دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321Planning Priority for Making Safe in Obliterated Urban Fabrics of Karaj Metropolis with Use Multi Criteria Evaluationاولویّتبخشی به ایمنسازی بافت فرسودهی کلانشهر کرج با استفاده از مدل ارزیابی چندمعیاری11424522FAکرامت الهزیاریاستاد دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0001-9135-4768مصطفیمحمدی ده چشمهدانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهراناحمدپور احمداستاد دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانمحمد باقرقالیبافدانشیار دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Urban sustainability is related to transformation of cities' Life in multi dimension and in due to compatibility with of time and place obligations and lack fulfillment of this compatibility is caused to obliterating of urban fabrics.
Karaj, a new metropolis that did not have passed more than half century of its life, is one of the cities that has faced with to lack fulfillment of compatibility in its fabrics and it has near 551 hectare obliterated urban fabrics.
Now the most prominent attribute for city of Karaj is portion less of an urban integrated structure in administrational, ecological, physical, economic and social aspects. This character is accountable from two point of view: at first sight the procedure of transformation and change of Karaj as a small village in 1940 to today metropolitan and the other sight is accelerative growth of population in Tehran’ conurbation.
Now people in obliterated urban fabrics of Karaj face with more multidimensional problems in:
1. Social vulnerability (heterogeneous population, slums, crime, insecurity and poverty)
2. Physical vulnerability (obliterated urban fabric, urban sprawl, slums, incompatible land use)
3. Environmental vulnerability (territorial threat and environmental unsustainability)
4. Civil protection vulnerability (especially in urban infrastructures)
5. Technological vulnerability (car accidents, fire, explosions)
6. Defenseless spaces vulnerability (slums, all defenseless micro spaces)
Methodology
Regarding to intricacy for existence of urban fabrics, the presentation of systemic model in this case has very challenges. At the result Analysis Hierarchical Process(AHP) with quality and quantity character and capability for being component with GIS is a useful model for evaluating of priority for making safe in obliterated urban fabrics.
The aims of this research are:
-Determining effective different types of factors in obliterating of Karaj urban fabrics
-Planning priority for making safe in obliterated urban fabrics of Karaj
Results and Discussion
The research findings by AHP indicate that with farther distance away from downtown, old Karaj, physical safety factor shows more coefficient. It is because of existence of scattered informal settlements in this regions and of course obliterated urban fabrics. Moreover, in the northern parts of Karaj because lack of optimal accessibility (high degree of inaccessibility) to open spaces and streets, regions mainly have low physical safety factors.
The research findings indicate that environmental factors with .55 index have the most effect on unsustainable in urban fabrics in Karaj and Hesarak and Old Karaj with the mostly effected from environmental and social factors are the first priority of making them safe.
Conclusion
However in this case social factors have the most effect on the unsafely in obliterated urban fabrics in Karaj. Poverty, density, and social segregation are most important factors that can be show in relation of social factors. Overall regarding to three dimensions of safety in obliterated urban fabrics, the proposed strategies for safety in Karaj are empowerment in social aspects, rehabilitations in physical aspects and disaster management in environmental aspects.پایداری شهری، در گرو دگرگونی و تغییر تدریجی حیات شهر در ابعاد گوناگون و به سوی سازگاری با نیازهای زمانی ـ مکانی است و تحقّق نیافتن این سازگاری، کمکم سبب فرسودگی بافت شهرها میشود. کرج بهمانند کلانشهری جوان که از عمر جدید آن (بهعنوان هستهی مکمّل در مجموعهی شهری تهران) کمتر از نیم قرن میگذرد، ازجمله شهرهایی است که با توجّه به ناسازگاری زمانی بافت آن (معاصرسازی) با مشکل وجود 551 هکتار بافت فرسودهی شهری روبهروست و بر این اساس، ضرورت ایمنسازی بافتهای مسئلهدار این شهر در ابعاد مختلف اجتماعی، زیستمحیطی و کالبدی گریزناپذیر است. با توجّه به پیچیده و چند بُعدی بودن موجودیت بافتهای فرسودهی شهری، مدل ارزیابی چند معیاری AHP با ماهیتی کمّی ـ کیفی و توانایی بهرهگیری از برنامهریزی مشارکتی و ترکیب با سامانهی اطلاعات جغرافیایی (ساج) بهعنوان مدل کارآمدی برای ارزیابی و اولویّتبخشی به ایمنسازی بافت فرسودهی کلانشهر کرج انتخاب و شاخصهای مورد بررسی (اجتماعی، کالبدی و زیستمحیطی) در چهارچوب درختچهی سلسلهمراتبی به هشت زیر شاخص تبدیل و بهصورت دودویی (تطبیقی) در پهنههای چهارگانهی منتخب کلانشهر کرج (کرج کهن، حصارک، مهرشهر و فردیس) ارزیابی شدند. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهند که ابعاد اجتماعی مؤثّر در ایمنی بافتهای فرسودهی شهر کرج با ضریب بالای 55/0 % بیشترین اثربخشی را در ناامنی زندگی در بافتهای فرسوده این شهر داشته است و در این میان پهنهی حصارک و کرج کهن با بیشترین اثرپذیری از ابعاد اجتماعی و کالبدی ناامنی، در اولویّت ایمنسازی قرار گرفتهاند و پهنهی فردیس بهعنوان جامعهی ایمن شهر کرج انتخاب شد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321The Role of Especial Economic Activities on Social and Cultural Structures of Rural Areas (Case Study: Combine Significant in Rural Areas of Fars Province)بافت فرسوده، اولویّتبخشی، مدل ارزیابی چندمعیاری، ایمنسازی، کلانشهر کرج (مطالعهی موردی: روستاهای کمبایندار استان فارس)153224523FAحسنایزدیاستادیار دانشکدهی معماری، دانشگاه شیرازسید علیبدریاستادیار دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانمحبوبهنامدارکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Using modern technologies and giving variety of the economic activities in the rural regions, in addition to the effects of economic and physical aspects, always caused social changes. In some rural areas in Iran, economic activities at different levels, and with especial characters have been developed. The emerging new technologies and applying them at the spheres of rural economic activities is one of the most appearances of these characters. With the using of the combines in Iran's agricultural sphere, have been formed the special kind of occupations such as combine- significant and related jobs, incidentally this characters is one of the indicators of transferring from traditional agriculture to commercial one, Although priorities using methods in mechanized production with regard to the technical condition, economic and social problems in every society will be determined. Generally in developed countries using mechanized methods to reduce costs but in less developed counties to increase production. The Fars Province, because of its suitable condition in the field of farming activities is an appropriate region for forming and developing this activity. Since appearing and developing of each economic activity human settlements either rural or urban have positive and negative indicators will exhibit in all scopes, especially in the social indicators of that society. So, the major point of this research is, considering the social effects related to this special kind of economic activity on the villages where it is dominant way of living.
Methodology
The present research is essential a discovery one, which with favoring of scientific method, and by questionnaires and also interview, seek to find reasonable answerers to why and how this activity effect on forming, and developing process of villages. In the meantime study and seek the strength and duration, the rate of more effective and effectiveness of this activity of the process of rural development of the other objectives that in this research will be considered. Statistical society 928 families will be selection among them 101 families accident sample style. In order to collect data from two method, documentations and investigations have been used.
Results and Discussion
Combine - significant actually is a kind of economic activity in the special services and agriculture in the collection of the activities of the mechanism. As a special economic phenomenon, to increase the formation of the Organization of the space and special geographic perspective in the villages with these activities. And in the meantime, influence has exerted in different aspects of rural communities upon life and special social institution. The results show that, the activities that although this according to each case’s social-institutional positive effects of the situation in promotion of rural communities have to follow, but the profitability of them is limited to short period of year, they are with hardship and toil, add to this being away from the family. These together have caused discontentment in many combine owned families. So this activity is considered Profitable. This is on the condition of accepting many social difficulties-in and out of villages-for the workers as well as their families.
