دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 09 Citizens' mental health in interaction with housing price changes: Tehran, Iran سلامت روان شهروندان در تعامل با تغییرات قیمت مسکن؛ تهران، ایران 1 23 104139 10.22059/jhgr.2025.389016.1008783 FA ابوالفضل مشکینی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران سمیه علیپور گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-2965-2294 اسماعیل عیسی زاده گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 29 ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between housing prices and related quantitative indicators, including housing pattern, building density, and household density, with the mental health of citizens in District 18 of Tehran. The statistical population consisted of 180 households from urban neighborhoods of this district, whose levels of stress and depression were measured using the standardized Cohen Stress Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory, respectively. To analyze the spatial distribution of housing prices and quantitative housing variables, Hot Spot and Cold Spot models (Getis-Ord Gi*) and Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation index were applied in ArcGIS. Furthermore, modeling the variations in stress and depression based on housing indicators was conducted using stepwise linear regression in SPSS. The findings revealed a significant relationship between quantitative housing variables and mental health indicators, indicating that higher housing prices and density were associated with elevated levels of stress and depression. Qualitative analyses also highlighted the necessity of collaboration between urban planners and psychologists in managing the psychological consequences of housing. Finally, practical recommendations were proposed, including the development of affordable housing for low-income groups, reconsideration of density policies with a mental health-oriented approach, establishment of counseling centers in vulnerable neighborhoods, and the use of data-driven systems to monitor the psychological impacts of housing market fluctuations continuously. Extended Abstract Introduction Urban society, with all its diversity, is full of issues and problems whose social roots seem more colorful and stronger than other dimensions. Many social harms are formed in cities and, due to population density, most of them remain hidden from view. Social problems of housing, environment, traffic, public health, employment, education, marginalization and informal settlements, divorce, addiction, murder, robbery, etc., are often major issues of urban life. Following the increasing growth of the urban population, creating housing, necessary facilities, and infrastructure, and increasing the quality of life for city residents are among the most important concerns of national and local governments. Therefore, due to economic inequalities and urban poverty, the weak and vulnerable segments of society face many problems in terms of housing and welfare. The housing issue mainly affects low-income and middle-income groups and classes. The history of studies related to affordable housing and mental health is quite long, but the documented and academic approach to this issue is not very old. According to the proposed enlightenment, the present study aims to investigate the extent to which housing prices affect residents' psychological well-being and assess the impact of housing on their mental health. Methodology The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method, and a combination of economic models, which has been conducted quantitatively. In this regard, the independent variables include various housing patterns (price of apartment and villa housing), building density, and household density in the residential unit, as well as depression and perceived stress, which are the dependent variables of the study. Data related to independent variables were obtained from the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development website and statistical blocks, as well as data related to dependent variables of the study using a questionnaire (Cohen and Beck). To examine the relationship between the research variables, a questionnaire with standard questions of Cohen's perceived stress and Beck's depression with a Likert scale or 4-point scoring scale was used. Results and discussion The results of the study indicate that the increase in prices (apartment and villa housing) and building density enhance stress and depression among residents of District 18 of Tehran, especially in eastern neighborhoods. One of the reasons for this is the social isolation in high-density apartment buildings, where public and open spaces often do not exist or are out of reach of residents. In these buildings, the sense of belonging, responsibility, participation, and social interactions are at a very low level. All of these issues increase social isolation and, as a result, stress and depression among residents of these buildings. Another quantitative housing indicator that has social and psychological dimensions is the density of households in residential units. This indicator is used to identify the share of each household in the number of rooms in residential units. An increase in the number of rooms available to each household indicates an improvement in the biological well-being of residents. Increased biological well-being leads to greater comfort and tranquility for residents and, as a result, reduces mental and psychological disorders. This is important because people spend a significant amount of time in their homes. The increase in households in residential units, combined with the low number of rooms, prevents people from having the solitude and peace necessary to work effectively. Conclusion The results of the Moran spatial autocorrelation model showed that the price of apartment and villa housing is the most important independent variable for the variables of depression and perceived stress, and follows a cluster pattern. In summary, it can be stated that all quantitative housing indicators examined in this article have a significant relationship with the depression and perceived stress indices. Also, the results of stepwise linear regression analysis for the depression index showed that two models can be proposed for changes in this index. In the first model, the price of apartment and villa housing is the only predictor that predicts 64.9% of the changes in depression. In addition, the second model can predict depression with 34.8%. Increasing housing prices and building density lead to greater crowding and higher prices. Increasing building density and housing prices reduce social support. In fact, crowded environments and living in apartment housing reduce social interactions and activities. This increases psychological pressures such as depression and stress. On the other hand, household density in residential units, which is calculated based on the number of rooms in each unit, indicates the independence of individuals within residential units. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی پیوند میان قیمت مسکن و شاخص‌های کمی مرتبط با آن، شامل الگوی مسکن، تراکم ساختمانی و تراکم خانوار، با سلامت روانی شهروندان منطقه ۱۸ شهر تهران انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل ۱۸۰ خانوار از محله‌های شهری این منطقه بود که میزان استرس و افسردگی آن‌ها به ترتیب با پرسش‌نامه‌های استاندارد کوهن و بک سنجیده شد. برای تحلیل فضایی قیمت مسکن و متغیرهای کمی مسکن، از مدل‌های Hot Spot و Cold Spot (Getis-Ord Gi*) و شاخص خودهمبستگی فضایی موران (I) در محیط ArcGIS بهره گرفته شد. همچنین، مدل‌سازی تغییرات استرس و افسردگی بر مبنای شاخص‌های مسکن با استفاده از رگرسیون خطی گام‌به‌گام در نرم‌افزار SPSS صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد میان متغیرهای کمی مسکن و شاخص‌های سلامت روانی رابطه‌ای معنادار وجود دارد؛ به‌گونه‌ای که افزایش قیمت و تراکم مسکن با سطوح بالاتر استرس و افسردگی همراه بود. تحلیل‌های کیفی نیز حاکی از ضرورت تعامل میان برنامه‌ریزان شهری و متخصصان روان‌شناسی در مدیریت پیامدهای روانی مسکن است. در پایان، پیشنهادهایی کاربردی ارائه شد، از جمله توسعه مسکن مقرون‌به‌صرفه برای اقشار کم‌درآمد، بازنگری در سیاست‌های متراکم‌سازی با رویکرد سلامت روان، ایجاد مراکز مشاوره در محله‌های آسیب‌پذیر و استفاده از سامانه‌های داده‌محور برای پایش مستمر اثرات روانی تغییرات بازار مسکن.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_104139_b91ea691e857aee0cb9f2475ebbfccd3.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 09 Analysis of the Role of Co-creation in the Development of Urban Living Laboratories: A case study of Zanjan City تحلیل نقش هم‌آفرینی در توسعه آزمایشگاه‌های زنده شهری مطالعه موردی: شهر زنجان 25 40 101948 10.22059/jhgr.2025.379939.1008718 FA مجید حضرتی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران محمدتقی حیدری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 29 ABSTRACT One of the basic approaches in order to develop living urban laboratories in efficient and creative urban management is to use the co-creation approach, which aims to address the needs and social challenges that are increasingly fragmented in modern society, and citizens can become citizens through co-creation. Active and political based on rights and obligations. The current research with the structural-interpretive model seeks to analyze the role of co-creation in developing urban living laboratories in Zanjan city. Data collection was done in the form of surveys and library studies. The statistical population includes 30 elite people who were selected by snowball sampling. The identification of the indicators of the urban living laboratory was done using the foundational data theory in the form of a semi-structured interview with the help of MAXQDA software. The structural equation model was used as the least square technique to analyze the data with the help of SmartPLS.3 software. According to the findings of the research, Co-creation and urban living laboratories have a mutual and meaningful relationship with each other. Therefore, the participation of urban stakeholders can play an effective role in creating living urban laboratories for implementing construction and infrastructure projects in Zanjan city. Also, in order to achieve a coherent mechanism in the "co-creation of projects based on urban living laboratories", we need to strengthen the infrastructure of social justice and the implementation of environment-oriented projects. On the other hand, by strengthening "conversation" and "flexibility", it is possible to develop participation and co-creation among the beneficiaries of projects based on urban living laboratories in Zanjan city. Extended Abstract Introduction In order to become a center for creativity and ideation and generally a living urban laboratory, the creative and innovative city is constantly facing inevitable risks. On the other hand, the urban planning and management system has a plural structure with a distributed decision-making