Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 05 06 Analyzing the Role of Key Actors in the Realization of a Healthy Housing Pattern: A Case Study of District 3, Sanandaj, Iran Analyzing the Role of Key Actors in the Realization of a Healthy Housing Pattern: A Case Study of District 3, Sanandaj, Iran 1 16 102069 10.22059/jhgr.2025.381033.1008727 FA Parsa Ahmadi Dehrashid Master Student of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University. Ahmad Pourahmad Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hossein Mansourian Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran , Amir Reza Khavarian Garmsir Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 ABSTRACT In the face of recent public health crises, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of designing healthy and resilient housing capable of responding to emergency health situations has become increasingly evident. This study aims to analyze the role and influence of key actors in the process of realizing a healthy housing pattern in District 3 of Sanandaj. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, employing a mixed-methods approach (both quantitative and qualitative). Data were initially gathered through document analysis and subsequently supplemented by utilizing the Delphi technique and collecting insights from 13 local experts. Following the identification of 18 key actors, categorized into five primary groups, a cross-impact analysis matrix was developed to evaluate the interactions and influences among these actors. This matrix was then analyzed using Ucinet software to precisely assess the structure and dynamics of the actor-network. The findings of the study indicate that three primary groups of actors, including developers, the Islamic City Council of Sanandaj, and consumers, play crucial roles in the realization of the healthy housing pattern, owing to their central and significant influence. In contrast, certain entities, such as the municipality and the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, were identified as secondary actors, whose roles, despite being complementary and supervisory, are characterized by limited decision-making power. These findings suggest that strengthening interactions among key and secondary actors and drawing on successful international experiences could lead to improved housing planning and design processes, thereby enhancing the structure and effectiveness of the actor-network in addressing future health challenges. Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, health crises and pandemics, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, have profoundly impacted the design and utilization of residential spaces. These circumstances have highlighted the need for residential environments to be designed to respond to health emergencies effectively. Previous research underscores that housing design must account for resilience against health crises, with the roles of stakeholders and developers being critically significant. Specifically, architects, urban planners, and other professionals can play key roles through their technical and creative expertise in designing and implementing resilient housing Patterns. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the roles and impacts of stakeholders and developers in realizing a healthy housing pattern in the context of future epidemics. While numerous studies have addressed various dimensions of housing design, this research focuses on the interactions and influence of different stakeholders on the design and implementation of these patterns. The study's main innovation lies in analyzing the mechanisms among stakeholders in achieving a healthy and resilient housing Pattern, which can contribute to the development of effective strategies and crisis management in housing project design. Methodology This study, aimed at identifying and analyzing the roles of stakeholders in achieving a healthy housing Pattern in District Three of Sanandaj, is categorized as applied research. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizes a mixed-methods methodology (both quantitative and qualitative) for data collection and analysis. Initially, key stakeholders were identified through document analysis, followed by using the Delphi technique and collecting insights from 13 local experts to complete and validate these identifications. Ultimately, 18 stakeholders, divided into five main groups, were recognized as influential in realizing a healthy housing Pattern. Following stakeholder identification, a cross-impact analysis matrix was developed to assess their interactions and influences. Experts used a numerical scale to evaluate the impact of each stakeholder on others, and the results were analyzed using Ucinet software to examine the structural dynamics of the stakeholder network. This analysis focused on the interactions and relationships among stakeholders. It contributed to a better understanding their roles in achieving a healthy housing pattern in District 3 of Sanandaj. District 3 of Sanandaj, the city's most recently developed urban area, with an area of approximately 1126 hectares and a population of around 183,808, was selected due to its distinctive characteristics. This area has a relatively integrated urban texture and diverse residential, sports, recreational, cultural, commercial, and service uses. Choosing this District to study healthy housing patterns is justified by its potential to provide more precise results in addressing future health crises. Results and discussion The stakeholder network analysis in achieving the healthy housing Pattern in District 3 of Sanandaj was conducted using Ucinet software, examining network density, betweenness centrality, degree centrality, and closeness centrality. The findings indicated that the stakeholder network has low density (28%), reflecting weak connections and a slow decision-making and execution process in housing planning. In terms of betweenness centrality, the “National Land and Housing Organization” and “Sanandaj Municipality” were identified as key actors with significant mediation and control abilities within the network. These organizations, with their central roles in planning and investment, substantially impact realizing the healthy housing pattern. Other stakeholders, such as developers and consumers, also play important roles in the network. Degree centrality revealed that "developers" and “Islamic City Council of Sanandaj” have the most direct connections with other stakeholders, making them informal leaders and key influencers within the network. Due to their numerous connections, developers play a crucial role in implementing healthy housing patterns, while the City Council's supervisory and managerial role aids in realizing these patterns. Closeness centrality showed that “Sanandaj Municipality” and “District 3 Municipality”, along with developers and consumers, hold central positions that enable them to exert more significant influence over decision-making and implementation processes for the healthy housing pattern. Through their close and ongoing interactions, these stakeholders significantly impact the improvement of housing conditions. Ultimately, three key groups of stakeholders – “developers”, “Islamic City Council of Sanandaj” and “consumers” – were identified as having central and significant roles in achieving the healthy housing pattern. Other entities, such as the municipality and the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, were recognized as secondary actors with complementary roles yet possessing limited decision-making power. These findings suggest that enhancing interactions among key and secondary stakeholders, as well as leveraging successful international experiences, could improve housing planning and design processes. Such measures could enhance the structure and efficiency of the stakeholder network and serve as strategies for addressing future challenges in this field. Conclusion This research examined the interactions among various stakeholders in the housing planning and design process in District 3 of Sanandaj. The findings reveal that three main groups predominantly carry out key decision-making as developers, the Islamic City Council of Sanandaj, and consumers. Due to their significant influence, these groups play essential roles in housing planning and design processes. Conversely, some organizations, such as the municipality and the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, are identified as secondary actors and often overlooked, with less decision-making power despite their complementary roles. The research findings indicate that enhancing housing planning and design processes requires increased interactions among key and secondary stakeholders, strengthening the roles of overlooked actors, and integrating international best practices. These actions could improve the structure and efficiency of the stakeholder network and optimize decision-making and design processes in housing, providing strategic approaches to address future challenges in this domain. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The contribution of the authors to this research is as follows: the first author contributed 50%, the second and third authors each contributed 20%, and the fourth author contributed 10% to the writing and execution of this research. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to all scientific advisors and contributors who participated in the research process. ABSTRACT In the face of recent public health crises, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of designing healthy and resilient housing capable of responding to emergency health situations has become increasingly evident. This study aims to analyze the role and influence of key actors in the process of realizing a healthy housing pattern in District 3 of Sanandaj. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, employing a mixed-methods approach (both quantitative and qualitative). Data were initially gathered through document analysis and subsequently supplemented by utilizing the Delphi technique and collecting insights from 13 local experts. Following the identification of 18 key actors, categorized into five primary groups, a cross-impact analysis matrix was developed to evaluate the interactions and influences among these actors. This matrix was then analyzed using Ucinet software to precisely assess the structure and dynamics of the actor-network. The findings of the study indicate that three primary groups of actors, including developers, the Islamic City Council of Sanandaj, and consumers, play crucial roles in the realization of the healthy housing pattern, owing to their central and significant influence. In contrast, certain entities, such as the municipality and the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, were identified as secondary actors, whose roles, despite being complementary and supervisory, are characterized by limited decision-making power. These findings suggest that strengthening interactions among key and secondary actors and drawing on successful international experiences could lead to improved housing planning and design processes, thereby enhancing the structure and effectiveness of the actor-network in addressing future health challenges. Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, health crises and pandemics, particularly the COVID-19 pandemic, have profoundly impacted the design and utilization of residential spaces. These circumstances have highlighted the need for residential environments to be designed to respond to health emergencies effectively. Previous research underscores that housing design must account for resilience against health crises, with the roles of stakeholders and developers being critically significant. Specifically, architects, urban planners, and other professionals can play key roles through their technical and creative expertise in designing and implementing resilient housing Patterns. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the roles and impacts of stakeholders and developers in realizing a healthy housing pattern in the context of future epidemics. While numerous studies have addressed various dimensions of housing design, this research focuses on the interactions and influence of different stakeholders on the design and implementation of these patterns. The study's main innovation lies in analyzing the mechanisms among stakeholders in achieving a healthy and resilient housing Pattern, which can contribute to the development of effective strategies and crisis management in housing project design. Methodology This study, aimed at identifying and analyzing the roles of stakeholders in achieving a healthy housing Pattern in District Three of Sanandaj, is categorized as applied research. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizes a mixed-methods methodology (both quantitative and qualitative) for data collection and analysis. Initially, key stakeholders were identified through document analysis, followed by using the Delphi technique and collecting insights from 13 local experts to complete and validate these identifications. Ultimately, 18 stakeholders, divided into five main groups, were recognized as influential in realizing a healthy housing Pattern. Following stakeholder identification, a cross-impact analysis matrix was developed to assess their interactions and influences. Experts used a numerical scale to evaluate the impact of each stakeholder on others, and the results were analyzed using Ucinet software to examine the structural dynamics of the stakeholder network. This analysis focused on the interactions and relationships among stakeholders. It contributed to a better understanding their roles in achieving a healthy housing pattern in District 3 of Sanandaj. District 3 of Sanandaj, the city's most recently developed urban area, with an area of approximately 1126 hectares and a population of around 183,808, was selected due to its distinctive characteristics. This area has a relatively integrated urban texture and diverse residential, sports, recreational, cultural, commercial, and service uses. Choosing this District to study healthy housing patterns is justified by its potential to provide more precise results in addressing future health crises. Results and discussion The stakeholder network analysis in achieving the healthy housing Pattern in District 3 of Sanandaj was conducted using Ucinet software, examining network density, betweenness centrality, degree centrality, and closeness centrality. The findings indicated that the stakeholder network has low density (28%), reflecting weak connections and a slow decision-making and execution process in housing planning. In terms of betweenness centrality, the “National Land and Housing Organization” and “Sanandaj Municipality” were identified as key actors with significant mediation and control abilities within the network. These organizations, with their central roles in planning and investment, substantially impact realizing the healthy housing pattern. Other stakeholders, such as developers and consumers, also play important roles in the network. Degree centrality revealed that "developers" and “Islamic City Council of Sanandaj” have the most direct connections with other stakeholders, making them informal leaders and key influencers within the network. Due to their numerous connections, developers play a crucial role in implementing healthy housing patterns, while the City Council's supervisory and managerial role aids in realizing these patterns. Closeness centrality showed that “Sanandaj Municipality” and “District 3 Municipality”, along with developers and consumers, hold central positions that enable them to exert more significant influence over decision-making and implementation processes for the healthy housing pattern. Through their close and ongoing interactions, these stakeholders significantly impact the improvement of housing conditions. Ultimately, three key groups of stakeholders – “developers”, “Islamic City Council of Sanandaj” and “consumers” – were identified as having central and significant roles in achieving the healthy housing pattern. Other entities, such as the municipality and the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, were recognized as secondary actors with complementary roles yet possessing limited decision-making power. These findings suggest that enhancing interactions among key and secondary stakeholders, as well as leveraging successful international experiences, could improve housing planning and design processes. Such measures could enhance the structure and efficiency of the stakeholder network and serve as strategies for addressing future challenges in this field. Conclusion This research examined the interactions among various stakeholders in the housing planning and design process in District 3 of Sanandaj. The findings reveal that three main groups predominantly carry out key decision-making as developers, the Islamic City Council of Sanandaj, and consumers. Due to their significant influence, these groups play essential roles in housing planning and design processes. Conversely, some organizations, such as the municipality and the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, are identified as secondary actors and often overlooked, with less decision-making power despite their complementary roles. The research findings indicate that enhancing housing planning and design processes requires increased interactions among key and secondary stakeholders, strengthening the roles of overlooked actors, and integrating international best practices. These actions could improve the structure and efficiency of the stakeholder network and optimize decision-making and design processes in housing, providing strategic approaches to address future challenges in this domain. