Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 22 Implications of Globalization on Border Functions: A case study of borders Iran Implications of Globalization on Border Functions: A case study of borders Iran 1 16 105827 10.22059/jhgr.2026.391535.1008798 FA Javad Kiani Department of Border Management, Faculty of Security and Border, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2075-7572 Seyed Mohammad Behboodi Department of Border Management, Faculty of Security and Border, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0005-4696-4838 Sadegh Sakhavi Department of Border Management, Faculty of Security and Border, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 04 ABSTRACT Globalization is a multi-dimensional process that has numerous positive and negative consequences for border functions. Globalization has complicated the traditional functions of borders. On one hand, with the necessity of facilitating trade and cooperation, it turns borders into channels for communication, and on the other hand, by intensifying transnational threats such as smuggling, it forces them to assume the role of a filter and protector. In light of this, the purpose of writing this research is to understand the consequences of globalization on border functions, especially Iran's borders. In terms of methodology, the present research is applied in its objective and qualitative in the nature of its data and execution method. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews with 23 experts and specialists familiar with the topic, and the obtained data were analyzed using thematic analysis technique. The research findings showed that globalization, as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, has created opportunities such as increased international interactions, economic development of border areas, and improved social conditions of border residents. However, it has also brought challenges such as changing the concept of border security, increasing transnational threats, changes in management methods, and local consequences. By focusing on the indigenous characteristics of Iran's borders, this research fills the scientific gaps of previous studies and provides a better understanding of recent border developments. Providing an integrated analysis of theories and new political geography data distinguishes this article, enabling this study to provide a clear and profound framework for policymakers and researchers to better understand Iran's borders and globalization. Extended Abstract Introduction The objective of this research is to analyze and examine the consequences of globalization on the functions of Iran's borders. In other words, the primary aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the changes to Iran's borders due to globalization and regional developments, and to clarify various trends in security threats in these areas, considering the impacts of globalization. This research seeks to identify the various dimensions of security threats on these borders, such as the presence of new actors in the region, terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal migration, and other transnational threats. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges of managing these borders in confronting transnational threats are evaluated. Therefore, the main research question is: What are the consequences of globalization on the functions of Iran's borders? Methodology The present research is applied in terms of its objective and is qualitative in the nature of its data and execution method. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview instrument with 23 commanders, specialists, and experts familiar with the subject. Interviews were conducted in person, remotely, and individually with each member of the sample population. The average interview duration was between 45 to 55 minutes. The sampling method was theoretical saturation, continuing until additional samples no longer contributed to the quality of the research data. The number of questions or desired statements and the diversity of opinions and thoughts within the discursive space of the topic were key criteria for determining the number of participants. The data analysis method in this research was thematic analysis, conducted at three levels. Data coding was performed using analytical methods based on basic, organizing, and global themes, ultimately leading to the extraction of concepts, categories, and propositions. Results and discussion This research demonstrates that globalization has had profound effects on the security functions of Iran's borders. These impacts are as follows: Change in the Concept and Function of Borders: In the era of globalization, with the expansion of technology, increased international communication, and global economic growth, borders have transcended their traditional form and become more complex and multi-layered concepts. These changes have made revising border security policies and strategies more essential than ever. Increase in Transnational Security Threats: In the era of globalization, security threats have acquired a transnational and international nature, easily crossing physical borders. This has made the need for more precise border monitoring and control, the use of new technologies, and enhanced international cooperation increasingly necessary. Change in Security and Management Approaches: In the past, governments primarily acted as the main controllers of borders, focusing on strict restrictions and surveillance of the movement of people, goods, and information. However, in the age of globalization, these roles have undergone fundamental changes. Today, governments act not only as controllers but also as facilitators and coordinators in border management. These changes require revising security strategies, training border forces, and equipping them with new technologies. Regional and Local Consequences: Globalization, as a pervasive phenomenon, has had profound and multi-dimensional impacts on local and regional communities. These effects are not limited to economic aspects but also encompass social, cultural, political, and security dimensions. On one hand, globalization has created opportunities such as increased regional cooperation, economic development, and cultural exchange. On the other hand, it has also brought challenges like increased migration, changes in social and economic structures, and cultural and security tensions. These consequences, directly and indirectly, affect the security functions of borders, making a review of border policies and strategies essential. Conclusion The findings of this research indicate that globalization has caused extensive and multi-dimensional transformations in the concept and function of Iran's borders. Borders, which were previously recognized as physical lines and fixed demarcations, have now become complex and multifaceted structures that influence not only geographical dimensions but also economic, political, social, and cultural domains. These changes, while facilitating legal interactions and regional and international cooperation, require a revision of the policies and mechanisms for managing Iran's borders to ensure optimal utilization of opportunities alongside effective Funding This work has not received any financial support. Authors' Contribution The authors had equal contribution in all stages and sections of the research. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the authorship and/or publication of this article. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere gratitude to all those who assisted them in the process of conducting this research, especially the editorial staff of the Journal of Border Science and Technology. ABSTRACT Globalization is a multi-dimensional process that has numerous positive and negative consequences for border functions. Globalization has complicated the traditional functions of borders. On one hand, with the necessity of facilitating trade and cooperation, it turns borders into channels for communication, and on the other hand, by intensifying transnational threats such as smuggling, it forces them to assume the role of a filter and protector. In light of this, the purpose of writing this research is to understand the consequences of globalization on border functions, especially Iran's borders. In terms of methodology, the present research is applied in its objective and qualitative in the nature of its data and execution method. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews with 23 experts and specialists familiar with the topic, and the obtained data were analyzed using thematic analysis technique. The research findings showed that globalization, as a multi-dimensional phenomenon, has created opportunities such as increased international interactions, economic development of border areas, and improved social conditions of border residents. However, it has also brought challenges such as changing the concept of border security, increasing transnational threats, changes in management methods, and local consequences. By focusing on the indigenous characteristics of Iran's borders, this research fills the scientific gaps of previous studies and provides a better understanding of recent border developments. Providing an integrated analysis of theories and new political geography data distinguishes this article, enabling this study to provide a clear and profound framework for policymakers and researchers to better understand Iran's borders and globalization. Extended Abstract Introduction The objective of this research is to analyze and examine the consequences of globalization on the functions of Iran's borders. In other words, the primary aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the changes to Iran's borders due to globalization and regional developments, and to clarify various trends in security threats in these areas, considering the impacts of globalization. This research seeks to identify the various dimensions of security threats on these borders, such as the presence of new actors in the region, terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal migration, and other transnational threats. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges of managing these borders in confronting transnational threats are evaluated. Therefore, the main research question is: What are the consequences of globalization on the functions of Iran's borders? Methodology The present research is applied in terms of its objective and is qualitative in the nature of its data and execution method. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview instrument with 23 commanders, specialists, and experts familiar with the subject. Interviews were conducted in person, remotely, and individually with each member of the sample population. The average interview duration was between 45 to 55 minutes. The sampling method was theoretical saturation, continuing until additional samples no longer contributed to the quality of the research data. The number of questions or desired statements and the diversity of opinions and thoughts within the discursive space of the topic were key criteria for determining the number of participants. The data analysis method in this research was thematic analysis, conducted at three levels. Data coding was performed using analytical methods based on basic, organizing, and global themes, ultimately leading to the extraction of concepts, categories, and propositions. Results and discussion This research demonstrates that globalization has had profound effects on the security functions of Iran's borders. These impacts are as follows: Change in the Concept and Function of Borders: In the era of globalization, with the expansion of technology, increased international communication, and global economic growth, borders have transcended their traditional form and become more complex and multi-layered concepts. These changes have made revising border security policies and strategies more essential than ever. Increase in Transnational Security Threats: In the era of globalization, security threats have acquired a transnational and international nature, easily crossing physical borders. This has made the need for more precise border monitoring and control, the use of new technologies, and enhanced international cooperation increasingly necessary. Change in Security and Management Approaches: In the past, governments primarily acted as the main controllers of borders, focusing on strict restrictions and surveillance of the movement of people, goods, and information. However, in the age of globalization, these roles have undergone fundamental changes. Today, governments act not only as controllers but also as facilitators and coordinators in border management. These changes require revising security strategies, training border forces, and equipping them with new technologies. Regional and Local Consequences: Globalization, as a pervasive phenomenon, has had profound and multi-dimensional impacts on local and regional communities. These effects are not limited to economic aspects but also encompass social, cultural, political, and security dimensions. On one hand, globalization has created opportunities such as increased regional cooperation, economic development, and cultural exchange. On the other hand, it has also brought challenges like increased migration, changes in social and economic structures, and cultural and security tensions. These consequences, directly and indirectly, affect the security functions of borders, making a review of border policies and strategies essential. Conclusion The findings of this research indicate that globalization has caused extensive and multi-dimensional transformations in the concept and function of Iran's borders. Borders, which were previously recognized as physical lines and fixed demarcations, have now become complex and multifaceted structures that influence not only geographical dimensions but also economic, political, social, and cultural domains. These changes, while facilitating legal interactions and regional and international cooperation, require a revision of the policies and mechanisms for managing Iran's borders to ensure optimal utilization of opportunities alongside effective Funding This work has not received any financial support. Authors' Contribution The authors had equal contribution in all stages and sections of the research. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the authorship and/or publication of this article. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere gratitude to all those who assisted them in the process of conducting this research, especially the editorial staff of the Journal of Border Science and Technology.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_105827_a81cad6cb8e49065dd6a3d16c3740f80.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 22 The Quality of Third Place and Its Effect on Subjective Well-being and Existential Authenticity: A case study of Public Space of Karim Khan Citadel, Shiraz The Quality of Third Place and Its Effect on Subjective Well-being and Existential Authenticity: A case study of Public Space of Karim Khan Citadel, Shiraz 17 33 105990 10.22059/jhgr.2026.399772.1008826 FA Raana Shaykh-Baygloo Department of Geography, Faculty of Economics, Management & Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0002-8628-5822 Journal Article 2025 07 05 ABSTRACT The characteristics of modern lifestyle require that people, in addition to the first and second places, have other places, called third places, to spend time, relieve the tensions of daily life, and strengthen social relationships. Public urban spaces are important third places that, in addition to enhancing subjective and emotional well-being, seem to improve the quality of the self-discovery experience. The present study is an applied, descriptive-analytical research that examined the quality of the third place and its effect on subjective well-being and existential authenticity, using questionnaire data from a sample of 390 people. The study's statistical population comprises people aged 18 and older living in the city of Shiraz who have been in the public space around the Karim Khan Citadel at least once, to benefit from the functions of the third place. