the cognitive claim of the image, have a more significant impact on the emotional image; Gartner (1994) and Hudson, Ruth, Madden, and Hudson (2015) achieved similar results. The findings of this study indicated that the image of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the intention to travel to that destination. Moon, Aziz, and Boji (2018) reached similar conclusions. The results showed that destination managers and marketers can increase tourists' motivation to recommend a trip to that destination by creating a good image of the destination. Conclusion This study aimed to evaluate the presentation of a theoretical model on the relationships of variables of perceived originality, conflict, source validity, cognitive and emotional image, tourist joy, and brand resonance recommendation of a destination and the characteristics of these variables with a focus on the destination image. The results of this study showed that the source's perceived originality, involvement, and credibility have a positive and significant effect on cognitive and emotional images. Also, cognitive and emotional imagery affect the destination image. The findings showed that the destination image affects the intention of the visit and the intention of the recommendation. In fact, people who travel from a destination closer to their country of origin or region and feel close to the local people and their norms, or through the vast amount of information they obtain through the media and friends or relatives, travel to those destinations. In addition, creating positive images of the destination is due to positive interaction with the local community. Zhang et al. (2014) also concluded that the perception of the destination image can be influenced by political, ideological, religious, ethnic, and cultural issues. The findings of this study showed that emotional image has more effects on behavioral goals than cognitive image. This means that emotions affect the emotional image, contrary to the cognitive claim of the image. Gartner (1994) and Hudson, Ruth, Madden, and Hudson, 2015 achieved similar results. The findings of this study showed that the image of the destination has a positive and significant effect on the intention to travel to that destination. Moon, Aziz, and Boji (2018) reached similar conclusions, in line with the research findings showing that destination managers and marketers can increase tourists' intention to recommend by creating a good image of the destination. This study showed that focusing more on the emotional image dimension puts managers one step further in controlling behavioral goals because their feelings and emotions directly predict decisions about tourists. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_88535_7995db04a7f8c40f32ef7b2c14828ba5.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Identification and analysis of the most important economic and social impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on tourism sample areas (case study: Sarab Ravansar, Kermanshah province) Identification and analysis of the most important economic and social impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on tourism sample areas (case study: Sarab Ravansar, Kermanshah province) 79 95 90234 10.22059/jhgr.2022.349216.1008545 FA Davood Jamini Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0003-2061-4387 Ali Shamsoddini Department of Geography, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0001-9757-4331 Alireza Jamshidi Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. 0000-0002-3594-4365 Mohammadreza Ghaedi Department of Political Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0002-7303-5314 Journal Article 2022 09 30 Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic, the outbreak of which is attributed to Wuhan, China, has had severe effects worldwide on all industries, including the tourism industry. Sample tourism areas are one of the most important spaces that attract tourists and travelers in our country, which are established and managed by the non-governmental sector in order to provide services to tourists. The administrations of 50 exemplary tourism regions, Kermanshah province, as one of the potential provinces, are active in attracting tourists and providing services to them. It is one of the typical tourist areas of Kermanshah province, Sarab Ravansar, which is situated on Mount Shaho due to its beautiful landscape. Also, being in the vicinity of the central communication axis between cities, and a short distance from the border bazaar, this city, welcomes many tourists and travelers throughout the year. During the pandemic, the significant effects of Covid-19 have been accepted by the activists located in the area of this tourist attraction, like other tourist spots. Examining it can, while clarifying the dimensions of the impact of the pandemic on tourism activists, provide the necessary background and platform for future planning in the face of similar crises. Therefore, the central question of the current research is: -What are the most important socio-economic effects of Covid-19 on the active beneficiaries in the sample tourism area of Sarab Ravansar? Methodology In terms of approach, the current research is a quantitative study based on the objective of applied type, and in terms of nature, it is a part of descriptive-analytical studies. In this research, a library method has been exerted in theoretical foundations, and a survey method to collect information related to the studied society. The statistical population of this research includes all households in Ravansar city that engage in service-economic activities in Sarab Ravansar. In this study, to obtain a suitable sample and fit the study's objectives, the available simple random sampling method was used to determine the number of samples of the Cochrane relationship. The tool for collecting information in this research is a questionnaire that is taken from the studies of Rabiei and Tak Roostai (2020), Afzali and Zare Mehrjardi (2020), Askari Sawadjani et al. 2021, Pazukinejad et al. (2021) and in three parts, it includes questions about the personal and social characteristics of the respondents, including age, gender, education, occupation, etc. The second part includes items in the field of anxiety caused by Covid-19. The third part included items on economic effects, and the fourth part was also on the social effects of Covid-19 on tourism in the studied area. Related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used in this study for data analysis. Results and discussion Based on the results of the t statistic related to the studied indicators, it was observed that the extracted t coefficient was positive and significant for the indicators of concern about financial issues (t = 5.83), concern about closure, or disruption of activity. related things (t = 5.35), stress caused by thinking about Covid-19 (t = 7.9) and fear of being infected with Covid-19 (t = 3.48). This situation shows that the average of the mentioned indicators among the studied people is greater than the theoretical average (3). Also, the positivity of the two upper and lower limits related to the total index indicates the significance of the difference between the mean of the variable in question and the theoretical mean. On the other hand, based on the obtained results, considering the index of concern about the transmission of the virus to others (t = -3.32), the t coefficient was negative and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the theoretical mean (3) of the mean This index has been larger. In other words, as it was said in the first part, the studied people were not worried about the transmission of the virus by themselves to others. Based on the results obtained from the structural equation model, the variable of anxiety caused by Covid-19 has a significant effect on the variables in question, so that it has a significant effect on the economic (with an influence coefficient of 0.383) and social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). have been. Also, the variable of economic factors affected by the Covid-19 has also had a significant effect on social factors with a coefficient of 0.137. 1. Conclusion The social factors examined in this study include the three indicators of business, education and family domains. It showed that the initial results of the investigation of indicators related to social factors affected by Covid-19 were positive and significant, the t coefficient extracted for the indicators of the family domain (t = 4.96), the education domain (t = 3.06) and the business domain and work (t = 4.01). Based on this, it can be said that from the point of view of the studied people, Covid-19 had an effect on social indicators, and this was confirmed based on the structural model. So that the results of the model showed that the anxiety of Covid-19 (the effect of Covid-19) had a significant effect on social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). Although the effect of Covid-19 on social spheres such as economic issues is not clear and direct, and even in some studies it is mentioned that these effects are not well known, but the effects of Covid-19, which include the implementation of quarantine, distancing social issues and even anxiety from Covid-19 have caused the closure or partial closure of many jobs and businesses in the studied area, which has affected family and educational relationships and even social interactions due to their jobs. The result obtained in the field of social effects caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is consistent with the results of Imani Jajermi's study (2019), Abbas et al. (2021), Suliko et al. (2021), Sah et al. (2020). Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic, the outbreak of which is attributed to Wuhan, China, has had severe effects worldwide on all industries, including the tourism industry. Sample tourism areas are one of the most important spaces that attract tourists and travelers in our country, which are established and managed by the non-governmental sector in order to provide services to tourists. The administrations of 50 exemplary tourism regions, Kermanshah province, as one of the potential provinces, are active in attracting tourists and providing services to them. It is one of the typical tourist areas of Kermanshah province, Sarab Ravansar, which is situated on Mount Shaho due to its beautiful landscape. Also, being in the vicinity of the central communication axis between cities, and a short distance from the border bazaar, this city, welcomes many tourists and travelers throughout the year. During the pandemic, the significant effects of Covid-19 have been accepted by the activists located in the area of this tourist attraction, like other tourist spots. Examining it can, while clarifying the dimensions of the impact of the pandemic on tourism activists, provide the necessary background and platform for future planning in the face of similar crises. Therefore, the central question of the current research is: -What are the most important socio-economic effects of Covid-19 on the active beneficiaries in the sample tourism area of Sarab Ravansar? Methodology In terms of approach, the current research is a quantitative study based on the objective of applied type, and in terms of nature, it is a part of descriptive-analytical studies. In this research, a library method has been exerted in theoretical foundations, and a survey method to collect information related to the studied society. The statistical population of this research includes all households in Ravansar city that engage in service-economic activities in Sarab Ravansar. In this study, to obtain a suitable sample and fit the study's objectives, the available simple random sampling method was used to determine the number of samples of the Cochrane relationship. The tool for collecting information in this research is a questionnaire that is taken from the studies of Rabiei and Tak Roostai (2020), Afzali and Zare Mehrjardi (2020), Askari Sawadjani et al. 2021, Pazukinejad et al. (2021) and in three parts, it includes questions about the personal and social characteristics of the respondents, including age, gender, education, occupation, etc. The second part includes items in the field of anxiety caused by Covid-19. The third part included items on economic effects, and the fourth part was also on the social effects of Covid-19 on tourism in the studied area. Related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used in this study for data analysis. Results and discussion Based on the results of the t statistic related to the studied indicators, it was observed that the extracted t coefficient was positive and significant for the indicators of concern about financial issues (t = 5.83), concern about closure, or disruption of activity. related things (t = 5.35), stress caused by thinking about Covid-19 (t = 7.9) and fear of being infected with Covid-19 (t = 3.48). This situation shows that the average of the mentioned indicators among the studied people is greater than the theoretical average (3). Also, the positivity of the two upper and lower limits related to the total index indicates the significance of the difference between the mean of the variable in question and the theoretical mean. On the other hand, based on the obtained results, considering the index of concern about the transmission of the virus to others (t = -3.32), the t coefficient was negative and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the theoretical mean (3) of the mean This index has been larger. In other words, as it was said in the first part, the studied people were not worried about the transmission of the virus by themselves to others. Based on the results obtained from the structural equation model, the variable of anxiety caused by Covid-19 has a significant effect on the variables in question, so that it has a significant effect on the economic (with an influence coefficient of 0.383) and social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). have been. Also, the variable of economic factors affected by the Covid-19 has also had a significant effect on social factors with a coefficient of 0.137. 1. Conclusion The social factors examined in this study include the three indicators of business, education and family domains. It showed that the initial results of the investigation of indicators related to social factors affected by Covid-19 were positive and significant, the t coefficient extracted for the indicators of the family domain (t = 4.96), the education domain (t = 3.06) and the business domain and work (t = 4.01). Based on this, it can be said that from the point of view of the studied people, Covid-19 had an effect on social indicators, and this was confirmed based on the structural model. So that the results of the model showed that the anxiety of Covid-19 (the effect of Covid-19) had a significant effect on social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). Although the effect of Covid-19 on social spheres such as economic issues is not clear and direct, and even in some studies it is mentioned that these effects are not well known, but the effects of Covid-19, which include the implementation of quarantine, distancing social issues and even anxiety from Covid-19 have caused the closure or partial closure of many jobs and businesses in the studied area, which has affected family and educational relationships and even social interactions due to their jobs. The result obtained in the field of social effects caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is consistent with the results of Imani Jajermi's study (2019), Abbas et al. (2021), Suliko et al. (2021), Sah et al. (2020).

