دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923The Priority of Measuring the Strategies for Development of Cultural
Tourism in Alamut, Qazvinاولویت سنجش راهبردهای توسعه گردشگری فرهنگی در منطقه الموت قزوین1173524210.22059/jhgr.2013.35242FAعلیحسینیدانشجوی دکتری تخصصی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-2724-3446احمدپوراحمداستاد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانحسناروجیدانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهرانمحمدعلیزادهدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی توریسم، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20111208Nowadays, tourism is considered as one of the effective factors in promotion of<br />communications among nations. It is presented as creator of job opportunities in the economic<br />section and social-cultural interactions. Cultural tourism can be characterized in two different<br />aspects. From the conceptual viewpoint, people move towards the cultural attractions far from<br />their current residential place to achieve new information and experiences for meeting their<br />cultural needs. In the terms of cultural tourism, human beings move towards some particular<br />cultural attractions such as places with historical heritage, cultural and aesthetics signs, arts and<br />plays out of their ordinary residential places. Both perspectives towards cultural tourism help a<br />better coexistence, continuity, stability, and safety.<br />Alamut is considered as one of the cultural and historical places in Iran. Customs, traditions,<br />race, manual industry, arts, and cultural and religious traditions have made this place a tourist<br />attraction. It is evident that this considerations and opportunities may have negative and<br />threatening effects as well as positive ones. <br />Methodology<br />Not much time has passed since utilizing strategic planning and evolution in geography in<br />general and in urban as well as zone development in particular. This method is one of the public<br />tools for both internal environment analyses (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external<br />environment analyses (Opportunities and Threats), besides, it is a systematic approach which<br />can be helpful in decision making.<br />This is a descriptive-analytical study with quantitative tool. In order to collect and arrange<br />such factors various types of resources were used as follows: A library, documental approach,<br />published articles and papers concerning the cultural tourism, direct observation and survey,<br />field research, interview and providing questionnaire using Delphi method and considering the<br />opinions of experts of Qazvin Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization and<br />Alamut Cultural Heritage and Tourism Database, and academic experts.<br />In collecting questionnaires, the participants have been divided into two different levels. In<br />this stage, the snowball technique has been applied to determine the sample volume.<br />− Group A: The opinions of this group have been collected using 14 questionnaires; the<br />participants are as follows: The president and managers and experts in Qazvin CHHTO<br />and Alamut CHTD.<br />− Group B: academic experts responded to 15 questionnaires.<br />Results and Discussion<br />According to the high score of the external factors rather than the internal ones, Alamut cultural<br />tourism is more affected by opportunities and threats than the strength and weakness factors.<br />This is due to the appropriate conditions of this place for the opportunities. It means that due to<br />the high cultural attractions and potentials, Alamut attracts the attention of both the local<br />community and authorities and the tourists who come from other areas.<br />This place needs the collaboration and potentialities of the neighboring areas for the<br />development of its cultural tourism to eliminate the deficiencies and enhance the capacities.<br />Hence, upon the variety-centered strategies it should be emphasized.<br />Four groups of strategies were determined in terms of different performance degree.<br />According to the findings, variety strategies are more effective on Alamut cultural tourism. This<br />section has examined four of the six selected strategies. In other words, some strategies in which<br />the expected threats are prevented through strong factors should be exerted. Before that, Alamut<br />should return backward a little and take a defensive stance, though. First of all, the future<br />opportunities should be taken into consideration, and then, take benefit of the strong factors to<br />provide a strategy that suppresses the threats (defensive strategy). After that, the variety<br />strategies could be presented.<br />Conclusion<br />In a comprehensive study, it can be mentioned that the development opportunities of cultural<br />tourism gradually cope with other factors in the current trend of Alamut cultural tourism, and <br />the surrounding areas of Alamut have a positive historical and recreational appeals for cultural<br />tourism of this area. Lack of opportunities in the selected strategies indicate that this place of<br />Qazvin is not still ready to associate with the external culture and conditions and a hasty<br />attention to the possible opportunities changes most of them to threat. However, in the future it<br />may be revealed that a window of tourism opportunities would be gradually opened towards<br />Alamut. Anyway, it is necessary to eliminate the deficiencies and prevent the threats to make<br />use of these opportunities. In this situation, the competitive strategies could be used as well as<br />the aggressive strategies, i.e. using the weakness factors to take benefit of the opportunities, to<br />eliminate the deficiencies through utilization of the opportunities.گردشگری یکی از شاخص هایی است که روابط بین افراد را تنظیم می کند، در این میان<br />گردشگری فرهنگی که به فرآیند بازدید از مکان ها و آثار فرهنگی و شناخت جوامع مختلف مربوط<br />می شود، بیش از انواع دیگر گردشگری در این موضوع مؤثّر است. الموت با داشتن قلعه ها، بناهای<br />تاریخی و مذهبی و همچنین روستاهای تاریخی و گردشگری، همراه با تنوع اقوام و نژاد و هنرهای<br />سنّتی، یکی از مناطق گردشگریِ فرهنگی کشور به شمار می آید. با توجه به آسیب پذیری منطقه به<br />لحاظ فرهنگی، پژوهش پیش رو سعی بر این داشت که با استفاده روش برنامه ریزی راهبردی<br />ضمن بررسی نقاط قوت و ضعف و فرصت و تهدید در بخش گردشگری QSPM و SWOT<br />فرهنگی، بهترین راهبردها را برای مقابله با این تهدیدها و بهره گیری از فرصت ها تعیین کند.<br />روش پژوهش توصیفی تحلیلی است و گردآوری اطلاعات با استفاده از روش های مشاهده ی<br />مستقیم و مصاحبه با کارشناسان و نخبگان دانشگاهی و تهیه ی پرسش نامه انجام گرفته است.<br />در فرآیند جمع آوری پرسش نامه ی دلفی، جامعه ی نمونه در دو سطح مختلف مدیران، کارشناسان<br />مرتبط با سازمان میراث فرهنگی الموت و متخصصان و صاحب نظران دانشگاهی، تقسیم بندی<br />شد. در این بخش از روش گلوله ی برفی برای تعیین حجم نمونه استفاده شد. یافته های پژوهش<br />نشان داد که بهترین نوع راهبرد برای وضعیت کنونی الموت، تدوین راهبردهای تنوع است که<br />باید برای بهره گیری از فرصت ها در آینده انجام گیرد. در اولویت بندی که با استفاده از ماتریس<br />برنامه ریزی راهبردی کمی انجام شد، راهبرد ثبت جهانی الموت و ایجاد تأسیسات در مجاورت<br />مکان های تاریخی و راهبردهای تعیین ظرفیت تحمل مکان ها، هدایت گردشگران به امکان<br />ناشناخته، تحریک جامعه ی بومی برای مشارکت در فرآیند گردشگری و استفاده ی بهینه از<br />کاربری چشم اندازهای تاریخی، جذاب ترین راهبردها تعیین شدند.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35242_7b80fcbd1dcbab71f28e7035884170f1.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923Content Analyses of Rural Sustainable Development Position in After Islamic Reveloution Plansتحلیل محتوایی جایگاه توسعه پایدار روستایی در برنامه¬های بعد از انقلاب اسلامی19383524310.22059/jhgr.2013.35243FAعبدالرضارکن الدین افتخاریدانشیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس0009-0008-9198-7862حمداللهسجاسی قیداریاستادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000000000000000000طاهرهصادقلواستادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد0000-0001-5046-5891Journal Article20111011Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Changes in internal and external environment, especially in global arena, including<br />globalization, information society, make constantly rural communities faced with threats and<br />opportunities. Utilization of these opportunities and commuting the threats into opportunities is<br />just possible by a suitable planning. In fact, the vulnerability of rural societies may be resulted<br />from natural and unnatural phenomena (humanity, technical and managemental issues) in<br />economic, social and environmental phases. This may introduce developmental gap among<br />socities and might be resulted from macro planning and management of rural araea. In other<br />words, the developmental gap in rural socities indicates survey lines available in actual situation<br />of rural in macro (national) planning process because of sustainability. This results in a lag of<br />national developmental process based on new paradigm. Therefore, appropriate plans and<br />strategies based on key principles of sustainable development can be effective. By a strategic<br />approach to plans and their flexibility it would be possible to convert threats into opportunity<br />and also introduce sustainable rural development as a purpose of planning for development. The<br />purpose of the plans is to enhance the industrial sector of economy for high technology capable<br />to export, such as the electronics industry, consumer products industry, industrial processing of<br />non-timber forest products, construction materials and chemical industry. Key industrial areas<br />will be established gradually along the main communication routes. The villages will be <br />developed for traditional production with an aim to increase employment and exports.<br />Accordingly, rural managers and planners in different levels of decision making, by continued<br />assessment of macro and micro development plans, could adopt goals and principle of<br />sustainable development with current condition of rural communities. In this framework,<br />evaluation of the position of rural planning in national planning system, based on sustainable<br />development principles and spatial justice in economic, social and environmental dimension<br />over national territory, is inevitable requisite for sustainable rural development management and<br />planning.<br />Methodology<br />In this paper, we first tried with Descriptive – depletion methodology to extract the principles<br />and theoretical base of rural sustainable development planning and its indicators for content<br />analysis measurement after the Islamic Revolution development plans in Framework of<br />organizational excellence Evaluation model (EFQM). Result of the assessment in this method,<br />by traceing and analysis of strengthes and improving the fields of institute structure (Here is the<br />same village) that suggest improvement of planning process and its function it is possible to<br />modify the future path. The EFQM Excellence Model is a non-prescriptive framework based on<br />nine criteria. Five of these are ‘Enablers’ and four are ‘Results’. The ‘Enabler’ criteria cover<br />what an organisation does. The ‘Results’ criteria cover what an organisation achieves. ‘Results’<br />are caused by ‘Enablers’ and ‘Enablers’ are improved using feedback from ‘Results’. The<br />Model, which recognises how many approaches to achieving sustainable excellence in all<br />aspects of performance is available, is based on the premise that: Excellent results with respect<br />to Performance, Customers, People and Society are achieved through Leadership driving Policy<br />and Strategy, that is delivered through People. Other criteria are related to result and function.<br />To use this method, there are various ways such as questionnairy method, workshop method,<br />metrix method and preform method. In this paper the questionnairy method have beeb selected.