system. Designing and implementing urban projects requires skilled and trained human resources, a collaborative planning system, and stable and focused financial resources. As a result, in order to achieve sustainable financial resources and efficient human resources, the requirement to use the capacities of the private sector is justified. Meanwhile, living labs, as innovation-oriented approaches, try to present and implement ideas from outside sources for the development and commercialization of innovation so that relevant investigations and possible problems can be controlled in the test environments of living labs before widespread exploitation. Surveys showed that the co-creation approach is one of the basic approaches for developing urban living laboratories in efficient and creative urban management. In this regard, citizens can achieve active and political citizenship based on rights and obligations through co-creation. Citizens can see themselves as "builders" of public services and help solve problems by mobilizing forces and ideas that improve their quality of life. Other benefits of co-creation are deep access related to social justice and citizens' rights in the field of involvement in the city. Methodology The current research with the structural-interpretive model seeks to analyze the role of co-creation in the development of urban living laboratories in Zanjan city. Data collection was done in the form of survey and library studies. The statistical population includes 30 elite people who were selected by snowball sampling. The identification of the indicators of the urban living laboratory was done using the foundational data theory in the form of a semi-structured interview with the help of MAXQDA software. After determining the condition and the main factors through foundational data theory, structural equation modeling has been used. Structural equation modeling has been used after determining the condition and the main factors through foundational data theory. The structural equation model is a family of statistical techniques used to systematically analyze multivariate data to measure theoretical structures (latent variables) and relationships between them. A structural equation model consists of two parts as the first part contains the measurement model that defines the relationship between manifest variables (measured) and latent variables (estimated or factors). The second part also includes the structural model that specifies how the factors are related. In this research, the six variables of urban living laboratories (social justice, productivity, infrastructure, environment, information and communication technology, quality of life) were identified as dependent variables and co-creation as dependent variables. Results and discussion In order to achieve a coherent theoretical framework in the development of living urban labs, especially in Zanjan city as one of the pilot cities in the development of the IT city in the country, the present study, with the help of the urban co-creation approach, based on the opinions of experts active in this field, proceeded to formulate a research framework. It is coherent and extracts the desired indicators in this field. In this context, the foundation data theory method has been used as thematic analysis using Max Kyuda qualitative software to extract indicators based on the opinions of the statistical community of experts. The output of this method is the extraction of 98 components and 10 categories (6 components of urban living laboratory and 4 components of urban co-creation) from 326 open codes resulting from the analysis of 30 interviews. After extracting the indicators and compiling the questionnaire, the structural equation model was used to achieve a detailed study framework of the role of urban co-creation in the development of living laboratories in Zanjan. Conclusion According to the beta coefficient of 1.983, the relationship between co-creation and urban living laboratories is significant, and the participation of urban stakeholders can play an effective role in creating urban living laboratories in order to implement construction and infrastructure projects in Zanjan. In the meantime, the studies showed that the environmental index, with a standard beta coefficient of 16.622, and the social justice structure, with a standard beta coefficient of 16.009, influence urban co-creation. Therefore, in order to achieve a coherent mechanism in the "co-creation of projects based on urban living laboratories", we need to strengthen the infrastructure of social justice and the implementation of environment-oriented projects. On the opposite point, the structure of "conversation," with a coefficient of 3.584, and the structure of flexibility, with a coefficient of 2.759, have the most significant effect on strengthening urban co-creation. By strengthening the aforementioned structures, it is possible to successfully develop participation and co-creation among the beneficiaries of urban projects in Zanjan city. According to the results of theoretical and qualitative and quantitative findings, in order to strengthen the role of co-creation in the development of urban living laboratories in Zanjan city, the following are suggested: Sharing the experiences of professors and experts and constructive dialogue with stakeholders in order to prioritize services and inform through social media in order to strengthen urban co-creation and advance the goals of urban living laboratories. Supporting new and comprehensive urban development ideas and informing stakeholders to participate in idea generation through creating and developing communication networks between citizens and organizations in charge of urban development. Upgrading and updating collaborative skills through applying multiple skills in challenging situations and adopting appropriate strategies to improve co-creation in order to advance urban development goals in the form of living urban laboratories. Providing clear, complete and understandable information for all the beneficiaries of urban projects in the context of urban living laboratories. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. یکی از رویکردهای اساسی به‌منظور توسعه آزمایشگاه‌های زنده شهری در مدیریت شهری کارآمد و خلاق، بهره‌گیری از رویکرد هم‌آفرینی است، که هدف آن پرداختن به نیازها و چالش‌های اجتماعی است که در جامعه مدرن به طور فزاینده‌ای تکه‌تکه شده‌اند، و شهروندان از طریق هم‌آفرینی می‌توانند یک شهروندی فعال و سیاسی بر مبنای حقوق و تعهدات به بار آیند. تحقیق حاضر با مدل ساختاری-تفسیری به دنبال تحلیل نقش هم‌آفرینی در توسعه آزمایشگاه‌های زنده شهری در شهر زنجان است. گردآوری داده‌ها به‌صورت مطالعات پیمایشی و کتابخانه‌ای انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل 30 نفر نخبگان است که با روش نمونه‌گیری گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شدند. شناسایی شاخص‌های آزمایشگاه زنده شهری با استفاده از نظریه داده بنیاد در قالب مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته با کمک نرم‌افزار MAXQDA انجام شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از مدل معادلات ساختاری به‌صورت تکنیک حداقل مجذور مربع با کمک نرم‌افزار SmartPLS.3 استفاده شد. طبق یافته‌های تحقیق، هم‌آفرینی و آزمایشگاه‌های زنده شهری رابطه متقابل و معنی‌دار با یکدیگر دارند. ازاین‌رو، مشارکت ذی‌نفعان شهری، می‌تواند نقش مؤثری در ایجاد آزمایشگاه‌های زنده شهری به‌منظور اجرای طرح‌ها و پروژه‌های عمرانی و زیربنایی در شهر زنجان ایفا کند. همچنین، برای دستیابی به یک مکانیسم منسجم در «هم‌آفرینی پروژه‌های مبتنی بر آزمایشگاه‌های زنده شهری»، نیازمند تقویت زیرساخت‌های عدالت اجتماعی و اجرای پروژه‌های محیط‌زیست محور هستیم. از طرفی، از طریق تقویت «گفتگو» و «انعطاف‌پذیری» می‌توان، مشارکت و هم‌آفرینی بین ذی‌نفعان پروژه‌های مبتنی بر آزمایشگاه‌های زنده شهری در شهر زنجان را توسعه داد.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_101948_c55f06c034d03de01dbec38cfddb9816.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 09 Iran and Eurasian Transit Corridors; the Dream of the Situation or Geopolitical Realities ایران و کریدورهای ترانزیتی اوراسیا؛ رویای موقعیت یا واقعیت های ژئوپلتیکی 41 58 104232 10.22059/jhgr.2025.380320.1008722 FA ناصر سلطانی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران سجاد امیدوارفر گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 30 ABSTRACT The competition of the countries of the world in being placed in the routes and corridors of commercial and energy exchanges is of increasing importance in the geopolitical relations of international actors at the global and regional levels. Iran's focal and central role in the connection between the countries located in the two important continents of Asia and Europe and the application of the heartland corridor of the world faces many challenges and obstacles in the national, regional, and global dimensions. Based on this, the study aims to examine Iran's internal challenges and issues on the path of international corridors, as well as regional and international geopolitical and geostrategic obstacles facing Iran in this connection. The study method is based on description and analysis. The findings of the research are focused on three sections as the status and performance of corridor points and networks inside the country, international and regional corridors passing through Iran, and finally, international and regional corridors outside Iran. The results show that the condition and performance of corridor points and networks inside the country are not in good condition due to infrastructure, regulations, security, and logistics issues and are far from the predicted vision. The performance of the international and regional corridors passing through Iran is unacceptable due to the close relationship with the infrastructure conditions, regulations, security, and logistics of the transit networks inside the country. The competition of world powers with each other (Europe, China, Russia, America) and regional powers (Iran, Pakistan, Israel, Turkey) in order to seize geo-economic, geopolitical, and geostrategic opportunities has caused the loss of opportunities and weakened the views of Iran's corridor in this sector. Extended Abstract Introduction High transit costs, multiple decision-making entities in the transit sector, minimal investment, lack of adequate infrastructure in the transit sector, shortage of transportation fleet, and underdeveloped rail network, as well as a shortage of large transportation companies in international markets and a lack of appropriate interactions with neighboring countries, are among the obstacles and limiting factors for the development of international corridors in Iran. However, Iran's challenges and issues in positioning and benefiting from international corridors in Asia and European territories are not limited to domestic problems. The hegemonic approach of the United States and the West, China's commercial infiltration policies and programs, and cross-border competitions of intermediate-level