Conclusion
The results of this study shows that despite of problems that combine owners are dealing with, the activity has a positive role in increasing the economic index of development. Finally we concluded that with the emerging Combine and applying them, and with regard to the new technologies role in the process of development and renovation, agricultural mechanization as an important factor played positive role in development and reconstruction of villages ,that can be known as an important index in rural planning attention.کاربرد فنآوریهای نوین و تنوّعبخشی به فعّالیّتهای اقتصادی روستاها، علاوهبر آثار مثبت و منفی در ابعاد دیگر اقتصادی، کالبدی و فضایی، همواره دگرگونیهایی را بر ابعاد اجتماعی و فرهنگی آن جامعه خواهد داشت. ورود کمباین به عرصهی فعّالیّت کشاورزی، یکی از بارزترین این فنآوریهاست که منجر به شکلگیری و گسترش نوع خاصّی از مشاغل، ازجمله کمباینداری و فعّالیّتهای مربوط به آن در برخی روستاهای کشور شده است. مقالهی پیشرو که برگرفته از پژوهشی میدانی در روستاهای کمبایندار استان فارس است، در پی شناخت و تشریح آثار اجتماعی ـ نهادی ایجاد شده، منتج از گسترش فعّالیّت کمباینداری و بازتاب آن در توسعهی سکونتگاههای روستایی است. پژوهش پیش رو، از نوع توصیفی ـ پیمایشی است که در آن برای گردآوری دادهها، از دو شیوهی مطالعهی اسنادی و بررسیهای میدانی (مشاهده، مصاحبه و پرسشنامه) استفاده شده است. جامعهی آماری پژوهش، شامل 928 خانوار است که از میان آنها 101 خانوار به شیوهی نمونهگیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند. نتایج پژوهش، نشاندهندهی آن است که هرچند این فعّالیّت از نظر اقتصادی و درآمدزایی برای روستاییان فعّالیّتی بهنسبت پُردرآمد محسوب میشود؛ اما، این امر مشروط به پذیرفتن بسیاری از مشکلات و مسائل اجتماعی در درون و بیرون روستا، هم برای شاغلان و هم برای خانوادههای آنهاست. با اینهمه میتوان گفت، باوجود موانع و مشکلات پیش روی کمباینداران، این فعّالیّت در ارتقای شاخصهای اجتماعی ـ نهادی روستاهای مورد مطالعه، آثار مثبتی در پی داشته است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321Land Use and Land Cover Changes Detection a Fuzzy Sets Approach (A Case Study Gorgan)آشکارسازی تغییرات پوششی و کاربری اراضی با رویکرد به مجموعههای فازی (مطالعهی موردی: شهر گرگان)335424524FAجعفرمیرکتولیاستادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه گلستانعلیحسینیکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانحسینرضایی نیاکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانعبدالحمیدنشاطکارشناس ارشد سنجش از دور و GIS، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
The speed of urbanism development causes remarkable changes in the manner of land use. Revelation of these changes and preparation of appropriate maps on the land use and land cover become important. The use of land survey traditional methods is no longer appropriate due to time consumption and high costs and the application of new and effective methods is necessary in this regard.
Capability of measurement and analysis of the status, of the land use/ land cover changes with the aid of numerical data for remote-measurement and geographical information system may play a conspicuous role in the management and control of such changes.
City of Gorgan, center of Golestan Province, is considered one of the economic, social and cultural centers of the province and area. As per the investigations inserted in the national somatic plan report, during the past decades the country's urban network system, like other urban places of the country, has attracted population and has been exposed to anomalous development of the urban space.
Study of the relation between forestry and agricultural lands change as per the size and distance from constructed lands: Occurrence of the agricultural high grade lands and beautiful forestry landscapes in the vicinity of the area of study and non-principled changes in vegetative cover and land use in forestry, urban and agricultural areas during the recent years especially acquisition of the centrality of the province since 1997 deem the study of the relation of the land use/ land covers changes in the area and evaluation of the urban development effects on the mentioned lands necessary.
Methodology
Fuzzy analysis: For the purpose find out quantity change land use types, ground cover especially built lands we utilized post classification comparison. In order to at first provide image from IRS-1D LISS III in 2007, so that TM image in 1991 from the case study designated although land use map and aerial photo for evaluation accuracy.
Image's of 2007 had been Geo-referenced with utilize 26 points, then from the image to image 1991 and with basis 2007 image. Atmospheric rectify accomplished with ATCOR3 method, and the RMSE record 0.3. As if about these rules are not correct the value of correctness or incorrectness between 0-1.
Results and Discussion
The results show that the frequency of the occurrence of all possible combinations resulted from the two maps in the form of two-dimensional table causing the two maps of the classification of the images belonging to 1991 and 2007 to be overlapped. The intersection table of the categorized images indicate that during this ten year period, of the total forest land of 2064.02 hectares, and 216.54 hectares have changed into agricultural land and 49.82 hectares to urban land use. So of the total agricultural land of 6414.31 hectares 725.34 hectares have been changed into urban between 1991 and 2007.
The comparison images in six classes indicates that for class 1 agriculture land the smallest pixel size was 112.64 and change value 54.35 percent. In sixth classes, for the largest pixel size that is the change value was 7.21 percent. Also forestry land, the smallest pixel size was 62.19 and change value 93.22 percent so largest pixel size in 2842.17 was equivalent to 9.34 percent change, Where most of the changes that have occurred in the southern of Gorgan city.
The results show of the examination of relation between agricultural land change and distance from city for different classes that in the average distance of 424.36 m from the urban, transformation rate agriculture land was 1947 pixel and forestry land 4508 pixel for class 1. So, such rate was 1567, 2761 pixels for class 2, this showing a decreasing trend. The correlation rate between distance evaluation and agricultural and forestry lands change rate with the explanation coefficient of 0.93 and 0.82 shows the meaningful relation between these two variables.
Analysis of land use with neighborhood functions, and distance from the city show us that demolition rate and transformation increase in basis proximity to settlement and built lands, and with far away from settlements and built lands it has decreased. Results show that agricultural and forestry land use change is in basis fragment size. In the first stage southern parts especially around Naharkhoran forest park and next stage south western, north eastern and the west of Gorgan more affected in danger of urban lands change.
Regarding the occurrence of desirable agricultural lands, beautiful forestry landscapes and resources, the agricultural and forestry changes trend in the vicinity of the province center are not consistent with urban constant development indices. Transfer shares between urban, agricultural and forestry land uses for 1991, 2007 and 2020 were calculated to be [18.7, 39, 42.3], [33.7, 34.9, 36.2] and [37.3, 29.4, 28.8] respectively showing the increase in the urban level and decrease in the agricultural and forestry lands.
Conclusion
The use of the change clarifying methods with the aid of satellite images and the analytic functions of distance and land use plot sizes in GIS environment are very desirable for examination and determination of the trends and models of the important and meaningful changes of land use/ land covers such as deforestation and the change of agricultural lands into man-made places.
This study is considered a starting point for the conduction of broad studies in this field. Combination of other factors and variables effective on land use/ land cover changes, such as economic and social variables and other spatial characteristics can develop more precise and efficient models. Anyway information used in this study of high importance in the Gorgan city development management and supervision and plays basic role in strategies adoption and substantial policies determination of land preparation and fundamental use of land capabilities. It is therefore commented that:
- Since the city of Gorgan as center of province, has conspicuous social, tourist, economic and industrial attractions in the area. It is recommended to conduct supervisory actions on urban and habitation development projects as per a precise and coherent schedule.