<br />This method is similar to the content analysis method, because based on available document in<br />various fields of empowerment makers this could obtain the results to which access is just<br />posible in ideal condition. Then, 14 questionnaires from 30 designed questionnaires completed<br />by experts and elites in rural development and planning field have been applied as the base of<br />analysis.<br />Results and Discussion<br />Results of the analyses indicate that consideration to rural sustainable development principles<br />have increased in plans after Islamic Revolution, especially in 4th development plan. But, this<br />attention to sustainable development based on EFQM model, in all dimensions is lower than the<br />average. This fact indicates that enabling factor is not correctly known among policymakers and<br />planners for sustainable institutionalization, and executive management does not have sufficient<br />capacity for sustainable implementation. <br /> تغییر در محیط درونی و بیرونی، به ویژه در عرصه های جهانی ما نند جهانی شدن، همواره<br />جامعه ی اطلاعاتی و جوامع روستایی را با تهدیدها یا فرص تهایی روبه رو می کند. به همین دلیل<br />تدوین برنامه های مناسب و براساس اصول توسعه ی پایدار ، می تواند یکی از راهکارهای<br />اساسی و مؤثّر در این زمینه باشد. در این چارچوب ارزیابی جایگاه برنامه ریزی روستایی در<br />برنامه های ملّی، بر اساس اصول توسعه ی پایدار و عدالت مکانی در ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و<br />محیطی در پهنه ی ملّی، برای مدیریت و برنامه ریزی توسعه ی پایدار روستایی یک ضرورت<br />اجتناب ناپذیر است. بر این اساس، در این نوشتار تلاش شد تا با روش شناسی تحلیلی <br />توصیفی، ابتدا اصول و مبانی نظری برنامه ریزی توسعه ی پایدار روستایی و شاخص ها ی آن<br />استخراج و به منزله ی معیارهای تحلیل محتوایی برنامه های توسعه بعد از انقلاب، در چارچوب<br />قرار گیرد. سپس پرسش نامه ای طرّاحی و در اختیار EFQM مدل ارزیابی تعالی سازمانی<br />خبرگان و متخصصان حوزه ی برنامه ریزی و توسعه ی روستایی قرار گرفت که از مجموع 30<br />پرسش نامه، 14 مورد از آنها مبنای تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده از تحلی لها نشان داد<br />که با وجود افزایش سطح توجه به توسعه ی پایدار روستایی در برنامه های بعد از انقلاب که<br />بیشترین آن در برنامه ی چهارم توسعه مشاهده می شود، اما این توجه بر اساس ساختار مدل<br />تعالی سازمانی، در تمام ابعاد پایین تر از میانگین است و نشان م یدهد که در برنامهها، عناصر<br />توانمندساز در باور خط مشیگذاران و برنامهریزان برای نهادینه کردن پایداری ب ه درستی<br />شناخته نشده است و مدیریت اجرایی از ظرفیت لازم برای اجرای پایداری برخوردار نیست.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35243_f3cfe0221f3a765463c04ccf8c258d87.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923Legal Aspects of Urban Security and Performance of Authorities
in Organizing Security Problems of Citizens
(Case Study In Tehran, 13th Municipal Region)بررسی ابعاد حقوقی قوانین امنیّت شهری و عملکرد مسئولان در ساماندهی معضلات امنیّتی شهروندان (مطالعهی موردی: منطقهی 13 شهر تهران)39543524410.22059/jhgr.2013.35244FAرسولافضلیدانشیار گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-8863-044xسانازظهیری میرآبادیکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانسکینهبذلیکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانداودعیوضلودانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20111206Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />One of the deplorable results of urban growth is an increase in the number of crimes in urban<br />areas. Regarding physical circumstances of the cities, they are ready to provide a place<br />susceptible to happening of crimes. These circumstances include noise and air pollution,<br />inappropriate environmental situations, over population, and etc. Although there are different<br />factors that affect urban life, security is the most important element in a settlement either in an<br />urban region or in a neighborhood. It is evident that urban security, like any other issues, is<br />influenced by ratified rules and regulations. In this study an attempt is made to examine Iran’s<br />ratified civil rules and regulation to see to what extent creating a safe city has been regarded in<br />these rules. After that, the extent of observing the passed rules in the field of urban security in<br />the 13th municipal region of Tehran has been studied by questionnaire data.<br />Methodology<br />In this research, after posing the question, some preliminary studies have been carried out for a<br />literature review. By referring to library reference data, the required information has been <br />wroten down on index cards for further analysis. Then using Cochran formula, two hundred<br />forty questionnaires have been gathered for the 13th municipal region of Tehran. The results<br />have been analyzed through SPSS and Excel software by T-test for a comparison between the<br />municipality performance and insecurity feelings of citizens.<br />Results and Discussion<br />The survey results indicate that there is no law entitled as establishment of a secure urban area<br />in Iran but it is implicitly refered to as the creation of a secure form as implications in some<br />rules. The review of the mentioned rules can provide a foundation for civil security. The results<br />of the questionnaire also indicate that the municipality has not a proper performance. The<br />enhancement in the security of the region was not sufficient according to Likert spectrum; it was<br />lower than three in average. But these incompetent performance plays a prominent role that<br />reduce insecurity of the area so that evaluation of the people about the influence of municipality<br />performance, even in allow level in all the questioned security items, was above the average.<br />Conclusion<br />According to the questionnaire answers about the research questions, three hypotheses have<br />been tested and we came to the followings. First hypothesis: it seems that sufficient attention is<br />not paid on urban security in verified laws of Iran urbanization (especially in Tehran).<br />According to the investigations on the civil ratified laws, there is no explicit article relating to<br />urban security. Therefore, the first hypothesis is proved. However, the exact investigation of the<br />laws will result in the cases where as they are observed precisely, the urban security will also<br />enjoy their benefits. So it can be said that attention is just implicitly paid to social security issue<br />in the content of some civil laws. Regarding the second hypothesis, it seems that the<br />performance of Tehran municipality did not influence the enhancement of the regional security<br />(especially in 13th municipal region). As it was stated, to answer the above mentioned<br />hypothesis, 240 questionnaires were completed in the area. Regarding municipality<br />performence, unfortunately no item was evaluated as good as required. Regarding the actions in<br />all cases the relevant number was below the average according to Likert spectrum. So the<br />hypothesis is proved. Regarding the third hypothesis, it seems that the ratified laws available in<br />the area of civil security has not played noticeable role for enhancement of the 13th region<br />security. According to the results of the questionnaires, in all the 13 cases questioned and<br />inferred from ratified rules, the people satisfaction with insecurity reduction in the region was<br />above three (according to Likert spectrum). It means that it was above the average, so the<br />hypothesis is rejected. So, the relative enhancement of security in the region is restricted as the<br />result of the amount of legal articles. Therefore, the security will be enhanced due to an increase<br />in quantity of laws and a better performence of the municipality.از پیامدهای ناگوار رشد ب یرویه ی شهرها، افزایش جرایم شهری است. با توجه به شرایط<br />فیزیکی موجود در شهرها، آلودگی صوتی و آلودگی هوا، شرایط زیست محیطی نامناسب،<br />شلوغی و تراکم جمعیت و...، شهرها آماده ی تبدیل شدن به مکانهای وقوع جرم هستند . با<br />وجود تأثیر عوامل مختلف در زندگی شهری، امنیت مهمترین عامل برای اسکان شهروندان در<br />یک محیط و محلّه ی شهری است. بدیهی است امنیت شهری نیز مانند تمام مسائل دیگر<br />شهر، پیرو قوانین و مقرراتی است که در آن زمینه تصویب م یشود. در این پژوهش، قوانین و<br />مقررات شهری مصوب ایران مورد بررسی قرار گرفته تا مشخّص شود، در این قوانین تا چه<br />میزان به ایجاد کالبد شهری امن توجه شده است. سپس به کمک پرسش نامه میزان رعایت<br />قوانین مصوب در زمینه ی امنیت شهری در منطقه ی 13 شهر تهران بررسی شده است. نتایج<br />بررسی های پژوهش نشان داد که در قوانین شهری ایران هیچ قانونی با عنوان ایجاد کالبد<br />شهری امن وجود ندارد، ولی در روح و محتوای برخی از قوانین به طور غیرمستقیم به ایجاد فرم<br />کالبدی امن اشاره شده و با رعایت درست قوانین فوق، امنیت شهری نیز برقرار خواهد شد .<br />نتایج حاصل از پرس شنامهها نیز بیانگر آن است که عملکرد شهرداری در اجرای قوانینی که<br />به طور غیرمستقیم باعث ارتقای امنیت منطقه میشود، کم بوده و بر اساس طیف لیکرت در<br />تمامی موارد رقمی پایینتر از 3 (متوسط) داشته است؛ اما همین عملکرد ضعیف، نقش بسیار<br />مهمی درکاهش ناامنی منطقه داشته است؛ به گونه ای که ارزیابی مردم از تأثیر عملکرد<br />شهرداری حتّی با دامنه ی ضعیف در تمامی موارد امنیتی مورد پرسش، بالاتر از میزان متوس ط<br />بوده است. همچنین آزمون تی نیز این موضوع را نشان داد که عملکرد شهرداری بسیار<br />پایی نتر از میزان احساس ناامنی مردم است.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35244_eb3a9781bd7ba5d9527185826ac2f0f4.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923The Study of Trend Thesis / Dissertations Topic in Geography and Rural
Planning Discipline (from 2000- 2009)
Case Study: Thesis / Dissertations in University of Tehran, Shahid
Beheshti University and Tarbiat Modarres Universityبررسی روند موضوعی پایان نامه/ رساله های رشته ی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی (1379 - (سال های 1388 مورد مطالعه: پایان نامه/ رساله های دانشگاه های تهران، شهید بهشتی و تربیت مدرس55763524510.22059/jhgr.2013.35245FAمسعودنیک سیرتکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانسیدعلیبدریدانشیار دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0003-2350-7819Journal Article20120227Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Majority of researches in rural fields are carried out by post graduate students in geography and<br />rural planning discipline. As these students are expected both to achieve goals of rural<br />development in one hand and the mission of higher education in the country on the other, they<br />should consider the application of their research results and achievements. One way to achieve<br />this goal is organizing and directing topics of thesis / dissertations of MA and Ph.D. students of<br />geography and rural planning in a way to meet the needs of the rural community. This requires<br />knowledge and study of topic trends of this thesis / dissertations that is the purpose of this study.<br />Methodology<br />This study is a descriptive – analytic research and the by which it has been conducted is<br />"content analysis". The Statistic population of the research is 206 Thesis / Dissertations of<br />Students of Geography and Rural Planning in three Universities including Shahid Beheshti<br />University, Tarbiat Modarres University and Tehran of Tehran. With teachers and experts in<br />this field, basis of the thesis topic, indicators of sustainable development was considered as<br />economic, social-cultural, political and institutional-managerial, physical-spatial, and<br />environmental. Hence, these topics are in five general categories and 22 subjects subgroups. The<br />thesis / dissertations inclusion in topics is not possible in any of the 21 subgroups as <br />miscellaneous group. Some of thesis / dissertations because of the nature of the topic could be<br />assigned in more than one group. Using the control checklist, information contained in the<br />opening pages of thesis / dissertations (15 index) (Include: subject, spatial domain, the domain<br />of the subject, the relationship with other academic disciplines, universities, the Supervisor, the<br />Advisor, the number of pages, student gender, methodology, tools used in the study, scores of<br />thesis / dissertation) have been collected. This information has been coded into SPSS 16<br />software and have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.