players such as Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and Israel are among the geopolitical and geostrategic challenges that Iran faces in this regard. Thus, this study aims to investigate the domestic challenges and issues facing Iran in positioning in international corridors on the one hand and the regional and international geopolitical and geostrategic barriers facing Iran on the other. The article's argument is based on the assumption that both internal weaknesses and issues and regional and international geopolitical and geostrategic constraints have played a central role in undermining Iran's position in international corridors. Methodology The nature and method of the research conducted are descriptive-analytical, aiming to investigate the geostrategic role of Iran in international and regional corridors. The present study collected valid data through library research; theoretical foundations were used to extract existing infrastructural components, and a new insight on the subject was reached through credible sources such as books, reports, and scientific articles. Additionally, the geographical position of Iran and the status of domestic (railway, water, and land) and international and regional corridors were mapped and analyzed using GIS 10.5 and Google Earth Pro tools. Results and discussion The first part of the findings examines the status and performance of corridor points and networks within the country (rail, water, and land) connected with international corridors passing through Iran. The survey results on the performance of rail, water, and land networks within the country in the 10 years leading to this study show that the decrease in performance or insignificant growth has been an important part of these quasi-transit networks. In other words, the transit networks inside Iran's territory cannot support Iran's role in international corridors. This can result from problems and limitations in the development of international relations, investment attraction, easing of laws and regulations, one-sided attitudes in developing political and economic relations with other countries, and territorial insecurity. The second part of the research findings focused on the performance of international and regional corridors passing through the territorial space of Iran. According to previous studies, the performance of these corridors passing through Iran's territorial space is very low, less than 10% of the predicted nominal capacity. The final part of the research findings is focused on those international and regional corridors where Iran is not in the path or axis of those corridors. The results of the study show that the regional and global powers and Iran's neighboring countries are trying to diminish Iran's transit position with strategic designs, the formation of transit blocks around Iran's territorial space, and the transit opportunities and positive results resulting from it. Take it out of Iran's hands. Those international and regional corridors where Iran is not on the path or axis of those corridors will be addressed; in other words, it has been left aside. The India-Middle East-Europe Corridor, the China-Turkey-Europe Corridor, the Maritime Silk Road, and the Iraq-Turkey Corridor (Development Road) are among the most important corridors that are in use or are being implemented and designed, which reduce transit opportunities for Iran. Conclusion The investigation and evaluation of competitor transit routes in Iran from different aspects, such as route security, distance, facilities and services offered, tariffs, and costs, have a significant impact on increasing the competitiveness of international corridors passing through Iran. Continuous inspections, high costs, and various charges have reduced the advantage of goods transiting through Iran, leading to other countries taking over this market. Therefore, the main issue that should be considered for the development of transit in the country is the creation of a competitive environment for transit routes. The government and government policies play a very important role in utilizing the country's transit potential. The lack of proper cooperation with regional countries is another important factor that has prevented the proper utilization of corridor capacities in Iran. Establishing appropriate cooperation and amending laws to facilitate customs procedures should be pursued seriously by the government in support of the transit industry. Additionally, due to a large portion of the transportation sector being government-owned, unfortunately, government agencies are not properly taking marketing and attracting traders seriously in the road, sea, and rail sectors. In order to develop international and regional corridors located in Iran and to enhance economic diplomacy, the following suggestions are proposed: Reform and develop the transportation network, focusing on factors such as the country's transit position and demand, corridor development, land use planning, defense and security considerations, and national profitability. Increase efficiency to achieve a high level of excellence by improving transportation rules and management, developing human resources, and enhancing information resources. Prepare strategic development plans for transit routes based on their strengths and weaknesses. Assess and evaluate the competitiveness of Iran's transit routes in international corridors. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. رقابت کشورهای جهان در قرارگیری در مسیرها و کریدورهای مبادلات تجاری و انرژی از اهمیت روزافزونی در مناسبات ژئوپلیتیکی بازیگران بینالمللی در سطوح جهانی و منطقهای برخوردار میباشد. نقش کانونی و محوری ایران در اتصال و پیوند بین کشورهای واقع در دو قاره مهم آسیا و اروپا و اطلاق هارتلند کریدوری جهان به آن، با چالشها و موانع متعددی در بعد ملی، منطقهای و جهانی مواجه میباشد. براین‌اساس، هدف این مطالعه، بررسی چالشها و مسائل داخلی ایران برای قرارگیری در مسیر کریدورهای بینالمللی از یک‌سو و موانع ژئوپلیتیکی و ژئواستراتژیکی منطقهای و بینالمللی فراروی ایران دراین‌ارتباط میباشد. روش مطالعه مبتنی بر توصیف و تحلیل میباشد. یافتههای پژوهش در سه بخش وضعیت و عملکرد نقاط و شبکههای کریدوری داخل کشور، کریدورهای بینالمللی و منطقهای گذری از مسیر ایران و درنهایت، کریدورهای بینالمللی و منطقهای خارج‌ازمسیر ایران متمرکز میباشد. نتایج یافتهها نشان میدهد که وضعیت و عملکرد نقاط و شبکههای کریدوری داخل کشور، به‌واسطة مسائل زیرساختی، مقررات، امنیتی و لجستیک از شرایط مناسبی برخوردار نیست و با چشمانداز پیش‌بینی‌شده، فاصله زیادی دارد. عملکرد کریدورهای بینالمللی و منطقهای گذری از مسیر ایران نیز به‌واسطة ارتباط نزدیک با شرایط زیرساختی، مقررات، امنیت و لجستیک شبکههای ترانزیتی داخل کشور، از عملکرد قابل‌قبولی برخوردار نبوده است. رقابت قدرت‌های جهانی با همدیگر (اروپا، چین، روسیه، آمریکا و هند) و قدرت‌های منطقهای (ایران، پاکستان، کشورهای حاشیه جنوب خلیجفارس، اسرائیل، ترکیه) جهت تصاحب فرصت‌های ژئواکونومیکی، ژئوپلیتیکی و ژئواستراتژیکی، باعث ازدست‌رفتن فرصت‌ها و کم‌رنگ‌شدن ظرفیت‌های کریدوری ایران در این بخش شده است.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_104232_7466cb5b65d7ea37f009be383a601dee.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 09 Geopolitical Foundations and the Dual Logic of Iran’s Foreign Policy بنیان‌های ژئوپلیتیکی و منطق دوگانه در سیاست خارجی ایران 59 72 106422 10.22059/jhgr.2026.386227.1008764 FA ساجد بهرامی جاف گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران دریا مازندرانی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، خراسان رضوی، ایران رسول عیدی گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 30 ABSTRACT This study examines the role of geopolitical foundations in shaping Iran’s foreign policy during the period from 2000 to 2023, focusing on the challenges arising from geopolitical dependency on fixed elements within the country’s foreign policy. Iran’s geopolitical foundations, including strategic geographical positioning, energy resources, military and defensive capabilities, and regional influence through the Axis of Resistance, have been consistently leveraged in its foreign policy strategies throughout this period. While these elements have provided Iran with significant power and influence, their repetitive and uninspired utilization has led to geopolitical dependency, rendering Iran vulnerable to global and regional developments. Global crises such as the Ukraine war, shifts in energy routes, and border transformations in the Caucasus, particularly the Zangezur Corridor, have posed substantial threats to Iran’s geopolitical foundations. These dynamics underscore the urgent need for reassessment and innovation in the country’s geopolitical power resources. This research analyzes the challenges facing Iran in leveraging these elements and emphasizes the necessity of diversifying power sources and adapting to new international conditions. The findings of the study reveal that Iran must transition from its persistent reliance on traditional geopolitical components to embrace innovative approaches in power resources and adopt more proactive diplomacy on the global stage. Extended Abstract Introduction In the complex and rapidly shifting landscape of international relations, understanding the structural foundations that shape a state’s foreign policy is vital to analyzing its strategic behavior. Among these foundations, geopolitical factors such as strategic location, access to natural resources, and historical-cultural influence serve as core determinants of a nation's power projection and international posture. Situated at the nexus of the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, Iran possesses considerable geopolitical capital. Its unique transit position links East and West; its vast energy reserves rank among the world’s most significant; and its cultural-religious influence permeates the wider Islamic world. These assets have historically positioned Iran as a pivotal regional actor. At the same time, they have exposed the country to persistent structural pressures, including sanctions, geopolitical rivalries, and external interventions. From 2000 to 2023, Iran’s foreign policy was shaped by a series of transformative developments as the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, tensions surrounding its nuclear program, the Arab Spring, the rise and fall of ISIS, and broader shifts in the global energy landscape. Simultaneously, environmental stresses, most notably drought and water scarcity, intensified domestic vulnerabilities and introduced new geopolitical risks. These intersecting internal and external forces underscore the need to reassess the strategic logic governing Iran’s geopolitical behavior and the continued utility of its foundational assets. Methodology This study adopts a qualitative and descriptive-analytical approach grounded in document-based content analysis. Drawing from scholarly literature, policy papers, and official datasets, it investigates how Iran has mobilized its principal geopolitical components as strategic geography, energy resources, military capability, and regional alliances between 2000 and 2023. This approach facilitates the identification of both patterns of continuity and key shifts in Iran’s geopolitical strategy over time. Results and discussion 1.Strategic Geographical Position Iran’s control over the Strait of Hormuz has long been both a strategic asset and a point of vulnerability. While this position grants Iran leverage in global energy flows and maritime security, its geographic advantage has primarily been used defensively and transactionally rather than as part of a broader strategy of regional integration or economic connectivity. 