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The contribution of the authors to this research is as follows: the first author contributed 50%, the second and third authors each contributed 20%, and the fourth author contributed 10% to the writing and execution of this research. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to all scientific advisors and contributors who participated in the research process.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102069_2e9b8dd2d6ab9ec93fa51953469c9fee.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 05 06 Analysis of the spatial effects of the presence of immigrants in Sistan and Baluchistan province in the Rural around Feyzabad Analysis of the spatial effects of the presence of immigrants in Sistan and Baluchistan province in the Rural around Feyzabad 17 32 102119 10.22059/jhgr.2025.371472.1008672 FA Mahmoudreza Mirlotfi Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran Zahra Mahdizadeh Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran Hamid Heydarimokar Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 ABSTRACT Investigating the spatial effects of interprovincial migrants in the destination lands is of great importance in rural planning. For this reason, the present study aims to determine the spatial effects of the presence of rural migrants from Sistan-Baluchestan province in the villages surrounding the city of Feyzabad in Mahvelat county. This study is based on a descriptive-survey method and is practical in terms of its purpose. Documentary and field methods were used to collect information. The statistical population of this study is 5304 households of native and migrant residents in 9 villages in the city of Feyzabad. The sample size of the study was determined based on the Cochran formula of 358, and considering the 6% migrant population, 337 native households and 21 migrant households were randomly selected as research samples. Descriptive statistics (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) as well as inferential tests, including a one-sample t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software, were used to analyze the data. The t-test results showed that the impact of the presence of immigrants on the spatial dimensions of the studied villages was higher than the theoretical median of 3. Among them, the economic dimension had the highest spatial effect, with an average of 3.51, and the physical dimension had the lowest spatial effect, with an average of 3.26. The results of the variance analysis also showed differences in spatial effects at the level of the villages studied. In addition, the Spearman test results indicate a direct (0.789) and significant (sig. = 0.000) relationship between the number of immigrants and the spatial-physical expansion of the studied villages. Extended Abstract Introduction In general, the presence of migrants has an impact on the economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions of the destination areas. One of the forms of population dynamics in Iran is interprovincial migration, in which most provinces have created the Iranian migration flow by sending migrants and some by receiving migrants. Sistan and Baluchestan, being at the bottom of the country's development ranking tables and the emergence of environmental problems, especially in the water sector, in recent decades has led to the expansion of outbound migration. Among the destinations of interest for migrants are the villages of Feyzabad County and Khorasan Razavi Province. The presence of migrants in these villages has had various spatial effects. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: -The presence of rural migrants from Sistan and Baluchestan Province has had the most significant impact on which spatial dimension of the villages surrounding the city of Feyzabad? -What is the relationship between the presence of rural migrants from Sistan and Baluchestan Province and the spatial-physical expansion of the villages surrounding the city of Feyzabad? Methodology The nature of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and nature, and documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To assess the extent of the impact on the spatial dimensions of villages, native households (as the control group) and immigrants in 9 villages (Hematabad, Abdolabad, Hassanabad, Kheirabad, Mehneh, Fathabad, Miandeh, Jannatabad and Shamsabad) were considered. The same conditions of the two groups in terms of rural space and lifestyle will show a difference that indicates the extent of the spatial impact of each group. The statistical population of this research for the two groups of native and immigrant residents is 5304 households living in 9 villages with immigrants from the functions of Feyzabad in the central part of Mahvelat county. By confirming the normal distribution of the data, descriptive statistics (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) and inferential tests in the form of a one-sample T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in SPSS software to analyze the data. Using a one-sample T-test, each spatial dimension was compared, and the spatial effects of the presence of immigrants in the studied villages were analyzed using the analysis of variance test. Results and discussion The results of the t-test showed spatial effects in all four dimensions above with a value higher than the theoretical median of 3. In this regard, the highest effect level was related to the economic dimension (3.51), and the lowest level was related to the physical dimension (3.26), which had a significance level of less than 0.01. The study of the indigenous and immigrant communities living in the villages under study also confirms the spatial effect of the presence of immigrants in the villages with a mean of over 3 and a significance level of less than 0.01 for the assumption of inequality of variance in the Levin and t-tests. To accomplish this, the influential components of the space of the studied villages in economic, social, environmental, and physical dimensions were identified and evaluated with appropriate tests. Most migrations in different regions of the world have been hierarchical from bottom to top or from small to large settlement centers. The present study is about the spatial impact of rural migrants who go from one province's lower regions to another province's lower regions or villages. The findings of the study indicate the spatial impact of these migrants on different dimensions of the destination villages. Conclusion According to the research findings, the presence of rural migrants has the most significant impact on the economic spatial dimension of the studied villages, followed by the social, environmental, and physical spatial dimensions. In addition, the results of the Spearman test indicate a significant and positive relationship between the number of migrants living in villages and the spatial-physical expansion of the studied villages. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT Investigating the spatial effects of interprovincial migrants in the destination lands is of great importance in rural planning. For this reason, the present study aims to determine the spatial effects of the presence of rural migrants from Sistan-Baluchestan province in the villages surrounding the city of Feyzabad in Mahvelat county. This study is based on a descriptive-survey method and is practical in terms of its purpose. Documentary and field methods were used to collect information. The statistical population of this study is 5304 households of native and migrant residents in 9 villages in the city of Feyzabad. The sample size of the study was determined based on the Cochran formula of 358, and considering the 6% migrant population, 337 native households and 21 migrant households were randomly selected as research samples. Descriptive statistics (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) as well as inferential tests, including a one-sample t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software, were used to analyze the data. The t-test results showed that the impact of the presence of immigrants on the spatial dimensions of the studied villages was higher than the theoretical median of 3. Among them, the economic dimension had the highest spatial effect, with an average of 3.51, and the physical dimension had the lowest spatial effect, with an average of 3.26. The results of the variance analysis also showed differences in spatial effects at the level of the villages studied. In addition, the Spearman test results indicate a direct (0.789) and significant (sig. = 0.000) relationship between the number of immigrants and the spatial-physical expansion of the studied villages. Extended Abstract Introduction In general, the presence of migrants has an impact on the economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions of the destination areas. One of the forms of population dynamics in Iran is interprovincial migration, in which most provinces have created the Iranian migration flow by sending migrants and some by receiving migrants. Sistan and Baluchestan, being at the bottom of the country's development ranking tables and the emergence of environmental problems, especially in the water sector, in recent decades has led to the expansion of outbound migration. Among the destinations of interest for migrants are the villages of Feyzabad County and Khorasan Razavi Province. The presence of migrants in these villages has had various spatial effects. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: -The presence of rural migrants from Sistan and Baluchestan Province has had the most significant impact on which spatial dimension of the villages surrounding the city of Feyzabad? -What is the relationship between the presence of rural migrants from Sistan and Baluchestan Province and the spatial-physical expansion of the villages surrounding the city of Feyzabad? Methodology The nature of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and nature, and documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To assess the extent of the impact on the spatial dimensions of villages, native households (as the control group) and immigrants in 9 villages (Hematabad, Abdolabad, Hassanabad, Kheirabad, Mehneh, Fathabad, Miandeh, Jannatabad and Shamsabad) were considered. The same conditions of the two groups in terms of rural space and lifestyle will show a difference that indicates the extent of the spatial impact of each group. The statistical population of this research for the two groups of native and immigrant residents is 5304 households living in 9 villages with immigrants from the functions of Feyzabad in the central part of Mahvelat county. By confirming the normal distribution of the data, descriptive statistics (mean, percentage, and standard deviation) and inferential tests in the form of a one-sample T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in SPSS software to analyze the data. Using a one-sample T-test, each spatial dimension was compared, and the spatial effects of the presence of immigrants in the studied villages were analyzed using the analysis of variance test. Results and discussion The results of the t-test showed spatial effects in all four dimensions above with a value higher than the theoretical median of 3. In this regard, the highest effect level was related to the economic dimension (3.51), and the lowest level was related to the physical dimension (3.26), which had a significance level of less than 0.01. The study of the indigenous and immigrant communities living in the villages under study also confirms the spatial effect of the presence of immigrants in the villages with a mean of over 3 and a significance level of less than 0.01 for the assumption of inequality of variance in the Levin and t-tests. To accomplish this, the influential components of the space of the studied villages in economic, social, environmental, and physical dimensions were identified and evaluated with appropriate tests. Most migrations in different regions of the world have been hierarchical from bottom to top or from small to large settlement centers. The present study is about the spatial impact of rural migrants who go from one province's lower regions to another province's lower regions or villages. The findings of the study indicate the spatial impact of these migrants on different dimensions of the destination villages. Conclusion According to the research findings, the presence of rural migrants has the most significant impact on the economic spatial dimension of the studied villages, followed by the social, environmental, and physical spatial dimensions. In addition, the results of the Spearman test indicate a significant and positive relationship between the number of migrants living in villages and the spatial-physical expansion of the studied villages. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102119_a05891ea09a607f6de2ca6505de6946e.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 05 06 Challenges of Dealing with the Phenomenon of Fire in the Forests of Chavar Township Challenges of Dealing with the Phenomenon of Fire in the Forests of Chavar Township 33 47 102128 10.22059/jhgr.2024.376394.1008698 FA Fereshteh Rafiei Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Zahra Athari Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 ABSTRACT In recent years, the country's forest areas, especially the Zagros forests, which are the largest vegetation area in the country, have experienced a high level of vulnerability, instability, and destruction due to forest fires. This research, conducted with a qualitative paradigm, the purpose was to analyze the challenges of dealing with the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. The study population included experts and key informants in the field of forest management and protection, such as experts from the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in Ilam and Chavar Township, trained forces of the protection unit of the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Chavar Township, local communities in villages that were part of Chavar Township, and non-governmental organizations active in forest management and protection in this Township. The participants in the research were selected using purposive and maximum variation sampling (n=34). Data collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA12 software identified 25 concepts within 4 main categories.The results of the content analysis showed that the main challenges of dealing with fire in the forests of Chavar Township, categorized into several areas, include awareness and communication, financial and equipment, and legal and administrative-executive challenges. Analyzing these challenges can serve as a good starting point for understanding the current situation and provide management strategies and coherent planning to address the forest fire crisis. This includes ensuring adequate supervision for the proper implementation of laws, participation of local people, and providing necessary credit and equipment. Extended Abstract Introduction The role of renewable natural resources in the economic, social, and political development of different societies is extensive. However, with significant industrial advancements, these resources are being used recklessly for development and production. Today, the discussion of natural resources and the environment is a critical issue, with serious warnings being issued about their destruction and the threat they pose to the planet's habitability. Natural resources and forest ecosystems, a key component of renewable natural resources, play a vital role in the foundation of economic and social development. Their direct and indirect effects create balance and promote sustainable development. Despite this importance, statistics reveal the alarming rate of deforestation, highlighting a significant challenge to the future of humanity and a major global concern. In recent years, the country's forest areas, especially the Zagros forests, the country's largest vegetation area, have been experiencing a high level of vulnerability, instability, and destruction due to forest fires. Among the various factors contributing to their destruction, problems related to forest fires have become increasingly critical in recent decades. The dire situation of fires and their consequences highlight the urgent need to address the protection of people's lives, national wealth, and the environment by managing and preventing forest fires. One region of the country under threat of forest fires is Chovar Township in Ilam province. This study aimed to analyze the challenges associated with managing the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. Methodology In this qualitative research, the content analysis method was used to analyze the challenges of dealing with the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. The study population included experts and key informants from all stakeholders and relevant communities involved in forest management and protection. This included experts from the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in Ilam and Chavar Township, trained forces from the protection unit of the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam province and Chavar Township, as well as the local communities of Bankhshak and Ganjvan villages within Chavar Township, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in forest management and protection within the Township. Participants were selected using purposive and maximum variation sampling, and data were collected through in-depth interviews. In the current study, as previously