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software and included correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis, One-way ANOVA, and One-sample T-test. The findings of the study showed that the quality of the third place in each of its three dimensions is higher than the average level. The levels of subjective well-being and existential authenticity were also evaluated as higher than the average. The results of the regression analysis showed that the quality of the third place has a significant and positive effect on both subjective well-being and existential authenticity, accounting for more than 58% of the variance in subjective well-being and 46% of the variance in existential authenticity. Extended Abstract Introduction The characteristics of modern lifestyle require that people have other places to spend time, relieve the tensions of daily life, and strengthen social relationships, in addition to the first place (home) and the second place (workplace). Such places are called third-places and include a wide range. For example, parks, coffee shops, sports clubs, entertainment centers, shopping centers, restaurants, etc. Public urban spaces are important third-places that, while simple and unpretentious, are affordable for leisure time and open to all citizens. In addition to improving the level of subjective and emotional well-being, third-places can enhance the quality of the experience of self-discovery, which has been conceptualized as “existential authenticity.” It is worth noting that the relationship between third-places and quality of life, welfare, well-being, and related concepts has been less studied. In particular, research on the effects of third-place quality on subjective well-being and existential authenticity is scarce and limited. Given the importance of the subject, the present study has investigated the effect of third-place quality on subjective well-being and existential authenticity, and, in this regard, the public space of the Karim Khan Citadel in Shiraz has been considered a case study. Methodology The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical research that investigates the quality of the public space of the Citadel of Karim Khan in Shiraz, focusing on its role in subjective well-being and existential authenticity. In order to collect the required data, in addition to library studies, the field method -questionnaire- was conducted. The study's statistical population comprises people aged 18 and older living in Shiraz who have been in the public space around the Citadel of Karim Khan at least once, with the aim of benefiting from the functions of the third-place. The questionnaire was completed at the Citadel of Karim Khan using a simple random sampling method. Overall, 410 questionnaires were completed, of which 390 were valid and usable. The research questionnaire included questions about the general characteristics of the individuals and their views on the items related to the main variables of the research, including the quality of the third-place, subjective well-being, and existential authenticity. In this study, the "quality of the third-place" was conceptualized as a three-dimensional construct including "physical and functional attributes", "sociability and pedestrianism", and "beauty and meaning", each of which was operationally defined through 7, 5, and 4 items, respectively. The variables "subjective well-being" and "existential authenticity" were also defined based on 6 and 5 items, respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and statistical tests, including correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis, One-way ANOVA, and One-sample T-test. Results and discussion The findings of the study showed that the quality of the third-place in each of its three dimensions is higher than the average level. The levels of subjective well-being and existential authenticity were also found to be higher than the average. The effect of third-place quality on subjective well-being and existential authenticity was examined using multiple regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis showed that the quality of the third-place, with a regression coefficient of 0.767 and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.585, has a significant and positive effect on subjective well-being, and the variance of the quality of the third-place can explain 58.5% of the variance of subjective well-being. It is worth noting that among the three dimensions of the quality of the third-place, “physical and functional attributes,” with a standard beta coefficient of 0.558 - has the most significant effect on subjective well-being. The findings also showed that the quality of the third-place, with a regression coefficient of 0.681, has a significant, positive effect on existential authenticity, explaining 46% of its variance. According to the results, there is no statistically significant difference between the effect coefficients of the independent variables, i.e., the three dimensions of the quality of the third-place. The result of One-way ANOVA showed that there is a significant relationship between the frequency of presence in the place and subjective well-being, so that the level of subjective well-being in the group that has experienced presence in the environment of the Karim Khan Citadel more than ten times is significantly different from other groups, higher than them. Regarding the existential authenticity variable, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the group of people who have visited the Karim Khan Citadel more than ten times and the groups who have visited once and three to five times, so that the average value of the existential authenticity variable in the group who have visited more than ten times is higher than the other two groups. Conclusion As an interesting example of a third-place, the area around the Karim Khan Citadel in Shiraz was studied, and its effect on subjective well-being and existential authenticity was confirmed. As mentioned, third-places include a wide range of places with different scales and functions. The management system of some third-places is personal and private, such as shopping malls, cafes, clubs, restaurants, and the like. In contrast, a group of third-places are public urban spaces whose management is attributed to public institutions such as municipalities. The degree of inclusion of users of these public spaces is much wider than that of other third-places mentioned, so that people from different socio-economic statuses can easily use them without any special restrictions and often without paying any fees. Such spaces are particularly valuable for improving the quality of life and advancing social justice. According to this study's findings, it is recommended to improve environmental quality and access to public urban spaces, including the area around the Citadel of Karim Khan in Shiraz. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT The characteristics of modern lifestyle require that people, in addition to the first and second places, have other places, called third places, to spend time, relieve the tensions of daily life, and strengthen social relationships. Public urban spaces are important third places that, in addition to enhancing subjective and emotional well-being, seem to improve the quality of the self-discovery experience. The present study is an applied, descriptive-analytical research that examined the quality of the third place and its effect on subjective well-being and existential authenticity, using questionnaire data from a sample of 390 people. The study's statistical population comprises people aged 18 and older living in the city of Shiraz who have been in the public space around the Karim Khan Citadel at least once, to benefit from the functions of the third place. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software and included correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis, One-way ANOVA, and One-sample T-test. The findings of the study showed that the quality of the third place in each of its three dimensions is higher than the average level. The levels of subjective well-being and existential authenticity were also evaluated as higher than the average. The results of the regression analysis showed that the quality of the third place has a significant and positive effect on both subjective well-being and existential authenticity, accounting for more than 58% of the variance in subjective well-being and 46% of the variance in existential authenticity. Extended Abstract Introduction The characteristics of modern lifestyle require that people have other places to spend time, relieve the tensions of daily life, and strengthen social relationships, in addition to the first place (home) and the second place (workplace). Such places are called third-places and include a wide range. For example, parks, coffee shops, sports clubs, entertainment centers, shopping centers, restaurants, etc. Public urban spaces are important third-places that, while simple and unpretentious, are affordable for leisure time and open to all citizens. In addition to improving the level of subjective and emotional well-being, third-places can enhance the quality of the experience of self-discovery, which has been conceptualized as “existential authenticity.” It is worth noting that the relationship between third-places and quality of life, welfare, well-being, and related concepts has been less studied. In particular, research on the effects of third-place quality on subjective well-being and existential authenticity is scarce and limited. Given the importance of the subject, the present study has investigated the effect of third-place quality on subjective well-being and existential authenticity, and, in this regard, the public space of the Karim Khan Citadel in Shiraz has been considered a case study. Methodology The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical research that investigates the quality of the public space of the Citadel of Karim Khan in Shiraz, focusing on its role in subjective well-being and existential authenticity. In order to collect the required data, in addition to library studies, the field method -questionnaire- was conducted. The study's statistical population comprises people aged 18 and older living in Shiraz who have been in the public space around the Citadel of Karim Khan at least once, with the aim of benefiting from the functions of the third-place. The questionnaire was completed at the Citadel of Karim Khan using a simple random sampling method. Overall, 410 questionnaires were completed, of which 390 were valid and usable. The research questionnaire included questions about the general characteristics of the individuals and their views on the items related to the main variables of the research, including the quality of the third-place, subjective well-being, and existential authenticity. In this study, the "quality of the third-place" was conceptualized as a three-dimensional construct including "physical and functional attributes", "sociability and pedestrianism", and "beauty and meaning", each of which was operationally defined through 7, 5, and 4 items, respectively. The variables "subjective well-being" and "existential authenticity" were also defined based on 6 and 5 items, respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and statistical tests, including correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis, One-way ANOVA, and One-sample T-test. Results and discussion The findings of the study showed that the quality of the third-place in each of its three dimensions is higher than the average level. The levels of subjective well-being and existential authenticity were also found to be higher than the average. The effect of third-place quality on subjective well-being and existential authenticity was examined using multiple regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis showed that the quality of the third-place, with a regression coefficient of 0.767 and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.585, has a significant and positive effect on subjective well-being, and the variance of the quality of the third-place can explain 58.5% of the variance of subjective well-being. It is worth noting that among the three dimensions of the quality of the third-place, “physical and functional attributes,” with a standard beta coefficient of 0.558 - has the most significant effect on subjective well-being. The findings also showed that the quality of the third-place, with a regression coefficient of 0.681, has a significant, positive effect on existential authenticity, explaining 46% of its variance. According to the results, there is no statistically significant difference between the effect coefficients of the independent variables, i.e., the three dimensions of the quality of the third-place. The result of One-way ANOVA showed that there is a significant relationship between the frequency of presence in the place and subjective well-being, so that the level of subjective well-being in the group that has experienced presence in the environment of the Karim Khan Citadel more than ten times is significantly different from other groups, higher than them. Regarding the existential authenticity variable, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the group of people who have visited the Karim Khan Citadel more than ten times and the groups who have visited once and three to five times, so that the average value of the existential authenticity variable in the group who have visited more than ten times is higher than the other two groups. Conclusion As an interesting example of a third-place, the area around the Karim Khan Citadel in Shiraz was studied, and its effect on subjective well-being and existential authenticity was confirmed. As mentioned, third-places include a wide range of places with different scales and functions. The management system of some third-places is personal and private, such as shopping malls, cafes, clubs, restaurants, and the like. In contrast, a group of third-places are public urban spaces whose management is attributed to public institutions such as municipalities. The degree of inclusion of users of these public spaces is much wider than that of other third-places mentioned, so that people from different socio-economic statuses can easily use them without any special restrictions and often without paying any fees. Such spaces are particularly valuable for improving the quality of life and advancing social justice. According to this study's findings, it is recommended to improve environmental quality and access to public urban spaces, including the area around the Citadel of Karim Khan in Shiraz. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_105990_b147f6cc246aae0bf1a174ab63febc6c.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 23 Spatial Zoning of Urban Poverty Areas, as Indicated by Socio-Economic Factors: A case study of Shahriar City Spatial Zoning of Urban Poverty Areas, as Indicated by Socio-Economic Factors: A case study of Shahriar City 35 56 105991 10.22059/jhgr.2024.358118.1008593 FA Shahram Charkhan Department of Human Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1014-7463 SeyyedAhmad Hosseinnia Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0000-6960-1021 Mohammad Bayat Department of Urban Management, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 06 ABSTRACT There are various indicators that contribute to the formation of poverty zones in cities. Economic and social indicators also play a role in both the production and reproduction of poverty.The article examines the emergence of poverty zones in Shahryar city by analyzing socio-economic indicators. The study utilizes the AHP and TOPSIS models to assign weights to these indicators and classify the city's blocks into different poverty levels. The analysis reveals that factors such as employment, marital status, home ownership, literacy, vehicle ownership, and computer access significantly impact the socio-economic status of these areas. Among these factors, employment is found to be the most crucial (coefficient 0.244), while vehicle and computer access have the least influence (coefficient 0.15). The findings indicate that only 10% of Shahryar's blocks demonstrate good quality, while 19% are relatively good, 28% are average, 27% are relatively poor, and 16% are in poor condition. In total, 43% of the city's blocks are in disrepair, indicating a high prevalence of poverty. The study concludes that employment, literacy, and home ownership are the primary contributors to poverty in Shahryar. These factors hinder residents' ability to improve their living conditions, generate income, and access social services, thereby perpetuating poverty. To address this issue, the article suggests implementing policies focused on increasing job opportunities, improving literacy rates, and expanding housing access for low-income families. Additionally, the article recommends spatial planning and development policies to create economically vibrant communities and alleviate the socio-economic disadvantages observed in Shahryar's urban areas. Extended Abstract Introduction Urban poverty in Shahryar city is a multifaceted issue shaped by a complex interplay of economic, social, and spatial factors. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is imperative for developing effective strategies aimed at alleviating poverty and enhancing the quality of life for residents. This study investigates the socioeconomic indicators that contribute to the formation of poverty zones in Shahryar, with the objective of providing insights that can guide targeted interventions and promote sustainable urban development. The significance of this research lies in its potential to offer a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of poverty within Shahryar. By mapping areas most affected by poverty and identifying the underlying socioeconomic causes, this study aims to enable policymakers to strategically allocate resources and design interventions that address the root causes of poverty rather than merely alleviating its symptoms. The research is driven by two central questions: (1) Which socioeconomic indicators have the greatest impact on the formation of urban poverty zones in Shahryar? (2) What is the relationship between these indicators and the spatial distribution of impoverished neighborhoods in Shahryar? Answering these questions is crucial for understanding the factors contributing to poverty concentration and developing effective strategies to break the cycle of urban poverty. Methodology This research is applied in nature and utilizes a descriptive-analytical method to assess the socioeconomic landscape of Shahryar city. The study employs the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to assign weights to the selected indicators and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model to stratify the city's blocks based on these indicators. The indicators considered include employment status, marital status, home ownership, literacy rates, vehicle ownership, and computer access. Each indicator's influence was quantified, revealing varying degrees of impact on the formation of poverty zones. Results and discussion The analysis reveals significant findings regarding the socioeconomic determinants of poverty in Shahryar city. Employment status emerges as the most influential factor, with a coefficient of 0.244. This indicates that employment has the greatest impact on the socioeconomic conditions of residents and underscores the importance of job creation and economic development in alleviating poverty. Without stable employment opportunities, residents are more vulnerable to economic insecurity, exacerbating other forms of social and economic deprivation. Home ownership and literacy also significantly impact poverty distribution, with coefficients of 0.207 and 0.215, respectively. Home ownership is associated with long-term economic stability and wealth accumulation, making it a vital determinant of socioeconomic status. Literacy plays a crucial role in an individual's ability to secure higher-paying jobs and improve economic prospects. The findings suggest that policies aimed at increasing home ownership and improving literacy rates could effectively contribute to poverty reduction in Shahryar. In contrast, vehicle ownership and computer access, with coefficients of 0.15 each, show a less significant influence on the emergence of poverty zones. Although these indicators are relevant for assessing material well-being and access to technology, they do not play as central a role in shaping poverty zones compared to employment, home ownership, and literacy. This highlights that while material resources are important, they are not sufficient alone to address the root causes of poverty. The spatial analysis reveals a stark disparity in socioeconomic conditions within Shahryar city. Only 10% of the city's blocks are identified as having favorable socioeconomic conditions, while approximately 43% are classified as poor or relatively poor. This considerable disparity underscores the unequal distribution of wealth and resources and emphasizes the need for targeted interventions in the most affected areas. Conclusion This study concludes that socioeconomic indicators, particularly employment, literacy, and home ownership, are pivotal in understanding and addressing urban poverty in Shahryar. These factors not only define the current socioeconomic status of neighborhoods but also perpetuate a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break without targeted interventions. The research suggests that policies aimed at enhancing job opportunities, improving literacy rates, and expanding access to affordable housing are essential. Additionally, spatial planning and development policies should be implemented to foster economically vibrant communities and reduce spatial disparities in poverty across the city. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT There are various indicators that contribute to the formation of poverty zones in cities. Economic and social indicators also play a role in both the production and reproduction of poverty.The article examines the emergence of poverty zones in Shahryar city by analyzing socio-economic indicators. The study utilizes the AHP and TOPSIS models to assign weights to these indicators and classify the city's blocks into different poverty levels. The analysis reveals that factors such as employment, marital status, home ownership, literacy, vehicle ownership, and computer access significantly impact the socio-economic status of these areas. Among these factors, employment is found to be the most crucial (coefficient 0.244), while vehicle and computer access have the least influence (coefficient 0.15). The findings indicate that only 10% of Shahryar's blocks demonstrate good quality, while 19% are relatively good, 28% are average, 27% are relatively poor, and 16% are in poor condition. In total, 43% of the city's blocks are in disrepair, indicating a high prevalence of poverty. The study concludes that employment, literacy, and home ownership are the primary contributors to poverty in Shahryar. These factors hinder residents' ability to improve their living conditions, generate income, and access social services, thereby perpetuating poverty. To address this issue, the article suggests implementing policies focused on increasing job opportunities, improving literacy rates, and expanding housing access for low-income families. Additionally, the article recommends spatial planning and development policies to create economically vibrant communities and alleviate the socio-economic disadvantages observed in Shahryar's urban areas. Extended Abstract Introduction Urban poverty in Shahryar city is a multifaceted issue shaped by a complex interplay of economic, social, and spatial factors. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is imperative for developing effective strategies aimed at alleviating poverty and enhancing the quality of life for residents. This study investigates the socioeconomic indicators that contribute to the formation of poverty zones in Shahryar, with the objective of providing insights that can guide targeted interventions and promote sustainable urban development. The significance of this research lies in its potential to offer a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of poverty within Shahryar. By mapping areas most affected by poverty and identifying the underlying socioeconomic causes, this study aims to enable policymakers to strategically allocate resources and design interventions that address the root causes of poverty rather than merely alleviating its symptoms. The research is driven by two central questions: (1) Which socioeconomic indicators have the greatest impact on the formation of urban poverty zones in Shahryar? (2) What is the relationship between these indicators and the spatial distribution of impoverished neighborhoods in Shahryar? Answering these questions is crucial for understanding the factors contributing to poverty concentration and developing effective strategies to break the cycle of urban poverty. Methodology This research is applied in nature and utilizes a descriptive-analytical method to assess the socioeconomic landscape of Shahryar city. The study employs the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to assign weights to the selected indicators and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) model to stratify the city's blocks based on these indicators. The indicators considered include employment status, marital status, home ownership, literacy rates, vehicle ownership, and computer access. Each indicator's influence was quantified, revealing varying degrees of impact on the formation of poverty zones. Results and discussion The analysis reveals significant findings regarding the socioeconomic determinants of poverty in Shahryar city. Employment status emerges as the most influential factor, with a coefficient of 0.244. This indicates that employment has the greatest impact on the socioeconomic conditions of residents and underscores the importance of job creation and economic development in alleviating poverty. Without stable employment opportunities, residents are more vulnerable to economic insecurity, exacerbating other forms of social and economic deprivation. Home ownership and literacy also significantly impact poverty distribution, with coefficients of 0.207 and 0.215, respectively. Home ownership is associated with long-term economic stability and wealth accumulation, making it a vital determinant of socioeconomic status. Literacy plays a crucial role in an individual's ability to secure higher-paying jobs and improve economic prospects. The findings suggest that policies aimed at increasing home ownership and improving literacy rates could effectively contribute to poverty reduction in Shahryar. In contrast, vehicle ownership and computer access, with coefficients of 0.15 each, show a less significant influence on the emergence of poverty zones. Although these indicators are relevant for assessing material well-being and access to technology, they do not play as central a role in shaping poverty zones compared to employment, home ownership, and literacy. This highlights that while material resources are important, they are not sufficient alone to address the root causes of poverty. The spatial analysis reveals a stark disparity in socioeconomic conditions within Shahryar city. Only 10% of the city's blocks are identified as having favorable socioeconomic conditions, while approximately 43% are classified as poor or relatively poor. This considerable disparity underscores the unequal distribution of wealth and resources and emphasizes the need for targeted interventions in the most affected areas. Conclusion This study concludes that socioeconomic indicators, particularly employment, literacy, and home ownership, are pivotal in understanding and addressing urban poverty in Shahryar. These factors not only define the current socioeconomic status of neighborhoods but also perpetuate a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break without targeted interventions. The research suggests that policies aimed at enhancing job opportunities, improving literacy rates, and expanding access to affordable housing are essential. Additionally, spatial planning and development policies should be implemented to foster economically vibrant communities and reduce spatial disparities in poverty across the city. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_105991_e595b4a6f9d0cefe4fce92e5d561be45.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 23 A Comparative Study of the Resilience of the Azeri and Kurdish Ethnic Groups in Urmia City in the Face of the Economic Crisis A Comparative Study of the Resilience of the Azeri and Kurdish Ethnic Groups in Urmia City in the Face of the Economic Crisis 57 75 106019 10.22059/jhgr.2026.388958.1008782 FA Sajjad Seyedi Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0009-9635-5431 Mohammadali Keyani Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0009-0009-5143-8778 Rasoul Afzali Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8863-044x Journal Article 2025 07 06 ABSTRACT Assessing the level and nature of resilience among population groups, especially during socio-political crises, plays a crucial role in national governance and management. Various social and cultural factors influence resilience, and how ethnic groups interact and react to it is an important subject for study. This article aims to evaluate and comparatively study the level and nature of resilience of Azeri and Kurdish ethnic groups in Urmia County when facing an economic crisis, using a survey questionnaire method. Research findings indicate that the resilience of the Kurdish ethnic group to the recent economic crisis has been greater than that of the Azeri ethnic group, showing more adaptability. In contrast, Azeris exhibited more explicit political reactions to this crisis, while the political reactions of the Kurdish ethnic group were fewer and calmer. This difference is observable across almost all examined components: decreased political participation, increased protests, overt expression of dissatisfaction, reduced expectations from government institutions, increased demand for political changes, opposition to the government, requests for interaction and relations with other countries, formation of groups to pursue demands, activation of local economy, increased violence, increased migration, decreased commitment to the government, law-breaking, and intensified chaos. Furthermore, the results show that the influential factors on resilience levels differed between these two ethnic groups. Problem-solving skills significantly impacted resilience among Kurds, while emotional attachments were most significant among Azeris. Extended Abstract Introduction The crises and disasters that have occurred in recent decades indicate that the vulnerability of communities has increased more than ever, and the level of risks has also risen. The aforementioned disasters and crises, such as natural disasters, economic hazards, wars, etc., undoubtedly have many destructive psychological impacts on societies. Various writings and statistics indicate a significant decrease in the resilience level of communities against various problems and crises; to the extent that they have entered a phase of high vulnerability. The study of resilience levels and behaviors among the two ethnic groups, Turks and Kurds, in response to Iran's recent economic crisis, which began in 2017, is significant. This research reveals the social and cultural structures, as well as the perceptions that each group holds when confronting the crisis. The geographic location of the study, Urmia, where both ethnic groups reside, allows for a more precise examination of the cultural and social characteristics shaping their resilience. This paper aims to address the question: -What are the similarities and differences in the resilience of the Kurdish and Turkish ethnic groups in Urmia in response to the recent economic crisis, despite sharing the same spatial and geographic features? -What cultural and social factors influence their resilience, and what strategies can be proposed to better meet their needs given the existing differences? Methodology The research method is analytical-descriptive, and data collection is survey-based using a questionnaire. Additionally, library and documentary sources were used to supplement the data. The questionnaire, which consists of closed-ended questions, was designed to assess the resilience of the two ethnic groups, Turks and Kurds, against the economic crisis. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS statistical software, and both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed. Descriptive statistics, such as percentages, frequency distributions, and averages, were used to describe variables. The validity of the questionnaire was tested using content and face validity, and its reliability was confirmed through correlation and Cronbach’s alpha methods, with significant results in all areas. Results and discussion Findings related to the factors influencing the resilience level of the Azeri and Kurdish ethnic groups indicate that their mental constructs and underlying social structures have been similar in some cases and different in others. Factors such as emotional attachments, personality traits, and problem-solving skills have been common factors affecting resilience for both groups. These components in the city of Urmia are influenced by the determining role of traditional structures in individuals’ agency. The findings show that the Kurdish ethnic group in the studied region has higher resilience, primarily influenced by problem-solving skills, personality traits, emotional attachments, and religious beliefs. In contrast, the resilience of the Turkish ethnic group was most influenced by emotional attachments, personality traits, resilience planning, problem-solving skills, and their lifestyle. The Kurds exhibited greater adaptability in the face of the crisis. In terms of social and political reactions, the Turks showed higher averages in negative indicators (non-resilience and incompatibility with the recent economic crisis), such as opposition to the government, demand for political change, lawlessness, increased migration and violence, and political disengagement. Meanwhile, in three positive indicators of resilience, calls for engagement with other countries, activation of the local economy, and forming groups to pursue demands, the Kurds outperformed the Turks. These findings suggest that the Turks responded more intensely to the crisis, while the Kurds responded more calmly. Regarding resilience indicators such as depression, psychological issues, dissatisfaction with life, and failure to cope with livelihood challenges, the Kurds were found to be in a better position than the Turks. These differences reflect distinct cultural norms and mental frameworks between the two groups. Historical evidence also supports that the Turkish ethnic group has actively participated in political and social movements, whereas the Kurds have generally been more passive and accommodating. Conclusion Assessing the resilience of population groups, especially in times of social and political crises, is crucial for effective governance. This comparative study between the Turkish and Kurdish ethnic groups in Urmia showed that they have different resilience levels and behaviors in response to the recent economic crisis. While some factors influencing resilience, such as problem-solving skills and personality traits, were common between the two groups, their prioritization differed. The study's results confirmed that Kurds exhibited greater resilience, particularly in terms of non-violent and adaptive strategies, while Turks showed more overt and disruptive responses. This significant difference points to the existence of distinct ethnic norms and structures regarding resilience in economic crises. A broader comparative study across all ethnic groups in Iran could help design a comprehensive resilience model for policymakers to address population needs during crises better. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT Assessing the level and nature of resilience among population groups, especially during socio-political crises, plays a crucial role in national governance and management. Various social and cultural factors influence resilience, and how ethnic groups interact and react to it is an important subject for study. This article aims to evaluate and comparatively study the level and nature of resilience of Azeri and Kurdish ethnic groups in Urmia County when facing an economic crisis, using a survey questionnaire method. Research findings indicate that the resilience of the Kurdish ethnic group to the recent economic crisis has been greater than that of the Azeri ethnic group, showing more adaptability. In contrast, Azeris exhibited more explicit political reactions to this crisis, while the political reactions of the Kurdish ethnic group were fewer and calmer. This difference is observable across almost all examined components: decreased political participation, increased protests, overt expression of dissatisfaction, reduced expectations from government institutions, increased demand for political changes, opposition to the government, requests for interaction and relations with other countries, formation of groups to pursue demands, activation of local economy, increased violence, increased migration, decreased commitment to the government, law-breaking, and intensified chaos. Furthermore, the results show that the influential factors on resilience levels differed between these two ethnic groups. Problem-solving skills significantly impacted resilience among Kurds, while emotional attachments were most significant among Azeris. Extended Abstract Introduction The crises and disasters that have occurred in recent decades indicate that the vulnerability of communities has increased more than ever, and the level of risks has also risen. The aforementioned disasters and crises, such as natural disasters, economic hazards, wars, etc., undoubtedly have many destructive psychological impacts on societies. Various writings and statistics indicate a significant decrease in the resilience level of communities against various problems and crises; to the extent that they have entered a phase of high vulnerability. The study of resilience levels and behaviors among the two ethnic groups, Turks and Kurds, in response to Iran's recent economic crisis, which began in 2017, is significant. This research reveals the social and cultural structures, as well as the perceptions that each group holds when confronting the crisis. The geographic location of the study, Urmia, where both ethnic groups reside, allows for a more precise examination of the cultural and social characteristics shaping their resilience. This paper aims to address the question: -What are the similarities and differences in the resilience of the Kurdish and Turkish ethnic groups in Urmia in response to the recent economic crisis, despite sharing the same spatial and geographic features? -What cultural and social factors influence their resilience, and what strategies can be proposed to better meet their needs given the existing differences? Methodology The research method is analytical-descriptive, and data collection is survey-based using a questionnaire. Additionally, library and documentary sources were used to supplement the data. The questionnaire, which consists of closed-ended questions, was designed to assess the resilience of the two ethnic groups, Turks and Kurds, against the economic crisis. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS statistical software, and both descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed. Descriptive statistics, such as percentages, frequency distributions, and averages, were used to describe variables. The validity of the questionnaire was tested using content and face validity, and its reliability was confirmed through correlation and Cronbach’s alpha methods, with significant results in all areas. Results and discussion Findings related to the factors influencing the resilience level of the Azeri and Kurdish ethnic groups indicate that their mental constructs and underlying social structures have been similar in some cases and different in others. Factors such as emotional attachments, personality traits, and problem-solving skills have been common factors affecting resilience for both groups. These components in the city of Urmia are influenced by the determining role of traditional structures in individuals’ agency. The findings show that the Kurdish ethnic group in the studied region has higher resilience, primarily influenced by problem-solving skills, personality traits, emotional attachments, and religious beliefs. In contrast, the resilience of the Turkish ethnic group was most influenced by emotional attachments, personality traits, resilience planning, problem-solving skills, and their lifestyle. The Kurds exhibited greater adaptability in the face of the crisis. In terms of social and political reactions, the Turks showed higher averages in negative indicators (non-resilience and incompatibility with the recent economic crisis), such as opposition to the government, demand for political change, lawlessness, increased migration and violence, and political disengagement. Meanwhile, in three positive indicators of resilience, calls for engagement with other countries, activation of the local economy, and forming groups to pursue demands, the Kurds outperformed the Turks. These findings suggest that the Turks responded more intensely to the crisis, while the Kurds responded more calmly. Regarding resilience indicators such as depression, psychological issues, dissatisfaction with life, and failure to cope with livelihood challenges, the Kurds were found to be in a better position than the Turks. These differences reflect distinct cultural norms and mental frameworks between the two groups. Historical evidence also supports that the Turkish ethnic group has actively participated in political and social movements, whereas the Kurds have generally been more passive and accommodating. Conclusion Assessing the resilience of population groups, especially in times of social and political crises, is crucial for effective governance. This comparative study between the Turkish and Kurdish ethnic groups in Urmia showed that they have different resilience levels and behaviors in response to the recent economic crisis. While some factors influencing resilience, such as problem-solving skills and personality traits, were common between the two groups, their prioritization differed. The study's results confirmed that Kurds exhibited greater resilience, particularly in terms of non-violent and adaptive strategies, while Turks showed more overt and disruptive responses. This significant difference points to the existence of distinct ethnic norms and structures regarding resilience in economic crises. A broader comparative study across all ethnic groups in Iran could help design a comprehensive resilience model for policymakers to address population needs during crises better. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_106019_22b4c1794c97f3cd5d4dbdccebe478c8.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 24 Investigating the Impact of Climate Change Crisis on Environmental Behaviors and Sustainable Urban Development: A case study of drought in Isfahan city Investigating the Impact of Climate Change Crisis on Environmental Behaviors and Sustainable Urban Development: A case study of drought in Isfahan city 77 96 106093 10.22059/jhgr.2026.386782.1008768 FA Rasoul Bagheri Department of Natural Disaster Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-8565-3796 Ahmad Nohegar Department of Natural Disaster Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-4954-8782 Esmail Salehi Department of Planning, Environmental Management and HSE, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1627-6277 Ali Alavi Naeini Department of Natural Disaster Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran 0009-0001-5406-8081 Journal Article 2024 07 06 ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the most important environmental crises of the 21st century and has had widespread impacts on ecosystem stability, natural resources, and social behavior. This study examined their impacts on environmental behaviors, particularly the ethical attitudes of citizens in Isfahan. Climate change, drought, and their effects have had significant impacts on environmental and social instability in Isfahan. To analyze these impacts, standard indices (SPEI, SPI) were used to assess drought conditions and precipitation changes over recent years. Climatic data were obtained from the National Meteorological Organization, and changes in precipitation patterns in the last decade were examined. In addition to climate analyses, field data were also collected through questionnaires from four different social groups, including farmers, industrialists, environmental activists, and ordinary citizens. The questionnaires were designed to assess changes in environmental attitudes and behaviors towards climate change. In this study, descriptive statistical methods and correlation analysis were used to process data. The results show that climate change, especially the decrease in precipitation and the increase in temperature, has had significant effects on the environmental behaviors of citizens. In particular, the increase in severe droughts has had a significant impact on the agricultural group, while other groups, such as industrialists and environmental activists, are more concerned about the effects of increasing temperature and air pollution. This study shows that climate change has increased citizens' awareness of environmental issues and the need to change individual and social behaviors. Finally, suggestions were made to promote public awareness and develop environmentally friendly policies to improve the situation and urban sustainable development Extended Abstract Introduction Climate change, as one of the most important environmental crises of the 21st century, has had widespread consequences on the sustainability of ecosystems, natural resources, and human social behaviors. Increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, decreasing water resources, frequent droughts, and intensifying air pollution are among the most important manifestations of this global phenomenon. Cities are more exposed to climate change-related damage than other settlements due to their high population concentration, economic activities, and unbalanced development. Isfahan, with its semi-arid climate and historical reliance on the Zayandeh-Rud River, has been severely affected by water scarcity and drought in recent decades. In addition to environmental consequences, these conditions have also led to changes in citizens' moral attitudes and environmental behaviors. Therefore, understanding the relationship between climate change-related drought and citizens' moral attitudes is necessary to formulate effective policies for urban sustainable development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of climate change and drought on the environmental behaviors and ethical attitudes of Isfahan citizens. Methodology This research was descriptive-analytical and quantitative. Standard indicators (SPEI, SPI) were used to assess the drought situation and precipitation changes. Climatic data were extracted from the official database of the Iranian Meteorological Organization, and the trend in precipitation over the last decade was analyzed. In the social sector, field data were collected through questionnaires from four social groups, including farmers, industrialists, environmental activists, and ordinary citizens. The sample size was 384 people. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression were used to analyze the data. Results and discussion The results of the SPI index analysis showed that over the past decade, a clear trend of decreasing precipitation and increasing drought intensity in Isfahan city has been observed, and 2018 and 2021 were identified as severe drought years. In terms of the overall average percentage of concern, environmental activists have shown the highest sensitivity to climate change, with 90.75%, indicating the group's high awareness and direct involvement in environmental issues. Farmers are in second place with 73%, which is due to the direct dependence of their livelihoods on water resources and agricultural activities. Ordinary citizens show moderate sensitivity at 64.75%, while industrialists show the lowest level of concern at 56.25%, due to their greater focus on economic and infrastructure issues. More than 80% of respondents were aware of the negative effects of climate change, such as drought and water scarcity, and this awareness was particularly pronounced among farmers, with 92% citing drought as the most significant challenge caused by climate change. In the area of environmental behaviors, 40% participate in recycling, 50% have seriously reduced their water consumption, and 60% are willing to participate in environmental protection activities; however, only 30% reported using public transportation. In the field of environmental ethics, 75% of citizens feel a moral obligation to protect the environment, and 65% emphasize the need for urgent community action to preserve natural resources. Regarding the main concerns, farmers identified increasing droughts (92%), declining water resources (90%), and impacts on agriculture (90%) as the most important challenges. Industrialists identified urban air pollution (80%) and energy consumption (70%) as their top priorities. Among environmental activists, air pollution (98%), decreasing water resources (95%), and public health (95%) were the most important concerns. Ordinary citizens also identified air pollution (75%), public health (75%), and increasing urban heat (80%) as the most important threats. In terms of least concern, farmers identified waste management (50%); industrialists identified soil erosion (40%) and changing precipitation patterns (40%); and ordinary citizens identified energy consumption (55%) and impact on agriculture (55%) as the least important. The population affected by severe drought in Isfahan province was reported to be 31%. However, in Isfahan city, the rate was more than 76%, indicating the city's high vulnerability to the drought crisis. The reduction of water resources is recognized as the main crisis by 95% of environmental activists and 90% of farmers, and the drying up of the Zayandeh-Rud River, land subsidence, and threats to historical monuments have made Isfahan's urban sustainable development extremely fragile. Conclusion The findings of the study show that climate change and drought have had a profound impact on the ethical attitudes and environmental behaviors of Isfahan citizens. As the water crisis worsens, public awareness has grown, and the inclination towards responsible environmental behavior has strengthened. However, there remains a significant gap between attitudes and actual behavior, particularly in transportation and energy consumption. Therefore, to achieve urban sustainable development, it is necessary to implement targeted educational policies, develop water-recycling technologies, modify consumption patterns, and involve citizens actively. The results of this study can serve as a basis for environmental and management planning in Isfahan city in the face of climate change. Funding This research was conducted without external financial support. Authors’ Contributions All authors contributed equally to the study design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere gratitude to scientific advisors, the Iranian Meteorological Organization, and all individuals who contributed to data collection and the successful completion of this research. ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the most important environmental crises of the 21st century and has had widespread impacts on ecosystem stability, natural resources, and social behavior. This study examined their impacts on environmental behaviors, particularly the ethical attitudes of citizens in Isfahan. Climate change, drought, and their effects have had significant impacts on environmental and social instability in Isfahan. To analyze these impacts, standard indices (SPEI, SPI) were used to assess drought conditions and precipitation changes over recent years. Climatic data were obtained from the National Meteorological Organization, and changes in precipitation patterns in the last decade were examined. In addition to climate analyses, field data were also collected through questionnaires from four different social groups, including farmers, industrialists, environmental activists, and ordinary citizens. The questionnaires were designed to assess changes in environmental attitudes and behaviors towards climate change. In this study, descriptive statistical methods and correlation analysis were used to process data. The results show that climate change, especially the decrease in precipitation and the increase in temperature, has had significant effects on the environmental behaviors of citizens. In particular, the increase in severe droughts has had a significant impact on the agricultural group, while other groups, such as industrialists and environmental activists, are more concerned about the effects of increasing temperature and air pollution. This study shows that climate change has increased citizens' awareness of environmental issues and the need to change individual and social behaviors. Finally, suggestions were made to promote public awareness and develop environmentally friendly policies to improve the situation and urban sustainable development Extended Abstract Introduction Climate change, as one of the most important environmental crises of the 21st century, has had widespread consequences on the sustainability of ecosystems, natural resources, and human social behaviors. Increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, decreasing water resources, frequent droughts, and intensifying air pollution are among the most important manifestations of this global phenomenon. Cities are more exposed to climate change-related damage than other settlements due to their high population concentration, economic activities, and unbalanced development. Isfahan, with its semi-arid climate and historical reliance on the Zayandeh-Rud River, has been severely affected by water scarcity and drought in recent decades. In addition to environmental consequences, these conditions have also led to changes in citizens' moral attitudes and environmental behaviors. Therefore, understanding the relationship between climate change-related drought and citizens' moral attitudes is necessary to formulate effective policies for urban sustainable development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of climate change and drought on the environmental behaviors and ethical attitudes of Isfahan citizens. Methodology This research was descriptive-analytical and quantitative. Standard indicators (SPEI, SPI) were used to assess the drought situation and precipitation changes. Climatic data were extracted from the official database of the Iranian Meteorological Organization, and the trend in precipitation over the last decade was analyzed. In the social sector, field data were collected through questionnaires from four social groups, including farmers, industrialists, environmental activists, and ordinary citizens. The sample size was 384 people. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression were used to analyze the data. Results and discussion The results of the SPI index analysis showed that over the past decade, a clear trend of decreasing precipitation and increasing drought intensity in Isfahan city has been observed, and 2018 and 2021 were identified as severe drought years. In terms of the overall average percentage of concern, environmental activists have shown the highest sensitivity to climate change, with 90.75%, indicating the group's high awareness and direct involvement in environmental issues. Farmers are in second place with 73%, which is due to the direct dependence of their livelihoods on water resources and agricultural activities. Ordinary citizens show moderate sensitivity at 64.75%, while industrialists show the lowest level of concern at 56.25%, due to their greater focus on economic and infrastructure issues. More than 80% of respondents were aware of the negative effects of climate change, such as drought and water scarcity, and this awareness was particularly pronounced among farmers, with 92% citing drought as the most significant challenge caused by climate change. In the area of environmental behaviors, 40% participate in recycling, 50% have seriously reduced their water consumption, and 60% are willing to participate in environmental protection activities; however, only 30% reported using public transportation. In the field of environmental ethics, 75% of citizens feel a moral obligation to protect the environment, and 65% emphasize the need for urgent community action to preserve natural resources. Regarding the main concerns, farmers identified increasing droughts (92%), declining water resources (90%), and impacts on agriculture (90%) as the most important challenges. Industrialists identified urban air pollution (80%) and energy consumption (70%) as their top priorities. Among environmental activists, air pollution (98%), decreasing water resources (95%), and public health (95%) were the most important concerns. Ordinary citizens also identified air pollution (75%), public health (75%), and increasing urban heat (80%) as the most important threats. In terms of least concern, farmers identified waste management (50%); industrialists identified soil erosion (40%) and changing precipitation patterns (40%); and ordinary citizens identified energy consumption (55%) and impact on agriculture (55%) as the least important. The population affected by severe drought in Isfahan province was reported to be 31%. However, in Isfahan city, the rate was more than 76%, indicating the city's high vulnerability to the drought crisis. The reduction of water resources is recognized as the main crisis by 95% of environmental activists and 90% of farmers, and the drying up of the Zayandeh-Rud River, land subsidence, and threats to historical monuments have made Isfahan's urban sustainable development extremely fragile. Conclusion The findings of the study show that climate change and drought have had a profound impact on the ethical attitudes and environmental behaviors of Isfahan citizens. As the water crisis worsens, public awareness has grown, and the inclination towards responsible environmental behavior has strengthened. However, there remains a significant gap between attitudes and actual behavior, particularly in transportation and energy consumption. Therefore, to achieve urban sustainable development, it is necessary to implement targeted educational policies, develop water-recycling technologies, modify consumption patterns, and involve citizens actively. The results of this study can serve as a basis for environmental and management planning in Isfahan city in the face of climate change. Funding This research was conducted without external financial support. Authors’ Contributions All authors contributed equally to the study design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere gratitude to scientific advisors, the Iranian Meteorological Organization, and all individuals who contributed to data collection and the successful completion of this research.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_106093_87f9384a67677cc459f9f880407bef23.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 24 The Process Analysis of the Role of Handicrafts in Sustainable Tourism Development: A case study of Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din Markets in Sari The Process Analysis of the Role of Handicrafts in Sustainable Tourism Development: A case study of Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din Markets in Sari 97 110 106202 10.22059/jhgr.2026.401184.1008836 FA Shahram Mollania Jelodar Department of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran 0009-0002-9481-9107 Journal Article 2025 07 07 ABSTRACT The present research was conducted to examine the role of handicrafts and traditional industries in the development of sustainable urban tourism in the city of Sari. This research is applied in terms of objective, descriptive, and correlational methods. The statistical population of this study includes all customers of the two markets, Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din in Sari. A random purposive sampling was used at three times, early, middle, and late in the week, to select a statistical sample and complete questionnaires from 550 people. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings of this research show that all six components of the role of handicrafts and traditional industries had a direct and significant relationship with the development of sustainable urban tourism in Sari. However, three independent variable components (1. Quality and delicacy of handicraft products, 2. Connection with local culture and identity, 3. Variety and authenticity of products) were able to explain 52 percent of the variance of the dependent variable of the study. The quality and delicacy of handicraft products represent the external and tangible embodiment of cultural capital, which had the most significant direct impact on the development of sustainable urban tourism in this study. The second influential component is the connection of handicrafts with culture and local identity, which reflects institutional cultural capital and embodies cultural thinking. This connection is suggested to be formed based on education, knowledge transfer, and the preservation of cultural values. Extended Abstract Introduction Traditional handicrafts play a role in fostering sustainable urban tourism and contributing to economic empowerment, specifically within the culturally rich context of Mazandaran Province in northern Iran. Traditional handicrafts are deeply entwined with local heritage, representing tangible expressions of the region’s history, culture, and geography. Their cultural value extends beyond aesthetics to serve as powerful drivers for economic development and tourism, attracting both domestic and international visitors. This study concentrates on two important traditional marketplaces in Sari, Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din, where handicrafts are central to cultural expression and commercial activity. Despite their evident importance, the specific impacts of handicrafts in these markets on sustainable tourism remain underexplored. The research aims to fill this gap by analyzing how various components of traditional crafts influence the development of sustainable urban tourism in Sari, identifying underlying opportunities and challenges. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on Pierre Bourdieu’s influential concept of cultural capital, which categorizes cultural resources into embodied, objectified, and institutionalized forms. In this light, handicrafts are conceptualized as physical manifestations of cultural capital encompassing artistic craftsmanship and community identity, which are essential for sustaining cultural heritage. The study emphasizes six critical components of handicrafts as symbolic representation of cultural identity, diversity and authenticity of products, economic contributions, employment generation, and the quality and finesse of artisanal production. These factors collectively influence sustainable tourism by reinforcing cultural narratives and supporting local economies. Methodology Adopting an applied research approach, the study uses a descriptive-correlational design to collect data from tourists visiting handicraft markets and cultural attractions in Sari. Data collection employed a standardized sustainable urban tourism questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with both vendors and customers, facilitating an enhanced understanding of the multifaceted roles played by handicrafts. Due to the absence of a complete customer list, cluster sampling was utilized, dividing the market into geographic segments and randomly selecting participants at different times throughout the week to ensure representativeness and equal selection opportunity. Purposive sampling identified 550 participants who exhibited satisfaction, repeat purchase behavior, and willingness to recommend handicraft products, providing reliable data for hypothesis testing. Results and discussion The findings empirically confirm seven key hypotheses, revealing a statistically significant direct correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.65) between the role of traditional handicrafts and sustainable urban tourism development. Among the six components examined, the use of traditional techniques and craftsmanship skills, along with the economic and employment effects, showed positive but more moderate correlations with tourism development. Preservation and revitalization of the historic market environment exhibited a somewhat stronger relationship. Most notably, strong and direct correlations were established between sustainable tourism and the intertwined factors of cultural identity linkage, product quality, and diversity and authenticity of handicrafts. Multivariate regression analysis yielded an overall correlation coefficient of 0.72 and an R2=0.52. R2=0.52, indicating that these three components collectively explain over half of the variance in sustainable tourism outcomes. These empirical results substantiate Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory by highlighting the critical role that embodied and institutionalized forms of cultural capital play through traditional crafts. The quality and finesse of artisanal products were identified as primary predictors of sustainable urban tourism, underscoring their importance not only as cultural expressions but as strategic assets attracting tourists and fostering urban vitality. Moreover, the intrinsic connection between handicrafts and local cultural identity, representing institutionalized cultural capital shaped by education, cultural transmission, and heritage preservation, enables a profound cultural engagement for visitors. This process reinforces social cohesion and supports the continuity of intangible cultural heritage. Conclusion The traditional markets of Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din serve as dynamic social and commercial spaces where cultural heritage and economic activity coalesce, creating environments that enable meaningful cultural experiences for tourists. These marketplaces exemplify how local crafts can anchor tourism sustainability strategies by facilitating authentic interactions and supporting both economic growth and cultural preservation. Their role exemplifies the potential of cultural-economic synergy within urban development frameworks. In sum, this study highlights the multifaceted and indispensable role that traditional handicrafts fulfill in promoting sustainable urban tourism in Sari. Practical recommendations emphasize advancing craftsmanship quality, maintaining product authenticity, supporting artisans in skill enhancement, and protecting cultural heritage within marketplace environments. These measures contribute to economic resilience by creating jobs and increasing incomes, while simultaneously ensuring cultural sustainability. Achieving a balanced integration of heritage conservation and tourism development is essential for the long-term vitality of culturally rich urban areas. This research enriches the broader understanding of cultural capital’s role in urban sustainability and demonstrates how localized cultural resources can drive inclusive socio-economic progress. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT The present research was conducted to examine the role of handicrafts and traditional industries in the development of sustainable urban tourism in the city of Sari. This research is applied in terms of objective, descriptive, and correlational methods. The statistical population of this study includes all customers of the two markets, Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din in Sari. A random purposive sampling was used at three times, early, middle, and late in the week, to select a statistical sample and complete questionnaires from 550 people. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings of this research show that all six components of the role of handicrafts and traditional industries had a direct and significant relationship with the development of sustainable urban tourism in Sari. However, three independent variable components (1. Quality and delicacy of handicraft products, 2. Connection with local culture and identity, 3. Variety and authenticity of products) were able to explain 52 percent of the variance of the dependent variable of the study. The quality and delicacy of handicraft products represent the external and tangible embodiment of cultural capital, which had the most significant direct impact on the development of sustainable urban tourism in this study. The second influential component is the connection of handicrafts with culture and local identity, which reflects institutional cultural capital and embodies cultural thinking. This connection is suggested to be formed based on education, knowledge transfer, and the preservation of cultural values. Extended Abstract Introduction Traditional handicrafts play a role in fostering sustainable urban tourism and contributing to economic empowerment, specifically within the culturally rich context of Mazandaran Province in northern Iran. Traditional handicrafts are deeply entwined with local heritage, representing tangible expressions of the region’s history, culture, and geography. Their cultural value extends beyond aesthetics to serve as powerful drivers for economic development and tourism, attracting both domestic and international visitors. This study concentrates on two important traditional marketplaces in Sari, Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din, where handicrafts are central to cultural expression and commercial activity. Despite their evident importance, the specific impacts of handicrafts in these markets on sustainable tourism remain underexplored. The research aims to fill this gap by analyzing how various components of traditional crafts influence the development of sustainable urban tourism in Sari, identifying underlying opportunities and challenges. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on Pierre Bourdieu’s influential concept of cultural capital, which categorizes cultural resources into embodied, objectified, and institutionalized forms. In this light, handicrafts are conceptualized as physical manifestations of cultural capital encompassing artistic craftsmanship and community identity, which are essential for sustaining cultural heritage. The study emphasizes six critical components of handicrafts as symbolic representation of cultural identity, diversity and authenticity of products, economic contributions, employment generation, and the quality and finesse of artisanal production. These factors collectively influence sustainable tourism by reinforcing cultural narratives and supporting local economies. Methodology Adopting an applied research approach, the study uses a descriptive-correlational design to collect data from tourists visiting handicraft markets and cultural attractions in Sari. Data collection employed a standardized sustainable urban tourism questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with both vendors and customers, facilitating an enhanced understanding of the multifaceted roles played by handicrafts. Due to the absence of a complete customer list, cluster sampling was utilized, dividing the market into geographic segments and randomly selecting participants at different times throughout the week to ensure representativeness and equal selection opportunity. Purposive sampling identified 550 participants who exhibited satisfaction, repeat purchase behavior, and willingness to recommend handicraft products, providing reliable data for hypothesis testing. Results and discussion The findings empirically confirm seven key hypotheses, revealing a statistically significant direct correlation (Pearson’s r = 0.65) between the role of traditional handicrafts and sustainable urban tourism development. Among the six components examined, the use of traditional techniques and craftsmanship skills, along with the economic and employment effects, showed positive but more moderate correlations with tourism development. Preservation and revitalization of the historic market environment exhibited a somewhat stronger relationship. Most notably, strong and direct correlations were established between sustainable tourism and the intertwined factors of cultural identity linkage, product quality, and diversity and authenticity of handicrafts. Multivariate regression analysis yielded an overall correlation coefficient of 0.72 and an R2=0.52. R2=0.52, indicating that these three components collectively explain over half of the variance in sustainable tourism outcomes. These empirical results substantiate Bourdieu’s cultural capital theory by highlighting the critical role that embodied and institutionalized forms of cultural capital play through traditional crafts. The quality and finesse of artisanal products were identified as primary predictors of sustainable urban tourism, underscoring their importance not only as cultural expressions but as strategic assets attracting tourists and fostering urban vitality. Moreover, the intrinsic connection between handicrafts and local cultural identity, representing institutionalized cultural capital shaped by education, cultural transmission, and heritage preservation, enables a profound cultural engagement for visitors. This process reinforces social cohesion and supports the continuity of intangible cultural heritage. Conclusion The traditional markets of Imam Reza and Molla Majd al-Din serve as dynamic social and commercial spaces where cultural heritage and economic activity coalesce, creating environments that enable meaningful cultural experiences for tourists. These marketplaces exemplify how local crafts can anchor tourism sustainability strategies by facilitating authentic interactions and supporting both economic growth and cultural preservation. Their role exemplifies the potential of cultural-economic synergy within urban development frameworks. In sum, this study highlights the multifaceted and indispensable role that traditional handicrafts fulfill in promoting sustainable urban tourism in Sari. Practical recommendations emphasize advancing craftsmanship quality, maintaining product authenticity, supporting artisans in skill enhancement, and protecting cultural heritage within marketplace environments. These measures contribute to economic resilience by creating jobs and increasing incomes, while simultaneously ensuring cultural sustainability. Achieving a balanced integration of heritage conservation and tourism development is essential for the long-term vitality of culturally rich urban areas. This research enriches the broader understanding of cultural capital’s role in urban sustainability and demonstrates how localized cultural resources can drive inclusive socio-economic progress. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_106202_7b0cb095733eb36adc06adf4db80448b.