2.Energy Resources (Oil and Gas) As home to the world’s second-largest natural gas reserves and fourth-largest oil reserves, Iran has historically leveraged energy exports as a central instrument of foreign policy. However, this heavy dependence has proven increasingly fragile. Sanctions, market volatility, and recent shifts in global energy dynamics, particularly following the Ukraine war, have exposed the strategic limitations of an energy-centric foreign policy. 3.Military and Defensive Capabilities Iran’s advancements in missile systems and drone technology have enhanced its deterrence posture and regional influence, particularly through the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Quds Force. Nevertheless, this emphasis on hard power has constrained Iran’s ability to engage in cooperative or multilateral security architectures, limiting its broader diplomatic flexibility. 4.Regional Role (Axis of Resistance) Iran’s involvement in the Axis of Resistance, supporting allied groups in Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, has extended its strategic depth and deterrence capabilities. However, this engagement has come at a high cost. While initially framed as a defensive strategy, it has evolved into a burdensome commitment that has exacerbated sectarian divisions and drawn sustained international criticism. Challenges and the Need for Strategic Adaptation Despite their continued relevance, these four geopolitical pillars have suffered from overuse and a lack of strategic innovation. Their repetitive application in a shifting global context has led to a form of geopolitical erosion, a gradual reduction in their effectiveness as instruments of state power. The absence of economic diversification, limited investment in regional partnerships, and the marginalization of geo-economic strategies have collectively undermined Iran’s ability to convert geopolitical assets into sustainable influence. To reverse this trend, Iran must recalibrate its foreign policy by integrating its traditional strengths into forward-looking frameworks. This includes prioritizing regional economic integration, leveraging connectivity corridors, and participating in cooperative security initiatives. By aligning hard and soft power tools with geo-economic imperatives, Iran can enhance its strategic flexibility and reduce its vulnerability to external shocks. Conclusion Iran’s geopolitical strategy over the past two decades has oscillated between two competing logics: a traditional emphasis on deterrence and territorial control, and a modern, though underutilized, approach based on engagement and geo-economic collaboration. The failure to reconcile these paradigms has resulted in strategic rigidity and diminished geopolitical returns. To maintain relevance and assert influence in an evolving international system, Iran must reinterpret its geopolitical assets not as static sources of power, but as dynamic instruments of regional cooperation and innovation. Only through strategic renewal can Iran transform its persistent presence into effective and adaptive influence. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی نقش و جایگاه بنیان‌های ژئوپلیتیکی در شکل‌دهی به سیاست خارجی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در دوره زمانی ۱۳۷۹ تا ۱۴۰4 می‌پردازد و تلاش دارد تا با نگاهی تحلیلی، چالش‌های ناشی از تداوم استفاده از مؤلفه‌های ثابت ژئوپلیتیکی را در بستری از تحولات نوین منطقه‌ای و جهانی واکاوی کند. مؤلفه‌هایی نظیر موقعیت جغرافیایی استراتژیک ایران در چهارراه آسیای جنوب غربی، منابع عظیم انرژی (نفت و گاز)، توانمندی‌های دفاعی و بازدارندگی نظامی، و نفوذ منطقه‌ای از طریق حمایت از محور مقاومت، در طی دو دهه گذشته، ابزارهای اصلی قدرت ژئوپلیتیکی جمهوری اسلامی بوده‌اند که در راهبردهای سیاست خارجی به‌طور مکرر و تقریباً بدون نوآوری مورداستفاده قرار گرفته‌اند. اگرچه این مؤلفه‌ها در مقاطع مختلف موجب تقویت نقش ایران در موازنه‌های منطقه‌ای شده‌اند، اما تکیه مفرط و انحصاری بر آن‌ها در کنار غفلت از مؤلفه‌های مکمل همچون ژئواکونومی، دیپلماسی چندجانبه، و ظرفیت‌های نرم‌افزاری قدرت، منجر به شکل‌گیری نوعی وابستگی ژئوپلیتیکی ساختاری شده است. این وابستگی، توان کشور را برای انطباق با نظم نوظهور بین‌المللی کاهش داده و کشور را در برابر تحولات پویای منطقه‌ای از جمله بحران اوکراین، جابه‌جایی مسیرهای انرژی جهانی، تغییرات در بازارهای بین‌المللی، و تحولات ژئواستراتژیک در قفقاز جنوبی به‌ویژه پروژه دالان زنگه‌زور آسیب‌پذیر ساخته است. پژوهش حاضر با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد کیفی و روش توصیفی - تحلیلی، بر پایه تحلیل محتوای منابع مکتوب، داده‌های رسمی و مطالعات سیاستی، تلاش دارد ضمن شناسایی نقاط ضعف و محدودیت‌های کنونی، بر ضرورت بازتعریف بنیان‌های قدرت ژئوپلیتیکی ایران تأکید کند.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_106422_6c3a92b9135e1a1accbd328d462dcfd1.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 09 Spatial Measurement of Women's Feeling of Alienation in the Urban Spaces of Ahvaz سنجش مکانی احساس بیگانگی زنان در فضاهای شهری اهواز 73 92 104465 10.22059/jhgr.2025.354703.1008580 FA مریم آزادبخت گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران سعید امانپور گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران مجتبی جهانی فر گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران Journal Article 2022 11 30 ABSTRACT One of the most negative consequences of the modern world is the citizens’ alienation from the city environment. Alienation means the lack of connection between the built environment and its physical components with humans as a social being. Individual differences, especially gender differences, are manifested in all social and individual dimensions, and the feeling of alienation is no exception. This research, which is designed using a mixed method, aims to measure the spatial distribution of alienation in women who live in the Ahvaz. At first, the different dimensions of the feeling of alienation in urban spaces were explained, and then, with the kernel density estimation method, the Ahvaz urban areas where the citizens express the greatest feeling of alienation were identified. The findings of Kernel's density maps showed that Ahvaz areas that are associated with a decrease in vitality for women, insecurity for women, inefficiency, and lack of identity are among the hottest centers for intensifying the feeling of alienation. The intensification of alienation in different Ahvaz urban areas has led to the gendering of the space, and women are the victims of this feeling, which has reduced their social participation and attachment to the city. Creating entertainment and recreational spaces in a decentralized and neighborhood way, using green spaces to increase the sense of vitality, paying attention to the design of the city in terms of the beauty of the place, and culture-based and ethnic elements can both increase the vitality of the city and make it better livable, so it will weaken the alienation feeling in urban spaces. Extended Abstract Introduction Alienation is the human separation from his spiritual and material world and the inability to change the existing reality. Alienation means the lack of connection between the built environment and physical components with humans as a social being. One of the dimensions of alienation is human alienation from urban space. To prevent the city's deterioration and ensure a better regeneration of urban spaces, the urban space planning process must include citizens' experiences, opinions, needs, and individual differences. Despite the fact that momentary mental well-being (i.e., emotional state) is affected by citizens' feelings towards the city space (e.g., feeling of security), decision-making processes for city design affect both of them. There is still limited knowledge about the feeling and excitement of urban spaces, especially the feeling of alienation in urban spaces for women; in addition to explaining the different dimensions of the feeling of alienation in urban spaces, this research aims to evaluate the Ahvaz urban areas based on the feeling of alienation level among women. Methodology This applied research, in addition to explaining the different dimensions of alienation feeling in urban spaces, will evaluate the Ahvaz urban areas based on the women's feelings of alienation level. The research used a mixed method (exploratory-sequential). In the qualitative phase, alienation in urban spaces was explained using the grounded theory approach. In the quantitative phase, with structural equation modeling, the model's performance was compared between women and men, as explained in the qualitative phase. Also, in the last stage, different Ahvaz areas were assessed based on indicators. In order to explain the feeling of alienation in the urban space, 25 citizens living in Ahvaz were invited to an interview. These citizens, 14 of whom were women and 11 of whom were men, had been living in Ahvaz for more than 10 years and were purposefully selected to express their lived experience, work, recreation, and participation in urban affairs. The researchers used stratified random sampling for the quantitative part. The Ahvaz metropolitan has seven municipal districts. To confirm the structural model, the researchers selected 880 men and women living in Ahvaz and asked them to answer self-reported questionnaires electronically or on Pencil and paper. Results and discussion The semi-structured interview with each citizen of Ahvaz lasted an average of 57 minutes, and 25 citizens participating in the research were interviewed in depth for 1645 minutes. Citizens' voices were recorded and converted into text after obtaining their permission. With the analysis matrix and data classification, we conceptualized and abstracted five important structures that help explain the feeling of alienation. These concepts include the feeling of city space ineffectiveness, insecurity in the city space, lack of identity in the city space, lack of vitality in the city space, and the feeling of not belonging to the city space. Alienation from the city space is a feeling that the interviewees associated with the city's inefficiency, insecurity, lack of identity, and lack of liveliness. The alienation in urban spaces means the separation of citizens from places, spaces, passages, and the physical body of the city, which will result in the feeling of ineffectiveness