<br />Results and Discussion<br />The highest number (31 cases) of dissertations has been defended in the 1386 year and the<br />lowest number (13 cases) has been in the 1381. The maximum number of pages of the thesis/<br />dissertations is related to the year 1386 and the lowest number of pages was for year 1381. Most<br />students defended in Tehran University in July, August and February have paid charges. This<br />situation is also observed in Shahid Beheshti University, with the difference that in addition to<br />these three months, mostly students, in December have pain for this. Tarbiat Modarres<br />University students are also in such a situation in months of April, July, September and March<br />as the date of the defense of the thesis / dissertation.<br />Approximately 41 percent of the thesis / dissertation have Tendency to economic topics.<br />These thesis / dissertations have been classified in five subgroups. These subgroups are:<br />"agriculture", "Industrial sector", and "service sector", "The problems of rural economy" and<br />"employment and entrepreneurship." Among these, the highest number (about 34%), are in the<br />subgroup of "services". About 15 percent of the thesis / dissertation have Tendency to "socio -<br />cultural" topics. Most of theses topics are in the "social problems" subgroups. Among the five<br />topic groups, thesis / dissertation less (about 8 percent) have tendency to topics related to the<br />"environmental" category. In all academic years except 1386 the tendency in topics of thesis /<br />dissertation has been towards economic topics. In the 1386 the most thesis / dissertation is<br />related to physical- spatial topics.<br />In tendency to physical- spatial (sig = 0 / 003), and institutional - managerial (sig = 0 / 005)<br />topics, there is significant difference between the three universities.<br />Agricultural and Natural Resources, and Economic Sciences and Social Sciences have the<br />most effect on the thesis / dissertations of geography and rural planning studies.<br />Conclusion<br />The results indicate that among the five subjects, there are significant differences in tendency to<br />physical- spatial and institutional - managerial topics between the universities. The research<br />findings indicate that the agricultural and natural resources and social and economic sciences<br />have the most effect on the thesis / dissertations in the discipline of geography and rural<br />planning.بررسی سیر موضوعی پایان نامه های رشته ی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی در یک دوره ی<br />زمانی مشخّص، تصویری از فعالیت های پژوهشی دانشجویان این رشته را ترسیم می کند . با<br />توجه به اهمیت پایان نامه ها و هزینه، زمان و انرژی زیادی که صرف تهیه ی آنها می شود؛ آگاهی<br />از محتوا و شناسایی گرایش های موضوعی آنها ضروری به نظر می رسد. پژوهش حاضر از نوع<br />توصیفی تحلیلی و روش انجام آن تحلیل محتوایی است. جامعه ی آماری پژوهش را تعداد<br />206 پایان نامه/ رساله ی دانشجویان رشته ی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی سه دانشگاه<br />1379 دفاع ش ده بودند، - شهید بهشتی، تربیت مدرس و تهران که بین سال های 1388<br />تشکیل می دهند. با استفاده از نظرات استادان و صاحب نظران این رشته، مبنای تعیین موضوع<br />پایان نامه ها، شاخص های توسعه ی پایدار در نظر گرفته شد و پایان نامه ها به پنج طبقه ی<br />موضوعی کلی و 22 زیرگروه موضوعی تقسیم شدند. با استفاده از چک لیست کنترل، اطلاع ات<br />مندرج در صفحات آغازین پایان نامه / رساله ها ( 15 صفحه اول) جمع آوری شد. این اطلاعات<br />شد و با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی اطلاعات مورد SPSS. کدگذاری و وارد نرم افزار 16<br />تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که پایان نامه / رساله های<br />دانشجویان بیشتر به موضوعات اقتصادی و کمتر به موضوعات زیست محیطی گرایش<br />داشته اند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می دهد که از بین موضوعات پن ج گانه در گرایش به<br />موضوعات کالبدی فضایی و نهادی مدیریتی بین دانشگاه های مورد مطالعه تفاوت معناداری<br />وجود دارد. همچنین یافته های پژوهش بیانگر آن است که علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، علوم<br />اجتماعی و علوم اقتصادی، به ترتیب بیشترین تأثیر را بر پایان نامه/ رساله های رشت هی جغرافیا<br />و برنامه ریزی روستایی داشته اند.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35245_b645ebe816f4c46184aa8a8370003165.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923Spatial Analysis of the Location of Banks, Financial and Credit
Institutions in 6th District of Tehran by DEMATEL techniques and
Analytic Network Process (ANP)ارزیابی مکان استقرار شعب بانکها و مؤسسات مالی و اعتباری منطقه 6 شهر تهران با استفاده از تکنیک DEMATEL و فرآیند تحلیل شبکهای(ANP)77943524610.22059/jhgr.2013.35246FAحسنعلیفرجی سبکباردانشیار دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-5470-4287سید کاظمعلوی پناهاستاد دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانمحمد حسننامیدکترای جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزغدیرعشورنژاددانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20120229Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Growth of banks, financial and credit institutes in the recent years, their competition for more<br />advantages and also the subject of customer satisfaction made it essential to use scientific<br />methods for an optimized performance. An optimal decision, especially in site selection of<br />financial institution or services, plays an important role in successful achievement of the goals<br />and is also effective in customer attracting. A wrong site selection of the financial institution or<br />services will reduce the efficiency, increase the costs and may also cause the irreversible losses<br />in the competition with other institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to make an optimal decision<br />in site selection of the banks and financial and credit institutes to achieve the highest rates of<br />return rather than the costs of setting up in order to provide customer service, and establishing<br />the highest possible use of site capacity. For example, evidence shows that customer satisfaction<br />has a direct relationship with access to the ATMs. Thus, urban economic zoning to select the<br />suitable areas for such activity, and to evaluate the current performance and subsidiaries of<br />future potential, is very important for closing the branches and move them to the appropriate<br />locations. <br />The most important aim of this study is to provide a model for economic zoning and site<br />selection of banks, financial and credit institutes and their services.<br />Methodology<br />This research has been executed in a development-application approach and employed<br />descriptive-analytical methods. According to the research objectives, the economic criteria in<br />the banking system have primarily been identified through a literature review (previous<br />research) and also completed through expert opinions. Then, in a field survey the required data<br />have been collected to prepare the criteria for future analysis. DEMATEL1 techniques have been<br />used for identification of the internal relationships among the criteria. After completing the<br />pairwise comparisons questionnaire, and obtaining the results by the experts based on Copeland<br />method and by Analytical Network Process (ANP) model the weights has been determined for<br />each pair of the criteria. To determine the potential radius of influence for each criterion in a<br />given area, the model presented by Keyter has been used. Fuzzy membership function for each<br />of the indices have been calculated and then combined by Fuzzy Algebraic Sum operator. In this<br />research, MATLAB software has been applied to implement DEMATEL techniques. Super<br />Decision software has also been applied for calculation of analysis network process model, and<br />ArcGIS software for spatial modeling and zonation. Afterwards, the status of each branch of the<br />banks and the financial and credit institutes of the region was obtained by plugging it into the<br />model output in tables. Finally, the SPSS software was used to assess homogeneity of the results<br />obtained from models and the results of field observations.<br />Results and Discussion<br />The first step in the site selection of the banks and the financial and credit institutes is to<br />determine the effective criteria, identify and prepare them by expert opinion taken from<br />literature and previous evidence (Table 1). For identification of the relations between the<br />criteria, DEMATEL technique has been performed. The weights of criteria and sub criteria have<br />been determined using the Analytic Network Process.<br />Table1. The final weights for each of the following criteria and sub criteria using ANP<br />Transport and<br />Demand / consumption Municipal services and facilities Traffic<br />Educational Traffic Transport<br />Traffic Transport and cultural Educational<br />Transport and cultural Economic and<br />commercial<br />0.257521 0.143788 0.040825 0.200450 0.143788 0.040825 0.200450 0.143788<br />For Spatial Modeling and zonation of the area, we have determined fuzzy membership<br />function by the potential radius of influence of each criterion in the supposed area. They have <br />been calculated by in ArcGIS by the model presented by Keyter and then combined with each<br />other by Fuzzy Algebraic Sum operator.<br />In order to assess economic features of the area and to evaluate the results of the study, the<br />area on the basis of standard deviation method was classified into 6 classes. Class 1 regarding to<br />the more radius of influence is the best economic class for establishment of the branches and<br />afterward presentation of services and facilities. The other classes decrease from 1 to 6, orderly,<br />in the importance of preferences. The results show that only 0.443 percent of the area is in class<br />1, 6.306 percent in class 2 and proportion of classes 3, 4, 5 and 6 are 26.022, 34.142, 25.390 and<br />7.696 percent, respectively. About the branches of the banks and the financial and credit<br />institutes which in this study are just in classes 1-4 , the proportion of these branches in these 4<br />classes is, respectively, equal to 8.01, 50.904,40.052 and 1.034 percent (31,197,155 and 4<br />branches).<br />For evaluating the results of the model, in each class of banks and the financial and credit<br />institutes some branches were chosen randomly and have been observed using survey methods.<br />The results of a qualitative field observation have been ranked in the range of numbers from 1 to<br />4. The number 1 has been considered as the regional economy with high ability and 4 as the<br />regional economy with low ability. The coefficient Kendall's tau-c in SPSS software was used<br />to determine the homogeneity among the results obtained in the model and observations results.<br />The results reported the coefficient equal to 0.748 with Significance less than 5 percent that<br />indicates the strong relationship between two variables.<br />Conclusion<br />This Classification is useful for managers of the banks and the financial and credit institutes and<br />also the planners to identify the area of economic-potential for the construction of new branches<br />and establishment of ATMs and also to identify the current status against other competitors for<br />the current and future planning. The results also can be very useful for closing the non-optimal<br />branches and reestablish them in the appropriate areas. This can also be utilized for allocation of<br />ATM machines to each of the branches, according to their location and adjustment of ATMs in<br />non-optimal branches to transfer them to other optimized branches. The results will provide the<br />economic managers with a broad insight into the most important world economy positions.