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 25 Analysis of the Effects of Women's Employment on Sustainable Livelihoods of Rural Households: A case study of Western Mokrian District, Mahabad County Analysis of the Effects of Women's Employment on Sustainable Livelihoods of Rural Households: A case study of Western Mokrian District, Mahabad County 111 124 106219 10.22059/jhgr.2026.390374.1008793 FA Pouya Sheikh Choopani Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 0009-0005-3982-9195 Mehdi Cheraghi Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 0000-0001-8537-835X Behruoz Mohammadi Yeganeh Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 0000-0003-1743-8511 Journal Article 2025 07 08 ABSTRACT Today, Given that half of the population consists of women, achieving gender equality has become one of the key goals of development. The present study is applied in nature, descriptive-analytical in approach, and quantitative in method. Data collection was conducted through library-based and field methods. The findings indicate a positive and direct correlation between women's employment and the sustainable livelihood of rural households. The results of the assessment of the desirability of sustainable livelihood dimensions using the one-sample t-test showed that all examined dimensions of sustainable livelihood are in a desirable state based on the t-statistic and significance level. The analysis of the desirability of women's employment dimensions using the one-sample t-test revealed that eight dimensions (employment, livestock rearing, agriculture, horticulture, income, individual, education, and ...) with t-statistics of 4/177, 11/523, 1/272, 3/369, 8/494, 15/066, 5/925, and 3/788, respectively, are desirable, while two dimensions, assets and handicrafts, with t-statistics of -0/751 and -2/190, respectively, were assessed as less than desirable. The findings showed that three dimensions—assets, agriculture, and handicrafts—with a significance level above 0/05, are in an undesirable state. Additionally, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis model indicated that the identified factors significantly and positively affect women's employment and the sustainable livelihood of rural communities, with all indicators demonstrating the model's goodness of fit. Extended Abstract Introduction When it comes to the issue of women’s gender, there exists a historical invisibility that reflects a gender culture that undermines the social role of women. However, analyzing rural developments now requires attention to gender, which is recognized as one of the key objectives of human rights and sustainable development, as well as an essential analytical concept and a fundamental prerequisite for achieving other development goals, including improving food security, child nutrition and education, poverty reduction, and women’s health. A wealth of information has now been gathered about the role and status of women in various societies, particularly in rural areas, making women’s position significantly more visible. This research focuses on the effects of women’s employment on sustainable livelihoods in rural areas, aiming to identify and analyze how women’s employment shapes sustainable livelihoods and its impact on the social and economic development of rural communities. Methodology The method of data collection was both library-based and field-based (questionnaires and observations), and descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The research population comprises households from 6 villages in the Western Mokrian district, with a sample of 337 individuals. For the tests, SPSS was used, and for confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling was performed using Amos Graphics. Results and discussion The study's findings on the impact of women's employment on rural households' sustainable livelihoods, using the Pearson correlation coefficient with a significance level of 0.000 and a correlation coefficient of 0.392, indicate a positive, direct relationship. In other words, there is a significant relationship between women's employment and the sustainable livelihoods of rural families. The findings regarding the desirability of the dimensions of sustainable livelihoods, assessed using a one-sample t-test, indicate that all dimensions are in a desirable state, as indicated by the t-statistic and significance level. Additionally, the analysis of the desirability of the dimensions of women’s employment, using a one-sample t-test, indicates that this level is desirable for eight dimensions (employment, livestock, agriculture, horticulture, income, individual, and education) with t-statistics of 4.177, 11.532, 1.272, 3.369, 8.494, 15.066, 5.925, and 3.788, respectively. However, the dimensions of assets and handicrafts were evaluated as less than desirable, with t-statistics of -0.751 and -2.190, respectively. The investigations revealed that the three dimensions of assets, agriculture, and handicrafts have a significance level above 0.05, indicating an undesirable status. The findings from the confirmatory factor analysis, based on structural equation modeling statistics, indicate that the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) is significant at 69.524, and the relative indices with a value of 0.040 for the root mean square residual (RMSR) and the comparative fit indices at 0.910 indicate a good fit for the model and confirm the adequacy of the model. Conclusion In the first section, through the application of inferential statistical tests, it can be concluded that, with the exception of three dimensions (assets, handicrafts, and agriculture), all other eight dimensions of women’s employment significantly impact the aspects of sustainable livelihoods (social, human, natural, physical, and financial) of rural households. Within the studied area, women’s employment in rural settings had the greatest impact on the social dimension of sustainable livelihoods, with a value of 29.465, while the least impact was observed on the financial dimension, with a value of 7.302. In the second part of the research, using confirmatory factor analysis, it can be concluded that women’s employment has a significant, positive impact on household sustainable livelihoods. The model demonstrates adequate power in terms of fit and significance regarding the influence of women’s employment on the sustainable livelihoods of rural communities in the Western Mokrian district. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT Today, Given that half of the population consists of women, achieving gender equality has become one of the key goals of development. The present study is applied in nature, descriptive-analytical in approach, and quantitative in method. Data collection was conducted through library-based and field methods. The findings indicate a positive and direct correlation between women's employment and the sustainable livelihood of rural households. The results of the assessment of the desirability of sustainable livelihood dimensions using the one-sample t-test showed that all examined dimensions of sustainable livelihood are in a desirable state based on the t-statistic and significance level. The analysis of the desirability of women's employment dimensions using the one-sample t-test revealed that eight dimensions (employment, livestock rearing, agriculture, horticulture, income, individual, education, and ...) with t-statistics of 4/177, 11/523, 1/272, 3/369, 8/494, 15/066, 5/925, and 3/788, respectively, are desirable, while two dimensions, assets and handicrafts, with t-statistics of -0/751 and -2/190, respectively, were assessed as less than desirable. The findings showed that three dimensions—assets, agriculture, and handicrafts—with a significance level above 0/05, are in an undesirable state. Additionally, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis model indicated that the identified factors significantly and positively affect women's employment and the sustainable livelihood of rural communities, with all indicators demonstrating the model's goodness of fit. Extended Abstract Introduction When it comes to the issue of women’s gender, there exists a historical invisibility that reflects a gender culture that undermines the social role of women. However, analyzing rural developments now requires attention to gender, which is recognized as one of the key objectives of human rights and sustainable development, as well as an essential analytical concept and a fundamental prerequisite for achieving other development goals, including improving food security, child nutrition and education, poverty reduction, and women’s health. A wealth of information has now been gathered about the role and status of women in various societies, particularly in rural areas, making women’s position significantly more visible. This research focuses on the effects of women’s employment on sustainable livelihoods in rural areas, aiming to identify and analyze how women’s employment shapes sustainable livelihoods and its impact on the social and economic development of rural communities. Methodology The method of data collection was both library-based and field-based (questionnaires and observations), and descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The research population comprises households from 6 villages in the Western Mokrian district, with a sample of 337 individuals. For the tests, SPSS was used, and for confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling was performed using Amos Graphics. Results and discussion The study's findings on the impact of women's employment on rural households' sustainable livelihoods, using the Pearson correlation coefficient with a significance level of 0.000 and a correlation coefficient of 0.392, indicate a positive, direct relationship. In other words, there is a significant relationship between women's employment and the sustainable livelihoods of rural families. The findings regarding the desirability of the dimensions of sustainable livelihoods, assessed using a one-sample t-test, indicate that all dimensions are in a desirable state, as indicated by the t-statistic and significance level. Additionally, the analysis of the desirability of the dimensions of women’s employment, using a one-sample t-test, indicates that this level is desirable for eight dimensions (employment, livestock, agriculture, horticulture, income, individual, and education) with t-statistics of 4.177, 11.532, 1.272, 3.369, 8.494, 15.066, 5.925, and 3.788, respectively. However, the dimensions of assets and handicrafts were evaluated as less than desirable, with t-statistics of -0.751 and -2.190, respectively. The investigations revealed that the three dimensions of assets, agriculture, and handicrafts have a significance level above 0.05, indicating an undesirable status. The findings from the confirmatory factor analysis, based on structural equation modeling statistics, indicate that the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) is significant at 69.524, and the relative indices with a value of 0.040 for the root mean square residual (RMSR) and the comparative fit indices at 0.910 indicate a good fit for the model and confirm the adequacy of the model. Conclusion In the first section, through the application of inferential statistical tests, it can be concluded that, with the exception of three dimensions (assets, handicrafts, and agriculture), all other eight dimensions of women’s employment significantly impact the aspects of sustainable livelihoods (social, human, natural, physical, and financial) of rural households. Within the studied area, women’s employment in rural settings had the greatest impact on the social dimension of sustainable livelihoods, with a value of 29.465, while the least impact was observed on the financial dimension, with a value of 7.302. In the second part of the research, using confirmatory factor analysis, it can be concluded that women’s employment has a significant, positive impact on household sustainable livelihoods. The model demonstrates adequate power in terms of fit and significance regarding the influence of women’s employment on the sustainable livelihoods of rural communities in the Western Mokrian district. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_106219_fd566673e1c21d09afee6b28defdee45.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 25 The Paradox of Open Government and the Decline of Quality of Governance: A Case Study of South Asian Countries The Paradox of Open Government and the Decline of Quality of Governance: A Case Study of South Asian Countries 125 142 106221 10.22059/jhgr.2026.385138.1008755 FA Surya Bawar Omri Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Seyydhossein Athari Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 0000-0001-7332-4848 Ruhollah Eslami Shabjare Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Vahid Sinaee Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 08 ABSTRACT Today, it is accepted that information and communication technology plays a very important and fundamental role in economic growth, social development, and the cohesion of cultural identity. Entering the information age has also caused changes in all areas of politics and consequently political systems, and open government has been introduced as an alternative to existing systems. However, some research has addressed the issue that open government, if the government bodies are not reviewed to promote citizen participation, will be a new tool at the disposal of non-democratic systems. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study is to examine the intersection of open government with performance indicators of government bodies (executive, legislative, and judicial) as well as the democracy index, and the hypothesis has been put forward that promoting open government does not necessarily mean improving the performance conditions of government bodies and the democracy index. The sample studied is from countries in the South Asian region, and the research method is trend research. The United Nations and the Economist indicators have been used as research variables. The results of the study indicate that the status of South Asian countries in open government has not necessarily meant their movement towards democracy and improving citizen access through promoting the performance of government bodies. Afghanistan has the worst situation among the countries in the region after the Taliban came to power, while Nepal has the best situation in open government and government performance indicators. Also, the democracy index has been declining in all countries studied. Extended Abstract Introduction The information age has caused changes in all aspects of human life, including politics, and as a result, political systems have new concepts and indicators, the main basis of which is to provide simple, accurate and efficient access for citizens to monitor governments and improve bio-social conditions. While information technology has revolutionized the general process of human life, it has also subjected the political field to new aspects of concepts. Among the most important political concepts formed in the political field affected by the information age are the concepts of open government and closed government, which were proposed in the first decade of the 21st century. The division of political systems into two groups, with open government and those without it (closed government), is the achievement of the information age, which is influenced by Karl Popper's division of closed and open society and emphasizes that modern political systems are designed based on the opinion of citizens. Moreover, for this reason, their monitoring of their political system should be strengthened through the achievements of the information age; however, the World Wide Web weakened the old media and software companies, revealing the enormous power of a new approach known as Web 2. Based on this, open government is the ruling doctrine, which believes that citizens have the right to access the documents and procedures of government bodies consisting of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to provide effective public supervision. Based on this, the current research aims to investigate the state of open government and its achievements in South Asian countries. As a geographical and geopolitical region, South Asia has been increasingly important in recent years. Methodology According to the goals and questions of the research, the trend analysis method has been used to examine the data. Trend analysis examines trends and refers to their historical and temporal continuity. The regular changes in data and phenomena are evaluated over time to recognize them. One of the characteristics of trends is that they represent changes in a group of data or phenomena and also represent changes in a period in such a way that those data or phenomena have changed and their status is different from the past. Each period depends on the subject of the process and its field of knowledge and may be short for one phenomenon and long for another. Another characteristic of trends is that they can be used to simplify phenomena' complexity; that is, a phenomenon is expressed in a simplified form in a process. Also, it is based on the premise that changes in the world have historical continuity. Pearson's correlation test has also been used to determine a significant relationship between the open government index and other indices. Results and discussion Examining the process of matching open government with other indicators for the existence of correlation and influence has been done in two ways: firstly, the situation of each country will be investigated, and then the general situation of the investigated countries. Afghanistan: The open government index and its technological facilities are correlated with the state of the legislature and judiciary. Bangladesh: The open government index and its technological facilities are correlated with the state of the executive and judiciary. India: The index of open government and available technological facilities is correlated only with the state of the executive branch. Nepal: The open government index and the technological facilities available in it correlate with the state of the executive and judiciary. Pakistan: The open government index and the technological facilities available in it are correlated with the state of the executive and legislative powers. Sri Lanka: Index of open government and technological facilities available in it is correlated only with the state of the executive branch. A very important point is the significant and negative relationship of all the countries studied in the open government index and the democracy index, and this means that the improvement of the open government index, which is the improvement of new tools, has led to more suppression of democracy in South Asian countries. The test of the hypothesis of the effect of the open government index on the democracy index shows that there is no direct relationship between them, and the increase in the open government score in all the countries under review has caused a decrease in the democracy index. Conclusion Open government and improving the position of countries have become increasingly important. For this reason, the indicators and dimensions examined regarding its effectiveness should reflect the achievements of open government and not only measure the technical and infrastructural facilities of the countries. However, they should also correctly show the government's underlying processes. Open government ratings are maturing in this direction, so they have focused on evaluating users' use and, therefore, measuring the quality of government actions. In general, the examination of the state of South Asian countries based on the open government index and its association as the state of improving the access of citizens and the efficiency of government institutions is misleading; Because the survey conducted indicated that this index does not achieve achievements such as the state of democracy and the improvement of the efficiency of government institutions in the access of citizens. It should be acknowledged that this index is also potentially dangerous because its name gives any political system a democratic appearance, which is contradictory in reality. Therefore, open government should be truly related to achievements in improving the status of citizens. We can evaluate its real effects only by ranking other indicators that are considered the achievement of open government. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT Today, it is accepted that information and communication technology plays a very important and fundamental role in economic growth, social development, and the cohesion of cultural identity. Entering the information age has also caused changes in all areas of politics and consequently political systems, and open government has been introduced as an alternative to existing systems. However, some research has addressed the issue that open government, if the government bodies are not reviewed to promote citizen participation, will be a new tool at the disposal of non-democratic systems. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study is to examine the intersection of open government with performance indicators of government bodies (executive, legislative, and judicial) as well as the democracy index, and the hypothesis has been put forward that promoting open government does not necessarily mean improving the performance conditions of government bodies and the democracy index. The sample studied is from countries in the South Asian region, and the research method is trend research. The United Nations and the Economist indicators have been used as research variables. The results of the study indicate that the status of South Asian countries in open government has not necessarily meant their movement towards democracy and improving citizen access through promoting the performance of government bodies. Afghanistan has the worst situation among the countries in the region after the Taliban came to power, while Nepal has the best situation in open government and government performance indicators. Also, the democracy index has been declining in all countries studied. Extended Abstract Introduction The information age has caused changes in all aspects of human life, including politics, and as a result, political systems have new concepts and indicators, the main basis of which is to provide simple, accurate and efficient access for citizens to monitor governments and improve bio-social conditions. While information technology has revolutionized the general process of human life, it has also subjected the political field to new aspects of concepts. Among the most important political concepts formed in the political field affected by the information age are the concepts of open government and closed government, which were proposed in the first decade of the 21st century. The division of political systems into two groups, with open government and those without it (closed government), is the achievement of the information age, which is influenced by Karl Popper's division of closed and open society and emphasizes that modern political systems are designed based on the opinion of citizens. Moreover, for this reason, their monitoring of their political system should be strengthened through the achievements of the information age; however, the World Wide Web weakened the old media and software companies, revealing the enormous power of a new approach known as Web 2. Based on this, open government is the ruling doctrine, which believes that citizens have the right to access the documents and procedures of government bodies consisting of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to provide effective public supervision. Based on this, the current research aims to investigate the state of open government and its achievements in South Asian countries. As a geographical and geopolitical region, South Asia has been increasingly important in recent years. Methodology According to the goals and questions of the research, the trend analysis method has been used to examine the data. Trend analysis examines trends and refers to their historical and temporal continuity. The regular changes in data and phenomena are evaluated over time to recognize them. One of the characteristics of trends is that they represent changes in a group of data or phenomena and also represent changes in a period in such a way that those data or phenomena have changed and their status is different from the past. Each period depends on the subject of the process and its field of knowledge and may be short for one phenomenon and long for another. Another characteristic of trends is that they can be used to simplify phenomena' complexity; that is, a phenomenon is expressed in a simplified form in a process. Also, it is based on the premise that changes in the world have historical continuity. Pearson's correlation test has also been used to determine a significant relationship between the open government index and other indices. Results and discussion Examining the process of matching open government with other indicators for the existence of correlation and influence has been done in two ways: firstly, the situation of each country will be investigated, and then the general situation of the investigated countries. Afghanistan: The open government index and its technological facilities are correlated with the state of the legislature and judiciary. Bangladesh: The open government index and its technological facilities are correlated with the state of the executive and judiciary. India: The index of open government and available technological facilities is correlated only with the state of the executive branch. Nepal: The open government index and the technological facilities available in it correlate with the state of the executive and judiciary. Pakistan: The open government index and the technological facilities available in it are correlated with the state of the executive and legislative powers. Sri Lanka: Index of open government and technological facilities available in it is correlated only with the state of the executive branch. A very important point is the significant and negative relationship of all the countries studied in the open government index and the democracy index, and this means that the improvement of the open government index, which is the improvement of new tools, has led to more suppression of democracy in South Asian countries. The test of the hypothesis of the effect of the open government index on the democracy index shows that there is no direct relationship between them, and the increase in the open government score in all the countries under review has caused a decrease in the democracy index. Conclusion Open government and improving the position of countries have become increasingly important. For this reason, the indicators and dimensions examined regarding its effectiveness should reflect the achievements of open government and not only measure the technical and infrastructural facilities of the countries. However, they should also correctly show the government's underlying processes. Open government ratings are maturing in this direction, so they have focused on evaluating users' use and, therefore, measuring the quality of government actions. In general, the examination of the state of South Asian countries based on the open government index and its association as the state of improving the access of citizens and the efficiency of government institutions is misleading; Because the survey conducted indicated that this index does not achieve achievements such as the state of democracy and the improvement of the efficiency of government institutions in the access of citizens. It should be acknowledged that this index is also potentially dangerous because its name gives any political system a democratic appearance, which is contradictory in reality. Therefore, open government should be truly related to achievements in improving the status of citizens. We can evaluate its real effects only by ranking other indicators that are considered the achievement of open government. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_106221_d6f6c883f237e2e2f2f418b0fa686134.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 26 Modeling The Interactions Of Tourism Demand Drivers In Iran Based On The Geodetector Model Modeling The Interactions Of Tourism Demand Drivers In Iran Based On The Geodetector Model 143 156 106264 10.22059/jhgr.2026.390055.1008791 FA Mehrangiz Rezaee Department of Geography , Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 0000-0002-9364-0263 Zahra Baghi Abadi Department of Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran 0009-0000-4767-0800 Journal Article 2025 07 09 ABSTRACT Tourism is one of the most important global industries, playing a fundamental role in economic and social development. Tourism demand not only reflects tourists’ willingness to visit a destination but also mirrors economic trends and social changes at national and regional levels. Identifying and analyzing the driving factors of tourism demand is a key step towards effective planning and sustainable development of the industry. This study aims to model and analyze the interactions among factors affecting tourism demand in Iran during the year 2023. This study employs a quantitative, descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected from documentary sources, and the Geo Detector method, novel in domestic research, was applied to meet the study’s objectives. The results indicate that the interaction of variables such as accommodation infrastructure, transportation routes, economic factors, and historical attractions influences tourism demand. Among these, the density of accommodations and historical attractions showed the highest synergy with an interaction coefficient of 0.79. Additionally, investment and infrastructure accessibility were found to be highly significant, with notable interactions between investment rates and density of historical attractions (0.72) and between highways and accommodations (0.69). The findings of this study can guide policymakers and planners in optimizing resource allocation and formulating tourism development strategies. By adopting a comprehensive and coordinated approach, sustainable growth in tourism demand can be achieved. Extended Abstract Introduction Tourism, a socio-economic phenomenon with deep historical roots, plays a crucial role in cultural interactions and the economic development of societies. In today's globalized world, tourism has emerged as a key strategy for economic expansion, the promotion of cross-cultural understanding, job creation, the revitalization of local businesses, and the enhancement of per capita income. Tourism demand, a reflection of tourists' desires and expectations, is influenced by various economic (e.g., per capita income and service pricing), environmental (e.g., air quality and access to natural resources), and infrastructural factors (e.g., transportation and amenity availability). In Iran, despite its vast tourism potential, challenges such as the uneven distribution of tourists and infrastructural deficiencies hinder the optimal utilization of these resources. The present research aims to identify the factors affecting tourism demand in Iran, employing the spatial analysis method of Geo Detector to assess each factor's contribution to spatial variations in demand. The ultimate goal is to provide practical solutions for improving tourism management and more equitably distributing resources by considering the interplay of diverse influencing elements. Methodology This descriptive-analytical study examines the factors influencing tourism demand across 31 provinces in Iran during 2023, utilizing the Geo Detector method. Data were collected through documentary methods, encompassing indicators such as investment rate, population density, GDP, density of historical and natural attractions, density of museums, UNESCO World Heritage sites, national intangible heritage sites, tourism destination quality, railway density, highways, and the density of accommodations and hotels. Geo Detector, as an advanced spatial statistical analysis model, is employed to investigate the relationships between spatial and dependent variables and to determine the extent of each spatial variable's impact on changes in the dependent variable. This method enables the analysis of various spatial factors' influence (such as tourism facilities, natural and cultural attractions, local economy, and tourism policies) on the growth of the tourism industry and the development of improvement strategies, the allocation of tourism resources to different regions, and the prediction of future changes in the tourism sector. The fundamental assumption in Geo Detector is that if an independent variable directly affects the dependent variable in space, the spatial distribution of the dependent variable should converge with the spatial distribution of the independent variable. In this study, factor detection and interaction detection sub-modules are used to measure interactions between tourism demand factors, and the Q coefficient measures the influence of independent variable X on dependent variable Y in spatial heterogeneity. To optimize spatial analysis, the optimization algorithm for partitioning parameters of geographic representative variables is used. Results and discussion Employing the Geo Detector method, the analysis of factors influencing tourism demand in Iran reveals varying impacts of independent variables on attracting tourists. The density of transportation routes and accommodations emerges as the most significant determinant, underscoring the importance of ease of access and suitable lodging infrastructure. Economic investment and tourism quality also play a notable role in augmenting demand, while the density of natural attractions and museums exhibits a moderate influence. Population and nationally and globally registered sites demonstrate the least impact, potentially stemming from deficiencies in the management and marketing of these attractions. The analysis of factor interactions further indicates that the strongest non-linear interaction exists between the density of accommodations and historical attractions, highlighting the importance of the connection between lodging infrastructure and historical sites. Other robust interactions are also observed between the density of accommodations and globally registered sites, and between investment density and historical attractions. Conclusion Tourism, as one of the most important and prosperous global industries, has a significant impact on the development of countries, and this has led to the role of tourism as a key indicator for measuring the economic and social development of societies. In the meantime, tourism demand not only indicates the level of interest and desire of tourists to a destination, but also provides valuable information about economic trends and social changes at the regional and national levels. The results of the analyses conducted using the Geo Detector method indicate that tourism demand in Iran is influenced by a complex interaction of various factors, including accommodation infrastructure, transportation networks, economic investments, and historical and natural attractions. The most significant findings emphasize the importance of the density of accommodations and hotels, which play a crucial role in attracting tourists, especially when located near historical and cultural attractions. Furthermore, transportation networks and infrastructure significantly impact the facilitation of access to various destinations and tourist attractions. Additionally, economic investments, particularly in sectors related to infrastructure development and tourism services, play an important role in tourism demand. Regarding natural and historical attractions, while their impact on tourism demand is relatively lower than other factors, enhancing infrastructure and improving the protection and promotion of these attractions can increase their effect on attracting tourists. Overall, the findings suggest that the complex interactions of these factors shape tourism demand in Iran, and to increase tourism demand, a coordinated and synergistic approach is needed to address these factors effectively. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT Tourism is one of the most important global industries, playing a fundamental role in economic and social development. Tourism demand not only reflects tourists’ willingness to visit a destination but also mirrors economic trends and social changes at national and regional levels. Identifying and analyzing the driving factors of tourism demand is a key step towards effective planning and sustainable development of the industry. This study aims to model and analyze the interactions among factors affecting tourism demand in Iran during the year 2023. This study employs a quantitative, descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected from documentary sources, and the Geo Detector method, novel in domestic research, was applied to meet the study’s objectives. The results indicate that the interaction of variables such as accommodation infrastructure, transportation routes, economic factors, and historical attractions influences tourism demand. Among these, the density of accommodations and historical attractions showed the highest synergy with an interaction coefficient of 0.79. Additionally, investment and infrastructure accessibility were found to be highly significant, with notable interactions between investment rates and density of historical attractions (0.72) and between highways and accommodations (0.69). The findings of this study can guide policymakers and planners in optimizing resource allocation and formulating tourism development strategies. By adopting a comprehensive and coordinated approach, sustainable growth in tourism demand can be achieved. Extended Abstract Introduction Tourism, a socio-economic phenomenon with deep historical roots, plays a crucial role in cultural interactions and the economic development of societies. In today's globalized world, tourism has emerged as a key strategy for economic expansion, the promotion of cross-cultural understanding, job creation, the revitalization of local businesses, and the enhancement of per capita income. Tourism demand, a reflection of tourists' desires and expectations, is influenced by various economic (e.g., per capita income and service pricing), environmental (e.g., air quality and access to natural resources), and infrastructural factors (e.g., transportation and amenity availability). In Iran, despite its vast tourism potential, challenges such as the uneven distribution of tourists and infrastructural deficiencies hinder the optimal utilization of these resources. The present research aims to identify the factors affecting tourism demand in Iran, employing the spatial analysis method of Geo Detector to assess each factor's contribution to spatial variations in demand. The ultimate goal is to provide practical solutions for improving tourism management and more equitably distributing resources by considering the interplay of diverse influencing elements. Methodology This descriptive-analytical study examines the factors influencing tourism demand across 31 provinces in Iran during 2023, utilizing the Geo Detector method. Data were collected through documentary methods, encompassing indicators such as investment rate, population density, GDP, density of historical and natural attractions, density of museums, UNESCO World Heritage sites, national intangible heritage sites, tourism destination quality, railway density, highways, and the density of accommodations and hotels. Geo Detector, as an advanced spatial statistical analysis model, is employed to investigate the relationships between spatial and dependent variables and to determine the extent of each spatial variable's impact on changes in the dependent variable. This method enables the analysis of various spatial factors' influence (such as tourism facilities, natural and cultural attractions, local economy, and tourism policies) on the growth of the tourism industry and the development of improvement strategies, the allocation of tourism resources to different regions, and the prediction of future changes in the tourism sector. The fundamental assumption in Geo Detector is that if an independent variable directly affects the dependent variable in space, the spatial distribution of the dependent variable should converge with the spatial distribution of the independent variable. In this study, factor detection and interaction detection sub-modules are used to measure interactions between tourism demand factors, and the Q coefficient measures the influence of independent variable X on dependent variable Y in spatial heterogeneity. To optimize spatial analysis, the optimization algorithm for partitioning parameters of geographic representative variables is used. Results and discussion Employing the Geo Detector method, the analysis of factors influencing tourism demand in Iran reveals varying impacts of independent variables on attracting tourists. The density of transportation routes and accommodations emerges as the most significant determinant, underscoring the importance of ease of access and suitable lodging infrastructure. Economic investment and tourism quality also play a notable role in augmenting demand, while the density of natural attractions and museums exhibits a moderate influence. Population and nationally and globally registered sites demonstrate the least impact, potentially stemming from deficiencies in the management and marketing of these attractions. The analysis of factor interactions further indicates that the strongest non-linear interaction exists between the density of accommodations and historical attractions, highlighting the importance of the connection between lodging infrastructure and historical sites. Other robust interactions are also observed between the density of accommodations and globally registered sites, and between investment density and historical attractions. Conclusion Tourism, as one of the most important and prosperous global industries, has a significant impact on the development of countries, and this has led to the role of tourism as a key indicator for measuring the economic and social development of societies. In the meantime, tourism demand not only indicates the level of interest and desire of tourists to a destination, but also provides valuable information about economic trends and social changes at the regional and national levels. The results of the analyses conducted using the Geo Detector method indicate that tourism demand in Iran is influenced by a complex interaction of various factors, including accommodation infrastructure, transportation networks, economic investments, and historical and natural attractions. The most significant findings emphasize the importance of the density of accommodations and hotels, which play a crucial role in attracting tourists, especially when located near historical and cultural attractions. Furthermore, transportation networks and infrastructure significantly impact the facilitation of access to various destinations and tourist attractions. Additionally, economic investments, particularly in sectors related to infrastructure development and tourism services, play an important role in tourism demand. Regarding natural and historical attractions, while their impact on tourism demand is relatively lower than other factors, enhancing infrastructure and improving the protection and promotion of these attractions can increase their effect on attracting tourists. Overall, the findings suggest that the complex interactions of these factors shape tourism demand in Iran, and to increase tourism demand, a coordinated and synergistic approach is needed to address these factors effectively. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_106264_cc50bf5675ad6320fa25cf2106ee6d9e.pdf

Institute of Geography, University of Tehran Human Geography Research 2008-6296 57 4 2025 12 26 Spatial analysis of the effects of Rural-Urban on the socio-economic structure of rural areas of Isfahan province in the period 2011-2022 Spatial analysis of the effects of Rural-Urban on the socio-economic structure of rural areas of Isfahan province in the period 2011-2022 157 173 105689 10.22059/jhgr.2026.396392.1008816 FA Abbas Allahyari Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0001-9928-1935 Hamid Barghi Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Yosef Ghanbari Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-0726-1089 Journal Article 2025 07 09 ABSTRACT Understanding the socio-economic structures of villages and cities is a key concern of rural development research. This study aimed to spatially analyze the role of villages and cities in the socio-economic development of rural areas in Isfahan province. The statistical population comprises 13 rural settlements that were upgraded to villages and cities between 2011 and 2022. Based on the Cochran formula, 384 questionnaires were collected and examined using a descriptive-analytical method with a correlation approach and spatial analysis. The analyses included a one-sample t-test, structural equation modeling (SEM) in MATLAB, and spatial analysis using Moran's index and the Kriging method in ArcGIS. The findings showed that the component "social capital" has the most positive effect, and "economic stability" has the most negative effect on the socio-economic structure. Also, the economic stability variable shows a cluster pattern and positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = 0.212), indicating the roles of spatial and institutional factors in rural-urban economic resilience. The concentration of infrastructure, public investments, and economic diversification are associated with increased economic stability, while weak social capital and dependence on one economic sector reduce it. In general, rural development is not a linear or single process, but is the result of dynamic interactions between socio-economic structures and spatial linkages between settlements. Therefore, policymaking should focus on less stable clusters, strengthen infrastructure, increase the diversity of economic activities, and promote social capital to achieve balanced, sustainable spatial development within the province's rural-urban network. Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, the creation of village-cities has been considered as a strategy for developing rural areas, reducing geographical isolation, and controlling migration. In Iran, this policy has also been pursued to stabilize the population and regional balance. However, the accelerated transformation of villages into village-cities, contrary to global planned patterns, has often led to high density, irregular construction, and the continuation of traditional social characteristics. At the same time, the residents of these areas are usually young, low-income, and poorly educated, and despite moving away from agriculture, they have maintained their rural identity. The significant decline in the rural population in Iran and Isfahan Province has heightened the need to evaluate the functioning of these settlements, as research shows that promoting villages has not always led to improved socio-economic conditions and has sometimes exacerbated spatial inequality. The innovation of this research is the simultaneous analysis of the socio-economic structures of Isfahan's villages and cities during 2011-2022, and the combined use of t-tests, structural equation modeling, and GIS spatial analysis, which provides a framework for balanced planning by identifying patterns of economic stability. The ultimate goal of the research is to identify the factors affecting the socio-economic structure of the provinces' villages and to examine the impact of villages and cities on the sustainability of this structure, so that, by utilizing the results, planners' ability to remove restrictions and promote local development can be increased. Methodology This study, with an applied and descriptive-analytical approach, has investigated the spatial components affecting the socio-economic structure of 13 villages and cities in Isfahan province. First, the main variables were identified through literature reviews and expert opinions, and the necessary data were collected via a questionnaire. Experts confirmed the questionnaire's validity, and the sample size was determined using the Cochran formula. The data, collected on a five-point Likert scale, were analyzed using single-sample t-tests, factor analysis, reliability and validity indices, coefficient of determination and prediction, and spatial methods such as Moran's I and Kriging interpolation to examine the statistical relationships and spatial patterns of socio-economic components. Results and discussion In this study, the impact of transforming villages into rural-urban areas on the socio-economic structure of Isfahan province was examined. The results showed that social capital is the most important factor in strengthening the social structure. At the same time, economic stability is clustered and unequal, and is low in many areas. Regions with better infrastructure and economic diversity are more stable, while rural-urban areas dependent on single-crop economies and traditional agriculture are more unstable. The findings indicate that rural-urban areas perform better in the social dimension than in the economic and spatial dimensions, and that continuing this trend without strengthening livelihood diversity and spatial justice can exacerbate inequalities. Therefore, the balanced development of rural and urban areas requires strengthening social capital, economic diversification, and expanding infrastructure. Limitations, such as the small sample size and cross-sectional data, also indicate that future research should use advanced spatial methods and longitudinal data. Conclusion The results of this research can be used as a model for creating village-cities in rural areas. Therefore, by using appropriate methods, rural migration and excessive urban growth can be prevented. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ABSTRACT Understanding the socio-economic structures of villages and cities is a key concern of rural development research. This study aimed to spatially analyze the role of villages and cities in the socio-economic development of rural areas in Isfahan province. The statistical population comprises 13 rural settlements that were upgraded to villages and cities between 2011 and 2022. Based on the Cochran formula, 384 questionnaires were collected and examined using a descriptive-analytical method with a correlation approach and spatial analysis. The analyses included a one-sample t-test, structural equation modeling (SEM) in MATLAB, and spatial analysis using Moran's index and the Kriging method in ArcGIS. The findings showed that the component "social capital" has the most positive effect, and "economic stability" has the most negative effect on the socio-economic structure. Also, the economic stability variable shows a cluster pattern and positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = 0.212), indicating the roles of spatial and institutional factors in rural-urban economic resilience. The concentration of infrastructure, public investments, and economic diversification are associated with increased economic stability, while weak social capital and dependence on one economic sector reduce it. In general, rural development is not a linear or single process, but is the result of dynamic interactions between socio-economic structures and spatial linkages between settlements. Therefore, policymaking should focus on less stable clusters, strengthen infrastructure, increase the diversity of economic activities, and promote social capital to achieve balanced, sustainable spatial development within the province's rural-urban network. Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, the creation of village-cities has been considered as a strategy for developing rural areas, reducing geographical isolation, and controlling migration. In Iran, this policy has also been pursued to stabilize the population and regional balance. However, the accelerated transformation of villages into village-cities, contrary to global planned patterns, has often led to high density, irregular construction, and the continuation of traditional social characteristics. At the same time, the residents of these areas are usually young, low-income, and poorly educated, and despite moving away from agriculture, they have maintained their rural identity. The significant decline in the rural population in Iran and Isfahan Province has heightened the need to evaluate the functioning of these settlements, as research shows that promoting villages has not always led to improved socio-economic conditions and has sometimes exacerbated spatial inequality. The innovation of this research is the simultaneous analysis of the socio-economic structures of Isfahan's villages and cities during 2011-2022, and the combined use of t-tests, structural equation modeling, and GIS spatial analysis, which provides a framework for balanced planning by identifying patterns of economic stability. The ultimate goal of the research is to identify the factors affecting the socio-economic structure of the provinces' villages and to examine the impact of villages and cities on the sustainability of this structure, so that, by utilizing the results, planners' ability to remove restrictions and promote local development can be increased. Methodology This study, with an applied and descriptive-analytical approach, has investigated the spatial components affecting the socio-economic structure of 13 villages and cities in Isfahan province. First, the main variables were identified through literature reviews and expert opinions, and the necessary data were collected via a questionnaire. Experts confirmed the questionnaire's validity, and the sample size was determined using the Cochran formula. The data, collected on a five-point Likert scale, were analyzed using single-sample t-tests, factor analysis, reliability and validity indices, coefficient of determination and prediction, and spatial methods such as Moran's I and Kriging interpolation to examine the statistical relationships and spatial patterns of socio-economic components. Results and discussion In this study, the impact of transforming villages into rural-urban areas on the socio-economic structure of Isfahan province was examined. The results showed that social capital is the most important factor in strengthening the social structure. At the same time, economic stability is clustered and unequal, and is low in many areas. Regions with better infrastructure and economic diversity are more stable, while rural-urban areas dependent on single-crop economies and traditional agriculture are more unstable. The findings indicate that rural-urban areas perform better in the social dimension than in the economic and spatial dimensions, and that continuing this trend without strengthening livelihood diversity and spatial justice can exacerbate inequalities. Therefore, the balanced development of rural and urban areas requires strengthening social capital, economic diversification, and expanding infrastructure. Limitations, such as the small sample size and cross-sectional data, also indicate that future research should use advanced spatial methods and longitudinal data. Conclusion The results of this research can be used as a model for creating village-cities in rural areas. Therefore, by using appropriate methods, rural migration and excessive urban growth can be prevented. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_105689_0e2772560e69f5bd2cf4d847db6b599b.pdf