of the space, the feeling of the Anonymity of the space, and not being attached to the place, and not having the feeling of vitality in the urban spaces. The researchers found that the closest feeling of citizens to alienation is the feeling of not belonging to the city space. Cornell's density maps showed that Ahvaz areas associated with a decrease in vitality for women, insecurity for women, inefficiency, and lack of identity are among the hottest centers for intensifying alienation feeling. The intensification of alienation in Ahvaz's different urban areas led to the gendering of the space, and women are the victims of this feeling, so it has reduced their social participation and attachment to the city. Conclusion The important consequence of vandalism is the intensification of the alienation in the city, and citizens who feel physically and mentally distant from the city and do not have an identity for the city or do not define their identity concerning the city may start destroying property and City facilities. These consequences will reduce people's right to the city and further reduce the quality of urban life. The gender discrimination that exists in urban spaces causes the feeling of alienation in the Ahvaz urban space to intensify, which itself causes the decrease in the presence of women in urban spaces. It is suggested that, in the design of urban spaces, in order to prevent social isolation, which is one of the important consequences of the feeling of alienation in the urban space, more attention should be paid to important components such as urban vitality, urban livability, and city security. In this regard, aesthetic and location-oriented lighting, reducing stray and abandoned spaces in the city, controlling more urban areas that are crime-prone and unsafe, and increasing citizens' access to urban services in close proximity to their homes will increase the sense of security. It will become a city, which leads to a decrease in the feeling of alienation. Creating entertainment and recreation spaces in a decentralized and neighborhood way, using green space to increase the sense of vitality, and paying attention to the city design in terms of the beauty of the place and cultural and ethnic elements can both increase the vitality of the city and make it better livable. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper یکی از منفی‌ترین پیامدهای دنیای مدرن بیگانگی شهروندان با فضای شهر می‌باشد. تفاوت‌های فردی به‌خصوص تفاوت‌های جنسیتی، در همه ابعاد اجتماعی و فردی نمود دارد. این پژوهش که به‌صورت آمیخته طراحی‌شده است، قصد دارد به سنجش پراکنش فضایی احساس بیگانگی در زنانی بپردازد که در شهر اهواز ساکن هستند. پژوهش حاضر، ابتدا ابعاد مختلف احساس بیگانگی در فضاهای شهری را تبیین کرد، و مدل ساختاری آن به کمک تحلیل عاملی تأییدی بررسی شد، شاخص برازش داده‌های تجربی و مدل همگی بیش از 9/0 به‌دست‌آمده میانگین خطای استاندارد بارهای عاملی کمتر از 03/0 است. به کمک روش تخمین تراکم کرنل مناطق شهری اهواز را که بیشترین احساس بیگانگی از سوی شهروندان بروز می‌یابد شناسایی شدند. یافته‌های نقشه‌های تراکم کرنل نشان داد فضاهایی از شهر اهواز که با کاهش سرزندگی برای زنان، ناامنی برای زنان، ناکارآمدی فضا برای زنان، و بی‌هویتی همراه هستند از داغ‌ترین کانون‌ها برای تشدید احساس بیگانگی به شمار می‌روند. تشدید احساس بیگانگی در مناطق مختلف شهری اهواز جنسیت‌زدگی فضا را به دنبال داشته و زنان بیشترین قربانی این احساس هستند و موجب کاهش مشارکت اجتماعی و دل‌بستگی آنان به شهر شده است. ایجاد فضاهای سرگرمی و تفریحی به‌صورت غیرمتمرکز و محله‌ای، استفاده از فضای سبز برای افزایش حس سرزندگی، توجه به طراحی شهر به لحاظ زیبایی مکان و عناصر فرهنگی و قومی، هم می‌تواند سرزندگی شهر را افزایش دهد و هم موجب زیست‌پذیری بهتر آن شود که خود موجب تضعیف احساس بیگانگی در فضای شهر خواهد شد.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_104465_65c13560e8da4c9467e86dc95d9b5fed.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 10 Providing a Paradigm Model of Stagnant Agricultural Production Cooperatives in Kermanshah Province ارائه مدل پارادایمی رکود تعاونی‌های تولیدی کشاورزی در استان کرمانشاه 93 107 102122 10.22059/jhgr.2025.380014.1008719 FA زهرا اطهری گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران Journal Article 2025 12 01 ABSTRACT Agricultural production cooperatives as a utilization system in the agricultural sector can play an effective role in rural and agricultural development. This grounded theory research presents a paradigmatic model for identifying the causes of stagnation in agricultural production cooperatives in Kermanshah province. The study population included managers of stagnant agricultural production cooperatives in Kermanshah province, selected using purposive sampling (n=22). The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews. This research conceptual model revealed that several factors contributed to the stagnation of these agricultural cooperatives. These factors include rising input costs and difficulties in accessing necessary resources, financial problems of producers, weakness of marketing and sales, and lack of economic efficiency and sufficient experience and expertise of some producers. The lack of infrastructure for the maintenance and processing of products, natural hazards, equipment failure as contextual conditions, and challenges such as limited access to credit, the difficulty of exporting, and the existence of brokerage as intervening conditions further exacerbated the situation. Some interactive conditions include the closure of production units, production with very limited capacity, and selling the product at a small profit and below the market price. As a result of these conditions, some production units faced the risk of bankruptcy and increased reliance on brokers. To address the issue of cooperative stagnation, several strategies were proposed; these included leveraging special credits to jumpstart production units, providing licenses to individuals with business experience, and encouraging investors in the province to establish and develop conversion industries, standard warehouses, and marketing cooperatives. Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, the development of agricultural production cooperatives is considered a crucial strategy for advancement in rural and agricultural sectors across various nations. However, in our country, although these cooperatives in recent years, competition has increased, especially in the food products industry. This, combined with a lack of proper implementation of the Cooperative Sector Law and general policies outlined in Article 44 regarding the transfer of state enterprises to cooperatives, as well as economic difficulties, has led to a significant number of production cooperatives in the agricultural sector stagnating or becoming inactive. Some have even reached the point of liquidation, posing a serious threat. Despite this, agricultural production cooperatives have the potential to make positive contributions to improving the structure of agricultural production through efficient management and reorganization in the sector. Despite this pressing issue, there has been a lack of comprehensive studies to identify the root causes behind the stagnation of production cooperatives in Kermanshah province. Thus, this qualitative research aimed to present the paradigm model of stagnant agricultural production cooperatives in Kermanshah province. Methodology This study utilizes a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical purpose. The data collection focuses on the grounded theory research method within qualitative methods. The study population included the managers of stagnant agricultural production cooperatives in Kermanshah province. The grounded theory method simultaneously incorporates purposive and theoretical sampling (n=22). In theoretical sampling, the process involves collecting data to develop a theory. The researcher collects, codes, and analyzes data simultaneously, determining which data to collect in the next step and where to find it, allowing the theory to emerge gradually. Data was collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews until saturation was achieved. The analysis of the gathered data involved three key stages as open, axial, and selective coding. The study transitioned to the focal coding stage after completing open coding in the current research. During this stage, categories obtained in open coding were compared, and their characteristics were analyzed. An attempt was made to create these categories as conditional conditions, and the messages within the categories were adjusted accordingly. Additionally, a paradigm model was provided. Results and discussion The result of the application of grounded theory in this study was a conceptual model that showed the increasing cost of required inputs and lack of timely access, financial problems of producers, lack of economic efficiency of production in the agricultural sector, lack of cooperative culture and conflict of interests, lack of sufficient experience and expertise of some producers and the weakness of marketing and sales of agricultural products for production cooperatives had caused the stagnation of the studied cooperatives (causal conditions). The lack of infrastructure for the maintenance and processing of agricultural products, natural hazards and the difficulty of providing the equipment and facilities needed by production units as contextual conditions and the difficult conditions of obtaining credits and bank facilities, the difficulty of exporting agricultural products for production cooperatives, the ineffectiveness of programs The training of the cooperative administration and the existence of brokerage and mediation in the agricultural sector were raised as intervening conditions. As evident from the actions and reactions observed, there are significant consequences for the stagnant cooperatives being studied. The results of the interviews indicate that these consequences include changes in the use of production units, increased indebtedness to banks and bankruptcy, perception of the cooperative as useless, reduction in the production of certain agricultural products in the province, rise in brokering and mediation practices, higher unemployment rates in the province. Conclusion Given the numerous challenges and obstacles faced by agricultural production cooperatives, which often lead to stagnation and failures, there is a pressing need for strategic planning and policy-making to facilitate necessary reforms in these companies. This will help steer them towards achieving their cooperative goals. A key observation in a recent study was that lack of transparency and price fluctuations in agricultural products are the underlying issues affecting these cooperatives. Such unpredictable price hikes are detrimental to the producers and consumers, with the intermediaries being the sole beneficiaries. Therefore, the government must formulate and implement effective policies that guarantee the purchase of products from these cooperatives to mitigate the impact of price fluctuations. The inefficiency of processing and conversion industries, inadequate cold storage facilities, improper storage practices, and the challenge of acquiring necessary equipment have contributed to the current predicament faced by these cooperatives. Consequently, producers must sell their products at significantly lower prices to avoid wastage. This unfavorable cycle ultimately results in the closure and stagnation of cooperatives. To effectively address this issue, attracting investments in the province that focus on developing processing industries, cold storage facilities, and warehouses that meet the standards required for storing cooperative products is crucial. By doing so, the revival and prosperity of production cooperatives can be facilitated. Furthermore, the hindrances faced in exporting products, the lack of a coherent export strategy, and insufficient support for exporting manufactured goods have been identified as additional challenges. To address this, the government should create an enabling environment that supports exports by providing production cooperative exemptions or reductions in customs tariffs. The Department of Cooperation, Labor, and Social Welfare can significantly provide the necessary assistance. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. تعاونی‌های تولیدی کشاورزی به‌عنوان یک نظام بهره‌برداری در بخش کشاورزی، می‌توانند نقش مؤثری در توسعه روستایی و کشاورزی داشته باشند؛ لذا پژوهش حاضر با بهره‌گیری از نظریه بنیانی، به ارائه مدل پارادایمی برای شناسایی علل رکود تعاونی‌های تولیدی کشاورزی راکد استان کرمانشاه پرداخته است. جامعه تحقیق، مدیران عامل تعاونی‌های تولیدی کشاورزی راکد استان کرمانشاه بودند که برای انتخاب آنان از شیوه نمونه‌گیری هدفمند بهره گرفته شد (22=n). مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختارمند ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها بود. مدل مفهومی پژوهش نشان داد که گرانی فزاینده نهاده‌های موردنیاز و عدم دسترسی به‌موقع، مشکلات مالی تولیدکنندگان، ضعف بازاریابی و فروش محصولات کشاورزی، نداشتن صرفه اقتصادی تولید و تجربه و تخصص کافی برخی از تولیدکنندگان سبب رکود تعاونی‌ها شده‌اند. نبود زیرساخت‌های نگهداری و فرآوری محصولات، مخاطرات طبیعی و دشواری تأمین تجهیزات به‌عنوان شرایط زمینه‌ای و شرایط دشوار کسب اعتبارات و تسهیلات بانکی، دشواری صادرات محصولات و وجود دلالی و واسطه‌گری به‌عنوان شرایط مداخله‌گر مطرح شدند. برخی از شرایط تعاملی شامل: تعطیلی واحدهای تولیدی، تولید با ظرفیت بسیار محدود، فروش محصول با سود ناچیز و زیر قیمت بازار است. تغییر کاربری برخی از واحدهای تولیدی، بدهکاری به بانک‌ها و رشد فرهنگ دلالی و واسطه‌گری، پیامدهای حاصل از شرایط موجود بود. راهکارهای مؤثر برای برون‌رفت از رکود تعاونی‌های موردمطالعه شامل فعال‌سازی واحدهای تولیدی راکد از طریق اختصاص اعتبارات و تسهیلات بانکی کم‌بهره، ارائه مجوز تأسیس مجوز به افراد دارای تجربه و تخصص، تشویق سرمایه‌گذاران استان به ایجاد و توسعه صنایع تبدیلی، انبارهای استاندارد و تعاونی‌های بازاریابی بود.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_102122_58f72baf710dad9048600ac9723b4baf.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 10 The effects of architecture and design of the city's public space on citizens' sense of security: A Case study of Bam women's park اثرات معماری و طراحی فضای عمومی شهر بر احساس امنیت شهروندان مطالعه موردی: پارک بانوان شهر بم 109 123 104357 10.22059/jhgr.2025.381493.1008732 FA مریم صابری گروه جغرافیا و گردشگری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران رسول حیدری سورشجانی گروه جغرافیا و گردشگری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران محسن صیدالی گروه جغرافیا و گردشگری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران Journal Article 2025 12 01 ABSTRACT Security in any place depends on various conditions. In this study, its types are stated, and considering the importance of security for humans, the necessity of its investigation is determined. This study has examined the dimensions of women's security in urban parks with a new perspective and method. This research has applied and used review-documentary (library) methods to collect information and descriptive and analytical methods for analysis. Field data was collected among women in the park by distributing questionnaires. According to the Cochran method, the statistical population was 228,241 women in Bam city, and the sample size was 384. Based on the results, the level of impact, features, and architectures used in the women's park to create tranquility (design of the physical space of the park, internal condition and green space, welfare facilities, social and public facilities, access to the park) and their relationship with women's security has been investigated with regard to multiple regression. To show the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, the absolute value of the beta coefficient was used, and the larger the number obtained, the stronger the relationship between the two variables. Also, based on statistical information to determine the relationship between various parameters on the security of women in the Bam city park, the multiple correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination, the adjusted coefficient of determination, and the standard error of estimation were obtained as 0.712, 0.507, 0.401, and 0.892, respectively. Standardized beta coefficients (regardless of their sign) are used to compare the effects of variables. Considering that the significance level is below 0.05, all variables have a significant relationship with women's security. Considering the beta column coefficients, the park's physical space design, with a value of 0.359, and welfare facilities, with 0.281, have the most significant impact on security. Extended Abstract Introduction Security is the first, most obvious, and essential basic need of humans and human societies. Security has various dimensions, including psychological, physical, economic-living, social-legal, political, cultural, etc. Among the urban places that are widely used by urban dwellers due to today's apartment life in cities are urban parks. People, especially women, use these places as areas to spend their leisure time, enjoy nature, and perform physical activities. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of architecture and public space design on the sense of security of citizens of Bam city. It also pursued more specific goals, including investigating the impact of the visual and morphological dimensions of architecture and public space design, the impact of the functional dimensions of architecture and public space design, and the impact of the perceptual and social dimensions of architecture and public space design on the sense of security of citizens of Bam city. Methodology This research was conducted to investigate women's safety by collecting information, describing the research topic and conducted in the Women's Park in Bam city, Kerman province. To conduct the research, descriptive method and questionnaire were used to collect information from people visiting the Women's Park at different ages. From the perspective of the implementation approach, it is a field-survey research (correlation type) that examines the relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research. A documentary review method was used to collect information for the subject and purpose of this study. In this study, observations were made at different times of the day and night by visiting the Women's Park in Bam city, and according to the type of people selected to complete the questionnaire, the questionnaires were distributed and collected as soon as possible. After carefully reviewing the questionnaires and eliminating incomplete questionnaires, 384 questionnaires were prepared for scoring and classification. To collect data related to the hypotheses and research variables, a standard questionnaire (Kanter Urban Space Design Questionnaire 2017) and Pour Ahmad's Urban Security Feeling Questionnaire (2017) were used, which examines the effect and relationship of independent variables on dependent variables. Results and discussion Several cases can be mentioned when examining the descriptive findings of the study. Based on the answers provided in the questionnaire, out of the total number of respondents, 250 were married, and 134 were single, accounting for 65.1% and 34.89%, respectively. The largest age group of users was 25-35 years and 35-40 years, accounting for 48.18% and 24.74%, respectively. Accordingly, most users of the park were women. In terms of literacy and education, the highest percentage was university, high school, and diploma, followed by elementary school, with percentages of 37.76, 22.6, and 18.75, respectively. In terms of employment, the respondents' occupations generally included self-employed, student (studying), housewife, and job seeker, with percentages of 51.04, 24.74, 12.76, and 11.46, respectively. The park environment has various characteristics that should be examined in terms of physical architecture and social and public space of the architecture provided in the construction of the park. Factors that create fear in the park from the perspective of the public and physical space of the park have been examined, including other indicators, such as the dark space inside the park, verbal harassment from various people, attacks or violence from stray people, entry of strangers at various times of the night, and finally, the harassment of homeless and sleeping rough people have caused and created fear in the public and physical space of the Women's Park in Bam city. sAccording to the coefficients of the beta column, the design of the park's physical space and amenities have the greatest impact on security. Next, in the discussion section, along with the final analysis of the theoretical and field findings and the relationship between these two parts, the process of proving the hypotheses proposed in this research has been discussed. Conclusion According to the results obtained, it was determined that the impact of each of the physical design features and architectures used in the Women's Park to create peace (design of the physical space of the park, internal conditions and green space, welfare facilities, social and public facilities and access to the park) and their relationship with women's security in the Women's Park in Bam city is according to multiple regression. Finally, it was determined that the greater the absolute value of the column related to the beta coefficient (the standardized value of the coefficients that indicates the amount of change in the dependent variable for a change of one standard deviation in the independent variable), the stronger the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable. Based on what has been stated, it can be briefly stated that, given that women constitute half of society's active population, they also need to be present in public spaces to carry out social activities, rest, have fun, spend leisure time, establish social relationships, meet friends and acquaintances, etc. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. با توجه به اهمیت امنیت برای انسان، ضرورت بررسی آن مشخص می‌گردد. این پژوهش با یک نگاه و روش جدید، ابعاد امنیت زنان در پارک‌های شهری را بررسی نموده است. این پژوهش کاربردی و از روش‌های مروری-اسنادی (کتابخانه‌ای) برای گردآوری اطلاعات و از روش توصیفی و تحلیلی برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل استفاده نموده است. با استفاده از توزیع پرسش‌نامه، بین بانوان در پارک، اطلاعات میدانی گردآوری شد. جامعه آماری، بانوان شهر بم به تعداد 228241 نفر و حجم نمونه نیز بر اساس روش کوکران، 384 نفر انتخاب شد. بر اساس نتایج، میزان تأثیر، ویژگی‌ها و معماری‌های استفاده‌شده در پارک بانوان جهت ایجاد آرامش (طراحی فضای کالبدی پارک، وضعیت داخلی و فضای سبز، تسهیلات رفاهی، امکانات اجتماعی و عمومی دسترسی به پارک) و ارتباط آن‌ها با امنیت زنان، با توجه به رگرسیون چندگانه بررسی‌شده است. برای نشان دادن رابطه بین متغیر مستقل و وابسته از قدر مطلق ضریب بتا استفاده شد که هرچه عدد به‌دست‌آمده، بزرگ‌تر باشد، مؤید رابطه‌ای قوی‌تر، بین دو متغیر است. همچنین، بر اساس اطلاعات آماری برای تعیین ارتباط بین پارامترهای گوناگون بر امنیت بانوان پارک شهر بم به ترتیب ضریب همبستگی چندگانه، ضریب تعیین، ضریب تعیین تعدیل‌شده و خطای معیار تخمین برابر با 712/0، 507/0، 401/0 و 892/ به دست آمد. برای مقایسه تأثیر متغیرها از ضرایب استانداردشده بتا (بدون توجه به علامت آن) استفاده می‌شود. در اینجا با توجه به اینکه سطح معناداری همه زیر 05/0 است، لذا، همه متغیرها رابطه‌ای معنادار با امنیت زنان دارند. با توجه به ضرایب ستون بتا، طراحی فضای کالبدی پارک با مقدار 359/0 و تسهیلات رفاهی با 281/0 بیش‌ترین تأثیر را بر امنیت دارند.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_104357_b7dc1a2e65b77860a6c47725af03977f.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 11 Explaining the Functional Impact of Article 5 Commission Decisions on the Balanced Development of Zanjan city تبیین عملکردی مصوبات کمیسیون ماده 5 بر توسعه متوازن شهر زنجان 125 145 104464 10.22059/jhgr.2025.386010.1008761 FA محسن احدنژادروشتی گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران حسین طهماسبی مقدم گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران بهاره اکبری منفرد گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران زهرا رسول زاده گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2025 12 02 ABSTRACT The rapid expansion of urbanization and the accelerated changes in urban structures have highlighted the need for reform in urban management and planning policies. In this context, the role of the Article 5 Commission, as one of the key institutions in approving land-use changes and building density, has a significant impact on sustainable urban development. This research aims to examine the performance of the Article 5 Commission's decisions in Zanjan city over a 9-year period (2011-2020). The research method is qualitative and based on content analysis, with the statistical population consisting of 3,000 resolutions issued by the Commission in Zanjan. The findings show that over 62% of the resolutions were related to increasing land occupancy, 23% to changes in land use, and 7% to increasing building density. More than 16% of the approved resolutions lacked clear and expert justifications, and many of the changes made led to a reduction in service per capita, the degradation of spatial structures, and unbalanced development. Additionally, the majority of requests came from private individuals and private ownerships, with the role of the municipality and legal organizations being significantly smaller. The results indicate that the performance of the Article 5 Commission, particularly in terms of its lack of transparency and failure to consider the long-term consequences of changes, has played a significant role in unsustainable development and the failure to implement detailed plans. It is recommended that the Commission's policies and processes be revised, particularly in evaluating the necessity of changes, with greater attention given to service per capita and spatial justice. Extended Abstract Introduction The rapid pace of urbanization and spatial transformation in Iranian cities has highlighted the importance of flexible and responsive urban management systems. Within this context, Article 5 Commissions, established as key regulatory bodies to modify land use plans and urban development standards, play a critical role in shaping urban form and function. However, in many cities, including Zanjan, their performance has raised concerns regarding transparency, alignment with development goals, and the sustainability of the changes approved. This study aims to evaluate the functional implications of Article 5 Commission decisions on the balanced development of Zanjan city during a nine-year period (2011–2020), focusing on the distribution, reasoning, and consequences of approved land use and density changes. Methodology This research adopts a qualitative methodology based on content analysis. The dataset comprises 3,000 decisions made by the Article 5 Commission of Zanjan. All decisions were analyzed through full enumeration (no sampling), using qualitative coding in MAXQDA software. Eight main variables formed the units of analysis: road network modifications, land use inconsistencies, deletions, parcel subdivisions, parcel consolidations, land use changes, building coverage ratios, and building density increases. The study area is limited to the administrative boundaries of Zanjan city, excluding Golshahr district due to data limitations. Results and discussion The analysis reveals that 62.9% of the commission’s decisions were related to building coverage increases, 23.7% to density increases, and 23.5% to land use changes. More than 16% of approved decisions lacked clear reasoning or technical justification. The vast majority (approximately 89%) of change requests originated from private individuals, reflecting the strong influence of personal land ownership on urban spatial transformations. Institutional actors, including the municipality, accounted for less than 10% of the requests. Among land use changes, a large portion involved the conversion of sensitive land uses, such as green spaces, educational zones, and healthcare zones, into residential or commercial functions. These changes often occurred without adequate consideration for replacement land, compensatory services, or infrastructure upgrades. Notably, 16.1% of commission approvals lacked any explanation beyond a vague statement such as "approved after discussion." Furthermore, 77.6% of approvals were based primarily on the pretext of "existing built conditions in and around the site," showing a reactive rather than strategic planning approach. In terms of building density changes, the most frequent approvals involved increases from 120% to 180% and from 180% to 240%, primarily concentrated in central and older neighborhoods. These upward shifts in density, often unsupported by infrastructure improvements or service provision, have led to visual disharmony, higher population concentrations, and pressure on urban amenities. The process favored short-term profitability over long-term spatial equity and sustainability. The study also revealed that only 43% of requests for density increases included justification for accommodating added population through service provisioning. Similarly, green space conversions were often approved due to misalignment between detailed plans and private ownership rights, highlighting systemic weaknesses in municipal land acquisition and plan enforcement. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that the decisions of the Article 5 Commission in Zanjan have not supported balanced urban development. Instead, the majority of approvals have contributed to spatial inequities, functional disruptions, and weakened the feasibility of urban plans. The commission’s lack of transparency, insufficient technical review, and emphasis on individual interests over collective benefits have rendered this regulatory body a mechanism that favors powerful stakeholders, rather than a guardian of the public interest. The skewed distribution of land use benefits, the neglect of service and infrastructure impacts, and the erosion of public amenities such as green spaces point to structural and managerial deficiencies in urban governance. Furthermore, the preference for commercial and residential intensification without addressing access, infrastructure, and environmental consequences reflects a misalignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. This situation calls for comprehensive reforms in the composition and functioning of Article 5 Commissions. First, decision-making should be evidence-based and supported by documented technical justification. Second, broader stakeholder participation, including representatives from environmental agencies, academic institutions, and civil society, must be institutionalized to safeguard public interests. Third, the alignment of commission decisions with urban master plans, environmental constraints, and social equity must be strictly enforced through legal and administrative oversight. The research confirms that Article 5 Commission decisions have become a significant contributor to unbalanced development in Zanjan. In many cases, decisions have favored speculative land uses, increased land values for specific individuals, and caused the displacement of vulnerable residents. As such, this study recommends urgent policy and institutional revisions to ensure that Article 5 Commissions function as effective tools for managing spatial growth toward equitable and sustainable urban futures. Funding This article is derived from a research project titled “Comprehensive Evaluation of the Performance of Article 5 Commission Decisions on the Detailed Plan of Zanjan City in the Context of Balanced Urban Development: Explaining the Functional Mechanism of Building Density Increase Decisions on Urban Service Standards”, supported by the General Office Of Road And Urban Development of Zanjan Province. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. گسترش سریع شهرنشینی و تغییرات شتابان در ساختارهای شهری، لزوم اصلاح سیاست‌های مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی شهری را آشکار ساخته است. در این راستا، عملکرد کمیسیون ماده 5، به‌عنوان یکی از نهادهای کلیدی در تصویب تغییرات کاربری اراضی و تراکم ساختمانی، تأثیرات چشمگیری بر توسعه پایدار شهری دارد. بنابراین کمیسیون ماده 5 ازجمله کمیسیون‌های تصمیم‌گیرنده و مهم در نظام شهرسازی می‌باشد که هدف اصلی آن نظم عمرانی و زیست محیط شهری است این پژوهش با هدف بررسی عملکرد مصوبات کمیسیون ماده 5 در شهر زنجان طی یک دوره 9 ساله (1390-1399) انجام‌شده است. روش تحقیق، کیفی و مبتنی بر تحلیل محتوا است و جامعه آماری شامل 3000 مصوبه این کمیسیون در شهر زنجان است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که بیش از 62 درصد مصوبات به افزایش سطح اشغال، 23 درصد به تغییر کاربری زمین، و 7 درصد به افزایش تراکم ساختمانی مربوط است. بیش از 16 درصد مصوبات موافقت شده فاقد دلایل روشن و کارشناسی است و بسیاری از تغییرات اعمال‌شده، موجب کاهش سرانه‌های خدماتی، تخریب ساختار فضایی، و توسعه نامتوازن شده‌اند. همچنین، بیشترین درخواست‌ها از سوی متقاضیان شخصی و با مالکیت خصوصی ارائه‌شده و سهم شهرداری و سازمان‌های حقوقی در مقایسه بسیار محدودتر است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که عملکرد کمیسیون ماده 5، به‌ویژه در عدم شفافیت و در نظر نگرفتن پیامدهای بلندمدت تغییرات، نقش مؤثری در توسعه ناپایدار و عدم تحقق طرح‌های تفصیلی داشته است. پیشنهاد می‌شود با بازنگری در سیاست‌ها و فرآیندهای کمیسیون، به‌ویژه ارزیابی ضرورت تغییرات، توجه بیشتری به سرانه‌های خدماتی و عدالت فضایی معطوف شود.