ارزیابی وضعیت استقرار مراکز مالی و تجاری، به ویژه بانک ها و مؤسسه های مالی و اعتباری، در<br />برابر سایر رقبا را می توان مهم ترین مسئله ی پیش روی بانک ها در راستای بازنگری مجد د در<br />ساختار شبکه ی بانکی آنها به منظور کاهش هزینه ها و افزایش بهر هوری دانست. این پژوهش<br />برای ارزیابی وضعیت استقرار (GIS) به دنبال ارائه ی مدلی در سامانه ی اطلاعات جغرافیایی<br />بانک ها و مؤسسه های مالی و اعتباری است. برای رسیدن به این هدف ، پس از شناسایی<br />معیار ها و عوامل مؤثّر اقتصادی با توجه به تأثیر گذاری و تأثیر پذیری معیارها از یکدیگر در<br />دنیای واقعی، روش دیماتیل برای شناسایی این روابط مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و پس از<br />تکمیل پرسش نامه ی مقایسه ی زوجی از سوی کارشناسان، از مدل فرآیند تحلیل شبک ه ای<br />برای وزن دهی به آنها استفاده شد. از اوزان به دست آمده، بر اساس شعاع تأثیرگذاری (ANP)<br />معیار ها برای مدل سازی فضایی و پهن هبندی منطقه از عملگر جمع جبری فازی استفاده شد. این<br />فرآیند در منطقه ی شش شهر تهران اجرا شد و از نتایج آن، وضعیت هر کدام از شعب بان کها<br />و مؤسسه های مالی و اعتباری به دست آمد. نتایج حاصل در قالب جداول برای مدیران و<br />برنامه ریزان این امر مهم اقتصادی، بیان کننده ی وضعیت کنونی هر کدام از شعب آنان در برابر<br />رقبای دیگر است تا در صورت لزوم، نسبت به اتخاذ تصمیم های بهینه برای سودآوری بیشتر<br />راهگشا باشد. بر اساس مشاهدات میدانی، مدل مورد نظر مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت و از ضریب<br />برای تعیین میزان همگونی میان نتایج به دست آمده در مدل و نتایج مشاهدات c تاو کندال<br />0را نشان م یدهد که از رابطه ی قوی بین / استفاده شد. نتایج به دست آمده ضریبی برابر با 748<br />دو متغیر حکایت می کند.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35246_2e6f764706a0e4e2ef0b4ee25508df09.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923Foundations of Political Identity of Iranian Kurdsبنیادهای هویت سیاسی کُردهای ایرانی951203524710.22059/jhgr.2013.35247FAمرجانبدیعی ازنداهیاستادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0003-0712-8835احدمحمدیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0003-3853-2320عظیمزمانیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20120301Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />In recent decades the issue of "identity" has gained considerable importanc in social science<br />studies, especially in the field of the Iranian political geography. Some experts argue that the<br />factors affecting this growing process are affected by political, social, economic, regional and<br />global changes, while others consider the existence of modern perspectives and attitudes<br />especially in the field of post-modern thought as the cause of increasing interest in this issue.<br />Certainly, internal factors, especially the Islamic Revolution and its consequences together with<br />regional and global factors have led to more attention to the issue of identity. Meanwhile, ethnic<br />identity has a special place, as Iranian society is composed of different ethnic groups that,<br />throughout history, have contributed to maturity, survival, and sustainablity of Iranian<br />civilization, and despite many ups and downs, have been able to maintain the political life of<br />this country in different ways. In Iran, like other countries composed of ethnic groups, the issues<br />of ethnic identity have been integrated into issues related to national unity and security of the<br />country. In that, because, on the one hand, ethnic identities can play an effective role in the<br />national unity of the country, and on the other hand, they are able to substitute the idea of<br />separatism and disintegration with that of national unity and security by placing their growing<br />expectations and demand. one of the collective identities studied in political geography is<br />“political identity”. According to some, factors such as common history, common interests and<br />shared political fate are some of the factors forming political identity. Studying political identity <br />or political aspects of Kurdish identity requires analysis of the components of political identity<br />among the Kurds. The key question is: “what is the political identity of Kurds and which factors<br />affect their political identity?” According to the main hypothesis of the present study, due to<br />familiarity with new knowledge sources and different local experiences, the Kurds have a fluid<br />political identity.<br />Methodology<br />This research is an applied research conducted through library method and descriptive -<br />analytical approach. In the present study, using documents, it has been tried to determine how<br />components such as common history, common interests and shared political fate form Kurdish<br />political identity. The most important element in this regard is investigating "ethnic<br />nationalism" and "inter- and intra-ethnic political conflicts". The results show two basic<br />elements of such movements, namely "seeking help from foreigners" and "internal demands",<br />while they are in contrast with Kurd ethnic identity but affected by ethnic relations and ethnic<br />identities.<br />Activity of Kurds and Kurdish parties after the Islamic Revolution so far also implies that<br />how these activities have affected political identity of Iranian Kurd people.<br />Results and Discussion<br />Based on the research conducted about political identify foundations of the Iranian Kurds, it can<br />be atgued that: first, "ethnic identity" foundations of Iranian Kurds affect their “political<br />identity” because of the associations of their historical roots with Iran and the Iranians history,<br />based on the elements of territory, race / ethnicity, religion, language, customs / traditions, and<br />beliefs / values; second, the study of the foundations of "political identity" of Kurds in Iran<br />indicates that common interests of the Kurds in political areas date back to Kurds’ contemporary<br />history because dividing Kurdish regions among Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Syria have created<br />another fate for the Kurds, dividing Aryan race and Iranian Kurds with Kurdish language and<br />Islamic religion and Shiite religion / Sunnis among the four Countries. Since then, the shared<br />interests among the Kurds within and out of the country and political common fate that have<br />kept them away from each other can be traced as two issues of ethnic nationalism and political<br />conflicts: firstly, Kurd ethnic nationalism in Iran reflects the political diversity in political<br />domain. That is, they are not in complete agreement with both national identity and the official<br />discourse of nationalism in the country. Second, the identity foundations of Kurds and their<br />political performance in recent one hundred years reflect two types of political conflict in the<br />Kurdish region of Iran: first, "intra-ethnic conflict" based on power acquisition or competition<br />among the different Kurd tribes. In these types of conflicts, the behaviors, norms, attitudes and<br />positions of Kurds are mostly affected by the foundations of ethnic identity, structure of ethnic<br />relations and tribal policies governing Kurdish region, such as the impact of tribal politics on<br />performance "SEMCO". Second, "inter-ethnic conflicts" which were first based on preservation<br />of the internal influence of tribes, and later were based on autonomy acquisition or <br />independence. In this group of disputes, the dual elements namely "seeking help from<br />foreigners" and "domestic demand" are important forces of the “political identity of the Kurds”<br />within the triple elements of "common history", "common interests" and "common political<br />destiny". Hence, the shared history of Kurds in Iran represents three different functions in policy<br />areas:<br />(1) tribal uprisings and political movements;<br />(2) the government, tribal chiefs and political leaders’ behavior with Kurds;<br />(3) pendulum movements of Kurds among the parties and groups.<br />In all three functions, the dual elements "of foreign aid" and "domestic demand" can be seen.<br />Conclusion<br />After the events following the Islamic Revolution, and by increasing the level of education, we<br />witness the gradual increase in political consciousness of Kurds, and the performance of<br />“ethnicity-based nationalism" without "tribal culture" among the Kurds. The Kurds’ political<br />relations are influenced by party relationships and political groupings. Previous experience<br />shows that whenever the central government enjoys a high level of power, it has been able to<br />exert political power on all areas and, in contrats, every time this government is weak, different<br />ethnic groups have upraised in different parts of Iran. In all of these events, due to the<br />promotion of education and assignment of Kurd educated leaders we witness the removal of<br />tribal relationships and emergence of party relationships with ethnic culture combined with<br />some form of ethnic consciousness to gain autonomy. Of course, one can not speak about the<br />political identity of Kurds because there is a long way to the formation of a Kurdish political<br />community forming Kurdish political identity. However, it can be argued that awareness of the<br />fate of the Kurdish political fate that often evokes their innocence, leads to common feeling<br />among the Kurds so that they are demanding common interests trying to get rid of victimization."هویت اقوام" با مباحث مربوط به وحدت و امنیت ملی کشور درهم آمیخته است ؛ زیر ا<br />هویت های قومی از یکسو می توانند نقش مؤثّری در وحدت ملّی کشورها ایفا کنند و از دیگر سو،<br />قادرند به طور همزمان باطرح مطالبات و توقّعات فزاینده ی تاریخی، اید هها ی جدایی طلبی را<br />جایگزین ایده ی وحدت و امنیت ملّی کنند. یکی از هویت های جمعی مورد مطالعه در جغرافیای<br />سیاسی، "هویت سیاسی" است. از نظر برخی، مؤلّفه هایی چون تاریخ مشترک، منافع مشترک<br />و سرنوشت سیاسی مشترک، از دسته وجوهی هستند که به هویت سیاسی شکل می دهن د.<br />مطالعه ی هویت سیاسی یا ابعاد سیاسی هویت کُردها، نیازمند بررسی مؤلّفه های هویت سیاسی<br />در میان کُردها است. پرسش اصلی این است که این قوم از چه نوع هویت سیاسی برخوردارند<br />و چه عواملی بر هویت سیاسی آنها تأثیرگذار هستند؟ براساس پی ش فرض اولیه ی نوشتار<br />حاضر، کُردها به دلیل آشنایی با منابع معرفتی جدید و تجرب ه های مکانی مختلف، از هویت<br />سیاسی سیالی برخوردارند. در این مطالعه با روش اسنادی تلاش شده است تا مشخّص شود<br />چگونه مؤلّفه هایی مانند تاریخ مشترک، منافع مشترک و سرنوشت سیاسی مشترک، به هویت<br />سیاسی کُردها شکل می بخشند. مهم ترین عنصر در این باره، بررسی "ناسیونالیسم قومی "<br />و"منازعات سیاسی درون و برون قومی" بوده است. نتایج نشان می دهند دو عنصر بنیادی این<br />جنبش ها، یعنی "درخواست کمک از خارج یها" و "مطالبات داخلی"، با آنکه در تضاد با هویت<br />قومی کُردی قرار دارند؛ ولی از روابط قومی و هویت های قومی متأثّر می شوند. همچنین فعالیت<br />کُردها و احزاب کُردی پس از انقلاب اسلامی تاکنون نیز، بیانگر این نکته است که چگونه این<br />فعالیت ها برهویت سیاسی مردم کُرد ایران تأثیر گذاشته است. به دلیل وجود خلاء مطالعاتی<br />درباره ی هویت سیاسی کُردها در حوزه های مطالعات علوم اجتماعی و مطالعات جغرافیای<br />سیاسی ایران، این پژوهش برای نخستین بار در ایران انجام می گیرد.<br />کلیhttps://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35247_bdc1dfeef3f4223830752c0362afce92.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923International Aspects of Environmental Geopoliticsجنبههای بینالمللی ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی1211463524810.22059/jhgr.2013.35248FAسید عباساحمدیاستادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0001-8691-4564طهمورثحیدری موصلودانشجوی دکترای جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشکده ی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانروح اللهنیکزادکارشناس ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتیJournal Article20120513Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Human capabilities in maintenance of their living space or in destruction of its prospects in<br />relation to natural conditions create a balanced ecosystem. This states the fact that human is the<br />main factor of the destructions, composition, and disorder in the areas of biological and Bio<br />geographic issues. It is now understood that governments and the nations in the world should be<br />thinking about preserving the planet earth and its environment, not just preserving their<br />countries. This thinking has become increasingly global and it seems it is in serious<br />consideration of government. Hence, development of the environmental crisis and its<br />consequences on the patterns of interaction and cooperation, or the conflict between groups of<br />men and political actors has been the main factor that geopolitical experts and experts of this<br />knowledge pay attention to the environmental problems. So this subject is interpreted as one of<br />the schools of green geopolitics. Now it seems necessary to consider the dimensions of<br />geopolitical environmental issues and global problems.