mentioned, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key individuals, either individually or in group discussions, in accordance with the overall aim of the research. On average, each interview lasted approximately 40 minutes. Additionally, it is important to note that the transcript was entered into the qualitative content analysis software MAXQDA12 following each interview. Results and Discussion The content analysis results showed that the basic challenges of dealing with fire in the forests of Chavar Township can be categorized into several categories based on their nature. These challenges include awareness and communication, financial and equipment, as well as legal and administrative-executive challenges. One significant challenge in terms of awareness and communication is the lack of necessary awareness among different stakeholders, as well as insufficient communication and interaction between relevant experts and the local people. This poses a significant obstacle to effective fire management and control in the forests of Chavar Township. Financial and equipment challenges also play a crucial role in handling forest fires. Findings suggest that the local communities do not prioritize forest protection, as their livelihood and income are dependent on actions that put the forests at risk of fire. Legal factors contribute to the challenges of dealing with forest fires. Weaknesses in laws and regulations, such as the absence of penal laws to address violators or difficulties in proving criminal acts in court, have hindered efforts to address forest fires in the Chavar forests.Finally, administrative-executive challenges have emerged as important obstacles in dealing with forest fires in Chavar. Improper forest management in various aspects has impacted the control and management of fires, with issues such as lack of attention to sustainability, poor participation of non-governmental organizations and other institutions, and insufficient coordination and cooperation between executive bodies and fire management authorities being significant hindrances in addressing the forest fire crisis. Conclusion The occurrence of fire in natural areas, especially forests, is considered a crisis and one of the main concerns and challenges in many parts of the world. Different stakeholders lack the necessary knowledge and awareness to recognize and deal with forest fires. Additionally, there is a lack of funding, timely allocation of resources, and economic, social, and environmental valuation of forests. Poverty of residents and their dependence on forest exploitation for livelihoods further exacerbates the issue. Inadequate laws regarding the punishment of perpetrators of forest fires, weak participation of private companies in forest management and protection, and lack of comprehensive, community-oriented management are also significant challenges. To address these challenges, it is essential to identify influential factors and use scientific, research, and executive capacities and available opportunities to implement solutions. Local communities should also be actively involved in monitoring efforts, as it can benefit them in various ways, such as providing employment opportunities and training on the importance of monitoring for improving their livelihoods. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT In recent years, the country's forest areas, especially the Zagros forests, which are the largest vegetation area in the country, have experienced a high level of vulnerability, instability, and destruction due to forest fires. This research, conducted with a qualitative paradigm, the purpose was to analyze the challenges of dealing with the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. The study population included experts and key informants in the field of forest management and protection, such as experts from the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in Ilam and Chavar Township, trained forces of the protection unit of the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Chavar Township, local communities in villages that were part of Chavar Township, and non-governmental organizations active in forest management and protection in this Township. The participants in the research were selected using purposive and maximum variation sampling (n=34). Data collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using MAXQDA12 software identified 25 concepts within 4 main categories.The results of the content analysis showed that the main challenges of dealing with fire in the forests of Chavar Township, categorized into several areas, include awareness and communication, financial and equipment, and legal and administrative-executive challenges. Analyzing these challenges can serve as a good starting point for understanding the current situation and provide management strategies and coherent planning to address the forest fire crisis. This includes ensuring adequate supervision for the proper implementation of laws, participation of local people, and providing necessary credit and equipment. Extended Abstract Introduction The role of renewable natural resources in the economic, social, and political development of different societies is extensive. However, with significant industrial advancements, these resources are being used recklessly for development and production. Today, the discussion of natural resources and the environment is a critical issue, with serious warnings being issued about their destruction and the threat they pose to the planet's habitability. Natural resources and forest ecosystems, a key component of renewable natural resources, play a vital role in the foundation of economic and social development. Their direct and indirect effects create balance and promote sustainable development. Despite this importance, statistics reveal the alarming rate of deforestation, highlighting a significant challenge to the future of humanity and a major global concern. In recent years, the country's forest areas, especially the Zagros forests, the country's largest vegetation area, have been experiencing a high level of vulnerability, instability, and destruction due to forest fires. Among the various factors contributing to their destruction, problems related to forest fires have become increasingly critical in recent decades. The dire situation of fires and their consequences highlight the urgent need to address the protection of people's lives, national wealth, and the environment by managing and preventing forest fires. One region of the country under threat of forest fires is Chovar Township in Ilam province. This study aimed to analyze the challenges associated with managing the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. Methodology In this qualitative research, the content analysis method was used to analyze the challenges of dealing with the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. The study population included experts and key informants from all stakeholders and relevant communities involved in forest management and protection. This included experts from the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in Ilam and Chavar Township, trained forces from the protection unit of the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam province and Chavar Township, as well as the local communities of Bankhshak and Ganjvan villages within Chavar Township, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in forest management and protection within the Township. Participants were selected using purposive and maximum variation sampling, and data were collected through in-depth interviews. In the current study, as previously mentioned, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key individuals, either individually or in group discussions, in accordance with the overall aim of the research. On average, each interview lasted approximately 40 minutes. Additionally, it is important to note that the transcript was entered into the qualitative content analysis software MAXQDA12 following each interview. Results and Discussion The content analysis results showed that the basic challenges of dealing with fire in the forests of Chavar Township can be categorized into several categories based on their nature. These challenges include awareness and communication, financial and equipment, as well as legal and administrative-executive challenges. One significant challenge in terms of awareness and communication is the lack of necessary awareness among different stakeholders, as well as insufficient communication and interaction between relevant experts and the local people. This poses a significant obstacle to effective fire management and control in the forests of Chavar Township. Financial and equipment challenges also play a crucial role in handling forest fires. Findings suggest that the local communities do not prioritize forest protection, as their livelihood and income are dependent on actions that put the forests at risk of fire. Legal factors contribute to the challenges of dealing with forest fires. Weaknesses in laws and regulations, such as the absence of penal laws to address violators or difficulties in proving criminal acts in court, have hindered efforts to address forest fires in the Chavar forests.Finally, administrative-executive challenges have emerged as important obstacles in dealing with forest fires in Chavar. Improper forest management in various aspects has impacted the control and management of fires, with issues such as lack of attention to sustainability, poor participation of non-governmental organizations and other institutions, and insufficient coordination and cooperation between executive bodies and fire management authorities being significant hindrances in addressing the forest fire crisis. Conclusion The occurrence of fire in natural areas, especially forests, is considered a crisis and one of the main concerns and challenges in many parts of the world. Different stakeholders lack the necessary knowledge and awareness to recognize and deal with forest fires. Additionally, there is a lack of funding, timely allocation of resources, and economic, social, and environmental valuation of forests. Poverty of residents and their dependence on forest exploitation for livelihoods further exacerbates the issue. Inadequate laws regarding the punishment of perpetrators of forest fires, weak participation of private companies in forest management and protection, and lack of comprehensive, community-oriented management are also significant challenges. To address these challenges, it is essential to identify influential factors and use scientific, research, and executive capacities and available opportunities to implement solutions. Local communities should also be actively involved in monitoring efforts, as it can benefit them in various ways, such as providing employment opportunities and training on the importance of monitoring for improving their livelihoods. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102128_bb3ad78e6cddd2072abed9ae069b4267.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 05 06 Pathology of Sustainable Rural Tourism in Rural Areas Based on Tourism Stakeholders Approach: A case study of Sarein City Pathology of Sustainable Rural Tourism in Rural Areas Based on Tourism Stakeholders Approach: A case study of Sarein City 49 65 102201 10.22059/jhgr.2024.373285.1008674 FA Bahram Imani Department of Urban and Rural Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Javad Madani Department of Public Administration and Tourism, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 ABSTRACT The main goal of the present research is the pathology of sustainable rural tourism in rural areas, which has been carried out by applying the approach of tourism stakeholders. This approach is one of the models related to tourism and sustainable development that many countries have adopted. The present research is of applied type and the method used in it is mixed. In the first phase, using the qualitative method, the Focus group with the main injuries or challenges are extracted, and in the second phase, they are prioritized using the quantitative survey method. The tool used in the first phase was semi-structured interviews and the judgmental sampling method was used, with 8 experts participating in the first panel and 7 experts participating in the second panel. In the second phase, the main tool is the questionnaire, which identified 32 experts using the stratified sampling method and answered the questions of the questionnaire. According to the findings of the research, in the first phase, 193 raw propositions were extracted. Then, using Atride-Sterling coding method, 102 basic themes, 47 organizing themes and 7 global themes were categorized. According to the calculations made in the second phase, among the dimensions, environmental and physical dimensions were identified as the most vulnerable dimensions of sustainable rural tourism. According to the results of the research, the damage of sustainable rural tourism is not limited to one or more specific factors, but includes different dimensions. The pathology of this type of tourism based on the approach of tourism beneficiaries makes it possible to protect the economic, natural or environmental assets and to protect the cultural and social contexts while accessing the available resources in the rural environment. Extended Abstract Introduction Tourism activities in rural areas are directly related to sustainable development, and by supporting the protection of the natural and cultural resources of these areas and their sustainable use, it establishes a balance between the economic and ecological dimensions of development. For this reason, rural tourism is considered one of the channels of sustainable development through which rural areas can achieve economic, environmental and socio-cultural growth. In rural areas, along with the benefits and opportunities, there may be threats and challenges that need to be investigated and verified. On the other hand, some of these damages may be related to changes in the horizons and perspectives of rural development, which doubles the importance of paying attention to them. However, it is satisfactory when such tourism development is subject to the principles of sustainable development. This category causes, on the one hand, to try to preserve the environment in which tourism operates, and on the other hand, to create and even promote a type of tourism that minimizes its negative impact on the natural and social environments. be key For this reason, it is necessary to identify and explain the harms of sustainable rural tourism in Sarein city, so that while avoiding the bad and negative consequences in this area, the relevant goals and strategies can be adjusted to the opportunities and perspectives presented in the upstream documents. close to construction. Methodology The current research is mixed according to the practical purpose and the research method used in it, which has benefited from a sequential exploratory approach. In the first phase, two groups of experts and informants have been used in the field of rural tourism in Sarein using the qualitative method of the Focus group. The first group of academic and research experts in the field of rural tourism; Rural management and planning; public administration; Sociology and geography, and the second category consisting of executive-management experts (villagers, rural development experts, etc.) and rural tourism tour guides of Sarein city have been used, and these people have been identified and investigated using a targeted sampling method. The tools used in this phase are semi-structured interviews, which were first audio-recorded and then coded in written form. In more general terms, in the qualitative phase, the main dimensions and components in this field were extracted, and then in the quantitative phase, 32 experts answered the questions of the questionnaire using the questionnaire tool and stratified sampling. In addition to acceptable executive and managerial experience in this field, these experts also had a scientific-research background. Results and Discussion According to the findings of the research, in the first phase, 193 raw propositions were extracted. Then, using Atride-Sterling coding method, 102 basic themes, 47 organizing themes and 7 global themes were categorized. According to the calculations made in the second phase, among the dimensions, environmental and physical dimensions were identified as the most vulnerable dimensions of sustainable rural tourism. According to the calculations, all the experts; The resulting dimensions and components were approved. According to the findings of the research, the mean and standard deviation of the extracted dimensions and components are within the acceptable range, and this shows the consensus of the experts regarding the identified dimensions and components. Among the extracted components, there are things like "reduction of villagers' dependence on agriculture and animal husbandry; physical and non-physical damage to the rural environment; the possibility of reducing and declining the quality and attractiveness of rural natural resources; conflict and disagreement over the preservation and accessibility of the tourism community and the host community; Negative effects on nature and the rural environment; destruction of existing natural shelters for animals with the construction of new buildings; the possibility of high soil erosion; creating a conflict between development and environmental protection" are more important than other identified components and The opinion of experts is also related to the importance of these injuries. Conclusion As a result, the sustainable approach to the development of tourism in rural areas takes place in the context of cooperation and participation of stakeholders and it leads to this type of tourism with a suitable approach to the resources available in the rural environment, from economic, natural or environmental assets. to protect and support cultural and social fields. Many people consider that the damages resulting from rural tourism are only physical and can be seen and touched, and in the text and the focus of attention, which are economic issues, they direct most of the damages to this category. Funding This research was supported by the University Of Mohaghegh Ardabili (Research grant number (1402/D/9/24336). Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT The main goal of the present research is the pathology of sustainable rural tourism in rural areas, which has been carried out by applying the approach of tourism stakeholders. This approach is one of the models related to tourism and sustainable development that many countries have adopted. The present research is of applied type and the method used in it is mixed. In the first phase, using the qualitative method, the Focus group with the main injuries or challenges are extracted, and in the second phase, they are prioritized using the quantitative survey method. The tool used in the first phase was semi-structured interviews and the judgmental sampling method was used, with 8 experts participating in the first panel and 7 experts participating in the second panel. In the second phase, the main tool is the questionnaire, which identified 32 experts using the stratified sampling method and answered the questions of the questionnaire. According to the findings of the research, in the first phase, 193 raw propositions were extracted. Then, using Atride-Sterling coding method, 102 basic themes, 47 organizing themes and 7 global themes were categorized. According to the calculations made in the second phase, among the dimensions, environmental and physical dimensions were identified as the most vulnerable dimensions of sustainable rural tourism. According to the results of the research, the damage of sustainable rural tourism is not limited to one or more specific factors, but includes different dimensions. The pathology of this type of tourism based on the approach of tourism beneficiaries makes it possible to protect the economic, natural or environmental assets and to protect the cultural and social contexts while accessing the available resources in the rural environment. Extended Abstract Introduction Tourism activities in rural areas are directly related to sustainable development, and by supporting the protection of the natural and cultural resources of these areas and their sustainable use, it establishes a balance between the economic and ecological dimensions of development. For this reason, rural tourism is considered one of the channels of sustainable development through which rural areas can achieve economic, environmental and socio-cultural growth. In rural areas, along with the benefits and opportunities, there may be threats and challenges that need to be investigated and verified. On the other hand, some of these damages may be related to changes in the horizons and perspectives of rural development, which doubles the importance of paying attention to them. However, it is satisfactory when such tourism development is subject to the principles of sustainable development. This category causes, on the one hand, to try to preserve the environment in which tourism operates, and on the other hand, to create and even promote a type of tourism that minimizes its negative impact on the natural and social environments. be key For this reason, it is necessary to identify and explain the harms of sustainable rural tourism in Sarein city, so that while avoiding the bad and negative consequences in this area, the relevant goals and strategies can be adjusted to the opportunities and perspectives presented in the upstream documents. close to construction. Methodology The current research is mixed according to the practical purpose and the research method used in it, which has benefited from a sequential exploratory approach. In the first phase, two groups of experts and informants have been used in the field of rural tourism in Sarein using the qualitative method of the Focus group. The first group of academic and research experts in the field of rural tourism; Rural management and planning; public administration; Sociology and geography, and the second category consisting of executive-management experts (villagers, rural development experts, etc.) and rural tourism tour guides of Sarein city have been used, and these people have been identified and investigated using a targeted sampling method. The tools used in this phase are semi-structured interviews, which were first audio-recorded and then coded in written form. In more general terms, in the qualitative phase, the main dimensions and components in this field were extracted, and then in the quantitative phase, 32 experts answered the questions of the questionnaire using the questionnaire tool and stratified sampling. In addition to acceptable executive and managerial experience in this field, these experts also had a scientific-research background. Results and Discussion According to the findings of the research, in the first phase, 193 raw propositions were extracted. Then, using Atride-Sterling coding method, 102 basic themes, 47 organizing themes and 7 global themes were categorized. According to the calculations made in the second phase, among the dimensions, environmental and physical dimensions were identified as the most vulnerable dimensions of sustainable rural tourism. According to the calculations, all the experts; The resulting dimensions and components were approved. According to the findings of the research, the mean and standard deviation of the extracted dimensions and components are within the acceptable range, and this shows the consensus of the experts regarding the identified dimensions and components. Among the extracted components, there are things like "reduction of villagers' dependence on agriculture and animal husbandry; physical and non-physical damage to the rural environment; the possibility of reducing and declining the quality and attractiveness of rural natural resources; conflict and disagreement over the preservation and accessibility of the tourism community and the host community; Negative effects on nature and the rural environment; destruction of existing natural shelters for animals with the construction of new buildings; the possibility of high soil erosion; creating a conflict between development and environmental protection" are more important than other identified components and The opinion of experts is also related to the importance of these injuries. Conclusion As a result, the sustainable approach to the development of tourism in rural areas takes place in the context of cooperation and participation of stakeholders and it leads to this type of tourism with a suitable approach to the resources available in the rural environment, from economic, natural or environmental assets. to protect and support cultural and social fields. Many people consider that the damages resulting from rural tourism are only physical and can be seen and touched, and in the text and the focus of attention, which are economic issues, they direct most of the damages to this category. Funding This research was supported by the University Of Mohaghegh Ardabili (Research grant number (1402/D/9/24336). Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102201_c329b28e9db1a77c265c70429d4d76e9.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 05 06 The Rhythm of Consumption Space in the Tourism of the Urban Peripheral Mountains: A case study Gavazang and Amand Zanjan Mountains The Rhythm of Consumption Space in the Tourism of the Urban Peripheral Mountains: A case study Gavazang and Amand Zanjan Mountains 67 86 102355 10.22059/jhgr.2024.369222.1008652 FA Esmaeil Daviran Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Geography, University of Farhangian, Teharn, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 Extended Abstract Introduction According to the definition of the World Tourism Organization, mountain tourism is a type of tourism activity in a specific and limited geographical space such as hills or mountains with distinctive features and characteristics of a landscape, topography, climate, biodiversity (plants and animals), and a specific local community. This tourism includes a wide range of activities related to human leisure, which need to be done in open spaces and in order to communicate with nature. This type of tourism is the backbone of natural and cultural heritage, creating a special tourist experience. The nearby mountains or city suburbs are always popular with citizens due to their easy access, and they spend part of their free time in various dimensions such as recreation, physical and mental health, sports, outdoor dining, etc. Mountains close to large and medium cities have always been of great interest in terms of tourism due to the large presence of citizens and have involved urban management; studying the rhythm of tourism in the Urban Peripheral mountains, which explains the horizontal complexity of the use of space by understanding the type and pattern of mountain space consumption by users (tourist citizens) and aims to plan the geographical management of mountain tourism in various environmental, economic and cultural dimensions. This research has done a comparative study of the rhythm of two mountain complexes, Kavazang and Amand, located in the north of Zanjan city, and has explained the horizontal complexity of space consumption. The background of the temporal and spatial cycle is related to various factors such as the type of use and presence of the tourist, time and climate, socio-occupational and economic class and class, mental inclination and tendencies, reasons and aspects, subjective and objective loyalty of the tourist, attitude environmental factors of tourists and many other factors are determined and investigated. Methodology The current research is a mixed qualitative-quantitative study with comparative construction based on a descriptive-analytical method, with an exploratory nature and rhythm analysis method. The statistical population studied was urban tourists in the mountains studied. The research variables are four indicators of the type of tourism (family, group, or individual), time cycle, available services, and the tourist's willingness, which includes 29 items. Results and discussion The coefficient of sustainability and repeatability of mountain tourism is higher in the group tourism community. It is estimated that the path coefficient (R2) of the studied rhythms is above 90% of the coverage level of the variables. The rhythm of tourism in the morning and evening scales of the summer and winter patterns in the studied mountains is relatively compatible with the time conditions of sunrise and sunset in different months of the year. The continuity and sustainability of non-family group tourists in all months of the year, especially the cold months of the studied mountains, is above 50%. With the change of seasons, the temporary movement of tourists from one mountain to another is formed, and the change of weather seasons leads to the movement of group tourists (especially non-family group tourists). The association and mental memory of the tourist community from the studied mountains are different but similar. Tourists disagree with the development of facilities and welfare services in the mountains, which have pristine natural scenery, and the preservation of natural attractions with minimal human intervention. Sports and health are the main reasons for non-family group tourists to use mountain space, and recreation and entertainment are the most important reasons for using mountain space from the perspective of family and casual tourists. The method of using space for non-family and individual group tourists is mainly on foot, respecting the health of the mountain environment. For non-family groups and occasional tourists, it is a combination of riding (vehicle) and walking, with the possibility of developing infrastructure services. Non-human and natural elements such as rivers, springs, trees, plants, medicinal vehicles, snow, snow tubing, natural paths, and fresh air are the most interesting mental associations of Amand mountain tourists, and natural elements of slopes, stones, along with manufactured elements such as amusement parks, graves, amusement park, restaurant, asphalt road, city view, tea house, and dam are the most important mental associations of Gavzang Mountain. Despite the proximity of the Gavazang and Amand mountains, the tourism coordinates of the mentioned mountains are different due to manufactured and natural attractions, and the type of tourism and the dominant tourism community are also different. Conclusion Mountain tourism is one of the types of tourism based on the structure of health, sports, recreation, and travel, and it has a rhythmic pattern. This type of tourism has a horizontal rhythm system due to its dominant dependence on the daily time structure, in which different tourism communities have their structural rhythm. This is important in the urban Peripheral mountains due to the type of reception of tourists within the city and the local-regional performance; it provides different interpretation results. The results of this research on the tourism of two peripheral mountains to Zanjan city showed that mountain tourism has a stable rhythm and mountain tourists gradually develop a sense of spatial belonging to the mountains due to the weather conditions and the way of using its space (walking, climbing and breathing, etc.) and find a positive mental association of the touristic space. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT The keywords used in studies of the harmony of different geographical dimensions are the type, method, and time of space. The study of this consumption in urban tourism with the scale of tourism in the urban peripheral mountains explains the horizontal complexity of how space is used. This research has investigated the rhythm of tourism in the mountains along the urban periphery of Zanjan city with a mixed qualitative method with comparative construction based on descriptive-analytical method and with exploratory nature and rhythm analysis method. The method of data collection was a library and non-continuous long-term field presence based on the tools of observation, interview, and questionnaire completion. Part of the collected data has been analyzed interpretatively, and the other part is analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics in the rhythm system. According to the indicators of the time cycle, loyalty, services, and the type of tourism community, it was concluded that mountain group tourism has a stable rhythm compared to individual tourism and has a higher loyalty coefficient. At the same time, the results of the study showed that despite the location of the two studied mountains in the vicinity of the city, the mountains with more natural nature (Amand) have the coefficient of permanence and positive mental associations compared to the mountains with more manufactured services (Gavazang). Therefore, preserving the natural dimensions of the mountain for group tourists and minimal intervention of manufactured elements in the natural environment of the mountain creates a more stable rhythmic performance. Extended Abstract Introduction According to the definition of the World Tourism Organization, mountain tourism is a type of tourism activity in a specific and limited geographical space such as hills or mountains with distinctive features and characteristics of a landscape, topography, climate, biodiversity (plants and animals), and a specific local community. This tourism includes a wide range of activities related to human leisure, which need to be done in open spaces and in order to communicate with nature. This type of tourism is the backbone of natural and cultural heritage, creating a special tourist experience. The nearby mountains or city suburbs are always popular with citizens due to their easy access, and they spend part of their free time in various dimensions such as recreation, physical and mental health, sports, outdoor dining, etc. Mountains close to large and medium cities have always been of great interest in terms of tourism due to the large presence of citizens and have involved urban management; studying the rhythm of tourism in the Urban Peripheral mountains, which explains the horizontal complexity of the use of space by understanding the type and pattern of mountain space consumption by users (tourist citizens) and aims to plan the geographical management of mountain tourism in various environmental, economic and cultural dimensions. This research has done a comparative study of the rhythm of two mountain complexes, Kavazang and Amand, located in the north of Zanjan city, and has explained the horizontal complexity of space consumption. The background of the temporal and spatial cycle is related to various factors such as the type of use and presence of the tourist, time and climate, socio-occupational and economic class and class, mental inclination and tendencies, reasons and aspects, subjective and objective loyalty of the tourist, attitude environmental factors of tourists and many other factors are determined and investigated. Methodology The current research is a mixed qualitative-quantitative study with comparative construction based on a descriptive-analytical method, with an exploratory nature and rhythm analysis method. The statistical population studied was urban tourists in the mountains studied. The research