- In order to present optimum model for urban somatic development and minimize the inappropriate environmental effects resulted from human interference, it is necessary to consider social, economic and environmental parameters in future studies.توسعهی ارتباطات جهانی در ابعاد مختلف و گسترش شهرها، شرایطی را بهوجود آورده است که انسان خواسته یا ناخواسته، پا را از چارچوب مجاز بهرهبرداری ضابطهمند از محیط زیست فراتر گذاشته است که سبب افزایش روند تغییرات غیراصولی در کاربری زمین شده است. در تخریب زمینهای کشاورزی اطراف شهرها و روستاهای مجاور، عوامل خارجی، مانند تصمیمات سیاسی، تغییر در استانداردهای زندگی و فنآوری، آثار نیروهای بازار و فشار توسعهی شهر، بسیار مؤثّر است و آثار عمیق و پُرشتابی در نابودی زمینهای کشاورزی بر جای میگذارد. در این پژوهش برآنیم تا به تأثیر گسترش افقی شهر گرگان بر تغییر کاربری کشاورزی و جنگلی، پیشبینی روند تغییرات و تعیین مناطق جنگلی و کشاورزی مهم، از نظر خطر تبدیل به شهر بپردازیم. برای پیبردن بهشدّت و میزان تغییرات کاربری در محدودهی شهر گرگان تصاویر LISS III سال 2007 ماهواره، IRS-1D و TM سال 1991 ماهواره لندست منطقه، مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نقشهی تغییرات کاربری و پوشش منطقه با استفاده از نرمافزارهای ERDAS و ENVI بهعنوان نرمافزارهای پردازش تصاویر ماهواره و Arc GIS بهعنوان نرمافزارهای سامانهی اطلاعات جغرافیایی تهیّه شد. با استفاده از الگوریتمهای مناسب از لحاظ هندسی و رادیومتریک، بازنگریهای لازم انجام شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل تغییرات کاربری از ترکیب روشهای تفریق تصاویر، همچنین تقسیم تصاویر و تحلیل مؤلّفههای اصلی با استفاده از رویکرد فازی، احتمال تبدیل کاربریها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافتههای حاصل از پژوهش نشان داد که مناطق جنوبی شهر گرگان، از نظر میزان تغییر کاربری در ردهی اوّل بوده و در ردههای بعدی، بیشترین تغییرات مربوط به زمینهای هموار و دشت شهر گرگان در شمال و شمالشرق است و بهکارگیری امور حفاظتی برای کنترل تبدیل اراضی مرغوب کشاورزی و چشماندازهای زیبای جنگلی ناهارخوران به شهر در این مناطق، اهمّیّت بیشتری دارد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321Identification of Influential Factors and Fuzzy Sets of Hotel Selection through the Evaluation of Resident Tourists’ Viewpoints in Tehranشناسایی معیارها و تبیین مجموعههای فازی انتخاب هتل از دیدگاه گردشگران مقیم تهران557424525FAبابکسهرابیدانشیار گروه مدیریت فنآوری اطلاعات، دانشکدهی مدیریت، دانشگاه تهرانکاوهطهماسبی¬پورکارشناس ارشد مدیریت صنعتی، دانشگاه بین¬المللی امام خمینی، قزوینایمانرئیسی وانانیدانشجوی دکترای مدیریت سیستمها، دانشکدهی مدیریت، دانشگاه تهرانصفرفضلیاستادیار گروه مدیریت صنعتی، دانشگاه بین¬المللی امام خمینی، قزوینJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
The selection of residence location in different countries is of high priority and significance for tourists. The selection of hotel includes a decision-making process and its results can empower the hotel managers and the tourism industry authorities to provide the tourists with more effective services for a better rate of satisfaction. For achieving the aforementioned goal, the identification of most influential indicators and factors in the international literature would be of high importance. The identified indices should also be verified in the Iranian context based on domestic social, cultural and most importantly, economical issues. The fuzzy sets of hotel selection also provide an informative basis for the hotel comparison activity in a relatively more influential manner than normal statistical analyses. The aim of current research is to pervasively explore and investigate through the rich literature and identify the factors of hotel selection from the viewpoint of tourists in Tehran and also to provide the interested readers with useful fuzzy membership functions of hotel selection factors. The identification of such factors and their related indicators prepares a firm ground and a helpful guideline for the related hotel managers and responsible authorities of government to devise deeper plans and methods of customer satisfaction measurement and management.
Methodology
In the study, the views and opinions of resident tourists in Tehran hotels have been gathered. The questionnaire instrument has been used for the data collection and assessment of viewpoints. Then, through a set of statistical tests and related analyses, the important factors have been identified and extracted. Utilizing the exploratory factor analysis or EFA, the underlying hotel selection factors which categorize the similar indicators together, have been identified and grouped. All of the required pre-tests of the factor analysis have shown a firm ground for further studies on the gathered data. For extracting the major factors which might be hidden within the results of the first round of factor analysis, a second round was attempted and the statistical test revealed major three factors from previously identified factors which are "cost", "calmness and recreation" and finally, "facilities and services". For each, a set of fuzzy sets and functions have been provided. In this way, an attempt has been made to identify the most important hotel selection criteria through a comprehensive set of related indicators and factors.
Results and Discussion
In the final results, there are a number of effective and useful opinions to be considered. A tourist who pays for an appropriate hotel, take two major topics into consideration. First, a suitable place for recreation, leisure and calmness and second, having the best gaining from the facilities and services of the selected hotel in the duration of residence. In other words, the tourist is interested in finding a proper and qualitative place which encompasses all of the required qualifications according to the level of payment and expectations. The three major identified factors illustrate the importance of taking the environmental controls into account and the hotel managers would not be able to fully satisfy the required prerequisites of tourist satisfaction without the proper attention of external authorities plus internal qualifications, services and facilities.
Conclusion
In this paper, the authors have attempted to pervasively and precisely identify the related major factors of hotel selection. This attempt has been directed toward an approach that comprises a set of fuzzy membership functions so as to provide the reader with a wider range of applicable instruments to decide through. The fuzzy sets assist the officials and hotel managers in relatively deciding on the factor which should be most concentrated on at initial attempts. In this way, a selection instrument has been designed with which an elaborative assessment of internal and environmental conditions in hotels of Tehran can be fully and practically become operationalized. The fuzzy decision making also aligns the mental expectations of tourists with the officials' viewpoints on policy making.
A very informative analysis using the currently provided factors and indicators, could be a deep and investigative attempt to prioritize the most important hotels according the score given through the utilization and scoring of confirmed indicators by the interested parties. The final results would be also applicable to an information system so as to fully realize the potentials of such a strong measurement and improvement instrument. The resulting software, which would become a Hotel Selection Expert System, empowers the tourists with an ideal instrument with the most optimized functionality in order to immediately provide them with the appropriate hotels according to their favorite criteria. Additionally, this study might be accompanied by similar studies in other provinces of Iran or other countries to compare the results and provide a very comprehensive framework to guide the domestic and international tourists of Iran in the same manner.انتخاب محلِّ اقامت در هر شهر و کشوری، از اولویّتهای اصلی گردشگران بهشمار میآید. انتخاب هتل بهعنوان یکی از مکانهای اقامتی خوشایند و پُرطرفدار، تصمیمگیری مهمّی است که نیازمند ارزیابی دقیق بوده و شناسایی معیارهای آن، میتواند راهنمای مناسبی برای مدیران هتلها و مسئولان صنعت گردشگری و هتلداری، برای ارائهی خدمات اثربخشتر و کسب رضایت گردشگران و همچنین، رهنمودی راهگشا برای ارزیابی دقیقتر و مطلوبتر متقاضیان هتل باشد. علاوهبراین، با تدوین و ارائهی مجموعههای فازی معیارهای انتخاب هتل، میتوان نسبت به طرّاحی سیستم تصمیمگیری فازیِ ارزیابی و انتخاب هتلها اقدام کرد و مبنایی مناسب برای مقایسهی هتلها، متناسب با سلایق هر گردشگر فراهم آورد. هدف پژوهش پیشِ رو، شناسایی معیارهای انتخاب هتل از سوی گردشگران متقاضی اقامت در هتلهای تهران و همچنین ارائهی مجموعههای فازی برای معیارهای شناسایی شده است. در این پژوهش، نخست، نظرات گردشگران مقیم هتلهای تهران، در مورد معیارهای انتخاب هتل گردآوری شده است، سپس با آزمونهای آماری، معیارهای با اهمّیّت از دید گردشگران، شناسایی و استخراج شدهاند. در ادامه با انجام آزمون تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی بر روی معیارهای گفتهشده، عوامل زیربنایی انتخاب هتل شناسایی شدهاند. عوامل شناساییشده، دوباره با آزمون آماری و با توجّه به ادبیّات پژوهش، در سه دستهی "هزینه"، "آرامش، تفریح و گردش" و درنهایت، "امکانات، خدمات و امنیّت" دستهبندی و برای هر دسته نیز، مجموعهها و توابع عضویت فازی مربوطه ارائه شده است. درمجموع، عواملی همچون هزینههای اقامت در هتل، امنیّت، امکانات رفاهی، نزدیکی به اماکن تجاری و تفریحی و پارکینگ، بهعنوان عوامل اصلی انتخاب هتلها مدِّ نظر قرار گرفتهاند. از مجموعههای فازی استخراجشده، میتوان در بهبود کیفی و سرمایهگذاری بر معیارهای انتخاب هتلها و همچنین طرّاحی سیستم خبره فازی انتخاب هتل، برای گردشگران خواستار اقامت در هتلها استفاده کرددانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321Factors Effecting in the Absorption of Population to Satellite New Town (The Case Study: Andishe New Town)عوامل مؤثّر در جمعیّتپذیری شهرهای جدید اقماری(مطالعهی موردی: شهرجدید اندیشه)758624526FAمحمداجزاء شکوهیاستادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدمهدیقرخلودانشیار دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانفروغخزاعی نژاددانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت معلّمJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Urbanization Development in Iran and in the world, has caused growing critical problems, and has made it necessary to have a review on urban planning in our country.