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_104464_7c0a1f9e81290ea89cde6231e29ec260.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی 2008-6296 58 1 2026 04 13 Explaining the economic consequences of population movements (immigration and immigration) in the rural settlements of Langrod County تبیین پیامدهای اقتصادی حرکات جمعیتی (مهاجرفرستی و مهاجرپذیری) در سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شهرستان لنگرود 147 161 103481 10.22059/jhgr.2024.367571.1008644 FA محمد اکبر زاده گروه جغرافیا، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران نصرلله مولائی هشجین گروه جغرافیا، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران عیسی پوررمضان گروه جغرافیا، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران Journal Article 2025 12 03 ABSTRACT The current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the economic consequences of population movements in the villages of Langrod city. In this regard, it is practical in terms of purpose and qualitative and quantitative in nature. In terms of the method and method of implementation, it is interview, survey, and exploratory. It is descriptive-analytical. SPSS software was also used to analyze the data. The results showed five economic consequences of population movements (immigration), which include hidden unemployment among immigrants, lack of motivation in employment in agriculture and animal husbandry activities in villages, reducing the gap between urban and rural society in the production of food products and food style, obtaining a better economic position for the immigrants and their families in the village, the capitalization of land and housing in the villages, it was identified that the lack of motivation to work in agriculture and animal husbandry activities in the villages is the most important. In the following, there are five economic consequences of accepting immigrants, including negative consequences as neo-liberalization and rent-seeking in the villages. Moreover, the positive consequences such as identity in rural lands, flourishing employment in villages, increasing productivity in the village, and earning money and capital in the villages were identified, among which neo-liberalization and rent playing in the villages are the most important. Extended Abstract Introduction About a century ago, half of Iran’s population lived in rural areas. However, at the beginning of the last century—especially in recent decades—the share of the rural population gradually declined as urbanization expanded. The phenomenon of population movement coincided with the industrialization of cities, leading many young people to migrate from villages to urban areas in search of industrial and service-sector jobs. This migration had positive effects, including economic improvement, increased youth awareness, better education, and enhanced social connections. On the other hand, negative consequences also emerged, such as young people losing ties with their families in rural areas, disruptions in gender ratios in both villages and cities, increased crime and social issues, and the rise of urban slums. While rural-to-urban migration in Iran has historically been one-way, in the past decade, a reverse migration trend has intensified, with more people returning to rural areas. A preliminary examination of rural migration patterns in Gilan province and its counties reveals several contributing factors. Issues such as low rural incomes, widespread unemployment in the agricultural sector, inadequate service infrastructure in villages, and better employment and income opportunities in urban areas have intensified rural-to-urban migration in recent years. Since this migration is predominantly youth-driven, the departure of young individuals from villages has resulted in a decline in population growth, an increase in the aging population ratio, and reduced agricultural production due to an aging workforce. However, along with its economic effects, various rural attractions—such as clean air, the absence of urban problems, high urban living costs, psychological and environmental pressures, and the expansion of transportation networks—have encouraged a reverse migration trend (urban-to-rural relocation). This shift in population movement has helped ease the challenges faced by counties like Langarud, while also leading to the revitalization of rural areas through increased job opportunities, investment growth, and overall rural development. Therefore, understanding the economic impacts of population movements in Langarud’s rural settlements can serve as a valuable tool in the decision-making and planning processes of local officials. Given the intensity and persistence of migration patterns (both outbound and inbound) in Langarud’s villages over recent decades, this study aims to analyze and interpret the economic effects of these demographic shifts using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Methodology This study is applied in nature and employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. In terms of research approach and execution, it follows an exploratory, descriptive-analytical design using interviews and surveys as primary techniques. Additionally, SPSS software has been utilized for data analysis. The statistical population consists of residents from seven rural districts—Chaf, Dioushal, Gol Sefid, Otaghour, Lat Lil, Daryasar, and Moridan—where 368 individuals were selected as the sample size. In the second phase, experts, scholars, and knowledgeable individuals from the villages were included, with 30 participants chosen through purposive sampling. Results and discussion The findings identified five economic impacts of outbound migration, which include hidden unemployment among migrants, declining motivation for employment in agriculture and livestock farming in villages, reduced urban-rural disparities in food production and dietary habits, improved economic status for migrants and their families in rural areas, and the capitalization of land and housing in villages. Among these, the declining motivation for agricultural and livestock employment was found to be the most significant factor. Additionally, five economic impacts of inbound migration were recognized. The negative impact was neoliberalization and rent-seeking in villages, while the positive impacts included strengthened rural land identity, revitalization of rural employment, increased productivity in villages, and greater financial investment in rural areas. Among these, neoliberalization and rent-seeking were highlighted as the most influential factors. These findings reveal that rural migration has led to five economic consequences, with the most significant being a decline in motivation for agricultural and livestock-related work. This phenomenon signals a critical transformation in rural value systems, where traditional productive occupations are losing their status as a source of pride and sustainable income. As fewer individuals engage in these sectors, the rural economy faces challenges that could reshape its future. Conclusion The research findings indicate that planning to reduce migration in the rural areas of Langarud County requires a fundamental transformation. This shift must be based on redefining the relationship between local communities, specialized institutions, and territorial resources.Transformation must also be based on spatial planning, meaning that by identifying and utilizing capable rural leaders and local communities, we can not only bring capital into rural areas but also revitalize existing rural resources through the use of knowledgeable elites in villages. By identifying economic and social capacities and potentials, we can prevent the migration of elites, youth, and labor forces. Thus, any migration reduction strategy should begin with a precise understanding of the real concerns of rural residents. This process demands in-depth field studies and the design of an incentive system aligned with local values. Without such understanding, rural communities may resist these programs. Additionally, professional institutions must evolve from mere decision-makers to active facilitators, engaging in participatory learning, direct collaboration in project implementation, and integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific expertise. Successful execution of these strategies calls for strong commitment from all stakeholders. Only through structural transformation can we achieve sustainable migration reduction and balanced regional development. The planning process must preserve rural identity, enhance quality of life, and create sustainable economic opportunities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین پیامدهای اقتصادی حرکات جمعیتی در روستاهای شهرستان لنگرود انجام‌شده است، در این راستا از نظر هدف، کاربردی و بر حسب ماهیت کیفی و کمی است، و به لحاظ روش و نحوه اجراء از نوع مصاحبه، پیمایشی و اکتشافی، توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌باشد. همچنین به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات از نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده‌شده است. جامعه آماری ساکنین روستاهای 7 دهستان (چاف، دیوشل، گل سفید، اطاقور، لات لیل، دریاسر، مریدان) که تعداد 368 نفر به‌عنوان حجم نمونه؛ و متخصصان و نخبگان و افراد مطلع و آگاه در روستاها که بر اساس نمونه‌گیری هدفمند تعداد 30 نفر تعیین شدند، را شامل شده‌اند. نتایج نشان داد، 5 پیامد اقتصادی حرکات جمعیتی (مهاجر فرستی)، که شامل: بیکاری پنهان در بین مهاجران، رخنه بی‌انگیزگی در اشتغال در فعالیت‌های کشاورزی و دامداری در روستاها، کاهش شکاف جامعه شهری و روستایی در تولید محصولات غذایی و نوع سبک غذایی، کسب موقعیت بهتر اقتصادی برای مهاجران و خانواده‌های آنان در روستا، سرمایه شدن زمین و مسکن در روستاها، شناسایی شدند که رخنه بی‌انگیزگی اشتغال در فعالیت‌های کشاورزی و دامداری در روستاها، بیشترین میزان اهمیت را به خود اختصاص داده است. در ادامه نیز 5 پیامد اقتصادی مهاجرپذیری شامل: پیامد منفی: نئولیبرالیسون و رانت‌بازی در روستاها و پیامدهای مثبت: هویت در زمین‌های روستایی، شکوفایی اشتغال روستاها، افزایش بهره‌وری در روستا و کسب پول و سرمایه در روستاها، شناسایی شدند، که از بین آن‌ها نئولیبرالیسون و رانت بازی در روستاها بیشترین میزان اهمیت را به خود اختصاص داده است.

https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_103481_9bcf35f50f1ef8afddd665cfd24dcad1.pdf