variables are four indicators of the type of tourism (family, group, or individual), time cycle, available services, and the tourist's willingness, which includes 29 items. Results and discussion The coefficient of sustainability and repeatability of mountain tourism is higher in the group tourism community. It is estimated that the path coefficient (R2) of the studied rhythms is above 90% of the coverage level of the variables. The rhythm of tourism in the morning and evening scales of the summer and winter patterns in the studied mountains is relatively compatible with the time conditions of sunrise and sunset in different months of the year. The continuity and sustainability of non-family group tourists in all months of the year, especially the cold months of the studied mountains, is above 50%. With the change of seasons, the temporary movement of tourists from one mountain to another is formed, and the change of weather seasons leads to the movement of group tourists (especially non-family group tourists). The association and mental memory of the tourist community from the studied mountains are different but similar. Tourists disagree with the development of facilities and welfare services in the mountains, which have pristine natural scenery, and the preservation of natural attractions with minimal human intervention. Sports and health are the main reasons for non-family group tourists to use mountain space, and recreation and entertainment are the most important reasons for using mountain space from the perspective of family and casual tourists. The method of using space for non-family and individual group tourists is mainly on foot, respecting the health of the mountain environment. For non-family groups and occasional tourists, it is a combination of riding (vehicle) and walking, with the possibility of developing infrastructure services. Non-human and natural elements such as rivers, springs, trees, plants, medicinal vehicles, snow, snow tubing, natural paths, and fresh air are the most interesting mental associations of Amand mountain tourists, and natural elements of slopes, stones, along with manufactured elements such as amusement parks, graves, amusement park, restaurant, asphalt road, city view, tea house, and dam are the most important mental associations of Gavzang Mountain. Despite the proximity of the Gavazang and Amand mountains, the tourism coordinates of the mentioned mountains are different due to manufactured and natural attractions, and the type of tourism and the dominant tourism community are also different. Conclusion Mountain tourism is one of the types of tourism based on the structure of health, sports, recreation, and travel, and it has a rhythmic pattern. This type of tourism has a horizontal rhythm system due to its dominant dependence on the daily time structure, in which different tourism communities have their structural rhythm. This is important in the urban Peripheral mountains due to the type of reception of tourists within the city and the local-regional performance; it provides different interpretation results. The results of this research on the tourism of two peripheral mountains to Zanjan city showed that mountain tourism has a stable rhythm and mountain tourists gradually develop a sense of spatial belonging to the mountains due to the weather conditions and the way of using its space (walking, climbing and breathing, etc.) and find a positive mental association of the touristic space. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT The keywords used in studies of the harmony of different geographical dimensions are the type, method, and time of space. The study of this consumption in urban tourism with the scale of tourism in the urban peripheral mountains explains the horizontal complexity of how space is used. This research has investigated the rhythm of tourism in the mountains along the urban periphery of Zanjan city with a mixed qualitative method with comparative construction based on descriptive-analytical method and with exploratory nature and rhythm analysis method. The method of data collection was a library and non-continuous long-term field presence based on the tools of observation, interview, and questionnaire completion. Part of the collected data has been analyzed interpretatively, and the other part is analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics in the rhythm system. According to the indicators of the time cycle, loyalty, services, and the type of tourism community, it was concluded that mountain group tourism has a stable rhythm compared to individual tourism and has a higher loyalty coefficient. At the same time, the results of the study showed that despite the location of the two studied mountains in the vicinity of the city, the mountains with more natural nature (Amand) have the coefficient of permanence and positive mental associations compared to the mountains with more manufactured services (Gavazang). Therefore, preserving the natural dimensions of the mountain for group tourists and minimal intervention of manufactured elements in the natural environment of the mountain creates a more stable rhythmic performance.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102355_dfcc31a8137ac0c6e7375ed2f79cd2bb.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 05 07 Analyzing the role of rural place brand and good mental imagery of agriculture in the development of rural technological innovation system Analyzing the role of rural place brand and good mental imagery of agriculture in the development of rural technological innovation system 87 104 102359 10.22059/jhgr.2024.367200.1008643 FA Masoud Niksirat Department of geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Abbas Amini Department of geography and rural planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 Extended Abstract Introduction The creation, diffusion, and utilization of technology are carried out in a framework called the rural technological innovation system (RTIS), which seems not to have been formed in the villages of Taft County. One of the reasons for not forming this system can be seen in the bad image of the villages and the future of life in the villages in the minds of the villagers, especially the rural youth. The lack of a good image of the village and economic activities in the villages has caused demographic challenges (immigration and the emptying of the villages from knowledgeable people), centralization, and the marginalization of the villages in the field of innovation and technology. Meanwhile, improving the mental image of the village will bring environmental attractiveness to the target audience of the rural technological innovation system, including idea makers, technologists, farmers, and other actors. The presence and concentration of these people in the village, while stimulating the neighboring villages, will provide the basis for creating inter-local competitions. Also, improving the place identity in the village will increase the self-confidence of the villagers, and this place identity, known as the beating heart of place branding, will motivate the villagers to use technology in agricultural activities. Methodology This research, using a qualitative method and the Grounded Theory technique, examines the role of the village place brand and a good mental image of agriculture in the development of the rural technological innovation system of Taft County. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with 18 people, including experts in technology, rural development, and agriculture, who were selected by the snowball method. The main question of the interview was, "Does the place brand of the village and a good mental image of agriculture play a role in the development of the rural technological innovation system?" The interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Theoretical saturation occurred when the interviewee could not add a new component or the components he introduced were repetitive or overlapped with other components. The written texts of the interviews were entered into the MAXQDA-2020 software, and after open coding and axial coding, content analysis and categorization were done on them. This stage's output was identifying 23 codes, which were categorized and named according to the meaning derived from each code. Results and discussion The results of the interviews show that the agricultural sector does not have a proper brand and image, and it is necessary to create a positive image of this sector in society's minds. Thus, one of the expectations that the rural technological innovation system must be able to respond to is stimulating and guiding the perceptions and feelings of the rural community and drawing a positive mental image of being in the village and working in the agricultural sector. The research results show the media's important role in improving the village brand and forming a good mental image of the village and agricultural occupation. However, the interviewees believe that the content transmitted to society by the media currently does not have the power to create a good image of the villages. In some cases, it has even destroyed the place brand of the villages. One of the assumptions in this context is that the government deliberately shows a negative image of the agricultural sector. Iran is facing a severe shortage of water resources, and the agricultural sector accounts for the country's most significant water consumption. Therefore, the government is trying to reduce the number of people who engage in traditional farming and wastewater resources by creating a negative image of the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, despite the limitations and problems it faces, the agricultural sector in Iran can play an essential role in the gross domestic product and food security if the plans and policies are rethought. Conclusion In the paradigm model presented in this research, items such as "difficult geographical conditions," "media advertisements," "customary system and traditionalism," "difficulties of agricultural occupation," and "lack of infrastructure and facilities" are the causal conditions of creating a negative image. Also, items such as "traditional rural management system," "extreme centralism," "youth migration," and "weak educational system" have been introduced as intervening factors in the formation of these causal conditions. This model shows that if the presented strategies are implemented, the cycle of creation, diffusion, and utilization of technology in villages can be accelerated through a rural technological innovation system. The formation of this system will provide the conditions for the development of the ecosystem of innovation and the use of technology in the villages. While reducing the difficulties of the agricultural job, it will bring about a reduction in costs and an increase in income. Such a situation will increase the attractiveness of villages and agricultural jobs for the young and innovative population. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT One of the reasons for not forming a rural technological innovation system can be seen in the bad image of the village and the future of life in this place in the minds of the villagers, especially the rural youth. This bad image has led to demographic challenges and marginalization of the villages in the field of innovation and technology. In fact, the lack of success in the place branding of villages and the weakness in creating a good image of the village and activities in the agricultural sector have reduced the attractiveness of life in the village and activities in the agricultural sector. This research analyzes the role of village place brands and good mental imagery of agriculture in the development of rural technological innovation systems in the irrigation systems of Taft County by qualitative method and using the Grounded. The research results show that the agricultural sector does not have a proper brand and image, which is a challenge for the formation of the rural technological innovation system. In the paradigm model presented in this research, the difficulties of working in the agricultural sector, media advertisements, and the lack of necessary infrastructure and facilities are mentioned as the causal conditions for creating a negative image of the village and agricultural occupation. Also, some factors, such as drought and traditional rural management systems, have played an intervening role in worsening the current situation. Based on this model, if strategies such as promoting the place brand and improving the mental image of the village and the agricultural sector are used, it will create attractiveness for actors and stakeholders, especially technologists and farmers, and also accelerate the cycle of creation, diffusion, and utilization of technology in the village irrigation system. Extended Abstract Introduction The creation, diffusion, and utilization of technology are carried out in a framework called the rural technological innovation system (RTIS), which seems not to have been formed in the villages of Taft County. One of the reasons for not forming this system can be seen in the bad image of the villages and the future of life in the villages in the minds of the villagers, especially the rural youth. The lack of a good image of the village and economic activities in the villages has caused demographic challenges (immigration and the emptying of the villages from knowledgeable people), centralization, and the marginalization of the villages in the field of innovation and technology. Meanwhile, improving the mental image of the village will bring environmental attractiveness to the target audience of the rural technological innovation system, including idea makers, technologists, farmers, and other actors. The presence and concentration of these people in the village, while stimulating the neighboring villages, will provide the basis for creating inter-local competitions. Also, improving the place identity in the village will increase the self-confidence of the villagers, and this place identity, known as the beating heart of place branding, will motivate the villagers to use technology in agricultural activities. Methodology This research, using a qualitative method and the Grounded Theory technique, examines the role of the village place brand and a good mental image of agriculture in the development of the rural technological innovation system of Taft County. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with 18 people, including experts in technology, rural development, and agriculture, who were selected by the snowball method. The main question of the interview was, "Does the place brand of the village and a good mental image of agriculture play a role in the development of the rural technological innovation system?" The interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Theoretical saturation occurred when the interviewee could not add a new component or the components he introduced were repetitive or overlapped with other components. The written texts of the interviews were entered into the MAXQDA-2020 software, and after open coding and axial coding, content analysis and categorization were done on them. This stage's output was identifying 23 codes, which were categorized and named according to the meaning derived from each code. Results and discussion The results of the interviews show that the agricultural sector does not have a proper brand and image, and it is necessary to create a positive image of this sector in society's minds. Thus, one of the expectations that the rural technological innovation system must be able to respond to is stimulating and guiding the perceptions and feelings of the rural community and drawing a positive mental image of being in the village and working in the agricultural sector. The research results show the media's important role in improving the village brand and forming a good mental image of the village and agricultural occupation. However, the interviewees believe that the content transmitted to society by the media currently does not have the power to create a good image of the villages. In some cases, it has even destroyed the place brand of the villages. One of the assumptions in this context is that the government deliberately shows a negative image of the agricultural sector. Iran is facing a severe shortage of water resources, and the agricultural sector accounts for the country's most significant water consumption. Therefore, the government is trying to reduce the number of people who engage in traditional farming and wastewater resources by creating a negative image of the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, despite the limitations and problems it faces, the agricultural sector in Iran can play an essential role in the gross domestic product and food security if the plans and policies are rethought. Conclusion In the paradigm model presented in this research, items such as "difficult geographical conditions," "media advertisements," "customary system and traditionalism," "difficulties of agricultural occupation," and "lack of infrastructure and facilities" are the causal conditions of creating a negative image. Also, items such as "traditional rural management system," "extreme centralism," "youth migration," and "weak educational system" have been introduced as intervening factors in the formation of these causal conditions. This model shows that if the presented strategies are implemented, the cycle of creation, diffusion, and utilization of technology in villages can be accelerated through a rural technological innovation system. The formation of this system will provide the conditions for the development of the ecosystem of innovation and the use of technology in the villages. While reducing the difficulties of the agricultural job, it will bring about a reduction in costs and an increase in income. Such a situation will increase the attractiveness of villages and agricultural jobs for the young and innovative population. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT One of the reasons for not forming a rural technological innovation system can be seen in the bad image of the village and the future of life in this place in the minds of the villagers, especially the rural youth. This bad image has led to demographic challenges and marginalization of the villages in the field of innovation and technology. In fact, the lack of success in the place branding of villages and the weakness in creating a good image of the village and activities in the agricultural sector have reduced the attractiveness of life in the village and activities in the agricultural sector. This research analyzes the role of village place brands and good mental imagery of agriculture in the development of rural technological innovation systems in the irrigation systems of Taft County by qualitative method and using the Grounded. The research results show that the agricultural sector does not have a proper brand and image, which is a challenge for the formation of the rural technological innovation system. In the paradigm model presented in this research, the difficulties of working in the agricultural sector, media advertisements, and the lack of necessary infrastructure and facilities are mentioned as the causal conditions for creating a negative image of the village and agricultural occupation. Also, some factors, such as drought and traditional rural management systems, have played an intervening role in worsening the current situation. Based on this model, if strategies such as promoting the place brand and improving the mental image of the village and the agricultural sector are used, it will create attractiveness for actors and stakeholders, especially technologists and farmers, and also accelerate the cycle of creation, diffusion, and utilization of technology in the village irrigation system.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102359_17b3e5d8de8c3e9e8deb5b3a6cc8df8a.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 04 21 Investigating the Key Factors Affecting the Success Rate of Housing Patterns of Low Income Groups (Case Study: Mehr Housing in Mahabad) Investigating the Key Factors Affecting the Success Rate of Housing Patterns of Low Income Groups (Case Study: Mehr Housing in Mahabad) 105 122 102123 10.22059/jhgr.2024.375762.1008692 FA Kiyomarth Irandoost Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0001-5812-8574 Zahed Yousefi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Media Mohammadi Totonchi Master's student in urban planning, University of Kurdistan Journal Article 2024 04 27 Introduction Background: Housing as a basic need has always been one of the challenges of government planning and welfare in the past few decades. Housing provision patterns for this group play a key role in the well-being and stability of their lives and the development of the country. In the experience of the past few decades, various models have been used to provide housing for low-income people, and their achievements and results have been very different, and the main point is that after spending significant financial resources and implementing programs, housing still plays the main role as a basic need of many disadvantaged groups. Their life conditions are unfavorable.Therefore, providing housing, especially for the low-income strata, has been a challenging and strategic issue, and governments have always tried to solve this challenge and problems, especially for the urban low-income strata, by implementing various programs and policies in the form of development programs or as separate programs for low-income housing Objectives: The aim of the current article is to focus on examining the key factors that influence the success rate of housing provision models for low-income groups in the city of Mahabad. This involves identifying and understanding the influential elements that contribute to the effectiveness of housing provision models for economically disadvantaged groups within the specific urban context of Mahabad. Methodology In the current research, it is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the type of method, it falls under the category of quantitative research; Because the research data was obtained with the questionnaire and Likert scale and the measurement of the effects of the variables on each other was analyzed and evaluated using inferential statistics. The method of collecting the indicators is document-library materials (books, articles, theses, etc.) and the method of evaluating the indicators is field impressions (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research is all the citizens living in the three housing projects of Mehr, Mahabad city, which are approximately 9945 people, and the statistical sample size was determined by using the Cochran formula to be 376 people, and for the most part, 420 questionnaires were administered among the residents of the three projects of Sayyed Abad, Makarian and Shahrak. Employees have been distributed. In the present study, the sampling method was random and survey.In order to analyze the data and answer the research questions, SPSS software and structural equation model method in PLS software have been used. Next, in order to analyze the data and answer the research questions, SmartPls software is used due to the non-parametric nature of the data. Results and discussion According to the mentioned purpose, after examining the theoretical bases of the consensus of the residents of Mehr Mahabad housing and calculating the variables and areas of success of the housing of the low income group in this city, in order to clarify the issue and summarize the variables in general dimensions and indicators, in addition to conducting various analyzes including descriptive statistics And non-parametric tests were also used to form the structural equation model. After forming the final model and summarizing and categorizing the data, it was found that in the city of Mahabad, four economic, social, physical, infrastructural and environmental dimensions are key factors affecting the success rate of low-income housing, among them, the physical factor with The importance coefficient of 0.482 in the first priority has the highest correlation coefficient with the success of the housing of the low-income group; After that, social, economic and environmental factors also have positive and significant relationships with the success of low-income housing. Conclusion In this research, we came to the conclusion that the environmental factor does not play a role in the effect of the mentioned components on the satisfaction of the housing of the low-income group. But physical, social and economic dimensions have significant effects on satisfaction. Among the social dimensions, social relations, sense of belonging, security and safety are among the effective factors. From the economic side, property cost and household cost also play a key role in the success of housing supply models. In the field of environment, health, ecology and recycling, they also have a significant impact. Finally, in terms of physical dimensions, infrastructure quality, comfort and desirability, connectivity and accessibility, strength and stability of materials are also effective. Among these subscales, household expenses have been observed as the most important influencing factors.According to this analysis, it can be concluded that in order to promote the success and improve the housing supply patterns for the low income groups of Mahabad city, special attention should be given to economic, social, environmental and physical issues. Appropriate actions in this field can help decisions related to the development and improvement of housing patterns for low-income groups. In order to satisfy these groups, it is necessary to pay attention to social, economic and environmental factors. Also, to improve the housing of low-income groups in Mahabad city, it is essential to pay attention to the economic nature of property and household expenses, and besides that, measures to improve social, environmental and physical aspects are also important. These results can help urban decision makers in implementing policies and allocating resources intelligently.In general, if policies for affordable housing according to Meshkini et al. housing subsidy for low-income households" and "good governance" and administrative institutional dimensions have the greatest impact on the variable of affordable housing, in this research we came to the conclusion that physical and social dimensions have the greatest impact in the policy making of housing supply patterns for the low classes earns Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Introduction Background: Housing as a basic need has always been one of the challenges of government planning and welfare in the past few decades. Housing provision patterns for this group play a key role in the well-being and stability of their lives and the development of the country. In the experience of the past few decades, various models have been used to provide housing for low-income people, and their achievements and results have been very different, and the main point is that after spending significant financial resources and implementing programs, housing still plays the main role as a basic need of many disadvantaged groups. Their life conditions are unfavorable.Therefore, providing housing, especially for the low-income strata, has been a challenging and strategic issue, and governments have always tried to solve this challenge and problems, especially for the urban low-income strata, by implementing various programs and policies in the form of development programs or as separate programs for low-income housing Objectives: The aim of the current article is to focus on examining the key factors that influence the success rate of housing provision models for low-income groups in the city of Mahabad. This involves identifying and understanding the influential elements that contribute to the effectiveness of housing provision models for economically disadvantaged groups within the specific urban context of Mahabad. Methodology In the current research, it is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the type of method, it falls under the category of quantitative research; Because the research data was obtained with the questionnaire and Likert scale and the measurement of the effects of the variables on each other was analyzed and evaluated using inferential statistics. The method of collecting the indicators is document-library materials (books, articles, theses, etc.) and the method of evaluating the indicators is field impressions (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research is all the citizens living in the three housing projects of Mehr, Mahabad city, which are approximately 9945 people, and the statistical sample size was determined by using the Cochran formula to be 376 people, and for the most part, 420 questionnaires were administered among the residents of the three projects of Sayyed Abad, Makarian and Shahrak. Employees have been distributed. In the present study, the sampling method was random and survey.In order to analyze the data and answer the research questions, SPSS software and structural equation model method in PLS software have been used. Next, in order to analyze the data and answer the research questions, SmartPls software is used due to the non-parametric nature of the data. Results and discussion According to the mentioned purpose, after examining the theoretical bases of the consensus of the residents of Mehr Mahabad housing and calculating the variables and areas of success of the housing of the low income group in this city, in order to clarify the issue and summarize the variables in general dimensions and indicators, in addition to conducting various analyzes including descriptive statistics And non-parametric tests were also used to form the structural equation model. After forming the final model and summarizing and categorizing the data, it was found that in the city of Mahabad, four economic, social, physical, infrastructural and environmental dimensions are key factors affecting the success rate of low-income housing, among them, the physical factor with The importance coefficient of 0.482 in the first priority has the highest correlation coefficient with the success of the housing of the low-income group; After that, social, economic and environmental factors also have positive and significant relationships with the success of low-income housing. Conclusion In this research, we came to the conclusion that the environmental factor does not play a role in the effect of the mentioned components on the satisfaction of the housing of the low-income group. But physical, social and economic dimensions have significant effects on satisfaction. Among the social dimensions, social relations, sense of belonging, security and safety are among the effective factors. From the economic side, property cost and household cost also play a key role in the success of housing supply models. In the field of environment, health, ecology and recycling, they also have a significant impact. Finally, in terms of physical dimensions, infrastructure quality, comfort and desirability, connectivity and accessibility, strength and stability of materials are also effective. Among these subscales, household expenses have been observed as the most important influencing factors.According to this analysis, it can be concluded that in order to promote the success and improve the housing supply patterns for the low income groups of Mahabad city, special attention should be given to economic, social, environmental and physical issues. Appropriate actions in this field can help decisions related to the development and improvement of housing patterns for low-income groups. In order to satisfy these groups, it is necessary to pay attention to social, economic and environmental factors. Also, to improve the housing of low-income groups in Mahabad city, it is essential to pay attention to the economic nature of property and household expenses, and besides that, measures to improve social, environmental and physical aspects are also important. These results can help urban decision makers in implementing policies and allocating resources intelligently.In general, if policies for affordable housing according to Meshkini et al. housing subsidy for low-income households" and "good governance" and administrative institutional dimensions have the greatest impact on the variable of affordable housing, in this research we came to the conclusion that physical and social dimensions have the greatest impact in the policy making of housing supply patterns for the low classes earns Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102123_72a7b8885cbce339848ad29b6ede774d.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 04 21 Role of food tourism development in Women's empowerment (case study: Marivan city) Role of food tourism development in Women's empowerment (case study: Marivan city) 123 139 102357 10.22059/jhgr.2024.365860.1008666 FA Vahedeh Rahpaekar ------------- Nazanin Tabrizi Associate Professor/Department of Tourism Management, University of Mazandaran - Roozbeh Mirzaei ---------------- Journal Article 2024 01 24 Introduction The development of industry in a region can be significant for change, and in regions with limited industrial development, it is usually seen as a means of economic empowerment. However, in any destination, you may have positive and negative environmental, social and cultural effects as well (Kim & Park & Zhou, 2020). Eating is a need as well as a cultural and social activity. When a tourist eats in a place, the goal is not only to satisfy hunger, but also to experience the local culture and environment with the community (Sengel, Karagots et al., 2015). Trying to try different foods can be one of the main or secondary motivations for people to travel (Ockmes, Ockmes, & MacRicher et al., 2008). In recent years, food tourism has received a lot of attention due to the economic benefits of the community and the region. Food tourists are looking for food as an important motivation in consuming food, with its experience giving the customer an unforgettable. positive tourism experiences improve the decision to try local cuisine and revisit, and a memorable culinary experience is formed after consuming the food (Hong, Zhuang, & Quan, 2019). Considering the development of food tourism in recent years in Kurdistan province, especially Marivan city, and the presence of women in this field, we have taken steps and started studies in order to measure the impact of this development on the empowerment of women in the city. Methodology The present research is a type of descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in the field method, and this research is practical in terms of its purpose, because the information obtained will be usable in the sectors related to food tourism and women's empowerment. By reviewing the research literature on the topic of the research as well as the studies conducted, due to the novelty of the research, there is no suitable questionnaire that can assess the role of tourism development in empowering women; In this way, a questionnaire was designed in this field, which has the necessary validity and reliability, and according to the opinion of tourism professors, the questions were acceptable. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients and composite reliability coefficients for all factors were more than It was more than 0.7, which confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, there was a questionnaire with 41 questions on a five-point Likert scale: very high, high, medium, low and very low, which were assigned a score of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The statistical population is considered to be women working in the tourism sector and women who were mostly in contact with these working people, which according to the statistics of the cultural heritage department of the city, an approximate number of 1000 people was considered, and based on the Cochran formula with an error level 5%, 277 people were estimated. In the meantime, 240 valid and reliable questionnaires were collected and used to extract information from them. Results The criteria for checking the structural model, the R2 coefficients are related to the dependent endogenous variables of the model and indicate the impact of an exogenous variable on an endogenous variable, and three values of 0.19, 0.33 and 0.67 are used as criteria values for weak values. are considered medium and strong. The higher the R2 of the endogenous constructs of a model, the better the fit of the model. According to the research model, this value is 0.377 for women's economic empowerment, 0.331 for women's social and cultural empowerment, and 0.328 for psychological empowerment, and these numbers represent the average fit for the structural model. The evaluation of research hypotheses is also done by examining the paths of the structural model. In such a way that each path represents one of the assumptions. In the paths where the significance coefficient outside the absolute value range of 1.64, 1.96 and 2.58 is reported, its significance is confirmed at the confidence level of 90, 95 and 99%. Assumptions evaluation table Direction path coefficient β Significance coefficient t The result of assumptions women's economic empowerment 0.614 14.027 confirmation social-cultural empowerment of women 0.575 11.716 confirmation psychological empowerment of women 0.572 11.894 confirmation Conclusion The growth of tourism and the presence of women are linked to each other in a chain, so the growth of food tourism in Marivan requires proper planning and policies by the relevant authorities. Logical planning will attract tourists to this city and increase the demand for services, including food services as an important part of the trip, which will stimulate women with the ability to enter the labor market so that they can work alongside the other half of society, namely Men get to work. Therefore, the majority of women are responsible for the organization and activities of the home and family, and their success in performing these tasks will depend on their success in education, participation in economic and socio-cultural and even political activities. Women can easily work in the food tourism sector in addition to home activities, and there is a higher potential for women in this sector of the tourism industry. By working outside the home, women have been able to widen their interactions and communication, and the more the tourism development in the region, the more women's socio-cultural ability will grow. With the development of tourism in the region, women have gained a sense of usefulness and pride in having the ability to be present in society and the work environment, and this has motivated them to be more present in the market, as a result of these abilities, women have more opportunities to socialize. have found in society. Introduction The development of industry in a region can be significant for change, and in regions with limited industrial development, it is usually seen as a means of economic empowerment. However, in any destination, you may have positive and negative environmental, social and cultural effects as well (Kim & Park & Zhou, 2020). Eating is a need as well as a cultural and social activity. When a tourist eats in a place, the goal is not only to satisfy hunger, but also to experience the local culture and environment with the community (Sengel, Karagots et al., 2015). Trying to try different foods can be one of the main or secondary motivations for people to travel (Ockmes, Ockmes, & MacRicher et al., 2008). In recent years, food tourism has received a lot of attention due to the economic benefits of the community and the region. Food tourists are looking for food as an important motivation in consuming food, with its experience giving the customer an unforgettable. positive tourism experiences improve the decision to try local cuisine and revisit, and a memorable culinary experience is formed after consuming the food (Hong, Zhuang, & Quan, 2019). Considering the development of food tourism in recent years in Kurdistan province, especially Marivan city, and the presence of women in this field, we have taken steps and started studies in order to measure the impact of this development on the empowerment of women in the city. Methodology The present research is a type of descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in the field method, and this research is practical in terms of its purpose, because the information obtained will be usable in the sectors related to food tourism and women's empowerment. By reviewing the research literature on the topic of the research as well as the studies conducted, due to the novelty of the research, there is no suitable questionnaire that can assess the role of tourism development in empowering women; In this way, a questionnaire was designed in this field, which has the necessary validity and reliability, and according to the opinion of tourism professors, the questions were acceptable. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients and composite reliability coefficients for all factors were more than It was more than 0.7, which confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, there was a questionnaire with 41 questions on a five-point Likert scale: very high, high, medium, low and very low, which were assigned a score of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The statistical population is considered to be women working in the tourism sector and women who were mostly in contact with these working people, which according to the statistics of the cultural heritage department of the city, an approximate number of 1000 people was considered, and based on the Cochran formula with an error level 5%, 277 people were estimated. In the meantime, 240 valid and reliable questionnaires were collected and used to extract information from them. Results The criteria for checking the structural model, the R2 coefficients are related to the dependent endogenous variables of the model and indicate the impact of an exogenous variable on an endogenous variable, and three values of 0.19, 0.33 and 0.67 are used as criteria values for weak values. are considered medium and strong. The higher the R2 of the endogenous constructs of a model, the better the fit of the model. According to the research model, this value is 0.377 for women's economic empowerment, 0.331 for women's social and cultural empowerment, and 0.328 for psychological empowerment, and these numbers represent the average fit for the structural model. The evaluation of research hypotheses is also done by examining the paths of the structural model. In such a way that each path represents one of the assumptions. In the paths where the significance coefficient outside the absolute value range of 1.64, 1.96 and 2.58 is reported, its significance is confirmed at the confidence level of 90, 95 and 99%. Assumptions evaluation table Direction path coefficient β Significance coefficient t The result of assumptions women's economic empowerment 0.614 14.027 confirmation social-cultural empowerment of women 0.575 11.716 confirmation psychological empowerment of women 0.572 11.894 confirmation Conclusion The growth of tourism and the presence of women are linked to each other in a chain, so the growth of food tourism in Marivan requires proper planning and policies by the relevant authorities. Logical planning will attract tourists to this city and increase the demand for services, including food services as an important part of the trip, which will stimulate women with the ability to enter the labor market so that they can work alongside the other half of society, namely Men get to work. Therefore, the majority of women are responsible for the organization and activities of the home and family, and their success in performing these tasks will depend on their success in education, participation in economic and socio-cultural and even political activities. Women can easily work in the food tourism sector in addition to home activities, and there is a higher potential for women in this sector of the tourism industry. By working outside the home, women have been able to widen their interactions and communication, and the more the tourism development in the region, the more women's socio-cultural ability will grow. With the development of tourism in the region, women have gained a sense of usefulness and pride in having the ability to be present in society and the work environment, and this has motivated them to be more present in the market, as a result of these abilities, women have more opportunities to socialize. have found in society.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102357_75491ecda2948e818c43b80e16a49575.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 04 21 Investigation of unauthorized urban constructions from floor area ratio and building facades perspective (case study: Valiasr and Abbasi neighborhoods) Investigation of unauthorized urban constructions from floor area ratio and building facades perspective (case study: Valiasr and Abbasi neighborhoods) 141 156 96865 10.22059/jhgr.2024.357158.1008590 FA Hassan Mahmoudzadeh Associated Professor. of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tabriz Asma Eydiَ Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and environmental science, M.sc in Urban Planning, University Tabriz, City Tabriz, Iran Firouz Jafari Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz Journal Article 2023 04 06 1- Introduction Today, along with the growing population and the development of urbanization, we are facing problems such as the lack of housing and other welfare services. For this purpose, the need to create residential units and various activity centers and amenities and... Intensified, it causes agricultural and even barren lands adjacent to cities to be placed in the land market and prices increase dramatically . It is meant by construction violations, disregarding existing laws in the field of urban construction, breaking the law in construction and violating construction regulations. In other words, construction violations are constructions that are in conflict with the rules and regulations of urban planning and the building does not have a license or It is contrary to it. Among the significant cases in construction violations, we can mention the following cases: illegal possession of land, construction of a building exceeding the permitted limit, failure to observe the required distance from neighboring buildings, building too far forward on the roads, low strength of the building, use from inappropriate materials, illegal separation of land and building. 1-1 problem plan: Violations in urban constructions lead to many problems such as wastage of national capital, lack of response of infrastructure, negative impact on the implementation of urban development plans, failure of plans to achieve the desired goals, decline of the visual values and atmosphere of the city, decline environmental values and unfair distribution of urban resources. Therefore, one of the most important consequences of construction violations is damage to the appearance of cities, which Kevin Lynch considers the appearance of the city to consist of five factors, including: localities, edges, nodes, roads and signs that these factors They cumulatively affect the observer's mind and create an image in his mind. Also, the appearance of the city is a continuous background, which disruption in each of its dimensions causes disruption in other dimensions and in reducing the quality of the urban environment. 1-2 Importance and necessity: 1-3 goals: The main goal of this research is to identify violations in the field of land use, density and appearance in Valiasr and Bilankoh neighborhood of Tabriz city, and by field evaluation and collection of these neighborhoods, a large number of violations and related data will be identified to facilitate the work process to Tabriz Region 1 municipality. delivered. 1-4 Research questions: - Is the amount of construction violations in Valiasr and Abbasi neighborhoods the same ratio? - Is there a significant difference between the severity and occurrence of violations and the social and economic status of the residents? 2- Methodology The existing research includes the use of multivariate analysis methods and statistical tests and spatial-spatial analysis. And its other data has been done through documentary study of data through questionnaires and field studies in GIS environment. 3-Results and discussion discussion Based on the rules and regulations related to the number of floors allowed for the construction of each user with regard to the side passages in the detailed plan, the map of the number of floors allowed has been designed based on the rules of Koi Waliasr. Due to the fact that there are no specific criteria for passages less than 4 meters in the rules and regulations of the detailed plan, therefore, 1 to 2 floors have been considered for passages less than 4 meters, if any, in Koi Waliasr. In Koi Valiasr, according to the width of the passages, the number of allowed floors of the buildings is divided into 7 rows including: 3 floors, 4 floors, 5 floors, 6 floors, 7 floors, 8 floors, 9 floors, the largest number of which is related to It is a 5-story building. In relation to the number of floors allowed in Bilankoh, it is also based on the rules and regulations of the detailed plan and according to the width of the streets of this neighborhood and the type of use of each plot, the number of floors allowed in 7 categories including 1 floor, 2 floors, 3 floors, 4 floors, 5 The floors are divided into 6 floors and 7 floors, and the largest number of floors related to the parts has 4 floors. In relation to the maximum allowed density (percentage), it has been implemented based on the rules and regulations of the detailed plan, and the number of floors in this neighborhood has been considered according to the width of the passage. Also, 1-story floors with a passageway width of less than 4 meters are considered to be 60% maximum. Result: Based on the proposed approved plan of Tabriz 1395 detailed plan and using the rules and regulations of the 1391 detailed plan, respectively, land use maps were extracted based on the rules and maps of the number of floors and building density for the neighborhoods of Valiasr and Bilankoh. Finally, by comparing The maps of the existing situation were obtained with the proposed maps and the detailed plan of the violations committed in the area of land use change, the number of floors and building density. We extracted the percentage and number of parts where violations were committed in each of the neighborhoods, then using field observation, I investigated and analyzed the construction violations in each of the neighborhoods and it was determined what violations each of the buildings led to. are 4- Conclusion Based on the research and observations, it can be concluded that the dominant use and function of the area in Valiasr village belongs to the residential, commercial-service context, and its existing floors are mostly one floor, and Bilankoh neighborhood is in the same condition as Valiasr. It has residential, commercial and service contexts and its existing floors are mostly one floor. Valiasr well, from the theoretical, practical and natural location of the region (soil type and proximity to Tabriz's northern fault) lacks any logical justification and only has an economic justification for the municipality and land and housing traders, and the only motivation is to provide them with profit and earning income. 1- Introduction Today, along with the growing population and the development of urbanization, we are facing problems such as the lack of housing and other welfare services. For this purpose, the need to create residential units and various activity centers and amenities and... Intensified, it causes agricultural and even barren lands adjacent to cities to be placed in the land market and prices increase dramatically . It is meant by construction violations, disregarding existing laws in the field of urban construction, breaking the law in construction and violating construction regulations. In other words, construction violations are constructions that are in conflict with the rules and regulations of urban planning and the building does not have a license or It is contrary to it. Among the significant cases in construction violations, we can mention the following cases: illegal possession of land, construction of a building exceeding the permitted limit, failure to observe the required distance from neighboring buildings, building too far forward on the roads, low strength of the building, use from inappropriate materials, illegal separation of land and building. 