<br />Methodology<br />The main method of this study was a descriptive-analytical approach that has been carried out<br />using a literature review in library data. The main question of this research is that what threats<br />and security issues the geopolitical environment of regional and global scale in the twenty-first<br />century is faced with? In line with this question important presumptions are mentioned, <br />including the impact of human societies on the form and physical function of the earth is<br />reached to the extent that is of geopolitical nature in global and regional scale. It seems to be<br />point of focus by countries and global and regional powers in the field of security threats and<br />issues in the twenty first century.<br />Results and Discussion<br />Concerns about global politics of the environmental issues includes the capacity of governments<br />to address climate warming, ozone layer destruction and other global issues, potential of<br />international are effective cooperation, satisfaction of environmental movements, multinational<br />corporations to develop strategies and to pursue limited policies in regional and global scale.<br />Doubts about the law of international institutions and existing regimes can help cultural<br />development. There are also concerns about the inability of the international regimes to deal<br />effectively with governments and other organizations not capable of obeying environmental<br />standards. For example, countries like the United States and China have been warned that if<br />they don’t implement their commitments upon the reduction of gas emissions, they will face the<br />action of NGOs that are ready to face confront action and pressure against those who violate<br />international obligations. In this regard, the UN Conference in Stockholm about serious<br />attention to international nature of environmental destruction, in the article21, states that<br />governments cannot damage the environment in their own sovereign. But they have the right to<br />extract resources within their own borders. Thus, a series of international rules have emerged<br />during the twentieth century to limit the right of dominant countries in the negative and<br />destructive effects on the environment of the earth. Some times these rules appear in the form of<br />bilateral or multilateral agreements. However, realization of these types of commitments usually<br />requires the participation of the countries that are responsible for this subject. Although some of<br />industrialized countries have showed resistance toward accepting responsibility, sanctions or<br />compensation. Developing countries also have experienced damages from significant decrease<br />in the fertility of the land due to soil erosion, deforestation and other forms of environmental<br />degradation. You can be assured that if the rate of economic losses caused by environmental<br />degradation in key developing countries increases in the decades ahead, the economic health of<br />the whole world will be affected.<br />Accordingly, if in line with the industrialization of a society, such an important issue of the<br />environment is not considered, not only the economic development will not be achieved, but a<br />lot of damages will be experienced that sometimes can often cause the benefits of an industrial<br />activity for the community, in the long run, to be spent in compensation for the damages.<br />Environmental security gets connected with any threat abroad to their environmental spaces,<br />so that public policies can have influence on that. Security environmental advocates believe that<br />the increasing pressure on safeguard systems of renewable natural resources and life, for health<br />and human welfare as well as traditional military threats are serious. In this view, some<br />researchers and policy makers believe that the environment security in terms of its inherent<br />characteristicsis is more of a global phenomenon than a national one. Since the environmental<br />threats affect all human beings, so it requires a collective cooperation on global scale. <br />Conclusion<br />In the recent years, geopolitics is profoundly concerned with environmental issues. For the<br />governments and nations have reached the consciousness that they should think of the<br />environmental issues as one of the most suitable strategies to obtain peace and comfort and to<br />eliminate conflicts among themselves. The geopolitical environmental developments have never<br />attracted attention and concern of governments and organizations as it is in the recent years.<br />It was expected that human, every day more than the day before, could become a rational<br />and conscious power that can maintain and develop contents of valuable environment and try to<br />its improvement. Instead, it seems that increasingly man has become a powerful factor that acts<br />as unconsidered and confused. Another factor should be managed based on this approach, in<br />addition to environmental degradation and transformation, the risks and threats that are posed<br />for the system of national government and environmental threats to security should also be<br />considered. The threats to environmental security are expressed only when they just threaten<br />national security.جهان در قرن بیس تویکم شاهد تحولات سریع و بی سابقه در حوزه ی ژئوپلیتیک<br />زیست محیطی است. اثرگذاری سیاست های ملّی و تصمیمات کشورها، بر تغییر اشکال و ابعاد<br />عملکرد فیزیکی زمین، به درجه ای رسیده است که مسائل زیست محیطی در قلمروهای<br />منطقه ای، فرامنطقه ای و کروی، ماهیتی ژئوپلیتیکی پیدا کرده است. این تأثیرات با گذشت<br />زمان، شتابی سرسام آور به خود گرفته و به همین دلیل توجه صاحب نظران و تحلیلگران مختلف<br />را در سراسر جهان به خود معطوف کرده است. دلیل این امر تمایل جوامع انسانی به بهره کشی<br />از محیط زیست، به مثابه یک منبع پایان ناپذیر است که سبب بروز فاجعه شده و ضمن نابودی<br />برخی از فضاهای زیستی، به ایجاد چالش ها و تهدید های امنیت ی در حوزه های منطقه ای و<br />فرامنطقه ای منجر شده است. این نگرانی ها به دنبال خود سبب تشکیل کنفرانس ها و<br />نشست هایی در سطح جهانی و منطقه ای و در پی آن، پذیرش اجرای تفاهم نامه هایی در این<br />زمینه شده است. اجرای تعهدهای بین المللی زیست محیطی نیز ، نیازمند همکاری نهادهای<br />بین المللی، کشورها، سازمان های داخلی، منطقه ای و جهانی است. در این راستا، بسیاری از<br />اندیشمندانی که نگران مسائل ژئوپلیتیک زیس تمحیطی هستند، معتقدند که تخریب ا زن،<br />تغییرات آب وهوایی و فرسایش محیطی، به آشفتگی مسائل سیاسی در سطح جهان منجر<br />می شود؛ زیرا ریشه ی اغلب آنها فرامرزی بوده و بنابراین کنترل آنها نیز خارج از اراده ی<br />سیاسی یک کشور است. بنابراین، بهتر است کشورها در ترسیم سیاست زیست محیطی خود،<br />برای حل وفصل مناقشه های ژئوپلیتیکی پیش رو، چه در سطح ملّی و منطقه ای و چه در سطح<br />جهانی، به توافق های بین المللی توجه ویژه ای داشته باشند. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی <br />تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای، ضمن بررسی مسائلی که موجب شکل گیری نگرانی ها<br />در حوزه ی ژئوپلیتیک زیست محیطی در سطوح منطقه ای و جهانی (فراملّی) شده است، به تبیین<br />مسائل امنیتی، بحران ها و تهدیدها در این زمینه خواهد پرداخت.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35248_4c0cbe018ace7829bf327b16c88dae4b.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923Predicted by Analyzing the Supply and Demand of Housing for
Low-income Groups (Case Study: Damghan)پیش¬بینی مسکن گروه های کمدرآمد با تحلیل طرف عرضه و تقاضا (مطالعهی موردی: شهر دامغان)1471683524910.22059/jhgr.2013.35249FAاکبرنشاطکارشناس ارشد مدیریت شهری، دانشگاه تهرانمجیدنیکناییکارشناس ارشد شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتیمحمد حسینشریف زادگاندانشیار دانشکدهی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتیJournal Article20120707Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Housing is defined as a complicated category of human basic needs with a variety of<br />dimensions. By an exploration about the housing planning this may be revealed that the<br />planning with residential needs and restrictions seeks to meet the requirements of different<br />classes and also to present competent performance. What is the main issue addressed in this<br />paper relates to the specific issues of importance to define the target group in the planning and<br />detailed knowledge of the structure of supply and demand in the municipal market in order to<br />answer these two questions: What are the current and future shortage of housing demands in<br />response to lower income groups in Damghan? What is the most important aspect of forming<br />the structure of supply and demand and what type of housing units are needed in the planned<br />community of Damghan? Several factors are involved in the supply of housing in response to<br />demand. Identification of these factors is as the expected results of this paper and the tools and<br />methods considered in this section can be pointed out by mouse model. The results presented in<br />this section can be applicable for the correct housing of low-income groups in Damghan.<br />Solutions to prevent the problem, the control structure (supply and demand) and the estimated<br />requirements in this section present effective mechanisms.<br />Factors affecting housing demand and supply side factors are divided into two parts and<br />demand factors are more issues related to the housing market. The supply of housing and the <br />number of habitable housing units are determined by their owners to be offered for sale or lease.<br />To meet the demand for housing through various factors is as the essence of housing. Thus,<br />identifying and analyzing the problem of housing is difficult and there are ways to fix the<br />problem identified. Analyzing the supply and demand sides of the market that needs<br />considerable knowledge in planning is to achieve the best results.The needs to be defined based<br />on the characteristics of the target group should be considered. In this paper various aspects of<br />this topic will be discussed.<br />Methodology<br />Appropriate strategic planning for housing, with emphasis on the strategic planning process has<br />been benefited from proper information of the structure of supply and demand in the market that<br />make complex and accurate predictions of the process possible. Based on the study and<br />application of the models it is very important to consider the structure of supply and demand in<br />the market to assist the planners. Before this, in the planning of housing the target group as an<br />issue often overlooked is of importance. The income groups and the social and the economic<br />characteristics and structure of this special issue are to be scheduled. The structure and<br />methodology of the study is generally indicated in the diagram and the way the appropriate<br />method in the study area has been selected is also presented.<br />Results and Discussion<br />The purpose of the study is to explore a method by which we can analyze economic, social and<br />physical planning for low income groups. To achieve the goal we first examined the policies of<br />housing production for empowering low income people in global scale. The study next has<br />attempted to recognize suitable techniques and methods to understand the subject for a proper<br />prediction. Due to the nature of the target group of low-income urban populations, it can be<br />noted that financing low-income groups in both the demand and supply related policies and<br />strategies in model construction and equipment of units is reliable as the main focus of this<br />paper. This result has been obtained that studies considering all factors involved in the<br />production and supply of housing in neighborhood planning should be conducted in a way that<br />benefit low-income citizens of Damghan as much as practical.