Spatial distribution of cities and population and their control and guide have not made within a comprehensive national plan, and problems rising from quick urban growth have become complicated.
Before 1921, Iran enjoyed a reasonable system of urbanization and urban development. It continued to be a homogenous one up to 1956 in which no city was superior to the other. But since late 1950s, with rural population invasion to cities, and increasing urban population, the country's current problems gradually emerged. One of the most evident instances of immigration in Iran is physical and spatial instances. It appeares in the form of settlement in slums, which will eventually accelerate urbanization and physical growth of big cities and particularly metropolitans.
Therefore, since 1981, the government has started establishing new towns, aiming to absorb population overflow, reducing economic load of metropolitans, preventing big cities to extend irregularity, local extension, optimal population distribution and so on. In this regard, 32 cities were located and 17 town were performed. Four towns of Andisheh, Pardis, Parand, and Hashtgerd were located and built near the largest metropolitan in Iran, Tehran.
Building new towns, as a basic solution in the country's urbanization system began in 1981 and it still continues. Now, after more than decades of the activity of these towns, it seems necessary to investigate the reasons for population growth of some towns compared to others. As the most populated new towns around Tehran, Andisheh town was studied.
Methodology
This research was based on library studies and fieldwork. First the necessity of establishing new towns in the country was emphasized, having studied related texts and references. Then considering theoretical principles, a conceptual model for developing new satellite towns was compiled. Then data was collected through filling questionnaire and field study and official statistics. SPSS software was used for analyzing collected data and statistics .The research location is Andisheh new town which is located in 30 Km Southwest and constructed for settlement of Tehran population overflow. Kucheran Formula is used for volume calculation with 95% accuracy. Sampling is done randomly.
Results and Discussion
In order to study the first supposition on Andisheh new town resident's dependency to Tehran, the working place of residents were studied. Six choices were offered to the interviewees: Tehran Metropolitan, Andisheh new town, Karaj Road, Shahriar & Suburb, Karaj and others. The studies showed that 48% of the samples are working in Tehran. In other words, the employment of about half of the studied population is dependent to Tehran metropolitan and only 25%of the residents are working in Andisheh new town. Then the vehicle used for going to work was studied. The results show that 38% of people were commuting to work on their private cars, 20% by booking cars, 17% by bus, 17% by taxi, 7% on foot and 1% by underground train. Thus we can say that daily commute of about 48% of Andisheh new town adds to Tehran metropolitan traffic, crowd and pollution. In order to study the manner of providing services and facilities for Andisheh new town residents, the needs were put into four groups. Medical and health, Financial & Administrative, recreation & free time and shopping. The studies showed that about half of the population, that is 55% of the total households were going to Tehran to fulfill their demands, 12% to Shariyar and 8% to Karaj. Only 25% of the studied population meets the questioned demands in Andisheh new town. Shortage of urban facilities is among the most significant reasons related to this issue. Thus in fulfilling occupational self-efficiency and providing urban services, this new town has not been so successful. Shortage of shopping centers compared to Tehran producing centers, shortage of variety and most important of all, approaching to Tehran are among the most influential factors in this regard. Because of shortage of recreational facilities for spending free time, most residents prefer to travel to Tehran. Considering the population, Andisheh New Town municipality has not been able to provide considerable services .The same is true for medical and health services. In this regard, people commutes to Tehran metropolitan were studied. Among 321studied families, 88% commuted to Tehran, 6% said they never go to Tehran and 6.5% chose Seldom. 44% chose 1-2 times per month, 26 % 1-2 times per week and 13% chose "Seldom", 7 % chose "Everyday ", 4% chose 3-5 times per week and finally 2% 3-5 times per week commute to Tehran. Based on the studies, another factor affecting population absorption in Andisheh New Town is the difference in land and housing price between this new town and Tehran. The studies show that the rate of land, housing and rental price in Tehran metropolitan is very high and it continues to increase each year. This makes it so hard for a large number of residents to provide housing. Thus a large number of people including immigrants and newcomers or even Tehran residents are looking for a new place for residence. So they can have a cheaper housing as they get benefit from metropolitan job market. Thus it should be said that the distance to Tehran metropolitan and the difference in land and housing prices between Tehran and Andisheh new town are among the most effective factors influencing population absorption to this new town. The purpose for building these towns was to offer cheap housing as well as occupational and servicing self-efficiency, so that it does not encourage people to commute to Tehran.
Conclusion
The studies showed that as the goal of self-efficiency becomes less important in new satellite towns, and as they are not capable of providing different demands of residents, the new towns are continuously dependent on and in close relation with metropolitans. Since Tehran new towns are not sufficiently independent in occupational and servicing self-efficiency and are constantly dependent to Tehran metropolitan for job market and providing residents' demands, and since costs of transportation has an important role, a new satellite town which is located in a less distance from metropolitan would be more successful in absorbing population. The studies showed that the working place of 48%of the residents is Tehran.55% of households go to Tehran to meet the studied demands. Thus the first supposition of the research is proved. Considering the results gained on the reason for residence and comparing housing price in Tehran and Andisheh new town and the superiority of owners to tenants, the second supposition is also proved.
Therefore the effective factors on Andisheh new town population growth can be summarized as follows. Andisheh new town nearness to Tehran metropolitan, the difference in housing and land prices in Tehran and Andisheh new town and access to job markets of the metropolitan.
Thus Andisheh new town which is in the same direction of Tehran development and in a near distance to the metropolitan has faced more population growth.بهدنبال گسترش شهرنشینی در جهان و ایران و حاد شدن مسائل آن بازنگری در رویکردهای برنامهریزی و طرّاحی شهری به ضرورتی گریزناپذیر در کشور بدل شده است. ساخت شهرهای جدید برای حرکتی اساسی در نظام شهرنشینی کشور، از دههی 1360 بهعنوان راهحلّی اساسی آغاز شد که اکنون نیز ادامه دارد. اکنون، پس از گذشت بیش از یک دهه از فعّالیت این شهرها، بررسی دلایل رشد و جمعیّتپذیری برخی از این شهرها نسبت به دیگر شهرها لازم به نظر میرسد. برای این منظور شهرجدید اندیشه، بهعنوان پرجمعیّتترین شهر از مجموعه شهرهای جدید اطراف تهران را مورد بررسی قرار دادیم. در این پژوهش از دادههای مرکز آمار ایران و تکمیل پرسشنامه و مشاهدهی میدانی استفاده شده که روشهای مناسبی برای بررسی موضوع ذکر شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها نیز از نرمافزار (SPSS) استفاده شده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد، میزان فاصله از کلانشهر تهران و تفاوت قیمت زمین و مسکن میان تهران و شهر جدید اندیشه از مهمترین عوامل مؤثّر در جذب جمعیّت به این شهر جدید بوده است. شهرهای جدید تهران در دستهی شهرهای جدید اقماری هستند و هدف از ساخت این نوع شهرها، عرضهی مسکن ارزانقیمت، همراه با خودکفایی شغلی و خدماتی است، بهگونهای که رفتوآمد روزانه به مادرشهر را تشویق نکند؛ اما از آنجاکه شهرهای جدید تهران، در زمینهی خودکفایی شغلی و خدماتی استقلال کافی را ندارند و همواره برای بازار کار و تأمین نیازهای ساکنان به کلانشهرتهران وابسته هستند، بنابراین شهر جدید اندیشه که در سمت و سو توسعهی تهران و در فاصلهی کمتری از کلانشهر قرار دارد، از رشد جمعیّتی بیشتری برخوردار بوده است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321Study of Effect of Spatial Interaction on Spatial Balance Using Space Syntax Technique in the Urban Structure of Bojnourdبررسی تأثیر میانکنش فضایی بر تعادل فضایی در ساختار شهری بجنورد با استفاده از فنِّ چیدمان فضا8710224527FAعلیپیله وراستادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه بجنوردسیناعطاییدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه شیرازعبد ا...زارعیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامهریزی منطقهای، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Variety & diversity of viewpoints about urban structural–functional growth & development shows the complexity & expansion of the "city" category and the related issues which, in turn, indicates dynamic characteristics of the city. After a century of introducing organized and systematic theories in this filed, what worth surveying is the effective skeletal-social-economical outcome of these views on the development & structure of the cities. The theories on development & structure of the cities have one characteristic in common, i.e., one-dimensionality which normally accompanies with a skeletal view. Also, one of the main goals of these theories is to reach spatial balance as the result of convenient urban spatial structure.