1-1 problem plan: Violations in urban constructions lead to many problems such as wastage of national capital, lack of response of infrastructure, negative impact on the implementation of urban development plans, failure of plans to achieve the desired goals, decline of the visual values and atmosphere of the city, decline environmental values and unfair distribution of urban resources. Therefore, one of the most important consequences of construction violations is damage to the appearance of cities, which Kevin Lynch considers the appearance of the city to consist of five factors, including: localities, edges, nodes, roads and signs that these factors They cumulatively affect the observer's mind and create an image in his mind. Also, the appearance of the city is a continuous background, which disruption in each of its dimensions causes disruption in other dimensions and in reducing the quality of the urban environment. 1-2 Importance and necessity: 1-3 goals: The main goal of this research is to identify violations in the field of land use, density and appearance in Valiasr and Bilankoh neighborhood of Tabriz city, and by field evaluation and collection of these neighborhoods, a large number of violations and related data will be identified to facilitate the work process to Tabriz Region 1 municipality. delivered. 1-4 Research questions: - Is the amount of construction violations in Valiasr and Abbasi neighborhoods the same ratio? - Is there a significant difference between the severity and occurrence of violations and the social and economic status of the residents? 2- Methodology The existing research includes the use of multivariate analysis methods and statistical tests and spatial-spatial analysis. And its other data has been done through documentary study of data through questionnaires and field studies in GIS environment. 3-Results and discussion discussion Based on the rules and regulations related to the number of floors allowed for the construction of each user with regard to the side passages in the detailed plan, the map of the number of floors allowed has been designed based on the rules of Koi Waliasr. Due to the fact that there are no specific criteria for passages less than 4 meters in the rules and regulations of the detailed plan, therefore, 1 to 2 floors have been considered for passages less than 4 meters, if any, in Koi Waliasr. In Koi Valiasr, according to the width of the passages, the number of allowed floors of the buildings is divided into 7 rows including: 3 floors, 4 floors, 5 floors, 6 floors, 7 floors, 8 floors, 9 floors, the largest number of which is related to It is a 5-story building. In relation to the number of floors allowed in Bilankoh, it is also based on the rules and regulations of the detailed plan and according to the width of the streets of this neighborhood and the type of use of each plot, the number of floors allowed in 7 categories including 1 floor, 2 floors, 3 floors, 4 floors, 5 The floors are divided into 6 floors and 7 floors, and the largest number of floors related to the parts has 4 floors. In relation to the maximum allowed density (percentage), it has been implemented based on the rules and regulations of the detailed plan, and the number of floors in this neighborhood has been considered according to the width of the passage. Also, 1-story floors with a passageway width of less than 4 meters are considered to be 60% maximum. Result: Based on the proposed approved plan of Tabriz 1395 detailed plan and using the rules and regulations of the 1391 detailed plan, respectively, land use maps were extracted based on the rules and maps of the number of floors and building density for the neighborhoods of Valiasr and Bilankoh. Finally, by comparing The maps of the existing situation were obtained with the proposed maps and the detailed plan of the violations committed in the area of land use change, the number of floors and building density. We extracted the percentage and number of parts where violations were committed in each of the neighborhoods, then using field observation, I investigated and analyzed the construction violations in each of the neighborhoods and it was determined what violations each of the buildings led to. are 4- Conclusion Based on the research and observations, it can be concluded that the dominant use and function of the area in Valiasr village belongs to the residential, commercial-service context, and its existing floors are mostly one floor, and Bilankoh neighborhood is in the same condition as Valiasr. It has residential, commercial and service contexts and its existing floors are mostly one floor. Valiasr well, from the theoretical, practical and natural location of the region (soil type and proximity to Tabriz's northern fault) lacks any logical justification and only has an economic justification for the municipality and land and housing traders, and the only motivation is to provide them with profit and earning income.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_96865_452ed92067ce3a72bb7fe56eab6098e5.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 1 2025 04 21 New Planning Principles for Rethinking the Theoretical Framework of the Rural Guide Plan New Planning Principles for Rethinking the Theoretical Framework of the Rural Guide Plan 157 172 102362 10.22059/jhgr.2024.365711.1008635 FA Somayeh Azizi PhD Student of Geography and Rural Planning, Human Geography Group, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Farhad Azizpour Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Human Geography Group, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2023 09 22 Extended Abstract Introduction Although the pilot project paves the way for positive consequences, such as the relative prevention of illegal construction, the definition of the need and provision of utilities and public services, and the regulation of physical expansion in the village, it also has negative consequences for the village and the villagers. Considering the importance of the pilot project in the villages of the country and being aware of the shortcomings and challenges facing the project, it is necessary to provide a suitable planning framework for the rural pilot project. With half a century of planning experience, Iran is one of the most established countries in the field of planning; However, the evaluation of the development plans shows that due to the dominance of the sectoral structure on the development of the plans, the development indicators of the country's rural settlements are still not in a suitable condition. The sectoral perspective along with the maximum involvement of the government in rural development leads to the exclusion of the participation of people, local institutions and non-governmental organizations from the development process and inconsistency in the process of planning and service delivery and increasing costs, wasting human, financial and social capital, finally creating It has fueled dissension and dissatisfaction among the people of the village. In other words, the planning system has always been accompanied by a vertical view. Undoubtedly, current and future challenges cannot be solved with yesterday's approaches that have created today's problems. Therefore, according to the type of approach that governs the planning of the country, it is inevitable to change the method in rural planning and review the policies of the development programs in the territory. Therefore, the present research is an effort with the aim of determining the framework and principles of planning the development of rural settlements. This research has been conducted with an interpretive approach and qualitative methodology, and it aims to provide a platform to modify the conceptual and practical framework of the project or make a fundamental change in its framework for the trustees. Therefore, it tries to answer the following key question: What should be the appropriate conceptual framework for rural development planning at the local level? Methodology In the current research, field method and semi-structured interview technique were used to collect data in the form of snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted among experts. After conducting 25 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved; But for more certainty, the interviews continued up to 30 people. In the framework of qualitative methodology, after data collection, MAXQDA software was used to analyze them based on grounded theory. Results and discussion The results obtained from the comparative studies indicate that in general, the country's planning system is centralized and plans and programs are in the framework of the national plan. In unsuccessful experiences, development plans and programs have been viewed as a physical and cross-sectional plan for a certain time, not as a document that defines the goals, missions and policies of protection, development and development of the village in an all-round way (social, economic, environmental and physical) should be considered. While these plans should be considered as a guide to guide and monitor the way of rural development in the framework of appropriate and useful planning. Despite this necessity, the researches conducted in the field of rural development planning have often emphasized the problems and issues and less to provide solutions. They have addressed these issues; Therefore, in the upcoming article, the researchers tried to present the conceptual framework of the rural leader plan from the point of view of academic experts and executive bodies, being aware of the inadequacies and challenges facing the development plans of rural settlements (Hadi Plan), and different from other researches of Reach a new understanding of the planning framework through the interview method. Conclusion From the point of view of the interviewees of the upcoming research, planning should be community-oriented, which has a framework and principles such as the integration of development, monitoring and evaluation of the rural development process, problem-oriented, gradualism, and the development of participatory management. In such planning, comprehensive rural attention, capacity development in rural areas, local participation of rural people, integrated rural development, etc. will be emphasized. Plans are more efficient and effective when they are decided and implemented at the local level by local actors. Development plans at different scales should be comprehensive and coherent, consistent with each other and able to formulate strategic visions about the respective region. Also, these programs should be a mirror to reflect local priorities and demands, and when formulating and implementing a local program, public support and participation is considered essential. Finally, Iran's local development programs should include the economic and social conditions of rural areas in its agenda; Because different rural areas have their own conditions, criteria, characteristics, economic and socio-cultural requirements, and optimal mechanisms are determined according to the specific characteristics of each area. In fact, until the characteristics and conditions of each rural area are determined, it is not possible to provide a version to improve the Hadi plan or any other type of plan. The intended goals of an efficient and effective rural leadership plan are not based on a static system, but they are adapted and dynamic by developing according to local conditions, as well as creating and strengthening local participation in the structure of rural areas. These programs should enable the participation of local and government institutions, which is the most important prerequisite for this participation of education. Keywords Principles of planning, rural development, rural master plan. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. Extended Abstract Introduction Although the pilot project paves the way for positive consequences, such as the relative prevention of illegal construction, the definition of the need and provision of utilities and public services, and the regulation of physical expansion in the village, it also has negative consequences for the village and the villagers. Considering the importance of the pilot project in the villages of the country and being aware of the shortcomings and challenges facing the project, it is necessary to provide a suitable planning framework for the rural pilot project. With half a century of planning experience, Iran is one of the most established countries in the field of planning; However, the evaluation of the development plans shows that due to the dominance of the sectoral structure on the development of the plans, the development indicators of the country's rural settlements are still not in a suitable condition. The sectoral perspective along with the maximum involvement of the government in rural development leads to the exclusion of the participation of people, local institutions and non-governmental organizations from the development process and inconsistency in the process of planning and service delivery and increasing costs, wasting human, financial and social capital, finally creating It has fueled dissension and dissatisfaction among the people of the village. In other words, the planning system has always been accompanied by a vertical view. Undoubtedly, current and future challenges cannot be solved with yesterday's approaches that have created today's problems. Therefore, according to the type of approach that governs the planning of the country, it is inevitable to change the method in rural planning and review the policies of the development programs in the territory. Therefore, the present research is an effort with the aim of determining the framework and principles of planning the development of rural settlements. This research has been conducted with an interpretive approach and qualitative methodology, and it aims to provide a platform to modify the conceptual and practical framework of the project or make a fundamental change in its framework for the trustees. Therefore, it tries to answer the following key question: What should be the appropriate conceptual framework for rural development planning at the local level? Methodology In the current research, field method and semi-structured interview technique were used to collect data in the form of snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted among experts. After conducting 25 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved; But for more certainty, the interviews continued up to 30 people. In the framework of qualitative methodology, after data collection, MAXQDA software was used to analyze them based on grounded theory. Results and discussion The results obtained from the comparative studies indicate that in general, the country's planning system is centralized and plans and programs are in the framework of the national plan. In unsuccessful experiences, development plans and programs have been viewed as a physical and cross-sectional plan for a certain time, not as a document that defines the goals, missions and policies of protection, development and development of the village in an all-round way (social, economic, environmental and physical) should be considered. While these plans should be considered as a guide to guide and monitor the way of rural development in the framework of appropriate and useful planning. Despite this necessity, the researches conducted in the field of rural development planning have often emphasized the problems and issues and less to provide solutions. They have addressed these issues; Therefore, in the upcoming article, the researchers tried to present the conceptual framework of the rural leader plan from the point of view of academic experts and executive bodies, being aware of the inadequacies and challenges facing the development plans of rural settlements (Hadi Plan), and different from other researches of Reach a new understanding of the planning framework through the interview method. Conclusion From the point of view of the interviewees of the upcoming research, planning should be community-oriented, which has a framework and principles such as the integration of development, monitoring and evaluation of the rural development process, problem-oriented, gradualism, and the development of participatory management. In such planning, comprehensive rural attention, capacity development in rural areas, local participation of rural people, integrated rural development, etc. will be emphasized. Plans are more efficient and effective when they are decided and implemented at the local level by local actors. Development plans at different scales should be comprehensive and coherent, consistent with each other and able to formulate strategic visions about the respective region. Also, these programs should be a mirror to reflect local priorities and demands, and when formulating and implementing a local program, public support and participation is considered essential. Finally, Iran's local development programs should include the economic and social conditions of rural areas in its agenda; Because different rural areas have their own conditions, criteria, characteristics, economic and socio-cultural requirements, and optimal mechanisms are determined according to the specific characteristics of each area. In fact, until the characteristics and conditions of each rural area are determined, it is not possible to provide a version to improve the Hadi plan or any other type of plan. The intended goals of an efficient and effective rural leadership plan are not based on a static system, but they are adapted and dynamic by developing according to local conditions, as well as creating and strengthening local participation in the structure of rural areas. These programs should enable the participation of local and government institutions, which is the most important prerequisite for this participation of education. Keywords Principles of planning, rural development, rural master plan. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102362_a690ce64e63524a2ea207abaa30b83e5.pdf