<br />Conclusion<br />The most important aspect of forming the housing market (supply and demand) in the local<br />level planning as the main research question should be noted. The most important factor in the<br />supply of housing in neighborhood planning in Damghan is in cost per square meter of housing<br />units. It is sum of the costs of land and construction which include wages, materials and etc. In<br />addition to the benefits derived from activities in this section. The higher land prices and<br />construction costs increase and the supply decreases.This charge is due to the high price of land<br />and construction costs that have an impact on the final price and the quantity demanded.<br />The price of housing demand has led to the conclusion that Hdanyk. The most important<br />factors affecting the final price of housing units in terms of location and physical indicators, <br />access to the business center of the city, old buildings, structures and access roads are presented<br />with a width of 8 meters. In this regard, in order to meet the housing demand of low-income<br />groups, we need to know the exact location of residence and locating new housing units because<br />of the effective spatial index structure that exists to minimize demand and good quality can be<br />produced by taking approaches to implementing robust and inexpensive.به عرصه ی برنامه ریزی مسکن، این امر حاصل میشود که این نوع برنامه ریزی با توجه به<br />محدودیت ها و نیازهای سکونتی، درصدد ارضای احتیاج ها و ارائه ی عملکردی مطلوب در پاسخ<br />به نیاز اقشار مختلف است. موضوع اساسی در چیستی مورد توجه در این نوشتار، پرداختن به<br />اهمیت تعریف گروه هدف در این مقوله ی خاص و برنامه ریزی و شناخت دقیق ساختار عرضه و<br />تقاضای این بازار در گستره ی شهری است و به گفته ای درصدد پاسخ به این دو پرسش است<br />که چه میزان کمبود در زمان حال و آینده برای پاسخ به تقاضای مسکن گروه های کم درآمد<br />شهر دامغان وجود دارد؟ و مه مترین وجوه تشکیل دهند هی ساختار عرضه و تقاضای مسکن<br />چیست و به چه نوع واحد مسکونی در سطح محلّ ههای برنامه ریزی شهر دامغان نیاز داریم؟ در<br />عرضه ی مسکن برای پاسخ به تقاضا، عوامل متعددی نقش دارند که شناخت این عوامل یکی<br />از نتایج مورد انتظار این پژوهش است. از ابزارها و روش های مورد توجه در این بخش مدل<br />موس است و نتایج ارائه شد هی آن، به درستی ساختار تقاضای مسکن گروه های کم درآمد شهر<br />دامغان را بیان می کند. از راه حل های جلوگیری از بروز مشکل، کنترل این ساختار (عرضه و<br />تقاضا) و برآورد نیازهای موجود در این بخش و اعمال سازوکارهای مؤثّر است.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35249_c506e7d2b12e70d0a154436583eb6702.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923Eternal and International Concepts of Islamic Cities
(Revealing Urban Islamic Views far beyond the Body and Time)ارزش های جاوید و جهان گستر شهرسازی اسلامی (بازنمودی از نگرش های فرا کالبدی و فرازمانی شهر اسلامی)1691903525010.22059/jhgr.2013.35250FAمحمودرضاییاستادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده ی هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز0000-0002-9776-3834Journal Article20120718Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />As the main question, this research looks for the abilities and the ways to apply Islamic urban<br />values for recent urban problems. Although the Islamic cities are studied by many researches,<br />scholars, and thinkers, the meanings and concepts of the studies are mainly focused either on<br />physical or on historical issues and the researches have had non-dynamic approaches and the<br />current applicable features of the subject have not been covered well.<br />Resembling Islamic cities to a language and (con) text, there has been more attention paid to<br />the alphabets and elements of the language rather than to its main message. Words, syntax and<br />grammar of this language have been elaborated, but the meanings and concepts are neglected.<br />Hence, one of the main goals of this article, as the title shows, is going beyond the words and<br />vocabularies of that text and getting the main ideas. In other words, the article intends to find<br />new approaches beyond the historic and physical aspects.<br />Furthermore, the article compares contemporary urban theories with traditional Islamic cities to<br />use the lessons for today’s developments.<br />Methodology<br />The qualitative research approach employed here has primarily used document analysis and<br />observation. In this manner the theory of Islamic city has been reviewed in literature. The<br />article, firstly, will categorize some studies of Islamic Cities and demonstrate that they do<br />mostly focus on physical and historic aspects. A new dimension, then, will be emerged which<br />covers the contemporary urban planning theories. <br />After categorizing related studies, modes of physical combination of these cities, however,<br />will be classified into Justice Location, Unified in Diversity, Oxymoron as the Secret of<br />Completeness, and Multi-value Logic.<br />Eventually, new approaches in contemporary urban planning theories since 1960 including<br />rational, incremental, transactive, advocacy and radical approaches as well as structure and<br />strategic methods of urban planning have been compared to the Islamic Cities Developments.<br />Results and Discussion<br />The concept of the ‘Islamic City’ has been discussed since the turn of the last century.The<br />famous sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920) set up a framework for categorizing Islamic cities,<br />and was largely followed by orientalists for the next half century. Weber concluded that the<br />emergence of capitalism was contingent upon the existence of independent urban communities<br />or free cities; cities of the Christian world (Gabbi, 2006) Marcias, basing his article on the<br />famous Arab geographer and lawyer, Ibn Khaldun (1406), cites the physical aspects of an<br />Islamic city as incorporating the congregational Friday mosque, with adjacent chief bazaar,<br />together with the public bath for preparing Muslims for the Friday prayer (Abu-Lughod,<br />1987,156).<br />In 1955 Gustave Von Grunebaum collects all the findings of previous Western scholars<br />about the Islamic city and synthesizes them into a single model (Goddard, 1999, p. 43). In 1956,<br />E. Ashtor-Strauss explains that through a combination of weakened government and a dormant<br />tradition of municipal autonomy, the populations were able to assert significant control over<br />their own lives and rulers. Claude Cahen in 1958 continued the work of Ashtor-Strauss. He<br />argues that the captured cities by Arabs haven’t changed under the Arab rules, rather they<br />developed along the same path as most of the neighboring European cities. So he started his<br />research based on social and historical approaches of the Islamic cities mostly Syria, Iraq and<br />Iran and compared them with their neighboring Western cities, mostly southern Italy.<br />In 1965 Albert Hourani and Samuel Stern referried to both Weber’s category and the<br />standard Islamic city model. Stern concludes that the Islamic city’s essential characteristic is the<br />general absence of corporate institutions or its looseness of structure.<br />1n 1967 Ira Lapidus presented a comprehensive new model of the Islamic city with pointing<br />the critiques, revisions, and ideas of Ashtor-Strauss, Cahen, and Stern. His ultimate goal is to<br />examine the social structure of certain medieval Muslim cities to understand the Islamic society.<br />Kennedy in 1985 provides a methodical and comprehensive account of the typical attributed<br />features to the Islamic city and its development. His work represents a new post-orientalist trend<br />of looking at the Middle Eastern urbanism in and of itself. He tried to define the urban<br />development as a unique phenomenon tied to its region and society and not according to its<br />similarities or differences to the evolution of European cities.<br />Baber Johansen (1981) and Besim Hakim (1986) examined the inter-dependency of Islamic<br />law and the development of a city. Johansen sought to find out how Islamic law defined a city,<br />while Hakim was concerned with how the law determined urban development and shape or<br />morphology. <br />Most Middle Eastern and North African cities have been studied with different scholars and<br />theorist to extract a prototype to explain the theory of Islamic city. All of these studies and<br />theorems have, in some way, and to a greater or lesser degree, influenced the development of<br />the Islamic city in the modern world.<br />Amongst all of these discussions, the main achievement of this research is that Muslim Cities<br />during Islamic Period, along with Islamic guidelines, have physical and non-physical lessons to<br />be learned which are able to be matched with liable contemporary urban developments.<br />Physical lessons are divided into the same categories of previous scholar studies:<br />• Placement of Justice and Efficiency,<br />• Unified in Diversity,<br />• Oxymoron as the secret of completeness,<br />• Robustness based on multi-value logics,<br />At the same time non physical lessons are emerging as the following indicators:<br />• Strategies, Pattern Language and Incremental Development,<br />• Sustainability and Normative Issues,<br />• Rationalism and Smart Growth.<br />Conclusion<br />Values, concepts and the views of Islamic cities are beyond body, place, and time. They are<br />eternal and international concepts that can be applied for urban development globally. The<br />article classified these concepts into four values: Sustainability with Justice, Unification with<br />Diversity, Richness with Oxymoron and Rational Felexibility. Ideas of contemporary Urban<br />Planer theorists are covered with these concepts.<br />Islamic Cities, in their true meanings, have had the best solutions, methods and models of<br />urban developments. Nowadays Muslim people are able to explore the Islamic urban factors to<br />apply them in their recent urban issues. It will be happened, if the accurate nature and concept<br />of Islamic cities is defined and just studied beyond the mere physical assumptions.این پژوهش کوشیده تا توان به کارگیری ارزش های شهرسازی اسلامی را در دوره ی امروزین و<br />برای گستره جهانی آشکار سازد. در پژوهش ها ی مشابه ، بیشتر به سوی ه های شکلی و<br />ریخت شناسی شهر اسلامی در دوران گذشته بسنده شده و سوی ه های دریافتی و پویا و<br />امروزین آن چندان بررسی نشده است. در این نوشتار ابتدا پژوهش های انجام شده بازبینی و<br />شناسایی شده است. پس از آشکارسازی گذشته نگر و « ناکالبدی » و « کالبدی » در دو لایه ی<br />شهر اسلامی که تا « فراکالبدی » کالبدی بودن بیشتر این پژوهش ها ، پنداره ها و سویه های<br />کنون پنهان مانده اند، با نگرش به انگاره های شهرسازی امروزین نمایان شده است. نمونه هایی<br />از شهرهای اسلامی کندوکاو شده و با بررسی های چندباره و ژرف، ویژگ ی های شیو ه ی<br />یگانگی با » ،« دادگستری » هم آمیزی کالبدی پاره های آن ها در چند شناسه ی هموند ، مانند<br />نهاده شده اند. گزینش این « سازش پذیری با خردورزی » و « پرمایگی با ناهمگونی » ،« گوناگونی<br />پنداره ها به گونه ای شده که دارای سرشت فراکالبدی باشند. سرانجام رویکردهای جدید در<br />انگاره های شهرسازی امروزین که از 1960 به این سو در جهان بازگو شده ، همچون<br />ساختاری و » و نیز رو ش های « بنیادی » و « جانشینی » ،« داد و ستدی » ،« شهرسازی فزاینده »<br />با رویکردهای گسترش شهر اسلامی سنجش شده است. یافته ی بنیادی این نوشتار « راهبردی<br />این است که ارزش های شهرسازی اسلامی فرای کالبد، جای و زمان است و می توان از آنها در<br />گسترش شهرهای جهانی امروز بهره برد. این شهرسازی، راهبردی و پویا بوده و ویژگی ها و<br />انگاره های درست امروزین شهرسازی را از زمانی بسیار پی ش تر دربرداشته است و توان<br />بسیاری در جهان گستر ی داشته و همچنان دارد.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35250_020b4742f079142774ea0b3aa97c9c9e.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923An Investigation on Sustainable Development in Rasht County Using