Methodology
The writer has used eclectic method of analytic–documental and using gravity theory has estimated the extent of spatial interaction among urban regions. Then, the extent of regions integrity has been obtained using space syntax technique. And at last, causal relation between these factors is equated using linear regression.
Results and Discussion
The paper aims to study spatial structure of Bojnourd and the role of functional-skeletal elements in shaping this structure. The study is performed through spatial interaction of land uses and the extent of urban network integrity to access appropriate spatial structure. One of the issues raised in the paper is how to create balance through production and attraction of interurban journeys via space syntax model and technique. This article assumes that correlation between spatial interrelation and local position of urban regions is one of the skeletal effective elements that are helpful to spatial balance realization. The writer tests the hypothesis on Bojnourd city to determine the position of two major factors, i.e., spatial interaction and place situation of each of 31 urban regions for study of spatial balance of Bojnourd.
To accept the issue that spatial balance of a particular city such as Bojnourd depends on the proper spatial interaction, integration in urban areas and the appropriate spatial relationship within the evolutionary process of an active system between these two factors, it has been tried to study spatial interaction of the areas and their rate of integration in the city and also analyze the amount of correlations between these two factors and at last review the impact of these factors on the spatial balance of the city.
Conclusion
So, spatial-anatomical structure of the city is unbalanced and there is little integrity between the regions. In the case study, the study of spatial interaction of regions and their integrity and interrelation indicates that spatial balance is an important and fundamental indicator which has been found less evident about the city of Bojnourd. The result of research shows that either correlation between place situation of the regions and spatial interaction does not exist or is at least.
Spatial interaction of the areas in the case study and their integration and the relationship between these two factors indicates that the typical spatial balance is considered to be essential and important which is less noticeable as the result of this research reflects in the city. Therefore, the spatial interaction of the areas, their integration and their interrelationship are among the factors affecting the spatial balance which can be used to create spatial balance. Regarding this issue, there is a causal relationship between the two variables which can be formulated to layout spaces. This method is exerted on the case study (Bojnourd) which can afford to calculate the ideal syntax of urban components according to the formula derived. Consequently, ideal interaction of a region can be measured based on the structure of that region, while in reality the obtained amount is much different from this value. We call this value the "error". Thus, presence of such an error rate according to Table Two shows that the spatial structure of Bojnourd is defective and out of balance. As a result, the syntax must be changed in such a way that the error rate reaches its minimum.
So, by studying the existing differences among the models and the reality of spatial interaction of the areas of Bojnourd, one can slowly lead urban system toward more spatial balance in its natural bed through physical, social, economic and cultural measures.گوناگونی در دیدگاههای ارائهشده در زمینهی رشد و توسعهی ساختاری ـ کارکردی شهرها، بیانگر گستردگی و پیچیدگی شهر و مسائل مرتبط باآن است که همین مسئله بیانکنندهی ویژگی پویایی شهر است. یکی از اهداف مهمِّ این نظریّهها رسیدن به تعادل فضایی است. هدف این مقاله، بررسی ساختار فضایی شهر بجنورد و نقش عوامل کالبدی ـ عملکردی در شکلدهی به این ساختار است. این بررسی با مطالعهی همکنشهای فضایی کاربریها و میزان همپیوندی شبکهی شهری برای دستیابی به ساختار فضایی مناسب، انجام شده است. یکی از مباحث این مقاله، چگونگی ایجاد تعادل فضایی در شهر بجنورد، در چهارچوب تولیدوجذب سفرهای درون شهری به کمک مدل چیدمان فضاست. در این مقاله با فرض اینکه همبستگی بین میانکنش فضایی و موقعیّت مکانی مناطق شهری از عوامل مؤثّر کالبدی بر تحقّق تعادل فضایی هستند، فرضیهی بیان شده را بر روی شهر بجنورد برای تعیین وضعیّت دو عامل مهمِّ میانکنش فضایی و موقعیّت مکانی هر یک از سیویک منطقهی شهری بجنورد را برای بررسی تعادل فضایی به آزمون گذاشته است. روش تحقیق تحلیلی ـ اسنادی بوده که بهصورت ابتکاری و ترکیب مدلها و با استفاده از روش نظریه جاذبهی میزان میانکنش فضایی بین مناطق شهری، انجام شده است. سپس با استفاده از مدل چیدمان فضا، میزان یکپارچگی مناطق برآورد شده و آنگاه با استفاده از رگرسیون خطّی رابطهی علّی بین این عوامل معادلهسازی شده است. در شهر مورد مطالعه، میانکنش فضایی مناطق و یکپارچگی آنها و ارتباط این دو عامل با یکدیگر بیانگر این موضوع بوده است که تعادل فضایی، شاخص مهم و اساسی بوده که درنتیجهی بررسی در این پژوهش، در شهر بجنورد کمتر نمایان است. نتیجهی پژوهش نشان میدهد همبستگی بین موقعیّت مکانی مناطق و میانکنش فضایی یا وجود ندارد یا در کمترین مقدار قرار دارد. بنابراین ساختار کالبدی ـ فضایی شهر نامتعادل بوده و میزان یکپارچگی مناطق بسیار کم است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321The Role of Human and Social Capital in Youth Entrepreneurship in Korbal Rural Areasنقش سرمایهی اجتماعی و سرمایهی انسانی درکارآفرینی جوانان در روستاهای بخش کربال10311624528FAجهانگیریدالهی فارسیدانشیار دانشکدهی کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهرانسید مصطفیرضویدانشیار دانشکدهی مدیریت، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Small-scale ?rm's in rural areas play an extremely important role in the development of any country, and especially in developing countries. Our knowledge about rural individuals who begin the process of starting a new business and achieved their goal is weak. If human or social capital affect their rate of success?
This study examines the extent to which personal human capital and social capital affects the probability of success in business creation and self-employment of Korbal rural areas in the Fars province. Considerable effort continues to be expended promoting rural entrepreneurship in developing countries.
There are many people, who begin the process of starting a new business, fail to achieve their goal, while others are quite successful. Literature implies that human and social capitals are important factors that affect the result. Do individuals who attempt to start businesses in rural areas, begin with different levels of human or social capital? Do these characteristics affect their success?
Many theoretical and empirical studies have demonstrated the importance of knowledge and experience in enabling entrepreneurs to successfully recognize business opportunities, exploit them and manage an enterprise sustainably (Shane, Venkataraman, 2000). Human capital comprises the level of knowledge and skills that resides within individuals. Further, human capital can be developed over time and transferred between individuals (Ucbasaran, & et al., 2008). In a research to examining the direct effects, Bhagavatula explore the possibilities
of social capital mediating between human capital, on the one hand, and opportunity recognition and resource mobilization on the other (Bhagavatula, 2010). The social network theory postulates that the way in which entrepreneurs exploit new opportunities spotted in networks (Kadushin, 2002), ability and experience of entrepreneurs (Batjargal, 2007). In a research, Batjargal examines the interaction effects of social capital and human capital of entrepreneurs on the performance of Internet ventures. The empirical data are composed of the longitudinal surveys of 94 Internet ventures in Beijing, China. The study found that the interaction of social capital and experience of entrepreneurs has a positive effect on the survival likelihood of Internet firms whereas the interaction of social capital and startup experience of entrepreneurs has a negative effect on firm performance (Bat Batjargal, 2007).
To understand entrepreneur's success factors, we rely on the network and human capital perspective on entrepreneurship. In this paper, we investigate how the social and human capital of entrepreneurs influences their ability to recognize opportunities and provide resources to exploit them. This research examined the effects of social capital and human capital on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation.
Methodology
The proposed study is basically an empirical study that will employ both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis (mixed methods). The survey will be conducted through an interview survey. Interviews with several selected rural experts carried out and they lead us to entrepreneurs. Following the quantitative analysis in order to gain in-depth information regarding research variables we use a Likert scale questionnaire. The size of sample was 85. The data are composed of qualitative interview and structured questionnaires.