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_90234_d5d4b8c0aae499457c7320750efbf51d.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Investigation of quality of life indicators by Structural Equation Modeling in the city of Sarpol-e Zahab Investigation of quality of life indicators by Structural Equation Modeling in the city of Sarpol-e Zahab 97 110 90389 10.22059/jhgr.2022.319405.1008261 FA Mansour Rahmati Department of Geography and Urban and Rural Planning, Mohagheg Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-4413-5789 Shirin Ahmadi Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0003-0189-9575 Chnour Mohammadi Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0003-4953-4241 Journal Article 2021 02 27 Extended Abstract Introduction Today, studies of quality of life have mainly focused on the urban environment, and the quality of urban life and its study is of great necessity and importance. Urban areas are always faced with important issues such as social deprivation, unemployment, housing shortages, insecurity, etc., severely affecting the quality of urban life. Irregular physical growth of cities, changes in the socio-economic structure, traffic and pollution, quality of housing, the existence of parallel organizations in the management of urban centers, and the lack or improper distribution of recreational spaces have caused a decline in the quality of life in urban centers. Today, with the expansion of cities and increasing inequalities, studies of quality of life have become an important tool for planning and managing cities. For urban planners, managers, and policymakers, especially cities that shape the quality of life, the core of the planning process and policy decisions, Studying the quality of life is very important. Through identifying problem areas, discovering the causes of citizens’ dissatisfaction, social, economic, and environmental factors affecting the quality of life, citizens’ priorities in life, and monitoring and evaluating the efficiency of urban policies and strategies, these studies have made a significant contribution to the development of urban strategies and policies. Considering the importance of the issue of quality of life, the main goal of this research is to investigate the status of quality of life indicators using the structural equation model in Sarpol-Zahab city. Methodology The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population is the citizens of Sarpol-e Zahab city. According to the size of the population (N = 45481), 381 of these people were calculated using Cochran's formula and distributed by simple random sampling. The quality of urban life tool developed by Ebrahimzadeh asmin and Karbakhsh (2017) was used to collect information. This questionnaire consists of 29 questions and 5 components that were used to analyze the data using SPSS 25 software (Cronbach's alpha) and LISREL 8.8 (structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis). Sarpol-e Zahab city is one of the western cities of Kermanshah province. Sarpol-e Zahab city is located 177 km west of Kermanshah and its average altitude is 550 meters above sea level and is located at 45 degrees and 52 minutes east longitude and 34 degrees and 28 minutes north latitude and is the center of Sarpol-e Zahab city. According to the 2016 census, the city of Sarpol-e Zahab has a population of 45,481. Results and discussion In first-order confirmatory factor analysis models, the scores of each item in a variable reflect the status of that item in a more underlying factor that cannot be measured directly because it is hidden. Chi-square ( (, index chi-square to freedom)df (, comparative fit index (CFI), relative fit index (RFI), non-normalized fit index (NNFI), square root error Mean approximation (RMSEA) were exerted to estimate the model. Regarding CFI, RFI, and NFI indices, some researchers believe that the minimum acceptable value is 0.90, and values above 0.95 indicate excellent model fit. Also, for the RMSEA index, a value less than 080 indicates a good fit for the model. According to the findings, the significance of T-statistic related to each of the questions of the Urban Quality of Life Scale is higher, with a significance level of error is 1.96, and the relationship between structures is meaningful and confirmed. Conclusion The results show that in the environmental dimension, the most important factors are the feeling of calm (lack of noise pollution (visual, visual, etc.) and satisfaction with the level of clean air. In the social dimension, satisfaction with the sense of happiness and vitality in the place of residence and the level of interest are the most factors. In the economic dimension, the tendency to continue living if income increases and satisfaction with living costs (water, electricity, gas, telephone, and housing costs) have the most factor. In the physical dimension, satisfaction with the conditions of the residential unit (size, number of rooms, necessary equipment, etc.) and satisfaction with the quality of streets and pedestrian crossings (quality of coverage, width of passages, night lighting, etc.) and the highest factor load. Finally, in terms of urban management, they are satisfied with the services provided by the municipality (timely collection of garbage, sewage and construction waste and the highest factor. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, studies of quality of life have mainly focused on the urban environment, and the quality of urban life and its study is of great necessity and importance. Urban areas are always faced with important issues such as social deprivation, unemployment, housing shortages, insecurity, etc., severely affecting the quality of urban life. Irregular physical growth of cities, changes in the socio-economic structure, traffic and pollution, quality of housing, the existence of parallel organizations in the management of urban centers, and the lack or improper distribution of recreational spaces have caused a decline in the quality of life in urban centers. Today, with the expansion of cities and increasing inequalities, studies of quality of life have become an important tool for planning and managing cities. For urban planners, managers, and policymakers, especially cities that shape the quality of life, the core of the planning process and policy decisions, Studying the quality of life is very important. Through identifying problem areas, discovering the causes of citizens’ dissatisfaction, social, economic, and environmental factors affecting the quality of life, citizens’ priorities in life, and monitoring and evaluating the efficiency of urban policies and strategies, these studies have made a significant contribution to the development of urban strategies and policies. Considering the importance of the issue of quality of life, the main goal of this research is to investigate the status of quality of life indicators using the structural equation model in Sarpol-Zahab city. Methodology The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The statistical population is the citizens of Sarpol-e Zahab city. According to the size of the population (N = 45481), 381 of these people were calculated using Cochran's formula and distributed by simple random sampling. The quality of urban life tool developed by Ebrahimzadeh asmin and Karbakhsh (2017) was used to collect information. This questionnaire consists of 29 questions and 5 components that were used to analyze the data using SPSS 25 software (Cronbach's alpha) and LISREL 8.8 (structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis). Sarpol-e Zahab city is one of the western cities of Kermanshah province. Sarpol-e Zahab city is located 177 km west of Kermanshah and its average altitude is 550 meters above sea level and is located at 45 degrees and 52 minutes east longitude and 34 degrees and 28 minutes north latitude and is the center of Sarpol-e Zahab city. According to the 2016 census, the city of Sarpol-e Zahab has a population of 45,481. Results and discussion In first-order confirmatory factor analysis models, the scores of each item in a variable reflect the status of that item in a more underlying factor that cannot be measured directly because it is hidden. Chi-square ( (, index chi-square to freedom)df (, comparative fit index (CFI), relative fit index (RFI), non-normalized fit index (NNFI), square root error Mean approximation (RMSEA) were exerted to estimate the model. Regarding CFI, RFI, and NFI indices, some researchers believe that the minimum acceptable value is 0.90, and values above 0.95 indicate excellent model fit. Also, for the RMSEA index, a value less than 080 indicates a good fit for the model. According to the findings, the significance of T-statistic related to each of the questions of the Urban Quality of Life Scale is higher, with a significance level of error is 1.96, and the relationship between structures is meaningful and confirmed. Conclusion The results show that in the environmental dimension, the most important factors are the feeling of calm (lack of noise pollution (visual, visual, etc.) and satisfaction with the level of clean air. In the social dimension, satisfaction with the sense of happiness and vitality in the place of residence and the level of interest are the most factors. In the economic dimension, the tendency to continue living if income increases and satisfaction with living costs (water, electricity, gas, telephone, and housing costs) have the most factor. In the physical dimension, satisfaction with the conditions of the residential unit (size, number of rooms, necessary equipment, etc.) and satisfaction with the quality of streets and pedestrian crossings (quality of coverage, width of passages, night lighting, etc.) and the highest factor load. Finally, in terms of urban management, they are satisfied with the services provided by the municipality (timely collection of garbage, sewage and construction waste and the highest factor. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_90389_669490a186208145eac0c58b09157066.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Identifying key factors influencing the future of hydropolitical relations in the Kura-Aras catchment Identifying key factors influencing the future of hydropolitical relations in the Kura-Aras catchment 111 132 91016 10.22059/jhgr.2023.341329.1008478 FA Morad Delalat Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Khwarazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran M Kavyani Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Khwarazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-8329-8444 Journal Article 2022 04 09 Extended Abstract Introduction The world's freshwater resources, including waterways, aquifers, lakes, and rivers, play a key role in the economic development and well-being of humanity and contribute to the world's biodiversity on a large scale. Many of these resources are shared between two or more countries and are linked by a complex network of environmental, political, economic, and security dependencies. With 286 common international basins, 151 countries comprise more than 2.8 billion people (about 42% of the world's population) in 62 million square kilometers (42% of the total land). They have to work together to exploit common water resources. There have always been differences between upstream and downstream governments in obtaining their rights to non-shipping uses of international joint water resources. Kora-Aras river basin is one of the main basins of the South Caucasus with an area of 110190 square kilometers, 65% of which is located in the South Caucasus countries: 31.5% in the Republic of Azerbaijan, 18.2% in Georgia, 15.7% in Armenia, 19.5% in Iran and 15.1% in Turkey, for the cooperation of two or more nations and countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the future status of hydro-political relations between the countries of the Kura-Aras catchment area and the extent to which it is possible to identify the main drivers and consider alternative futures in the short, short, medium and long term. This study investigates the importance of sensitive conditions in the hydro-political relations of the Kura-Aras catchment countries based on these key drivers. Therefore, in order to answer this question, what are the most important and key factors influencing the future of Kura-Aras hydro-political relations in this article? Methodology The types of applied research and data collection methods are documentary, library method using the opinion of experts, data analysis method using Mick Mac futures research software, and cross-matrix analysis method. Results and discussion Based on the Delphi method mentioned, 32 variables in 4 areas as factors affecting the future of explaining the hydro-political relations of the Kora-Aras catchment countries on Iran's environmental security were identified and then analyzed by interaction / structural effects with Mic Mac software to extract the main factors influencing the explanation. The hydro-political relations of the Kura-Aras catchment countries were studied and analyzed. According to the software results, the degree of filling of the matrix is 96.77734%, which shows that the selected factors have a large and scattered effect on each other. In fact, the system has been in a state of instability. Out of a total of 991 measurable relationships in this matrix of 33 relationships, their number was zero, meaning that the factors did not affect or were not affected by each other. For 249 relationships, the number was one, meaning they had little effect on each other; for 466 relationships, the number was 2, which means that they had a relatively strong effective relationship; for 276 relationships, the number 3, which means that the relationships of critical factors have been very high and have been very influential. On the other hand, the matrix based on statistical indicators with 2 times of data rotation has 100% usefulness and optimization, indicating the questionnaire's high validity and answers. Then, for the general analysis of the system environment, and finally, for identifying the drivers, the vital effective factors, the impact plan, and the variability of the variables were examined, as well as the ranking and displacement of the variables. Among the 32 factors studied in the study, 15 main factors were selected as critical factors to explain the hydro-political relations between the countries of Kora-Aras catchments on Iran's environmental security, which have a high impact and the least impact that these factors are shown in the table. Eventually, Mic Mac 11 software provided the main and key drivers for compiling and narrating the explanation of hydro-political relations between the countries of the Kura-Aras catchments, which included. Conclusion Water has always played an important role in the world system's geopolitics and countries' foreign policy as a key element in human life. The crisis caused by water scarcity and the lack of sustainable management of water resources, joint watersheds between countries, and political, economic, social, and environmental interdependence on water resources has given a special place to this vital substance in the relations of human communities. Based on Hafeznia's definition, water hydro-politics or geopolitics studies the role of water in the relations and conflicts of human communities and nations and governments, whether within or between countries or transnational, regional, global, and international dimensions. The common water resources in all five coastal countries of the Kora-Aras Basin are associated with shortcomings. Northwest of Iran is one of the most prosperous agricultural regions whose livestock and agricultural products seriously ensure food security. Therefore, the occurrence of any event that leads to the reduction of water resources, especially in the field of agriculture and environmental security, in general, in addition to regional and national security, threatens the events of the last decade and a half, such as climate change and increasing water needs. Intensification of tensions in hydro-political relations has led to the intensification of the Kura-Aras border rivers, which will be intensified according to the available data in the future if the scientific methods as well as solving legal problems using active diplomacy in foreign relations. It should not be done properly, and the water upstream in Turkey and Armenia should be used more than this. In the future, the northwestern provinces of Iran (West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil) and the provinces of Gilan, and especially the Caspian Sea, will be in severe hydro-politics straits. This issue directly impacts the security of these provinces, and as a cloud problem, national and regional problems will appear. Funding Ministry of energy and Iran national science foundation. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction The world's freshwater resources, including waterways, aquifers, lakes, and rivers, play a key role in the economic development and well-being of humanity and contribute to the world's biodiversity on a large scale. Many of these resources are shared between two or more countries and are linked by a complex network of environmental, political, economic, and security dependencies. With 286 common international basins, 151 countries comprise more than 2.8 billion people (about 42% of the world's population) in 62 million square kilometers (42% of the total land). They have to work together to exploit common water resources. There have always been differences between upstream and downstream governments in obtaining their rights to non-shipping uses of international joint water resources. Kora-Aras river basin is one of the main basins of the South Caucasus with an area of 110190 square kilometers, 65% of which is located in the South Caucasus countries: 31.5% in the Republic of Azerbaijan, 18.2% in Georgia, 15.7% in Armenia, 19.5% in Iran and 15.1% in Turkey, for the cooperation of two or more nations and countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the future status of hydro-political relations between the countries of the Kura-Aras catchment area and the extent to which it is possible to identify the main drivers and consider alternative futures in the short, short, medium and long term. This study investigates the importance of sensitive conditions in the hydro-political relations of the Kura-Aras catchment countries based on these key drivers. Therefore, in order to answer this question, what are the most important and key factors influencing the future of Kura-Aras hydro-political relations in this article? Methodology The types of applied research and data collection methods are documentary, library method using the opinion of experts, data analysis method using Mick Mac futures research software, and cross-matrix analysis method. Results and discussion Based on the Delphi method mentioned, 32 variables in 4 areas as factors affecting the future of explaining the hydro-political relations of the Kora-Aras catchment countries on Iran's environmental security were identified and then analyzed by interaction / structural effects with Mic Mac software to extract the main factors influencing the explanation. The hydro-political relations of the Kura-Aras catchment countries were studied and analyzed. According to the software results, the degree of filling of the matrix is 96.77734%, which shows that the selected factors have a large and scattered effect on each other. In fact, the system has been in a state of instability. Out of a total of 991 measurable relationships in this matrix of 33 relationships, their number was zero, meaning that the factors did not affect or were not affected by each other. For 249 relationships, the number was one, meaning they had little effect on each other; for 466 relationships, the number was 2, which means that they had a relatively strong effective relationship; for 276 relationships, the number 3, which means that the relationships of critical factors have been very high and have been very influential. On the other hand, the matrix based on statistical indicators with 2 times of data rotation has 100% usefulness and optimization, indicating