Ecological Footprintبررسی وضعیّت توسعهی پایدار شهرستان رشت با استفاده از روش جای پای اکولوژیک1912083525210.22059/jhgr.2013.35252FAمحمودجمعه پوردانشیار گروه برنامه ریزی اجتماعی، دانشکده ی علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی0000000241705395حسینحاتمی نژاداستادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکد هی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانساراشهانوازدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامهریزی توسعه ی منطقهای، دانشگاه علامه طباطباییJournal Article20120718Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution. The growth of cities has many<br />consequences on the environment. As a result of the increase in adverse consequences of the<br />urban growth, United Nations considered the necessity for sustainable development issues in<br />cities. The first step in this procedure is some methods for measurement of the sustainable<br />development by Reliable indicators. Ecological footprint is one of these methods that have been<br />used for measuring urban sustainability in the Cities like London, Santiago, and Liverpool. We<br />have used this method to measure urban sustainability in Rasht County, Iran. The results<br />indicate that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1.797 per capita in Rasht. Also biological<br />capacity (biocapacity) in this city is equal to 0.414 hectar per capita. Therefore, we conclude<br />that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of ecological footprint index.<br />Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution with many consequences on the<br />environment. An increase in deleterious effects of urban growth caused the United Nations to<br />pay attention to sustainable development in cities. As the first step in this procedure it is<br />required to measure the sustainable development by reliable indicators. Sustainable<br />development can be measured by determining Ecological Footprint as one of the indicators.<br />This is a measure of the amount of biologically productive land and water required to support <br />the demands of a population or productive activity. The first Ecological Footprints have been<br />calculated using a component-based approach. This has evolved into a more comprehensive and<br />robust approach, compound Footprinting, now used for national Footprint accounting. The<br />component-based approach sums the Ecological Footprint of all relevant components of a<br />population in resource consumption and waste production. This is, first, by identifying all of<br />the individual goods and services and the amounts thereof a given population consumes,<br />and second, by assessing the Ecological Footprint of each component using life-cycle data that<br />track the resource requirements of a given product from resource extraction to waste disposal.<br />Ecological footprint method has already been used for measuring urban sustainability in the<br />Cities like London, Santiago, and Liverpool. We have used this method for measuring urban<br />sustainability in Rasht County, Iran. The Ecological Footprint utilize the yields of primary<br />products (from cropland, forest, grazing and fisheries) to calculate the area necessary to support<br />a given activity. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productive<br />area of land and sea available to provide the resources a population consumes and to absorb its<br />wastes, given current technology and management practices. Countries differ in the productivity<br />of their ecosystems, and this is reflected in corresponding accounts. Ecological Footprint<br />accounts allow governments to track a city or region’s demand on natural capital, and to<br />compare this demand with the amount of natural capital actually available. The accounts also<br />give governments the ability to answer more specific questions about the distribution of these<br />demands within their economy. In other words, it gives them information about their resource<br />metabolism. They also help assess the ecological capacity embodied in the imports upon which<br />a region is dependent. This can shed light on the region’s constraints or future liabilities in<br />comparison with other regions of the world, and identify opportunities to defend or improve the<br />local quality of life. Footprint accounts help governments become more specific about<br />sustainability in a number of ways. The accounts provide a common language and a clearly<br />defined methodology that can be used to support staff training and to communicate about<br />sustainability issues with other levels of government or with the public. Footprint accounts add<br />value to existing data sets on production, trade and environmental performance by providing a<br />comprehensive way to interpret them. For instance, the accounts can help guide “environmental<br />management systems” by offering a framework for gathering and organizing data, setting<br />targets and tracking progress. The accounts can also serve as environmental reporting<br />requirements, and inform strategic decision-making for regional economic development. The<br />global effort for sustainability will be won, or lost, in the world’s cities, where urban design<br />may influence over 70 percent of people’s Ecological Footprint. High-Footprint cities can<br />reduce this demand on nature greatly with existing technology. Many of these savings also cut<br />costs and make cities more livable. Since urban infrastructure is long-lasting and influences<br />resource needs for decades to come, infrastructure decisions make or break a city’s future.<br />Which cities are building future resource traps? Which ones are building opportunities for<br />resource efficient and more competitive lifestyles? Without regional resource accounting,<br />governments can easily overlook or fail to realize the extent of these kinds of opportunities and<br />threats. The Ecological Footprint, a comprehensive, science-based resource accounting system <br />that compares people’s use of nature with nature’s ability to regenerate, helps eliminate this<br />blind spot.<br />Methodology<br />We have used the Ecological footprint method for testing the research hypotheses. Ecological<br />footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure<br />of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity for<br />regeneration. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to<br />supply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste. Using<br />this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth it would take to support<br />humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle.<br />Results and Discussion<br />The results show that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1.797 per capita in Rasht. Also<br />biological capacity (biocapacity) in this city is also equal to 0.414 hectar per capita. In the study<br />area ecological Footprint is much more than the biological capacity. This means the instability<br />in ecological system. The Ecological Footprint in consumption for the study area is lower than<br />other counties in Iran.<br />Conclusion<br />According to the results of the study, we conclude that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of<br />ecological footprint index. Although the county is ecologically instable, but the Ecological<br />Footprint in Rasht County is lower than that in the Iran and in the world. The instability may be<br />resulted from excessive use of natural resources and also tourism activities. It can be<br />recommended to have optimized use of natural resources, suitable planning for tourism, and<br />education of the public for sound consumption of resources.شهرها پس از انقلاب صنعتی به سرعت توسعه یافتند و این رشد و توسعه پیامدهای بسیاری با<br />خود به همراه داشت. عمده ی آثار این پیامدها بر محیط زیست و کیفیت زندگی مردم این جوامع<br />وارد شده است. با بروز و تشدید این آثار، رهیافت توسعه ی پایدار از سوی سازمان ملل متّحد<br />مطرح شد و در دستور کار دولت ها و برنام هریزان قرار گرفت. یکی از عناصر اساسی توسع ه ی<br />پایدار این است که انسان ها در چارچوب ظرفیت زیستی طبیعت زندگی کنند . از آن زمان،<br />روش های مختلفی برای انداز هگیری توسعه ی پایدار جوامع ابداع شد . روش جای پای<br />اکولوژیک یکی از این روش ها است. امروزه از این روش، به عنوان شاخص سنجش پایداری در<br />دنیا استفاده م یشود. بر اساس این روش، توسعه ی یک منطقه زمانی "ناپایدار " قلمداد<br />می شود که میزان جای پای اکولوژیک از ظرفیت زیستی منطقه بالاتر باشد . روش جای پای<br />اکولوژیک تاکنون برای سنجش پایداری شهرهای بزرگ دنیا مانند لندن، سانتیاگو، لیورپول<br />مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش جای پای اکولوژیک ، به<br />بررسی پایداری شهرستان رشت پرداخته ایم. بر اساس محاسبات، جای پای اکولوژیک مصرف<br />0/ 1 هکتار ب هازای هر نفر برآورد شد. همچنین، ظرفیت زیستی 414 / در شهرستان رشت، 979<br />هکتار به ازای هر نفر محاسبه شد. با مقایسه ظرفیت زیستی و جای پای اکولوژیک می توانیم<br />مشاهده کنیم که شهرستان رشت از کسری اکولوژیک رنج می برد . همچنین تحلیل نتایج<br />به دست آمده نشان م یدهد که شهرستان رشت از دیدگاه اکولوژیک ناپایدار است. درنهایت ،<br />شاخص جای پای اکولوژیک محاسبه شده در رشت با مقدار این شاخص در ایران و آسیا و دنیا<br />مقایسه می شود.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35252_32ee3fd79f58d3cc08745c7b729a689f.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923Geomorphological analysis of switching the location of military bases
(Case study Western slopes of Sahand Mountain)تحلیل ژئو مورفولوژیکی مکان گزینی مراکز نظامی (نمونه موردی: دامنه های غربی کوهستان سهند)2092283525310.22059/jhgr.2013.35253FAشهرامروستاییدانشیار جغرافیای طبیعی دانشگاه تبریزمحمد حسینفتحیدانشجوی دکترای ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه محقّق اردبیلیسیروسفخریدانشجوی دکترای ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه تهرانعادلمحمدی فرکارشناس ارشد ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه تبریزJournal Article20110110Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution. The growth of cities has many<br />consequences on the environment. As a result of the increase in adverse consequences of the<br />urban growth, United Nations considered the necessity for sustainable development issues in<br />cities. The first step in this procedure is some methods for measurement of the sustainable<br />development by Reliable indicators. Ecological footprint is one of these methods that have been<br />used for measuring urban sustainability in the Cities like London, Santiago, and Liverpool. We<br />have used this method to measure urban sustainability in Rasht County, Iran. The results<br />indicate that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1.797 per capita in Rasht. Also biological<br />capacity (biocapacity) in this city is equal to 0.414 hectar per capita. Therefore, we conclude<br />that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of ecological footprint index.<br />Cities have been developing since the Industrial Revolution with many consequences on the<br />environment. An increase in deleterious effects of urban growth caused the United Nations to<br />pay attention to sustainable development in cities. As the first step in this procedure it is<br />required to measure the sustainable development by reliable indicators. Sustainable<br />development can be measured by determining Ecological Footprint as one of the indicators.<br />This is a measure of the amount of biologically productive land and water required to support <br />the demands of a population or productive activity. The first Ecological Footprints have been<br />calculated using a component-based approach. This has evolved into a more comprehensive and<br />robust approach, compound Footprinting, now used for national Footprint accounting. The<br />component-based approach sums the Ecological Footprint of all relevant components of a<br />population in resource consumption and waste production. This is, first, by identifying all of<br />the individual goods and services and the amounts thereof a given population consumes,<br />and second, by assessing the Ecological Footprint of each component using life-cycle data that<br />track the resource requirements of a given product from resource extraction to waste disposal.