Results and Discussion
We investigate two questions: To what extent does investment in human and social capital, besides the effect of entrepreneur's leads to entrepreneurial success. We define entrepreneurial success as three variables: 1- The number of opportunities recognized, 2- The number of opportunities exploited and 3- The age of business created as business sustainability. Entrepreneurs Social Capital determined by a number of indicators: Personal networks and Business networks. Human capital of the entrepreneurs determined by a number of indicators: Education, Business experience, Ownership experience, Vocational experience, Technical skills, Managerial skills, Entrepreneurial skills.
Hypothesis 1, 2, 3. Human capital, representing Education, Business experience, Ownership experience, Vocational experience, Technical skills, Managerial skills and Entrepreneurial skills will be positively associated with entrepreneurial success, as indicated by the number of opportunities recognized, The number of opportunities exploited and The age of business created as business sustainability.
Hypothesis 4, 5, 6. Social capital, representing Personal networks and Business networks, will be positively associated with entrepreneurial success, as indicated by the number of opportunities recognized, the number of opportunities exploited and the age of business created as business sustainability.
The findings reveal positive results for proposed hypotheses. In the context of the rural areas, the analysis suggests that combination of social network and human capital drives entrepreneurial efforts.
Conclusion
This paper addresses the role that the human capital and social capital characteristics of individuals in the business creation success. The findings from this study suggest that entrepreneurs would be well advised to develop their business skills and promote networks of all sorts, particularly inter-firm and supply chain relations.
Consistent with a social capital perspective, this study found that a resident of a rural area with higher level of personal and organizational relationships was more likely to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. Future research should examine whether effects of education are universal across rural areas or culture-specific.یکی از موضوعهای مهم در کشورهای رو به پیشرفت، ایجاد کسبوکار و خوداشتغالی در روستاهاست. برای برانگیختن کارآفرینی در روستاها، آگاهی از عوامل مؤثّر در موفّقیّت جوانان کارآفرین ضروری است. بر اساس مطالعات پیشین، سرمایهی اجتماعی ـ شامل ارتباطات فردی و سازمانی ـ و سرمایهی انسانی ـ شامل دانش و تجربهی کارآفرین ـ در شناسایی و بهرهبرداری از فرصتهای کارآفرینی مؤثّر است. در این مقاله، رابطهی سرمایهی اجتماعی و سرمایهی انسانی با شناسایی و بهرهبرداری از فرصت، توسّط جوانان روستایی مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد. روش پژوهش، ترکیبی از روش کیفی بر پایهی مصاحبهی حضوری و روش کمّی بر پایهی پرسشنامه است. شمار نمونهها 85 نفر بود. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر آن است که اندازهی شبکهی اجتماعی با موفّقیّت در کارآفرینی، رابطهی مثبت و معناداری دارد. مهارتهای کارآفرین و تجربهی وی با موفّقیّت در کارآفرینی رابطهی مثبت و معناداری دارد. ضریب تأثیر تشخیص فرصت بر بهرهبرداری از فرصت 91/0 و ضریب تأثیر بر بهرهبرداری از فرصت بر ایجاد کسبوکار 35/0 است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321The Consequences of Environmental and Legal of Construction of Artificial Islands in Persian Gulfپیامدهای زیستمحیطی و حقوقی ساخت جزایر مصنوعی در خلیج فارس11714024529FAحسنکامراندانشیار دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانزهراپیشگاهی فرددانشیار دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانرسولافضلیدانشیار دانشکدهی جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانحسنحسینی امینیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نوررضاالتیامی نیادانشجوی دکترای جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Artificial islands are developing in the Persian Gulf. The small states of Persian Gulf are trying to increase their territories, and they are trying to obtain the new territories for their trade, tourist and economical activities. At the same time, emerging new artificial islands and bold plans and prevailing of artificial islands by most advanced technologies are raising environmental issues, discussion and various questions on their environmental consequences and the commitments of states for conservation of environment, adjacent areas and the implications of destroying of natural ecosystems. Knowing and recognizing the obligations of states in relation to other countries is necessary in the enclosed or semi-enclosed environment of Persian Gulf for littoral countries in the Persian Gulf. With respect to the environmental implications of these actions, we can add a new dimension to interpretations of international pollution. so we can call the pollution resulting from developing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf as a kind of environmental encroachment or transgression.
Methodology
To have a strong reason, using the comprehensive information and multilateral is necessary. The methods of gathering of the information are using the library and documental resources. The analytical method is a qualitative and critical approach. the purpose of this paper is the explanation of legal regime and environmental implications of artificial islands in the Persian Gulf.
Results and Discussion
If we seek the AUE plans to build the artificial islands, we realize the profound changes in the coast of Dubai just on opposite of Abu-musa. By ten years, the whole of the shallow coast of Dubai because of artificial islands will become a dry environment. As a result the more distance parts of the coast get shallower and the morphology of Persian Gulf will be changed. The building of this island in the Persian Gulf causes marine currents steaming from the west to east in the opposite direction of clockwise disrupted. these currents are responsible to water and sediment exchange. So it increases the bargaining power of emirates in determining maritime boundaries. In fact, in regard to border between Iran and AUE has not yet determined these measures equal to increase the UAE contribution of the sea. thus if the Arab countries increase their contributions of the sea, it is not unlikely that they will demand more contribution of the sea in the future. By completing the project of the build of islands, the Dubai coast long, ten times will become larger and the capacity of settlement will increase to one million people. Qatar, Oman, Bahrain also are engaging to build theirs island like UAE. as a result, we are witnessing the increase of their domination on the Persian Gulf.
Conclusion
Some of the states in the Persian Gulf are planning to expand their territories by establishing bench of artificial islands. The many Discussions such as definition of artificial islands, the legal statues of artificial islands in the maritime territory and the effects of artificial islands on the responsibilities of riparian countries in the sensitive environment of Persian Gulf and the effects of theirs establishment on the rights of other countries in the most important and dynamic of place in the world are posed. if add the conflict between Iran and UAE on three islands of Tunbs and Abu-musa to other problems of the region, a more disturbing picture may appear. Littoral country must coordinate its projects with other riparian countries. This action is not only based on this fact that the Persian Gulf is a enclosed or semi-closed sea, but also due to it is mentioned as one of most fragile and sensitive of environmental area in the international sea convention in the year 1982.ساخت جزایر مصنوعی از سوی کشورهای حاشیهی خلیج فارس، بهویژه امارات متّحدهی عربی، سببشده تا این موضوع با حساسیّت بیشتری از سوی کشورهای منطقه، بهویژه ایران دنبال شود. در چنین شرایطی، ریشهیابی آثار زیستمحیطی و سیاسی این مسئله، بسیار مهم بهنظر میرسد. آلودگی زیستمحیطی سالهای پیش، درنتیجهی فعّالیّتهای انسانی و بهرهبرداری بیرویّه از طبیعت بهوجود آمده است. آلودگی آبها ازجمله خلیج فارس، بخش چشمگیری از بحران آلودگی محیط زیست را تشکیل میدهد. جزایر مصنوعی در خلیج فارس در حال گسترش هستند. کشورهای کوچک خلیج فارس تلاشدارند تا سهم اراضی تحت مالکیّت خود را افزایش دهند و سرزمینهای جدیدی را برای فعّالیّتهای اقتصادی، توریستی و تجاری برپا کنند. اگر برخورد و اختلاف ایران و امارات متّحدهی عربی بر سر جزایر ایرانیِ ابوموسی و تنبهای کوچک و بزرگ را به این مشکل اضافه کنیم، تصویر نگرانکنندهتری نمایان میشود. این مقاله، آثار تخریبی ساخت جزایر مصنوعی بر محیط زیست دریای خلیج فارس را مورد ارزیابی قرار میدهد. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد، جزایر مصنوعی نخیل، حیات وحش را مدفون و سبب افزایش تیرگی و گلآلودشدن آب و جابهجایی رسوبات کنار ساحل شده است. کشورهای غیرساحلی در چارچوب قوانین سوم کنفرانس حقوق دریاها، حقِّ ساخت و برپایی جزایر مصنوعی در خلیج فارس را ندارند. افزونبر اینکه، کشورسازندهی جزایر مصنوعی، باید اطلاعات لازم را در زمینهی ساخت و ویژگیهای جزایر مصنوعی خود به کشورهای دیگر ارائه دهد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Urban Land Use with Emphasis on Distribution System and Proximity Patterns(Case Study: District 1 Gorgan City)ارزیابی کمّی و کیفی کاربریهای شهری با تأکید بر نظام توزیع و الگوی همجواری(مطالعهی موردی: ناحیهی یک شهر گرگان)15717224530FAاسماعیلعلی اکبریدانشیار گروه جغرافیا، سازمان مرکزی دانشگاه پیام نور، تهرانعذراعماد الدیندانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهرانJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Urban land use planning is original core of urban planning system. The purpose of land use planning is for the spatial arrangement and desirable location order for land uses and urban activity, especially in cities that land uses have high combination and variety. To achieve this goal is requires understanding of condition space allocation and land distribution among urban land use that is possible through quality and quantitative evaluation methods. Analysis of compatibility and incompatibility between urban land uses is caused by positive and negative effects that adjacent and neighboring land uses which have on each other. This article is studying quality and quantitative characteristics in district 1 land use of Gorgan city in north of Iran.