the questionnaire's high validity and answers. Then, for the general analysis of the system environment, and finally, for identifying the drivers, the vital effective factors, the impact plan, and the variability of the variables were examined, as well as the ranking and displacement of the variables. Among the 32 factors studied in the study, 15 main factors were selected as critical factors to explain the hydro-political relations between the countries of Kora-Aras catchments on Iran's environmental security, which have a high impact and the least impact that these factors are shown in the table. Eventually, Mic Mac 11 software provided the main and key drivers for compiling and narrating the explanation of hydro-political relations between the countries of the Kura-Aras catchments, which included. Conclusion Water has always played an important role in the world system's geopolitics and countries' foreign policy as a key element in human life. The crisis caused by water scarcity and the lack of sustainable management of water resources, joint watersheds between countries, and political, economic, social, and environmental interdependence on water resources has given a special place to this vital substance in the relations of human communities. Based on Hafeznia's definition, water hydro-politics or geopolitics studies the role of water in the relations and conflicts of human communities and nations and governments, whether within or between countries or transnational, regional, global, and international dimensions. The common water resources in all five coastal countries of the Kora-Aras Basin are associated with shortcomings. Northwest of Iran is one of the most prosperous agricultural regions whose livestock and agricultural products seriously ensure food security. Therefore, the occurrence of any event that leads to the reduction of water resources, especially in the field of agriculture and environmental security, in general, in addition to regional and national security, threatens the events of the last decade and a half, such as climate change and increasing water needs. Intensification of tensions in hydro-political relations has led to the intensification of the Kura-Aras border rivers, which will be intensified according to the available data in the future if the scientific methods as well as solving legal problems using active diplomacy in foreign relations. It should not be done properly, and the water upstream in Turkey and Armenia should be used more than this. In the future, the northwestern provinces of Iran (West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil) and the provinces of Gilan, and especially the Caspian Sea, will be in severe hydro-politics straits. This issue directly impacts the security of these provinces, and as a cloud problem, national and regional problems will appear. Funding Ministry of energy and Iran national science foundation. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_91016_40904977cf52ea45385de4c0ba50357e.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 An analysis of the migration of cities to the center of the province; Causes and trends (Case study: West Azerbaijan province) An analysis of the migration of cities to the center of the province; Causes and trends (Case study: West Azerbaijan province) 133 150 91098 10.22059/jhgr.2023.333456.1008409 FA Alireza Ahmadi Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran 0000-0002-7807-7687 Ali Savari Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Farhangian University, Alborz, Iran Journal Article 2021 11 04 Extended Abstract Introduction Forecasts indicate a significant increase in population in urban centers. Larger urban centers and metropolitan areas, such as magnets, often attract this population through various forms of migration. This growing flood of migration to large cities, which is usually faster and more intense in third-world countries, creates many problems at the source and destination, including the need for more urban and public services in the destination and the shortage and loss. One of the main destinations of immigrants from villages and small towns is to move to the city center of the province, a big city that acts as a metropolis in the region. One of the provinces in Iran where such migration flows are observed is the West Azerbaijan province, where research on the trends and reasons for the migration of its cities to the center of the province seems necessary. In this research, the following questions have been answered: What has been the process of emigration to the province's center during the period of 85-90 and 90-95? Spatial distribution of migratory data on which of the following spatial distribution patterns was consistent? What factors affect the emigration of the city population to the center of the province? Methodology The present study is a descriptive-analytical research with an applied approach. The data used from library resources such as statistical yearbooks of the province were extracted from the Statistics Center of Iran, and in their analysis, spatial statistics and inferential statistics were used. Spatial statistics analysis is performed in the ArcGIS software environment. In this regard, first, the immigration رده‌بندی maps of the cities were drawn according to the statistics published by the National Statistics Organization in the two periods of 85-90 and 90-95. Data analysis was performed in two parts: trends and causes of migration. Regarding the migration process of cities to the center of the province, first, by Moran spatial autocorrelation statistics, the type of spatial distribution of migration data was investigated and hot spots of migration were identified by using hot spot analysis. Then, the factors affecting the migration of cities to the center of the province in the form of independent variables were modeled using geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis. Results and discussion Salmas city, with 3776 people, had the highest, and Takab city, with 333 people, had the lowest number of emigrants to the center of the province. The rate of emigration from other cities was between these two cities. According to the value obtained for the Moran index, which is positive and significant, the migration data of cities have spatial autocorrelation and cluster spatial distribution pattern and are not randomized or scattered. Hot spot analysis was used to identify places with high-value clustering or hot spots. The results showed that in the period of 90-95, high amounts of emigration in Khoy and Salmas counties had formed hot spots. However, the correlated t-test showed no statistically significant changes in the rate of emigration in the mentioned period. The variables considered and related to the theoretical foundations and research background in the form of geographically weighted regression analysis have been affected by the dependent variable, the migration rate to the province's center. In this regard, five variables of population density, distance of origin and destination, the number of urban services, the urbanization coefficient at the origin, and the number of job applicants at the origin entered the regression model. The model's results were evaluated with goodness of fit (GOF) indicators. The value of R2 for the whole model is 0.773438, and the value of Local R2, for other complications (cities), varies from 0.772427 to 0.773186, which is close to the value of 1, and in general, shows the goodness of the regression model. The regression model has been able to explain about 65% of the changes in the dependent variable. In the next step, by performing Moran autocorrelation analysis on the residual values of the regression model, the residual spatial distribution pattern was investigated; the value of Z obtained for the residual distribution is negative, and no cluster distribution is observed in the residuals, and the residues follow the pattern of random spatial distribution. The effect of each variable on the dependent variable of the migrant was evaluated; the effect of the population density variable in the northern cities of the province was more than in the southern cities of the province. The effect of the origin and destination distance variable is more evident in the south and southeast of the province than in the north. Changes in the effect of the variable number of job applicants at the origin, from northwest to southeast of the province, have an increasing trend. The effect of the urbanization coefficient variable at the origin from north to south of the province shows a decreasing trend. Contrary to the effect of the variable of having urban services at the origin, the trend is increasing from the north of the province to the south and southeast of the province. . Conclusion In this section, the main research questions were answered. Migrant data has a clustered distribution pattern. The trend of migration of cities to the center of the province during the periods of 90-85 and 90-95, in general, does not show statistically significant changes. Regarding the causes of migration to the center of the province, it can be said that the five variables of population density, a distance of origin and destination, level of urban services, urbanization coefficient at the origin and the number of job applicants at the origin, explain 65% of the dependent variable changes. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Forecasts indicate a significant increase in population in urban centers. Larger urban centers and metropolitan areas, such as magnets, often attract this population through various forms of migration. This growing flood of migration to large cities, which is usually faster and more intense in third-world countries, creates many problems at the source and destination, including the need for more urban and public services in the destination and the shortage and loss. One of the main destinations of immigrants from villages and small towns is to move to the city center of the province, a big city that acts as a metropolis in the region. One of the provinces in Iran where such migration flows are observed is the West Azerbaijan province, where research on the trends and reasons for the migration of its cities to the center of the province seems necessary. In this research, the following questions have been answered: What has been the process of emigration to the province's center during the period of 85-90 and 90-95? Spatial distribution of migratory data on which of the following spatial distribution patterns was consistent? What factors affect the emigration of the city population to the center of the province? Methodology The present study is a descriptive-analytical research with an applied approach. The data used from library resources such as statistical yearbooks of the province were extracted from the Statistics Center of Iran, and in their analysis, spatial statistics and inferential statistics were used. Spatial statistics analysis is performed in the ArcGIS software environment. In this regard, first, the immigration رده‌بندی maps of the cities were drawn according to the statistics published by the National Statistics Organization in the two periods of 85-90 and 90-95. Data analysis was performed in two parts: trends and causes of migration. Regarding the migration process of cities to the center of the province, first, by Moran spatial autocorrelation statistics, the type of spatial distribution of migration data was investigated and hot spots of migration were identified by using hot spot analysis. Then, the factors affecting the migration of cities to the center of the province in the form of independent variables were modeled using geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis. Results and discussion Salmas city, with 3776 people, had the highest, and Takab city, with 333 people, had the lowest number of emigrants to the center of the province. The rate of emigration from other cities was between these two cities. According to the value obtained for the Moran index, which is positive and significant, the migration data of cities have spatial autocorrelation and cluster spatial distribution pattern and are not randomized or scattered. Hot spot analysis was used to identify places with high-value clustering or hot spots. The results showed that in the period of 90-95, high amounts of emigration in Khoy and Salmas counties had formed hot spots. However, the correlated t-test showed no statistically significant changes in the rate of emigration in the mentioned period. The variables considered and related to the theoretical foundations and research background in the form of geographically weighted regression analysis have been affected by the dependent variable, the migration rate to the province's center. In this regard, five variables of population density, distance of origin and destination, the number of urban services, the urbanization coefficient at the origin, and the number of job applicants at the origin entered the regression model. The model's results were evaluated with goodness of fit (GOF) indicators. The value of R2 for the whole model is 0.773438, and the value of Local R2, for other complications (cities), varies from 0.772427 to 0.773186, which is close to the value of 1, and in general, shows the goodness of the regression model. The regression model has been able to explain about 65% of the changes in the dependent variable. In the next step, by performing Moran autocorrelation analysis on the residual values of the regression model, the residual spatial distribution pattern was investigated; the value of Z obtained for the residual distribution is negative, and no cluster distribution is observed in the residuals, and the residues follow the pattern of random spatial distribution. The effect of each variable on the dependent variable of the migrant was evaluated; the effect of the population density variable in the northern cities of the province was more than in the southern cities of the province. The effect of the origin and destination distance variable is more evident in the south and southeast of the province than in the north. Changes in the effect of the variable number of job applicants at the origin, from northwest to southeast of the province, have an increasing trend. The effect of the urbanization coefficient variable at the origin from north to south of the province shows a decreasing trend. Contrary to the effect of the variable of having urban services at the origin, the trend is increasing from the north of the province to the south and southeast of the province. . Conclusion In this section, the main research questions were answered. Migrant data has a clustered distribution pattern. The trend of migration of cities to the center of the province during the periods of 90-85 and 90-95, in general, does not show statistically significant changes. Regarding the causes of migration to the center of the province, it can be said that the five variables of population density, a distance of origin and destination, level of urban services, urbanization coefficient at the origin and the number of job applicants at the origin, explain 65% of the dependent variable changes. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_91098_8242c7987a5b3b965e3f88c421359e86.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Nationalism Construction in Iran's Political Geography Based on Governmentality Concept in the First Pahlavi Era Nationalism Construction in Iran's Political Geography Based on Governmentality Concept in the First Pahlavi Era 151 165 91138 10.22059/jhgr.2023.320909.1008274 FA Ehsan Lashgari Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Journal Article 2021 03 19 Extended Abstract Introduction The concept of governmentality was first proposed by Michel Foucault in 1978; it involves studying techniques, processes, and approaches in which governments control all aspects of citizens' lives. In the context of this cognitive approach, socio-political discourse creates the political dimension of space at a certain point in history. In this regard, one of the important themes in the concept of governmentality framework is understanding how governance discourses' role constructs the nationalism components. In other words, nationalism can be reconstructed at any point in time by historical political discourses. In fact, national identity construction is a discourse process product; more precisely, it is part of discourse conflicts. Thus, national identity is not merely a natural aspect but an artificial phenomenon created over time by political power. So, it is established as a collective memory and has the potential for disintegrating. Thus, in defining Iranian identity, different governments, according to their attitudes, have highlighted and emphasized one or more elements of Iranian identity. This study seeks to represent the elements of nationalism discourse in the political sovereignty functioning for the construction of the political geography of Iran in the first Pahlavi era. Methodology This article has attempted to rely on interpretive methods and use the theoretical theme of discourse governmentality to explain how to build a national identity in the first Pahlavi era and its consequences in the political geography of Iran. In this regard, in the first stage, the concept of nationalism was defined in the framework of Foucault's view based on theoretical documents. Results and discussion Discourse analysis of national identity construction indicates that national identity construction in the first Pahlavi era was organized based on the ancient Iranian nationalism discourse for the solidarity of ethnic groups and social classes. In other words, this discourse highlighted ancient Iran's history of seeking to arouse patriotic motives in different tribes and ethnicities. In this regard, promoting historical buildings, naming many places and public symbols based on the names of ancient Iran, allocating financial resources to discover