<br />Ecological footprint method has already been used for measuring urban sustainability in the<br />Cities like London, Santiago, and Liverpool. We have used this method for measuring urban<br />sustainability in Rasht County, Iran. The Ecological Footprint utilize the yields of primary<br />products (from cropland, forest, grazing and fisheries) to calculate the area necessary to support<br />a given activity. Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productive<br />area of land and sea available to provide the resources a population consumes and to absorb its<br />wastes, given current technology and management practices. Countries differ in the productivity<br />of their ecosystems, and this is reflected in corresponding accounts. Ecological Footprint<br />accounts allow governments to track a city or region’s demand on natural capital, and to<br />compare this demand with the amount of natural capital actually available. The accounts also<br />give governments the ability to answer more specific questions about the distribution of these<br />demands within their economy. In other words, it gives them information about their resource<br />metabolism. They also help assess the ecological capacity embodied in the imports upon which<br />a region is dependent. This can shed light on the region’s constraints or future liabilities in<br />comparison with other regions of the world, and identify opportunities to defend or improve the<br />local quality of life. Footprint accounts help governments become more specific about<br />sustainability in a number of ways. The accounts provide a common language and a clearly<br />defined methodology that can be used to support staff training and to communicate about<br />sustainability issues with other levels of government or with the public. Footprint accounts add<br />value to existing data sets on production, trade and environmental performance by providing a<br />comprehensive way to interpret them. For instance, the accounts can help guide “environmental<br />management systems” by offering a framework for gathering and organizing data, setting<br />targets and tracking progress. The accounts can also serve as environmental reporting<br />requirements, and inform strategic decision-making for regional economic development. The<br />global effort for sustainability will be won, or lost, in the world’s cities, where urban design<br />may influence over 70 percent of people’s Ecological Footprint. High-Footprint cities can<br />reduce this demand on nature greatly with existing technology. Many of these savings also cut<br />costs and make cities more livable. Since urban infrastructure is long-lasting and influences<br />resource needs for decades to come, infrastructure decisions make or break a city’s future.<br />Which cities are building future resource traps? Which ones are building opportunities for<br />resource efficient and more competitive lifestyles? Without regional resource accounting,<br />governments can easily overlook or fail to realize the extent of these kinds of opportunities and<br />threats. The Ecological Footprint, a comprehensive, science-based resource accounting system <br />that compares people’s use of nature with nature’s ability to regenerate, helps eliminate this<br />blind spot.<br />Methodology<br />We have used the Ecological footprint method for testing the research hypotheses. Ecological<br />footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure<br />of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity for<br />regeneration. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to<br />supply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste. Using<br />this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth it would take to support<br />humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle.<br />Results and Discussion<br />The results show that the ecological footprint is equivalent to 1.797 per capita in Rasht. Also<br />biological capacity (biocapacity) in this city is also equal to 0.414 hectar per capita. In the study<br />area ecological Footprint is much more than the biological capacity. This means the instability<br />in ecological system. The Ecological Footprint in consumption for the study area is lower than<br />other counties in Iran.<br />Conclusion<br />According to the results of the study, we conclude that Rasht is not sustainable in terms of<br />ecological footprint index. Although the county is ecologically instable, but the Ecological<br />Footprint in Rasht County is lower than that in the Iran and in the world. The instability may be<br />resulted from excessive use of natural resources and also tourism activities. It can be<br />recommended to have optimized use of natural resources, suitable planning for tourism, and<br />education of the public for sound consumption of resources. <br /> در پژوهش حاضر به تحلیل ژئومورفولوژیکی مکان گزینی مراکز نظامی موجود در دامنه ها ی<br />غربی کوهستان سهند، ازجمله، پادگان پیاده مکانیزه لشگر 21 حمزه ی سیدالشّ هدا، واقع در<br />شهر تبریز، مرکز آموزش 03 عجب شیر و گروه 11 توپخانه ی مراغه و سایر مراکز نظامی<br />موجود در محدوده ی مورد مطالعه پرداخته شده است. هدف از این پژوهش تولید نقشه ای است<br />که با شناسایی و الوی تبندی مکا نها، مناطق مناسب برای احداث مراکز نظامی را مشخّص کند.<br />روش کار بدین صورت انجام گرفت که ابتدا با تنظیم پرسش نامه به روش پیمایشی ، نظرات<br />متخصصان نظامی و ژئومورفولوژی درباره ی عوامل مؤثّر در مکان گزینی مراکز نظامی جمع آوری<br />شد. سپس با برداشت نقاط زمینی و رقومی کردن لایه های مورد نیاز از روی نقشه های موجود،<br />AHP تهیه و همچنین وزن دهی داده ها با استفاده از روش Arc GIS پایگاه داده در نرم افزار<br />و پردازش دادها ی مکانی و غیر مکانی در AHP انجام گرفت. درنهایت با استفاده از روش<br />نقشه ی مکان های مناسب، متوسط و نامناسب برای احداث پادگان ،Arc GIS محیط نرم افزار<br />ترسیم شد. نتایج نشان می دهد که شرایط مناسب مکان گزینی در نیمه ی شمالی منطقه ی مورد<br />مطالعه، مساحت بیشتری را نسبت به نیمه ی جنوبی منطقه شامل می شود که دربرگیرنده ی<br />قسمت هایی زیادی از تبریز، اسکو و شبستر است. همچنین قسم تهای کمتری از بناب، ملکان،<br />آذرشهر و عج بشیر از شرایط مناسب برخوردارند. منطقه ی مراغه و قسم ت ها ی کمی از<br />آذرشهر، اسکو و بناب، شرایط متوسطی برای مکان گزینی دارند.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35253_90da54ed4a2eedbc294c97a86666e647.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923A Survey of Transit Road in Development of Yazd Conurbationبررسی نقش جادّهی ترانزیت سنتو در توسعهی مجموعه شهری یزد2292483525410.22059/jhgr.2013.35254FAصفرقائدرحمتیاستادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه یزد0000-0001-5774-7154غلامعلیمظفریدانشیار اقلیم شناسی، دانشگاه یزدسید مصطفیحسینیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه یزدJournal Article20111211Extended Abstract<br />Introduction<br />For few decades, the population of cities in developing countries, including Iran had a higher<br />growth rate than the total growth rate of the population in other countaries. Iranin cities are<br />typically characterized by extensive urban sprawl, manifesting low density development which<br />makes it extremely challenging for city planners to put in place the public transit systems that<br />are necessary to ensure the efficient operation of urban areas. These challenges, coupled with<br />ongoing population and economic growth, require immediate attention. This paper explores one<br />potential solution from the perspective of real estate and transit road in Yazd Conurbation. The<br />focus is on how to achieve the role of transit road in development of Yazd conurbation.<br />Automobile dependence, expressed through comparative levels of car ownership and use and<br />transit service and use, varies widely and systematically across a large sample of international<br />cities. Yazd province cities exhibit the most extreme dependence on the automobile, followed<br />by Ardakan, Meybod and Mehriz cities, with Isfahan and Kerman cities having very much more<br />transit-oriented cities with greater levels of transit.<br />Methodology<br />For mapping, measuring, and modeling the role of transit in growth of conurbation of Yazd,<br />various data on traffic, urban growh priodes and demography of study were collected. These <br />Results and Discussion<br />The study has also prioritized the order of factors influencing site selection of military centers<br />and then weighted site selection was performed.<br />Rating Factors<br />The overall rating for each factor has been obtained by multiplying the response of each rating<br />in table valuation factors considering their coefficients (Table 1). The sum has been calculated<br />and by dividing the total points by the total number of questionnaires (120) the final score has<br />been revealed for each factor. Points are calculated for effective factors in site selection<br />procedures are given in table (2).<br />Table 2. compared nine quantitatively Thomas L. Saati to compare binaries<br />Extremely important Definition<br />1 Definition<br />2 Equally important<br />3 Equal to average important<br />4 Important Middle<br />5 Moderate to strong important<br />6 Strong important<br />7 Strong to very strong important<br />8 Important very strong<br />9 Important very strong to immensely strong<br />Malchfsky, 1998<br />The final site selection<br />Maps and base imagery have been collected and geo-referenced, sectioned in time scale and the<br />layers required to form a thematic map have been prepared in vector format. Then all layers for<br />comparison and involvement in decision making have been plugged in Raster Calculator from<br />Spatial Analyst Tool. This give a raster of suitability for the area. The raster have been<br />reclassified in three classes including Good (dark color), Middle (half-tone) and Unsuitable<br />(bright colors).<br />Conclusion<br />According to the zoning performed by the AHP method it can be said that suitable areas in the<br />northern half of the study area are more than the southern that is encompassed large parts of<br />Tabriz, Osco and Shabestar. Also lower parts of Bonab, Malekan, Azarshahr and Ajabshir from<br />the conditions are suitable. Maragheh Region and lower parts from Azarshahr, Osco and Bonab<br />are qualified in average in the site selection. Therefore, it can be said that Tabriz and Ajabshir<br />according to site selection in relation to geomorphological factors and other natural and human<br />factors are favorable.امروزه نقش مسیرهای مهم ارتباطی در رابطه با توسعه ی شبکه ها ی شهری بر هیچ کس<br />پوشیده نیست. به طوری که مسیرهای حم لونقل جاده ای، به منزله ی شروع فعالیت های اقتصادی<br />و استفاده از نیروهای ذخیره در یک مجموعه ی شهری است. جاده ی ترانزیتی شمال جنوب<br />موسوم به سنتو، از دسته مسیرهایی است که نقش مهمی را در رابطه با توسعه ی مجموعه های<br />شهری مربوط به خود داشته است و در مقابل، مجموعه شهری یزد با نقش مرکزیت خود در<br />کشور، تأثیر های فراوانی را از مسیرهای حمل ونقل جاده ای خود، به ویژه مسیر ترانزیت ی سنتو<br />پذیرفته است. تأثیرپذیری و تأثیرگذاری شهرهای مجموعه بر یکدیگر ، توسعه و گسترش<br />افقی این شهرها، رشد و توسعه ی اقتصادی، اجتماعی مجموعه ی شهری مورد نظر و... از آثار<br />محسوس آن به شمار می آید. شناسایی نقش جا ده ی ترانزیتی سنتو در رابطه با شاخص ها ی<br />توسعه ی اجتماعی، اقتصادی و همچنین، شناخت نقش این مسیر در تعیین الگوی گسترش<br />مجموعه شهری استان یزد، از اهداف این پژوهش است. برای رسیدن به اهداف مورد نظر ،<br />به کارگیری نظریه های مدل های جاذبه و دسترسی و تهی ه ی نقشه ها ی لازم ب ه وس یله ی<br />روش کار انتخاب شده بوده است. در این نوشتار تلاش شده که با شناخت GIS نرم افزارهای<br />آثار مهم مسیر ترانزیتی سنتو بر رشد و توسعه ی مجموعه شهری یزد در ابعاد مختلف با<br />استفاده از تحلیل مدل های جاذبه و دسترسی و پیش بینی توسعه بر اساس مدل هنسن، گامی<br />در جهت توسعه ی مناسب مجموعه شهری یزد داشته باشیم.https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_35254_759ed3035ff8263bb850aa79bff39701.pdfدانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629645320130923English Abstracsچکیده های انگلیسی1333623110.22059/jhgr.2013.36231FAJournal Article20140204https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_36231_53e5ef85978127eec0e8f60f0eb36d22.pdf