Recently, researches related to the construction of cities show that without land use planning it is far from reaching to achieve optimal life pattern in cities. Urban land use planning is spatial - space organization of activities and urban performances based on demands and needs of urban society especially in those cities that the land uses system has considerable combinations and diversities.
The final goal of land use planning is to establish typical ecological balance and social justice in the development process and civil of city and also it should answer to quality objectives like perception of beauty sense of spatial identity and sense of belonging to the environment. Corresponding to failure and limitation of quantitative standards to response to urban needs related indexes to quality of life, social welfare public comfort protect natural and historic resources should be considered too.
To Sum up, the target of this paper is to evaluating qualitative and quantitative status Urban land use at district 1 Gorgan city along with the aim of promoting and enhancing quality of life and achieving approaches to correction spatial pattern of urban land use by considering following questions:
How are distribution system urban land use and their proximity at surface District 1?
Are the levels of spatial urban land use and its per capita formed suited to standards and the needs of urban?
Methodology
This article is descriptive - analytic method. Basic information related to demographic characteristics, physical and economical of case study in this district that is provided using library and field methods and are classified and separated to 7 neighborhood study area. This information has been implemented on the city map and evaluate to the two levels of quality and quantitative. In quantitative evaluation of the area extant per capita have been calculated with standards. For qualitative analysis after formation of the compatibility matrix, first users have been scored based on paired comparison then have been evaluated comparison of their compatibility using select by location method. To evaluate land uses spatial distribution pattern has been used of method (RN).
Results and Discussion
The district 1 of Gorgan with area of 1112 hectares and 69625 populations is the greatest urban area of Gorgan that this has 31 percent of area and 26 percent of Gorgan population. This area consists of seven neighborhood and has remarkable combination and variation of land uses. This land uses are not coordinated in existence status and distribution system. Residential land use, green space, commercial, educational, sport equipment deficient respectively 5 m2, 4 m2, 3 m2, 2/3 m2, 4/1 m2 and 2/ 8 m2 per m2 for person, and Parking shortage can be seen especially around main streets. Against industrial workshops, transportation, military and administrative warehouses are level surplus that because of their non-normative distribution in area level have `resulted to create incompatibility in the pattern of land use neighboring. Overall, 722 hectares (65 percent) of adjacent system area lands is compatible, at 83 hectares (7/5 percent) relatively compatible, 205 hectares (18/5 percent) incompatible and 83 hectares (7/5 percent) remaining is indifferent. The most important cause of incompatibility is unsuitable distribution of workshop – industrial, urban equipment land uses in district level. Most incompatibility is observed in neighboring with educational land use which 60 percent of them are neighborhood incompatible.
Conclusion
Area population is forecast in the next 10 years to reach 100 thousand. Increasing population and density in region area will intensify over more due to per capitas deficit and Inappropriate Proximity. Therefore, it is essential the spatial- local arrangement of region areas is corrected in terms of quality and quantitative. Currently, there are 135 hectares of open space in region, that 112 hectares can be used for the deficiencies obviation. Creating order and transfer obtrusive land uses (workshop industry, military, storages) and allocating lands it to public land use and parking and services is priority for reform Proximity system of land uses.برنامهریزی کاربری اراضی شهری، هستهی اصلی نظام برنامهریزی شهری است. هدف از برنامهریزی کاربری اراضی، پیشنهاد آرایش فضایی و نظم مکانی مناسب برای کاربریها و فعّالیّتهای شهری، بهویژه در شهرهایی است که کاربریها ترکیب و تنوّع زیادی دارند. دستیابی به این هدف، نیازمند درک چگونگی تخصیص فضا و توزیع زمین میان کاربریها است که با روشهای ارزیابی کمّی و کیفی کاربریها امکانپذیر است. ناحیهی یک شهر گرگان، یکی از نواحی خاصِّ شهری است که تنوّع و ترکیب چشمگیری از کاربریها را در محدودهی خود فراهم آورده است. این کاربریها در وضع موجود از نظر نظام توزیع و الگوی همجواری، هماهنگی چندانی با معیارهای برنامهریزی شهری ندارد و کیفیت زندگی شهری در سطح ناحیه را تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. این مقاله با تکیّه بر روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با استفاده از روشهای ارزیابی کمّی و کیفی؛ یعنی استاندارد سرانهها، روش نزدیکترین مجاورت RN ، ماتریس سازگاری و امتیازدهی بر پایهی روش موقعیّتیابی مکانی به تحلیل نظام توزیع و الگوی همجواری کاربریها میپردازد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، بیانگر کمبود سرانهی کاربریهای خدماترسان، وجود ناسازگاری بهویژه در همجواری با کاربریهای مسکونی و آموزشی و بینظمی در الگوی توزیع کاربریها در سطح ناحیه است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321The Influence of Functional Changes on Repopulation (The Case Study: Shandiz District of Mashhad)تغییرات کارکردی مؤثّر بر جمعیّت پذیری، بخش شاندیز مشهد17319024531FAحمیدشایاندانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدمهدیمودودیدانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
In new approaches to rural and regional development, the surrounding areas of metropolitan cities is considered as a valuable capital which is dedicated to general and non-agricultural process to reach the goals of economic change. These areas are subject to significant rural-urban and return migration. Shandiz district with a population of 21 thousand and 315 square kilometers, located in west of Mashhad metropolis, because of significant functional changes has reached population stability. Migration is a movement to get adapted to economic and social changes and is the result of various elements. Therefore, in this study a variety of indexes in form of economic, social, environmental and human capital were analyzed as independent variables correlating with dependant variable-migration.
The main hypothesis of this study is that the variety of economic activities especially tourism, wood and furniture industries, retail business and restaurant industries has had significant effects in population increase in Shandiz repopulation.
Methodology
This study is conducted in a descriptive-analytical comparative method. In this study, migration is the independent variable and economic, social –cultural, human and environmental indexes are dependant variables. Statistical methods used to analyze the variables include correlation regression, T-student, Chi-Square, U-Mann Whitney with SPSS software.
Results and Discussion
From 1996 increase in economic activities like wood and furniture industries, stonecutting, restaurant industries and second home increase have led to population stability in Shandiz district, located in periphery of Mashhad. From total number of 14 villages of 20 and more households, seven villages have immigration position. The study results, analyzed by correlation regression, T-student, Chi-square and U-Mann Whitney, show that there is totally significant difference between villages in term of migration situation in economic and human indexes. Considering human capital index, the following variables have paved the way to population stability: Variables related with literacy rate, skilled work force, aging population, poverty and variables related with economic capital such as employment growth rate in wood and furniture industries, tourism and retail business in attractive villages.
From 1996 to 2006 employment sectors have changed from dominantly agricultural to dominantly public services. This change was the same in native population and returned migrants. Therefore, the continuous increase in public services seemed unavoidable.
Agricultural changes between 1996 to 2006 reveal that was a decrease in irrigated farming lands compared to gardening and stockbreeding. Increase in gardening was the result of value-added, ownership stability, increase of second home and stockbreeding, due to low ownership of land and increase of restaurant industries have accrued the same time.
Conclusion
Many of functional changes in Shandiz district were the result of condense urban population of Mashhad. In fact, dependence of urban population to attractive surrounding of Shandiz and population movement have created a good opportunity for stable population and livelihood resistance. The condition of the study area, according to 'Oilman' and 'Whirs' theories are related to supplementary functions and integrity of Mashhad metropolis with its periphery areas.