ancient monuments, establishing institutions such as historical museums, and inserting symbols of Zoroastrianism and the ancient kingdoms of Iran in the buildings of this period by the government paved the way for the further development of Iranian identity in the light of the ancient monarchy. At the same time, part of nationalism articulation was based on the relationship made against "other" concerning geopolitical conflict components. From the middle of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century, with the emergence of British and Russian colonial rivalries in Southwest Asia and its destructive effect on the independence and territorial integrity of Iran, the creation of national solidarity discourses in Iran was based on the conflict with these hostile empires. Thus, in the first Pahlavi period, the discourse of becoming an undisputed military power became one of the cohesive tools of national identity. In fact, this reading of nationalism differs from its conceptual context in the Western tradition and is linked to independence and anti-colonialism as a ruling discourse. Hence, suspicion of colonial powers in the first Pahlavi era was used to form a large army to counter foreign conspiracies and build national solidarity. This discourse for building national identity was often used, reading ancient Iran's historical myths, texts, and inscriptions to confirm the righteous king's characteristics. Iran's inhabitants have been heterogeneous groups of different racial, linguistic, and religious ethnicities. Especially with the emergence of nationalism and nation-state thought after the first Pahlavi, the issue of coexistence and how to manage ethnic diversity politically became important. Political thought in Iran historically has used the concept of a charismatic king to solve this problem. In this view, the basis of the monarchy's legitimacy is the king's spiritual relationship with God and the only factor that can shape spatial justice. From another point of view, charismatic leadership was the only factor that could establish spatial justice between different ethnic groups and social classes. The first Pahlavi tried to use this discourse to create a spatial adaptation of the nation and territory and to stabilize the construction of Iran's political geography. In the Pahlavi era, nationalism was defined primarily as centered around the charismatic leadership of the Shah. In other words, the exclusive function of the charismatic leader was introduced as one of the essential factors of national solidarity in this period. This issue was reflected in Shah's preference for the homeland in the slogan "God, King, Homeland." This notion gave such legitimacy to political power that introduced it as the only factor in creating national solidarity, and any political competition with him was considered illegitimate. Conclusion Before the modern government, in the political view of landowners and tribal leaders of Iran, there was not much familiarity with a human structure called the nation. Also, in this period, due to a lack of political parties and civil institutions independent from the ruling monarchy, the government found an increasing place to construct a national identity. In this regard, the narrative of ancient Iran became the discourse of the government to build the national identity. Furthermore, in this discourse, part of the need for social solidarity is met by explaining the unique role of charismatic political leaders. This discourse justifies the charismatic king's authoritarianism to provide political legitimacy for building national identity in Iran's political geography. In this regard, in the first Pahlavi era, measures were taken to achieve this goal, such as the disarmament of nomads, promotion of national education, compulsory military service, and uniformed clothing. In the first Pahlavi discourse, hereditary monarchy, the idea of divine selection of kings, and the protection of borders and alienation from geopolitical enemies became the basis of Iranian identity. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction The concept of governmentality was first proposed by Michel Foucault in 1978; it involves studying techniques, processes, and approaches in which governments control all aspects of citizens' lives. In the context of this cognitive approach, socio-political discourse creates the political dimension of space at a certain point in history. In this regard, one of the important themes in the concept of governmentality framework is understanding how governance discourses' role constructs the nationalism components. In other words, nationalism can be reconstructed at any point in time by historical political discourses. In fact, national identity construction is a discourse process product; more precisely, it is part of discourse conflicts. Thus, national identity is not merely a natural aspect but an artificial phenomenon created over time by political power. So, it is established as a collective memory and has the potential for disintegrating. Thus, in defining Iranian identity, different governments, according to their attitudes, have highlighted and emphasized one or more elements of Iranian identity. This study seeks to represent the elements of nationalism discourse in the political sovereignty functioning for the construction of the political geography of Iran in the first Pahlavi era. Methodology This article has attempted to rely on interpretive methods and use the theoretical theme of discourse governmentality to explain how to build a national identity in the first Pahlavi era and its consequences in the political geography of Iran. In this regard, in the first stage, the concept of nationalism was defined in the framework of Foucault's view based on theoretical documents. Results and discussion Discourse analysis of national identity construction indicates that national identity construction in the first Pahlavi era was organized based on the ancient Iranian nationalism discourse for the solidarity of ethnic groups and social classes. In other words, this discourse highlighted ancient Iran's history of seeking to arouse patriotic motives in different tribes and ethnicities. In this regard, promoting historical buildings, naming many places and public symbols based on the names of ancient Iran, allocating financial resources to discover ancient monuments, establishing institutions such as historical museums, and inserting symbols of Zoroastrianism and the ancient kingdoms of Iran in the buildings of this period by the government paved the way for the further development of Iranian identity in the light of the ancient monarchy. At the same time, part of nationalism articulation was based on the relationship made against "other" concerning geopolitical conflict components. From the middle of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century, with the emergence of British and Russian colonial rivalries in Southwest Asia and its destructive effect on the independence and territorial integrity of Iran, the creation of national solidarity discourses in Iran was based on the conflict with these hostile empires. Thus, in the first Pahlavi period, the discourse of becoming an undisputed military power became one of the cohesive tools of national identity. In fact, this reading of nationalism differs from its conceptual context in the Western tradition and is linked to independence and anti-colonialism as a ruling discourse. Hence, suspicion of colonial powers in the first Pahlavi era was used to form a large army to counter foreign conspiracies and build national solidarity. This discourse for building national identity was often used, reading ancient Iran's historical myths, texts, and inscriptions to confirm the righteous king's characteristics. Iran's inhabitants have been heterogeneous groups of different racial, linguistic, and religious ethnicities. Especially with the emergence of nationalism and nation-state thought after the first Pahlavi, the issue of coexistence and how to manage ethnic diversity politically became important. Political thought in Iran historically has used the concept of a charismatic king to solve this problem. In this view, the basis of the monarchy's legitimacy is the king's spiritual relationship with God and the only factor that can shape spatial justice. From another point of view, charismatic leadership was the only factor that could establish spatial justice between different ethnic groups and social classes. The first Pahlavi tried to use this discourse to create a spatial adaptation of the nation and territory and to stabilize the construction of Iran's political geography. In the Pahlavi era, nationalism was defined primarily as centered around the charismatic leadership of the Shah. In other words, the exclusive function of the charismatic leader was introduced as one of the essential factors of national solidarity in this period. This issue was reflected in Shah's preference for the homeland in the slogan "God, King, Homeland." This notion gave such legitimacy to political power that introduced it as the only factor in creating national solidarity, and any political competition with him was considered illegitimate. Conclusion Before the modern government, in the political view of landowners and tribal leaders of Iran, there was not much familiarity with a human structure called the nation. Also, in this period, due to a lack of political parties and civil institutions independent from the ruling monarchy, the government found an increasing place to construct a national identity. In this regard, the narrative of ancient Iran became the discourse of the government to build the national identity. Furthermore, in this discourse, part of the need for social solidarity is met by explaining the unique role of charismatic political leaders. This discourse justifies the charismatic king's authoritarianism to provide political legitimacy for building national identity in Iran's political geography. In this regard, in the first Pahlavi era, measures were taken to achieve this goal, such as the disarmament of nomads, promotion of national education, compulsory military service, and uniformed clothing. In the first Pahlavi discourse, hereditary monarchy, the idea of divine selection of kings, and the protection of borders and alienation from geopolitical enemies became the basis of Iranian identity. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_91138_8117abd932c8d4d26881eef4f8dbdb32.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Investigating the effects of globalization on changing the cultural lifestyle of villagers (Case study: villages of Southern Lilan district, Malekan County) Investigating the effects of globalization on changing the cultural lifestyle of villagers (Case study: villages of Southern Lilan district, Malekan County) 167 181 91420 10.22059/jhgr.2023.330213.1008375 FA Sajedeh Dinparast Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Saeid Nasire Zare Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. 0000-0003-3709-9289 Aboulghasem Taghizadfanid Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-2015-8852 Journal Article 2021 09 06 Extended Abstract Introduction Globalization is the dominant force that changes the economy and rural communities at the beginning of the 21st century. It has been a pervasive influence in changing the shape of rural areas, which simultaneously brings challenges and opportunities for rural development. Rural places have undergone different changes due to globalization in the last few decades. Concerning rural areas, as can be seen, these areas in the world are different and have their characteristics and structures. Therefore, the capacity of these regions to shape their future in the context of globalization will also be different. Villages as places on a local scale with their own identity, culture, way of living, and living spaces are becoming increasingly global. These villages worldwide are subject to severe changes and highly dependent on social and economic processes. In relation to this topic, today, globalization as a comprehensive phenomenon has many effects on the lifestyle of rural areas, which can be investigated, analyzed, and diagnosed from different aspects. But one of the most tangible aspects of the effects of globalization is the change in the lifestyle of the villagers in various economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects of the villages. Methodology Research in the quantitative part tries to investigate the effects of globalization on the changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents of the rural areas of the Southern Lian District. To achieve this goal, he uses statistical methods and tests. On the other hand, from the point of view of research classification based on the purpose, it is of applied type; because it seeks to apply theories, laws, principles, and techniques formulated in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, the research is quasi-experimental because, due to the post-event nature of the research, it is impossible to control the variables completely. The information collected in the research was based on two library and field methods. In the library method, a review of the research background and literature was considered, and in the field method, the questionnaire created by the researcher was considered. According to the variables of the research and also the method of analysis, the questionnaire was prepared in the form of open and closed questions and also included spectrums in the form of a Likert scale in the nominal and rank measurement scale and in some aspects, an interval, and was given to the participants. In connection with the information gathering tool (questionnaire), to ensure the similarity of the questions taken from previous research with the research variables and to reveal the face validity of these indicators and their similarity with the villages of the study area, academic experts in the field of rural planning were investigated. After receiving their opinions, the required parts of the questionnaire were revised, and a number of unimportant questions were removed. Cronbach's alpha test was used to check the research questionnaire data's reliability. Therefore, a sample of 30 questionnaires was first distributed to the target population, and according to Cronbach's alpha value, the final revision of the questionnaire was made and distributed to the relevant sample. Finally, for the present study, the value of Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was 0.748, which has an acceptable level. Results and Discussion In the research, 372 participants cooperated in answering the questionnaire questions. In order to select these samples, considering the issue's importance, we tried to evaluate the standards by all groups of rural society as much as possible while randomly selecting the samples; because the changes in the dimensions of the research will be different from the point of view of the studied community. Residents of rural areas feel significant changes in rural environments compared to the past, considering the dimensions of social lifestyle. In investigating these changes in the four dimensions of model- driven, language change, consumerism, and the sense of belonging to the village, and using the method of statistical tests, we try to investigate these changes. The selection of parametric and non-parametric statistical tests for analysis is different depending on the assumptions of each one. For this selection, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was exerted to check the normality of the data. Based on the standard coefficients, the relative importance of each of the independent variables in explaining and predicting the dependent variable has been revealed. According to the results, the components of model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging play a prominent role in explaining and predicting lifestyle changes in the villages of the study area, respectively. In this, the model-driven variable is the most important because one change in this index's standard deviation causes the dependent variable's standard deviation (Lifestyle) to change by 0.740. At the same time, a unit change in the standard deviation of other dimensions will result in changes of 0.737, 0.529, 0.450, 0.439, and 0.350, respectively, in the dependent variable dimensions. Conclusion Now, the future of rural spaces is facing more complex issues than before, one of which is the phenomenon of globalization and changes in cultural lifestyles in these areas. The phenomenon of globalization has put different changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents in rural areas, and it has focused and examined the aspects of globalization in four dimensions, model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging. These dimensions were the totality of the research, whose interpretation was considered in the cultural lifestyle change. The studied rural areas, like other areas, are often engaged in agricultural activities due to natural conditions. These activities are also seen in the residential context of rural areas, and most rural spaces are dedicated to these activities. According to the research findings, the studied rural areas feel great changes in the rural environment from different aspects compared to the past, which is significantly related to the effects of globalization. The research results indicate that the most changes and effects of globalization have been on model-driven components and the change of the local language and dialect of the residents in the studied rural areas. In the indicators of language change, as it is known, residents have less tendency to use local dialects due to globalization, and most of the residents use non-local expressions and terms in their dialect. In general, the research results show that the changes in the cultural lifestyle among rural areas are in the transition from tradition to modernity. Therefore, the research shows the attention and preservation of rural values along with the changes in cultural lifestyle in the studied rural areas. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Globalization is the dominant force that changes the economy and rural communities at the beginning of the 21st century. It has been a pervasive influence in changing the shape of rural areas, which simultaneously brings challenges and opportunities for rural development. Rural places have undergone different changes due to globalization in the last few decades. Concerning rural areas, as can be seen, these areas in the world are different and have their characteristics and structures. Therefore, the capacity of these regions to shape their future in the context of globalization will also be different. Villages as places on a local scale with their own identity, culture, way of living, and living spaces are becoming increasingly global. These villages worldwide are subject to severe changes and highly dependent on social and economic processes. In relation to this topic, today, globalization as a comprehensive phenomenon has many effects on the lifestyle of rural areas, which can be investigated, analyzed, and diagnosed from different aspects. But one of the most tangible aspects of the effects of globalization is the change in the lifestyle of the villagers in various economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects of the villages. Methodology Research in the quantitative part tries to investigate the effects of globalization on the changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents of the rural areas of the Southern Lian District. To achieve this goal, he uses statistical methods and tests. On the other hand, from the point of view of research classification based on the purpose, it is of applied type; because it seeks to apply theories, laws, principles, and techniques formulated in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, the research is quasi-experimental because, due to the post-event nature of the research, it is impossible to control the variables completely. The information collected in the research was based on two library and field methods. In the library method, a review of the research background and literature was considered, and in the field method, the questionnaire created by the researcher was considered. According to the variables of the research and also the method of analysis, the questionnaire was prepared in the form of open and closed questions and also included spectrums in the form of a Likert scale in the nominal and rank measurement scale and in some aspects, an interval, and was given to the participants. In connection with the information gathering tool (questionnaire), to ensure the similarity of the questions taken from previous research with the research variables and to reveal the face validity of these indicators and their similarity with the villages of the study area, academic experts in the field of rural planning were investigated. After receiving their opinions, the required parts of the questionnaire were revised, and a number of unimportant questions were removed. Cronbach's alpha test was used to check the research questionnaire data's reliability. Therefore, a sample of 30 questionnaires was first distributed to the target population, and according to Cronbach's alpha value, the final revision of the questionnaire was made and distributed to the relevant sample. Finally, for the present study, the value of Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was 0.748, which has an acceptable level. Results and Discussion In the research, 372 participants cooperated in answering the questionnaire questions. In order to select these samples, considering the issue's importance, we tried to evaluate the standards by all groups of rural society as much as possible while randomly selecting the samples; because the changes in the dimensions of the research will be different from the point of view of the studied community. Residents of rural areas feel significant changes in rural environments compared to the past, considering the dimensions of social lifestyle. In investigating these changes in the four dimensions of model- driven, language change, consumerism, and the sense of belonging to the village, and using the method of statistical tests, we try to investigate these changes. The selection of parametric and non-parametric statistical tests for analysis is different depending on the assumptions of each one. For this selection, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was exerted to check the normality of the data. Based on the standard coefficients, the relative importance of each of the independent variables in explaining and predicting the dependent variable has been revealed. According to the results, the components of model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging play a prominent role in explaining and predicting lifestyle changes in the villages of the study area, respectively. In this, the model-driven variable is the most important because one change in this index's standard deviation causes the dependent variable's standard deviation (Lifestyle) to change by 0.740. At the same time, a unit change in the standard deviation of other dimensions will result in changes of 0.737, 0.529, 0.450, 0.439, and 0.350, respectively, in the dependent variable dimensions. Conclusion Now, the future of rural spaces is facing more complex issues than before, one of which is the phenomenon of globalization and changes in cultural lifestyles in these areas. The phenomenon of globalization has put different changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents in rural areas, and it has focused and examined the aspects of globalization in four dimensions, model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging. These dimensions were the totality of the research, whose interpretation was considered in the cultural lifestyle change. The studied rural areas, like other areas, are often engaged in agricultural activities due to natural conditions. These activities are also seen in the residential context of rural areas, and most rural spaces are dedicated to these activities. According to the research findings, the studied rural areas feel great changes in the rural environment from different aspects compared to the past, which is significantly related to the effects of globalization. The research results indicate that the most changes and effects of globalization have been on model-driven components and the change of the local language and dialect of the residents in the studied rural areas. In the indicators of language change, as it is known, residents have less tendency to use local dialects due to globalization, and most of the residents use non-local expressions and terms in their dialect. In general, the research results show that the changes in the cultural lifestyle among rural areas are in the transition from tradition to modernity. Therefore, the research shows the attention and preservation of rural values along with the changes in cultural lifestyle in the studied rural areas. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_91420_a86341b682d45feff004c03be85dd966.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Comparative evaluation of models for measuring farmer's capabilities (ecological model and model based on land use) Comparative evaluation of models for measuring farmer's capabilities (ecological model and model based on land use) 183 197 92049 10.22059/jhgr.2023.352656.1008571 FA Hamid Nikeghball Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8570-0254 Hasan Ahmadi Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-7216-8262 Hamidreza Saremi Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1688-8062 Hamid Eftekhari Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0003-6670-9581 Journal Article 2022 12 25 Extended Abstract Introduction The agricultural sector is one of the main pillars of a country's economy to such an extent that in the vision document, the very heavy task of food security and helping to preserve the environment is assigned to the agricultural sector. Most of the conducted research has considered natural factors to measure agricultural qualities; in this research, an attempt was made to measure agricultural capabilities with two ecological models, such as measuring agricultural capabilities with natural qualities and a land preparation model with a view more comprehensive. In addition to natural criteria, it also considers human characteristics. For this reason, by using models of land use, which consists of measuring the power of a region or region, or in other words, the land, along with paying attention to the population living in the region, to reach a balance, the capabilities of any part of the earth can be measured, and anywhere on the earth is proportional to the capabilities of the land natural and human-provided facilities. After the era of hunting and barbarism, the early man thought of a better life outside the hunting era, where he could continue his life without the troubles and dangers of the hunting era. It was there that they started agriculture by planting in the early era. The first period has passed primitive agriculture, the same as traditional agriculture. Due to the small number of early humans and less use of such a capability, the issue of land development should have been considered. Gradually, with the increase in human population, more and more limited lands were cultivated. On the one hand, numerous hectares were under construction, and on the other hand, the importance of paying attention to these limited-quality lands has increased. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, one of the deprived provinces, rely on an agriculture-based economy and are no exception. Evaluation of the ecological potential means that the land in question is capable of what type of use, such as agriculture, forestry, residential, industrial, etc. Considering the world's increasing population and the increasing pressure on land resources, it requires using technology such as geographic information systems as one of the analytical models to help identify areas in the most suitable sustainable agricultural production communities for food supply, according to environmentalists. Methodology The study area is Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. According to the census of Statistical Centre in 2013 has an area of 15,504.073 square kilometers, seven cities, a population of 658,629 people, and an average annual growth rate of 0.76%. The research is of an applied type, the method of collecting library information and referring to Statistical Center's website and to Itis different organizations. In terms of practical nature, the method is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose; firstly, based on the criteria of the Makhdoom model, natural factors such as slope, direction, water level, climate, depth, texture, fertility, soil structure, and human factors that the authors of the model definition. The opinion placed in the geographic information system environment of the agricultural situation of the province has been evaluated. Finally, two models have been evaluated in ARDES software. Results and discussion In this research, an attempt was made to measure the agricultural capabilities of the province with an ecological model, which consists of measuring the agricultural capabilities only with natural criteria, and a model based on land use, which has a more comprehensive view. In addition to natural criteria, it also includes human criteria. The method of collecting library information and referring to different institutions, in terms of practical nature, is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose. To measure the agricultural capability of the province based on the ecological model, only natural criteria slope percentage, slope direction, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and weather, according to Mr. Makhdoom model in the geographic system environment is combined and after betting, the final map of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province is divided into seven layers; and the next stage is the agricultural capability of the province, based on the land use model, natural criteria include the percentage of slope, the direction of slope, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and weather and human criteria include roads access, population, unemployment, poverty, protected areas, and rural areas are combined after evaluation by experts in this field in the environment of the geographic information system, and after betting, they are divided into three categories. Conclusion The agricultural potential of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province has been evaluated based on the criteria of the Makhdoom model, natural factors such as slope, direction, water level, rain, climate, depth, texture, fertility, soil drainage using the ecological power model, and the next stage is the agricultural capability of the province based on land use model, natural criteria include the percentage of slope, direction of slope, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and climate and human criteria: access roads, population, unemployment, poverty protected areas, and rural areas are combined after evaluation by experts in this field in the geographic information system environment. Using ARDES software and adapting the maps made, considering the existing situation of Google Earth, the results indicate that the assessment of the agricultural capabilities of the province based on the land use model (which number is 87.62 according to the 400 points that have been determined) lead to more realistic results than the ecological model which is 73.58 according to the 400 points that have been specified. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction The agricultural sector is one of the main pillars of a country's economy to such an extent that in the vision document, the very heavy task of food security and helping to preserve the environment is assigned to the agricultural sector. Most of the conducted research has considered natural factors to measure agricultural qualities; in this research, an attempt was made to measure agricultural capabilities with two ecological models, such as measuring agricultural capabilities with natural qualities and a land preparation model with a view more comprehensive. In addition to natural criteria, it also considers human characteristics. For this reason, by using models of land use, which consists of measuring the power of a region or region, or in other words, the land, along with paying attention to the population living in the region, to reach a balance, the capabilities of any part of the earth can be measured, and anywhere on the earth is proportional to the capabilities of the land natural and human-provided facilities. After the era of hunting and barbarism, the early man thought of a better life outside the hunting era, where he could continue his life without the troubles and dangers of the hunting era. It was there that they started agriculture by planting in the early era. The first period has passed primitive agriculture, the same as traditional agriculture. Due to the small number of early humans and less use of such a capability, the issue of land development should have been considered. Gradually, with the increase in human population, more and more limited lands were cultivated. On the one hand, numerous hectares were under construction, and on the other hand, the importance of paying attention to these limited-quality lands has increased. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, one of the deprived provinces, rely on an agriculture-based economy and are no exception. Evaluation of the ecological potential means that the land in question is capable of what type of use, such as agriculture, forestry, residential, industrial, etc. Considering the world's increasing population and the increasing pressure on land resources, it requires using technology such as geographic information systems as one of the analytical models to help identify areas in the most suitable sustainable agricultural production communities for food supply, according to environmentalists. Methodology The study area is Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. According to the census of Statistical Centre in 2013 has an area of 15,504.073 square kilometers, seven cities, a population of 658,629 people, and an average annual growth rate of 0.76%. The research is of an applied type, the method of collecting library information and referring to Statistical Center's website and to Itis different organizations. In terms of practical nature, the method is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose; firstly, based on the criteria of the Makhdoom model, natural factors such as slope, direction, water level, climate, depth, texture, fertility, soil structure, and human factors that the authors of the model definition. The opinion placed in the geographic information system environment of the agricultural situation of the province has been evaluated. Finally, two models have been evaluated in ARDES software. Results and discussion In this research, an attempt was made to measure the agricultural capabilities of the province with an ecological model, which consists of measuring the agricultural capabilities only with natural criteria, and a model based on land use, which has a more comprehensive view. In addition to natural criteria, it also includes human criteria. The method of collecting library information and referring to different institutions, in terms of practical nature, is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose. To measure the agricultural capability of the province based on the ecological model, only natural criteria slope percentage, slope direction, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and weather, according to Mr. Makhdoom model in the geographic system environment is combined and after betting, the final map of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province is divided into seven layers; and the next stage is the agricultural capability of the province, based on the land use model, natural criteria include the percentage of slope, the direction of slope, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and weather and human criteria include roads access, population, unemployment, poverty, protected areas, and rural areas are combined after evaluation by experts in this field in the environment of the geographic information system, and after betting, they are divided into three categories. Conclusion The agricultural potential of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province has been evaluated based on the criteria of the Makhdoom model, natural factors such as slope, direction, water level, rain, climate, depth, texture, fertility, soil drainage using the ecological power model, and the next stage is the agricultural capability of the province based on land use model, natural criteria include the percentage of slope, direction of slope, soil (depth, texture, fertility, erosion, drainage), amount of water, rain, and climate and human criteria: access roads, population, unemployment, poverty protected areas, and rural areas are combined after evaluation by experts in this field in the geographic information system environment. Using ARDES software and adapting the maps made, considering the existing situation of Google Earth, the results indicate that the assessment of the agricultural capabilities of the province based on the land use model (which number is 87.62 according to the 400 points that have been determined) lead to more realistic results than the ecological model which is 73.58 according to the 400 points that have been specified. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_92049_d84358073ba6187c67526af74f858e99.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 The effects of social capital on the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and sustainable rural livability in the central district of Jiroft County The effects of social capital on the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and sustainable rural livability in the central district of Jiroft County 199 213 92059 10.22059/jhgr.2023.336372.1008433 FA Naser Shafiei Sabet Department of Human Geography and spatial planning, Earth science Faculty, shah-id Beheshti university 0000-0003-3444-6652 Fatemeh Karimi Marezi Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University. Tehran Journal Article 2021 12 29 Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, the sustainable viability of rural areas is greatly influenced by the social capital of the villagers. In other words, improving the dimensions and indicators of social capital provides the basis for achieving life facilities in line with sustainable rural livability. Social capital is one of the fundamental pillars for the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and as a capacity to improve sustainable rural living, which creates the ground for the constructive participation of villagers. In other words, social capital plays an important role in the participation of villagers in developing economic plans for rural settlements. For this reason, social capital is considered a solution in rural areas to solve economic difficulties, which is effective in the participation of villagers in the process of economic development of villages. Therefore, the value and necessity of the subject require us to get a deeper scientific understanding of the effect of social capital and the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and sustainable rural livability in the study area. Methodology The current research is quantitative in terms of its practical purpose, in terms of the method of carrying out survey research, and in terms of the nature of the data. In this research, the effective and effective indicators of the research were analyzed based on the hypothesis and the conceptual framework using a descriptive-analytical method. Also, the method of data collection was library and field methods. The statistical population of the research includes the number of 178 inhabited villages in the central part of Jiroft city based on the results of the census of Iran Statistics Center in 2016. To determine the random sample size, 30 villages were randomly selected to fill out the questionnaire at the village level. It should be mentioned that based on the "central limit theorem," the number of samples larger and equal to 30 from each community will be sufficient due to the normality of the distribution. Thus, the sample size calculated for random sample households based on the "Cochran" formula with a confidence level of 95%, a pre-estimated variance of 0.25 (0.5*0.5), and a desired probability accuracy of 5%, the number of 352 households was calculated. The quorum was not found to complete the questionnaire since the number of sample questionnaires in several villages, according to the method, compared to the size of the households in the villages. Therefore, the number of random sample household questionnaires was increased to 400 households. Also, AMOS software was used to analyze the questions to enter the model and the structures. The measurement of the research indicators was in the form of Likert Scale options ranging from 1 very low to 5 very high. Results and discussion The research results revealed that among the indicators of social capital, the index of social cohesion had the lowest average of 2.83, and social organization, with a value of 3.42, had the highest average. The average indicators of participation of villagers in the development of economic plans are equal to 2.85. Among the dimensions of sustainable rural livability, the economic dimension has the lowest average, 3.15, and the environmental-ecological dimension has the highest average, 3.59. In addition, the findings of the communication model of the research showed that the fit of the coefficients of the social capital path had an effect of 1.39 on the participation in the development of economic plans and on sustainable rural livability by 0.54. Based on this, the findings revealed that the path coefficient of the variables has a good fit. Thus, social capital can positively affect the villagers' participation in the development of economic projects. Conclusion The literature and research findings revealed that social capital is an important factor for participation in the development of rural economy plans. In such a way, the formation of social groups by official organizations such as agricultural jihad and semi-official organizations such as Barkat Foundation and the like has effectively expanded the network, social relations, and social trust among the villagers. The result is increased social participation and participation in economic projects in the studied villages. Therefore, the improvement of the dimensions of social capital has led to the participation of villagers in the plans and programs of economic development of rural settlements. This has resulted in the improvement of environmental-ecological, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable livability in the studied area. In general, it can be said that although the improvement of social capital indicators in the studied area has led to the participation of villagers in the development of various agricultural and non-agricultural economic projects, the local administration must provide clear training and awareness in the field of development of various rural economic plans and gain social trust to create the ground for their participation in such plans and in order to improve the dimensions of livability. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, the sustainable viability of rural areas is greatly influenced by the social capital of the villagers. In other words, improving the dimensions and indicators of social capital provides the basis for achieving life facilities in line with sustainable rural livability. Social capital is one of the fundamental pillars for the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and as a capacity to improve sustainable rural living, which creates the ground for the constructive participation of villagers. In other words, social capital plays an important role in the participation of villagers in developing economic plans for rural settlements. For this reason, social capital is considered a solution in rural areas to solve economic difficulties, which is effective in the participation of villagers in the process of economic development of villages. Therefore, the value and necessity of the subject require us to get a deeper scientific understanding of the effect of social capital and the participation of villagers in the development of economic plans and sustainable rural livability in the study area. Methodology The current research is quantitative in terms of its practical purpose, in terms of the method of carrying out survey research, and in terms of the nature of the data. In this research, the effective and effective indicators of the research were analyzed based on the hypothesis and the conceptual framework using a descriptive-analytical method. Also, the method of data collection was library and field methods. The statistical population of the research includes the number of 178 inhabited villages in the central part of Jiroft city based on the results of the census of Iran Statistics Center in 2016. To determine the random sample size, 30 villages were randomly selected to fill out the questionnaire at the village level. It should be mentioned that based on the "central limit theorem," the number of samples larger and equal to 30 from each community will be sufficient due to the normality of the distribution. Thus, the sample size calculated for random sample households based on the "Cochran" formula with a confidence level of 95%, a pre-estimated variance of 0.25 (0.5*0.5), and a desired probability accuracy of 5%, the number of 352 households was calculated. The quorum was not found to complete the questionnaire since the number of sample questionnaires in several villages, according to the method, compared to the size of the households in the villages. Therefore, the number of random sample household questionnaires was increased to 400 households. Also, AMOS software was used to analyze the questions to enter the model and the structures. The measurement of the research indicators was in the form of Likert Scale options ranging from 1 very low to 5 very high. Results and discussion The research results revealed that among the indicators of social capital, the index of social cohesion had the lowest average of 2.83, and social organization, with a value of 3.42, had the highest average. The average indicators of participation of villagers in the development of economic plans are equal to 2.85. Among the dimensions of sustainable rural livability, the economic dimension has the lowest average, 3.15, and the environmental-ecological dimension has the highest average, 3.59. In addition, the findings of the communication model of the research showed that the fit of the coefficients of the social capital path had an effect of 1.39 on the participation in the development of economic plans and on sustainable rural livability by 0.54. Based on this, the findings revealed that the path coefficient of the variables has a good fit. Thus, social capital can positively affect the villagers' participation in the development of economic projects. Conclusion The literature and research findings revealed that social capital is an important factor for participation in the development of rural economy plans. In such a way, the formation of social groups by official organizations such as agricultural jihad and semi-official organizations such as Barkat Foundation and the like has effectively expanded the network, social relations, and social trust among the villagers. The result is increased social participation and participation in economic projects in the studied villages. Therefore, the improvement of the dimensions of social capital has led to the participation of villagers in the plans and programs of economic development of rural settlements. This has resulted in the improvement of environmental-ecological, social, and economic dimensions of sustainable livability in the studied area. In general, it can be said that although the improvement of social capital indicators in the studied area has led to the participation of villagers in the development of various agricultural and non-agricultural economic projects, the local administration must provide clear training and awareness in the field of development of various rural economic plans and gain social trust to create the ground for their participation in such plans and in order to improve the dimensions of livability. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_92059_3f2866d4d4a0d43b97f20ec8de9513f5.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Identification of drivers and effective actors in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city Identification of drivers and effective actors in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city 215 232 92057 10.22059/jhgr.2023.340550.1008470 FA Hossein Kazemi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0001-6592-0682 Jamal Mohammadi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0001-6642-4680 Journal Article 2022 04 11 Extended Abstract Introduction In order to become a world power, every country needs to dominate the economy and communication ways in order to expand its sphere of influence in the world through production and export. Iranian civilization in the pre-Islamic period and in the flourishing era of Islamic civilization was the superior power of the Middle East by dominating land and sea routes. In this period, the most important land transit route in the world until the 15th century was the Silk Road, which, due to the high volume of transportation, was the basis for the emergence and development of cities and connected the big cities of that time to each other and caused their globalization. you will The most important of these cities in this period were Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv, Nishapur, Ray, Tabriz, Trabuzan and Baghdad, which with the decline of Eastern civilization and the rise of Western civilization, due to the position of Western countries and the differences between Islamic countries and the West, sea routes were developed. And the land routes and the cities on the way became less developed, so that today more than 80% of world trade is done through sea transportation and this type of transportation is based on The main is the global economy and of course, most of the global cities and the world's first level cities (Tokyo, London and New York) are located on the coast of the oceans. This trend shows that the flow of urban capital from the central regions of the continents has been directed to the peripheral regions of the continents, and this has strengthened the countries with a sea-based economy, and the large and old cities of the Middle East have suffered the most from this change in direction Methodology The current research, with a future-research approach, identifies the most important factors affecting the transformation of Isfahan into an Islamic global city and identifies key players in this field. This research is practical in terms of purpose, and according to the components under investigation, the governing approach is descriptive-analytical. Environmental scanning and Delphi techniques have been used to identify variables and indicators, and structural analysis has been used in MicMac software and Mactor model for data analysis. In scenario-based studies, the expertise and knowledge of experts has been preferred over the general quantity. And the desired sample size should not be less than 25 people. In this research, in order to consciously select the participants, the purposeful sampling method has been used. The statistical population of this research is 50 expert experts in the field of urban issues, including municipal experts, doctoral students and university professors, cultural heritage and tourism experts, stock exchange experts, and engineers of Consulting Engineers. In this research, in order to maintain the validity of the questionnaire, all the items that measure the research variables (the same factors that are effective in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city) were used from the previous research items that were conducted under the supervision of experienced professors. Also, the opinions of professors and experts of this subject were also used during the interviews to compile the appropriate items for the research topic. Also, the reliability coefficient that enables the validity of the results of these questionnaires to generalize to the statistical community was obtained through Cronbach's alpha test and SPSS software, and the reliabilities of all of them were confirmed. In the last stage of this research, the key players have been identified through Mactor software Results and discussion In this research, firstly, with a future research approach, the identification and analysis of the factors influencing the emergence of Isfahan city as a world-class city, then in the next stage, according to the key factors, the key players who play a role in realizing the policies of Isfahan's transformation to the The Islamic global city has been identified using the Mactor model and the level of competitiveness and competence of these actors has been investigated. For this purpose, in order to identify the factors influencing Isfahan city as a global-Islamic city, two techniques of environmental scanning and Delphi have been used. The results of this stage include 51 primary indicators. Based on the results of 16 main variables including GDP growth rate, urban market dynamics, variety of goods and competitiveness of goods prices, hosting of large international companies (top 500 global companies), urban population, number of direct international flights, number of large hotels, The number of foreign visitors, the diversity of energy production, the attraction capacity of tourist sites, being located on the main transportation routes, the government's low involvement in the market and market supervision, the establishment of international banks, the existence of international stock exchanges, the number of universities Superiority and the amount of foreign direct investment were obtained as the key drivers effective in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic city. Conclusion The purpose of this research is to identify the effective key drivers and rank the main institutions and organizations in upgrading the city of Isfahan to an Islamic global city. Therefore, among the 51 main variables, 16 main variables include the rate of growth of the GDP, the dynamics of the urban market, the variety of goods and the competitiveness of the prices of goods, the hosting of large international companies (top 500 global companies), the amount of urban population, the number of direct international flights. the number of large hotels, the number of foreign visitors, the diversity of energy production, the attraction capacity of tourist sites, being located on the main transportation routes, the government's low involvement in the market and carrying out market supervision, the establishment of international banks, the existence of stock exchanges international, the number of top universities and the amount of foreign direct investment were found as the key drivers effective in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city. Therefore, among the 6 main actors among the institutions of internal influence, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and the Ministry of Economy are the most contributors to the foundation and Chinese context of transforming Iran's cities into Islamic cities Funding Based on the research findings, the number of 16 key drivers in transforming the city of Isfahan into an Islamic global city was obtained. Also, based on the findings obtained from the first part and the results obtained from the opinion of the experts, 6 main actors were identified, the most influential actors in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city are the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development at 29% and the Ministry of Economy and The Ministry of Science is 15%. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction In order to become a world power, every country needs to dominate the economy and communication ways in order to expand its sphere of influence in the world through production and export. Iranian civilization in the pre-Islamic period and in the flourishing era of Islamic civilization was the superior power of the Middle East by dominating land and sea routes. In this period, the most important land transit route in the world until the 15th century was the Silk Road, which, due to the high volume of transportation, was the basis for the emergence and development of cities and connected the big cities of that time to each other and caused their globalization. you will The most important of these cities in this period were Samarkand, Bukhara, Merv, Nishapur, Ray, Tabriz, Trabuzan and Baghdad, which with the decline of Eastern civilization and the rise of Western civilization, due to the position of Western countries and the differences between Islamic countries and the West, sea routes were developed. And the land routes and the cities on the way became less developed, so that today more than 80% of world trade is done through sea transportation and this type of transportation is based on The main is the global economy and of course, most of the global cities and the world's first level cities (Tokyo, London and New York) are located on the coast of the oceans. This trend shows that the flow of urban capital from the central regions of the continents has been directed to the peripheral regions of the continents, and this has strengthened the countries with a sea-based economy, and the large and old cities of the Middle East have suffered the most from this change in direction Methodology The current research, with a future-research approach, identifies the most important factors affecting the transformation of Isfahan into an Islamic global city and identifies key players in this field. This research is practical in terms of purpose, and according to the components under investigation, the governing approach is descriptive-analytical. Environmental scanning and Delphi techniques have been used to identify variables and indicators, and structural analysis has been used in MicMac software and Mactor model for data analysis. In scenario-based studies, the expertise and knowledge of experts has been preferred over the general quantity. And the desired sample size should not be less than 25 people. In this research, in order to consciously select the participants, the purposeful sampling method has been used. The statistical population of this research is 50 expert experts in the field of urban issues, including municipal experts, doctoral students and university professors, cultural heritage and tourism experts, stock exchange experts, and engineers of Consulting Engineers. In this research, in order to maintain the validity of the questionnaire, all the items that measure the research variables (the same factors that are effective in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city) were used from the previous research items that were conducted under the supervision of experienced professors. Also, the opinions of professors and experts of this subject were also used during the interviews to compile the appropriate items for the research topic. Also, the reliability coefficient that enables the validity of the results of these questionnaires to generalize to the statistical community was obtained through Cronbach's alpha test and SPSS software, and the reliabilities of all of them were confirmed. In the last stage of this research, the key players have been identified through Mactor software Results and discussion In this research, firstly, with a future research approach, the identification and analysis of the factors influencing the emergence of Isfahan city as a world-class city, then in the next stage, according to the key factors, the key players who play a role in realizing the policies of Isfahan's transformation to the The Islamic global city has been identified using the Mactor model and the level of competitiveness and competence of these actors has been investigated. For this purpose, in order to identify the factors influencing Isfahan city as a global-Islamic city, two techniques of environmental scanning and Delphi have been used. The results of this stage include 51 primary indicators. Based on the results of 16 main variables including GDP growth rate, urban market dynamics, variety of goods and competitiveness of goods prices, hosting of large international companies (top 500 global companies), urban population, number of direct international flights, number of large hotels, The number of foreign visitors, the diversity of energy production, the attraction capacity of tourist sites, being located on the main transportation routes, the government's low involvement in the market and market supervision, the establishment of international banks, the existence of international stock exchanges, the number of universities Superiority and the amount of foreign direct investment were obtained as the key drivers effective in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic city. Conclusion The purpose of this research is to identify the effective key drivers and rank the main institutions and organizations in upgrading the city of Isfahan to an Islamic global city. Therefore, among the 51 main variables, 16 main variables include the rate of growth of the GDP, the dynamics of the urban market, the variety of goods and the competitiveness of the prices of goods, the hosting of large international companies (top 500 global companies), the amount of urban population, the number of direct international flights. the number of large hotels, the number of foreign visitors, the diversity of energy production, the attraction capacity of tourist sites, being located on the main transportation routes, the government's low involvement in the market and carrying out market supervision, the establishment of international banks, the existence of stock exchanges international, the number of top universities and the amount of foreign direct investment were found as the key drivers effective in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city. Therefore, among the 6 main actors among the institutions of internal influence, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and the Ministry of Economy are the most contributors to the foundation and Chinese context of transforming Iran's cities into Islamic cities Funding Based on the research findings, the number of 16 key drivers in transforming the city of Isfahan into an Islamic global city was obtained. Also, based on the findings obtained from the first part and the results obtained from the opinion of the experts, 6 main actors were identified, the most influential actors in transforming Isfahan into an Islamic global city are the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development at 29% and the Ministry of Economy and The Ministry of Science is 15%. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_92057_105b30a21e4167f11111e160d86dc5e3.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Outflow of Financial Capital from the Agricultural Sector of Villages (Case: Dehgolan County, Iran) Analysis of Factors Affecting the Outflow of Financial Capital from the Agricultural Sector of Villages (Case: Dehgolan County, Iran) 233 253 92058 10.22059/jhgr.2023.351762.1008569 FA Hamid Jalalian Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Hassan Mohammadi Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Hamed Ghadermarzi Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Khwarazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 11 28 Extended Abstract Introduction Villages have traditionally been identified and sustained with agricultural activities and have become the source of capital production. A type of capital whose role has been neglected in rural development is the accumulation of financial capital produced from the agricultural sector of villages and transferred to urban areas in various ways and forms and spent there. The withdrawal of income from the production of agricultural products reduces cash for investment in agriculture and the rural economy. At the same time, it can be the basis for increasing agricultural productivity and creating a platform for improving rural development indicators. In Dehgolan county in Kurdistan province, a kind of capital outflow from villages to big cities has formed, along with other factors, has caused the economic instability of villages. Despite the high income, adequate financial capital, and rich resources, these villages have not been able to use this opportunity to improve their development indicators, and the incomes from work and agricultural production are transferred out of the village economy cycle and transferred to the cities. The present research has analyzed the causes and factors of capital outflow from the villages to the cities and its effects and consequences on the local economy in the villages of Dehgolan county. Methodology This research is descriptive-analytical research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method. The methodological approach of the research is based on the comparative method. The statistical population of this research is 105 villages of Dehgolan county, which are located in five districts. The sample community is 15 villages selected using the stratified probability sampling method. The investigated samples were determined at the level of all villages based on the multi-stage cluster method with proportional assignment method from the respondents, and 340 farmer households (out of 2997 households in the sample villages) were considered the sample size based on Cochran's formula. The necessary data were obtained using a researcher-made questionnaire. Experts approved the content and face validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha test was used to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Correlation Coefficient test in SPSS software, and Structural Equation Modeling in Smart PLS software were used for inferential data analysis. Results and discussion The current research has been carried out in line with research related to rural-urban links, with the difference that it has examined the relationship and effectiveness of each institutional-management, social, and economic factors with capital outflow from the villages and its transfer to the cities. In the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the significance level of the test for all variables is less than 0.05. This means that the data distribution of these variables was abnormal. Thus, the non-parametric test of Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between variables. In the Spearman correlation coefficient test, the significance level of the test between all research variables was less than 0.05. So, all the studied variables have a significant positive and direct correlation. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability of the variables show that the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability is acceptable for all research structures. According to the results of the structural models seen in the second-order confirmatory factor analysis model, institutional-management factors with a factor load of 0.315, social factors with a factor load of 0.309, and economic factors with a factor load of 0.124, respectively, are the highest. According to farmers, they have the least impact on capital outflow from the villages. Therefore, the development and support policies of the government as an influential factor in the villages can lead to social and economic development by strengthening the villages' infrastructure and increasing the villagers' motivation to keep their capital in the village by guaranteeing economic security. Accordingly, the uncertain economic outlook for rural capitalists will be a justifiable reason for them to prefer to invest in a more secure environment (in the city). Conclusion Capital outflow is a phenomenon with institutional-management, economic, and social roots; if it flows from rural areas to cities, it will intensify the inequality and instability of villages. Based on this research, the most important institutional-management factors that affect the capital outflow from the village, which in the main of them are the weakness of the government sector's support and policies from other sectors (private, cooperative, and small operators) for investment in the village, the lack and weakness of the government's investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.). Also, the most important economic factors from the point of view of the activists of the agricultural sector in the villages are income generation and ensuring the return of capital, areas of investment in the city (land and housing, industries, banks, etc.), investment efficiency in the urban economy, employment security and activity in the urban economy. The benefit of investing in the city compared to the countryside and the flexibility of capital in the city can be mentioned. Among the most important social factors (aligned and related to economic reasons) are the motivation to invest in the urban economy (due to profitability and capital efficiency, return on investment, government support, etc.), well-being, and a sense of psychological and social security. Investing in the city is pointed out. Based on the results of this research, some suggestions are presented as follows: - Increasing government investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.); - Applying incentive policies for villagers to invest in different sectors of the rural economy (for example, tourism, information and communication technology, etc.) and activating local managers and giving them more powers; - Giving investment motivation and economic security to the target groups (major farmers), such as reducing taxes in case of keeping capital and circulating it in the cycle of the rural economy. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Villages have traditionally been identified and sustained with agricultural activities and have become the source of capital production. A type of capital whose role has been neglected in rural development is the accumulation of financial capital produced from the agricultural sector of villages and transferred to urban areas in various ways and forms and spent there. The withdrawal of income from the production of agricultural products reduces cash for investment in agriculture and the rural economy. At the same time, it can be the basis for increasing agricultural productivity and creating a platform for improving rural development indicators. In Dehgolan county in Kurdistan province, a kind of capital outflow from villages to big cities has formed, along with other factors, has caused the economic instability of villages. Despite the high income, adequate financial capital, and rich resources, these villages have not been able to use this opportunity to improve their development indicators, and the incomes from work and agricultural production are transferred out of the village economy cycle and transferred to the cities. The present research has analyzed the causes and factors of capital outflow from the villages to the cities and its effects and consequences on the local economy in the villages of Dehgolan county. Methodology This research is descriptive-analytical research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method. The methodological approach of the research is based on the comparative method. The statistical population of this research is 105 villages of Dehgolan county, which are located in five districts. The sample community is 15 villages selected using the stratified probability sampling method. The investigated samples were determined at the level of all villages based on the multi-stage cluster method with proportional assignment method from the respondents, and 340 farmer households (out of 2997 households in the sample villages) were considered the sample size based on Cochran's formula. The necessary data were obtained using a researcher-made questionnaire. Experts approved the content and face validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha test was used to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Correlation Coefficient test in SPSS software, and Structural Equation Modeling in Smart PLS software were used for inferential data analysis. Results and discussion The current research has been carried out in line with research related to rural-urban links, with the difference that it has examined the relationship and effectiveness of each institutional-management, social, and economic factors with capital outflow from the villages and its transfer to the cities. In the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the significance level of the test for all variables is less than 0.05. This means that the data distribution of these variables was abnormal. Thus, the non-parametric test of Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between variables. In the Spearman correlation coefficient test, the significance level of the test between all research variables was less than 0.05. So, all the studied variables have a significant positive and direct correlation. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability of the variables show that the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability is acceptable for all research structures. According to the results of the structural models seen in the second-order confirmatory factor analysis model, institutional-management factors with a factor load of 0.315, social factors with a factor load of 0.309, and economic factors with a factor load of 0.124, respectively, are the highest. According to farmers, they have the least impact on capital outflow from the villages. Therefore, the development and support policies of the government as an influential factor in the villages can lead to social and economic development by strengthening the villages' infrastructure and increasing the villagers' motivation to keep their capital in the village by guaranteeing economic security. Accordingly, the uncertain economic outlook for rural capitalists will be a justifiable reason for them to prefer to invest in a more secure environment (in the city). Conclusion Capital outflow is a phenomenon with institutional-management, economic, and social roots; if it flows from rural areas to cities, it will intensify the inequality and instability of villages. Based on this research, the most important institutional-management factors that affect the capital outflow from the village, which in the main of them are the weakness of the government sector's support and policies from other sectors (private, cooperative, and small operators) for investment in the village, the lack and weakness of the government's investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.). Also, the most important economic factors from the point of view of the activists of the agricultural sector in the villages are income generation and ensuring the return of capital, areas of investment in the city (land and housing, industries, banks, etc.), investment efficiency in the urban economy, employment security and activity in the urban economy. The benefit of investing in the city compared to the countryside and the flexibility of capital in the city can be mentioned. Among the most important social factors (aligned and related to economic reasons) are the motivation to invest in the urban economy (due to profitability and capital efficiency, return on investment, government support, etc.), well-being, and a sense of psychological and social security. Investing in the city is pointed out. Based on the results of this research, some suggestions are presented as follows: - Increasing government investment in rural infrastructure (such as physical development, cultural development, etc.); - Applying incentive policies for villagers to invest in different sectors of the rural economy (for example, tourism, information and communication technology, etc.) and activating local managers and giving them more powers; - Giving investment motivation and economic security to the target groups (major farmers), such as reducing taxes in case of keeping capital and circulating it in the cycle of the rural economy. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_92058_8e03dfe2d3e75730f9bdfd659f3ee32d.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 56 1 2024 03 20 Visual Impacts Assessment of the Southern Heights of Mashhad with the Resort Development Approach Visual Impacts Assessment of the Southern Heights of Mashhad with the Resort Development Approach 255 270 92109 10.22059/jhgr.2023.347244.1008529 FA Nasrin Bolouki Department of Urban planing, Mashhad Beranch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0001-9132-2272 Sanaz Saeedi Mofrad Department of Urban planing, Mashhad Beranch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0003-2619-8695 Journal Article 2022 08 20 Extended Abstract Introduction Due to the increasing growth of urbanization, the exponential expansion of cities, and the severity of environmental, social, and psychological issues. Currently, the issue of planning for leisure time and developing and equipping recreational spaces on urban and suburban scales has become a social necessity; recreation in natural areas can take many of us away from daily life and the nervous pressure of the city streets. Like many urban centers, the Mashhad metropolis has faced a rapid urban growth trend in recent years. On the other hand, the existence of the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, as a religious center for Shia Muslims in the Islamic world and influenced by other religious, historical, social, and economic values, has caused a large number of pilgrims and tourists from cities and surrounding countries to travel to this city. Therefore, this city needs special attention to strengthen and create attractive and functional public spaces to improve the mental health of the urban community and enhance its position in urban competitions, considering the transnational role of this city. The southern heights are one of the most important natural landscapes in the urban landscape of Mashhad, which has enhanced the overall ecological image of the city. On the other hand, some actions in the process of equipping the environment for the development of recreational activities have caused unreasonable interference and conflicts in the natural areas around Mashhad, especially in the southern highlands, which currently show the rapid process of changes in the visual-perceptual system of the environment. Thus, the current research, aimed at "evaluating the visual effects of the southern highlands using a development approach with the role of a resort," tries to understand the visual values of the environment in the development of the area under study with the function of a resort to strengthen the relationship between humans and the natural environment and identify the negative effects of development on visual resources. The results can help target the development of the mentioned area as an attractive urban space accessible to the public while paying attention to the protection of ecological qualities in the design and operation process. Methodology Based on library and documentary studies, a framework of theoretical foundations was developed in the initial stages of this research. In this section, using a questionnaire, criteria extracted from review studies to evaluate the effects of landscapes were checked and weighted by 15 specialists and experts in this field. In the next step, relying on field methods to record the scenery and the focal points of the scenery to simulate the scenery resulting from the resort development projects in the studied area in order to evaluate the visual effects of development measures and policies on the existing visual resources, public preferences from tourists and experts were received using questionnaire tools and images of simulated landscapes. This process randomly selected 15 experts and 165 tourists as the statistical population. Finally, the data analysis was performed based on the data obtained from comparing the existing landscapes and the landscapes caused by the development. In the final part, solutions were presented based on reducing the negative visual effects caused by the development measures. Results and discussion According to the results, in general, the development measures of the promenade in the southern heights of Mashhad have affected many linear and wide corridors due to the establishment of artificial elements (such as service buildings, gazebos, facility elements, benches, etc.) or the planting of trees in a non-targeted manner. Moreover, vision is often limited to distant visual qualities, especially when receiving wide landscapes. Although the planting of trees has improved the sense of naturalness and complexity in most of the received landscapes, on the other hand, due to the lack of attention to the effects of planting trees on the sight corridors, in many views of this area, the range of vision is limited, and the distance of receiving the view is reduced in people's perception. Additionally, the presence of artificial elements incompatible with the natural form of the area has caused a sense of inconsistency and reduced cohesion in the natural integrity of the landscape. Furthermore, the traffic of cars and heavy vehicles, along with the presence of artificial elements incompatible with the natural form of the area, has reduced the sense of naturalness, virginity, and untouchedness. Consequently, it has reduced the visual and ecological qualities of the audience of this area, including mountaineers and nature walkers. Conclusion In this area, there needs to be a focus on following a set of measures to develop and equip the southern elevations of Mashhad metropolis. However, these measures should consider the effects on the image and natural landscape of the area, as well as the visual corridors towards natural visual resources, particularly strategic centers offering wide views of the city with high visual quality. Visibility is limited, and artificial environmental elements reduce the sense of naturalness in many landscapes. By examining research sources based on landscape assessment methods, it becomes evident that more activity needs to be undertaken in this area. However, it is noteworthy that despite the attention of city managers from other cities in the country towards the development of the resort in the southern heights of Mashhad as a valuable project, no research has been conducted focusing on the visual effects of this area. Thus, the results obtained from the present research can contribute to the improvement of the management of the valuable visual resources of this natural area in the recreational development process. It can also be used as an experience in evaluating the visual effects of the recreational development of similar projects. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Due to the increasing growth of urbanization, the exponential expansion of cities, and the severity of environmental, social, and psychological issues. Currently, the issue of planning for leisure time and developing and equipping recreational spaces on urban and suburban scales has become a social necessity; recreation in natural areas can take many of us away from daily life and the nervous pressure of the city streets. Like many urban centers, the Mashhad metropolis has faced a rapid urban growth trend in recent years. On the other hand, the existence of the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, as a religious center for Shia Muslims in the Islamic world and influenced by other religious, historical, social, and economic values, has caused a large number of pilgrims and tourists from cities and surrounding countries to travel to this city. Therefore, this city needs special attention to strengthen and create attractive and functional public spaces to improve the mental health of the urban community and enhance its position in urban competitions, considering the transnational role of this city. The southern heights are one of the most important natural landscapes in the urban landscape of Mashhad, which has enhanced the overall ecological image of the city. On the other hand, some actions in the process of equipping the environment for the development of recreational activities have caused unreasonable interference and conflicts in the natural areas around Mashhad, especially in the southern highlands, which currently show the rapid process of changes in the visual-perceptual system of the environment. Thus, the current research, aimed at "evaluating the visual effects of the southern highlands using a development approach with the role of a resort," tries to understand the visual values of the environment in the development of the area under study with the function of a resort to strengthen the relationship between humans and the natural environment and identify the negative effects of development on visual resources. The results can help target the development of the mentioned area as an attractive urban space accessible to the public while paying attention to the protection of ecological qualities in the design and operation process. Methodology Based on library and documentary studies, a framework of theoretical foundations was developed in the initial stages of this research. In this section, using a questionnaire, criteria extracted from review studies to evaluate the effects of landscapes were checked and weighted by 15 specialists and experts in this field. In the next step, relying on field methods to record the scenery and the focal points of the scenery to simulate the scenery resulting from the resort development projects in the studied area in order to evaluate the visual effects of development measures and policies on the existing visual resources, public preferences from tourists and experts were received using questionnaire tools and images of simulated landscapes. This process randomly selected 15 experts and 165 tourists as the statistical population. Finally, the data analysis was performed based on the data obtained from comparing the existing landscapes and the landscapes caused by the development. In the final part, solutions were presented based on reducing the negative visual effects caused by the development measures. Results and discussion According to the results, in general, the development measures of the promenade in the southern heights of Mashhad have affected many linear and wide corridors due to the establishment of artificial elements (such as service buildings, gazebos, facility elements, benches, etc.) or the planting of trees in a non-targeted manner. Moreover, vision is often limited to distant visual qualities, especially when receiving wide landscapes. Although the planting of trees has improved the sense of naturalness and complexity in most of the received landscapes, on the other hand, due to the lack of attention to the effects of planting trees on the sight corridors, in many views of this area, the range of vision is limited, and the distance of receiving the view is reduced in people's perception. Additionally, the presence of artificial elements incompatible with the natural form of the area has caused a sense of inconsistency and reduced cohesion in the natural integrity of the landscape. Furthermore, the traffic of cars and heavy vehicles, along with the presence of artificial elements incompatible with the natural form of the area, has reduced the sense of naturalness, virginity, and untouchedness. Consequently, it has reduced the visual and ecological qualities of the audience of this area, including mountaineers and nature walkers. Conclusion In this area, there needs to be a focus on following a set of measures to develop and equip the southern elevations of Mashhad metropolis. However, these measures should consider the effects on the image and natural landscape of the area, as well as the visual corridors towards natural visual resources, particularly strategic centers offering wide views of the city with high visual quality. Visibility is limited, and artificial environmental elements reduce the sense of naturalness in many landscapes. By examining research sources based on landscape assessment methods, it becomes evident that more activity needs to be undertaken in this area. However, it is noteworthy that despite the attention of city managers from other cities in the country towards the development of the resort in the southern heights of Mashhad as a valuable project, no research has been conducted focusing on the visual effects of this area. Thus, the results obtained from the present research can contribute to the improvement of the management of the valuable visual resources of this natural area in the recreational development process. It can also be used as an experience in evaluating the visual effects of the recreational development of similar projects. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_92109_e3fb8896995936dacfe4dea334d5ba3f.pdf