Various and new sources of income, especially those which are related with tourism and local policy, including development of road infrastructures, increase in services and selecting the area as international tourism resort have been effective in stability of the population, return-migration and urban investment. As a result, villages attracting population are significantly different from other villages in economic and human indexes. The following are among the priorities of Shandiz: Land preparation plans stressing on proper utilization of farming lands. Maintaining the quality of environment, Expanding the economic and resort areas like gardens-parks, sport complexes for swimming and riding, Green-house culture, Comparatively small scale residential units and Local markets.در زمینهی تغییر در مناسبات شهری و روستایی، به استفاده از تفاوتهای شهری ـ روستایی، بهعنوان راهبردی برای تقویت پایههای معیشت، گسترش فعّالیّتها و نفوذ شهر در نواحی روستایی و ارتباط بین پایداری نواحی روستایی و شهری تأکید شده است. نواحی پیرامون کلانشهرهای ایران، کموبیش به فرایندهای عمومی و غیرکشاورزی در راستای تحوّل اقتصادی مرتبط شدهاند. بخش شاندیز بهعنوان سرمایهی پیرامونی کلانشهر مشهد، از سال 1375 بستر تغییرات کارکردی چشمگیری شده است که برآیند آن تحقّق ثبات جمعیّتی پس از چند دهه در آن بوده است. در این مقاله بر اساس طیف وسیعی از شاخصهای معرّف شرایط اقتصادی، انسانی، اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی و محیطی بر تغییرات کارکردی مؤثّر بر جمعیّتییابی تأکید شده است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و مقایسهای بوده و در آن از آزمونهای آماری همبستگی، کای اسکوئر و یومن ـ ویتنی استفاده شده است. دادههای لازم براساس نمونهگیری تصادفی از سطح 14 سکونتگاه روستایی بخش با حجم 244 سرپرست خانوار جمعآوری شده است. نتایج پژوهش در منطقهی مورد مطالعه، تحوّل بارزی در ساختار اقتصاد از کشاورزی به سوی خدمات را نشان میدهد. روستاهای جاذب جمعیّت از نظر رشد کلّی اشتغال، اشتغال گردشگری، کارکردهای خردهفروشی، صنایع چوب و مبلمان و نیز از نظر میزان سواد، مهارت و ساختار سنّی، برتری معناداری نسبت به روستاهای مهاجرفرست دارند. به بیان دیگر، شاخصهای اقتصادی و انسانی در فرایند جذب جمعیّت مؤثّر بودهاند. اگرچه در طرحهای آینده، علاوهبر این دو، ارتقای شاخصهای ارزشمند محیطی و اجتماعی ضرورتی حیاتی دارد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629644120110321Planning of Housing in Meybod with Sustainable Development Approachبرنامهریزی مسکن شهر میبد با رویکرد توسعهی پایدار17319024532FAحسنحکمت نیااستادیار دانشگاه پیام نورژینوسانصاریکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نورJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
The purpose of this study is to investigate sustainable development of Meybod and its housing planning. To do this, in the first step, considering existing statistics and survey research, the conditions of housing in Meybod were investigated and indentified with respect to dual quantitative and qualitative dicesion in the period between 1355-85.
Methodology
Considering the indices under investigation and the nature of the subject, the methodology for this research is descriptive – analytic which has used quantitative models such as standard point to differentiate among the zones, the model raw rate of prediction to estimate the number of required houses and the SOWT analysis model to investigate the existing strengths and weaknesses.
Results and Discussion
Considering the existing statistics, the conditions of housing in Meybod is identified with respect to the quantitative and qualitative indices prevalent in the period between 1355-85. and comparing them with indices in Yazd province and the whole country.
The findings indicate relatively satisfying developments of these indices in this period which has had a meaningful relation with the trend in urban sustainable development. The results show that the housing individual concentration in Meybod has been 3.81, in Yazd province 3.91 and in the country 4.19 in 1385. Family concentration in the same year has been 1.03 for Meybod and 1.07 for the country. Room average index in a housing unit has been 4.26 in Meybod, 3.95 in Yazd province and 3.39 in the country. Room index per family has been 4.19 in Meybod and 3.84 and 3.12 in the province and country respectively. Moreover, shortage of housing units has been 1.57 in Meybod, 2.91 in the province and 7.25 in the country.
The family concentration indices in Meybod in the years 1355, 1365, 1375 & 1385 have been. 0.25, 0.21. 0.20 & 0.23 which show an improvement in this respect. These indices has been 0.32, 0.27, 0.21 & 0.26 respectively in the province and 0.39, 0.31, 0.29 & 0.31 in the country.
The qualitative indices for housing include some factors such as the occupation of units which has been 78.33 in Meybod in 1385. During the years 1355-1365 it has changed from 87.7 in 1355 to 90.6 in 1365 and in the two decades between 1365-1385, there has been a decreasing trend and has come to 81.21 in 1385.
The other qualitative index is the percentage of durable housing units which has been 69.54 in Meybod in 1385 and 85.12 for the urban areas of province and 86.81 for the country.
Conclusion
To estimate the number of required house, the population of Meybod has been predicted as 73014, 90538, 112267, and 139211 for the years 1390, 1395, 1400 and 1405 respectively then, using raw rate of housing, the number of houses has been estimated. In 1385, there have been 15456 houses and 15703 families in Meybod. Therefore, the shortage of houses has been 247 units in this year. Taking it into account, 4949 new houses will be needed in 1390 in Meybod and in 1395, Meybod will need 5681 new houses out of which 97 Percent is related to the family development needs and 1.7 Percent is related to the probable destructions.
In 1400, considering the point that 130 houses will be ruined, 7272 houses are required totally. The number of families, assuming 3.3 as the family dimension, has been estimated as 42185. Considering family in housing as 1.001 in this period, 9174 houses will be required for the 9165 added families. The number of destroyed houses is predicted as 165 units considering the annual destruction rate as 0.1 Percent. Therefore, 9310 houses are needed totally.مسکن یکی از اساسیترین نیازهای زندگی انسانهاست و بهعنوان کوچکترین عنصر تشکیلدهندهی سکونتگاهها و بهوجود آورنده یکی از پدیدههای جغرافیایی بهشمار میرود. لزوم توجّه به مسکن و برنامهریزی آن در راستای توسعهی پایدار شهری در چهارچوب برنامهریزیهای ملّی، منطقهای و شهری، بیش از پیش احساس میشود تا بهرهگیری از دانش و تکنیکهای برنامهریزی، مشکلات شهروندان را برطرف کرده و درنتیجه، محیطی آرام و سرسبز، همراه با امنیّت و آسایش و رفاه برای آنان فراهم شود. بدین منظور، این مقاله، ضمن اشارهی کوتاهی به ادبیّات نظری و عملی مسکن و توسعهی پایدار با بررسی شاخصهای کمّی و کیفی مسکن شهر میبد برای شناخت وضعیّت مسکن این شهر و بهکارگیری این شاخصها و شاخصهای برگزیده زیست ـ اجتماعی و ارزیابی وضعیّت پایداری در مجموعه مناطق مسکونی و محلّههای این شهر میپردازد. هدف این مقاله، بررسی توسعهی پایدار شهر میبد و برنامهریزی مسکن آن است. پژوهش از نوع کاربردی ـ توسعهای و روش پژوهش "توصیفی ـ تحلیلی" است. در این پژوهش از مدلهای کمّی و نرمافزارهای رایانهای استفاده شده است. با توجّه به آمارهای موجود، بهویژه پژوهش میدانی، اقدام به بررسی و شناخت وضعیّت مسکن شهر میبد، به لحاظ شاخصهای کمّی و کیفی در دورههای گذشته و حال شده است. نتایج این پژوهش، بیانگر پیشرفت بهنسبت مناسب شاخصهای کمّی و کیفی در دههی 85-1375 است که با روند توسعهی پایدار در ارتباطی معنادار بوده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که شاخصهای تراکم در واحد مسکونی، در سال 1385 برابر 81/3 و در سال 1385 متوسّط اتاق 26/4 و متوسّط اتاق برای هر خانوار 19/4 و تراکم نفر در اتاق 89/0 و تراکم خانوار در اتاق 23/0 و درصد کمبود واحد مسکونی در این سال 5/1 بوده است.