University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Place and Role of Geography in New Urban and Regional Planning Literature with Emphasis on IranPlace and Role of Geography in New Urban and Regional Planning Literature with Emphasis on Iran1202497810.22059/jhgr.2012.24978FAAbolfazlMeshkiniRahimiH.Journal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Literature on Urban and Regional Planning changes rapidly and related disciplines such as Geography need to determine their specific place in new condition. Harvey believes that goals of field rely on geographer’s personal philosophy and attitude to life, thoroughly. So, many of these philosophies are which provide different views on the nature of Geography for us and then, we cannot prescribe single philosophy for Geography as a field. This study relying on definition of geography as regional knowledge offers a conceptual framework and common language to describe role of geography in urban and regional planning. Geographical literature in connection with urban and regional planning has been encountered two main problems which can be classified in two categories: internal and external. The first of which is that various books with different topics are included in academic curriculum, resulting to confusion of students. Usually, Students do not provide an appropriate response to question "Why they read diverse collection of books and courses?” and are not able to communicate between Geography and urban and regional planning. Also, occasionally, new branches in geography make it the more fragmentary but it is necessary to remain a place for regional geography in Geography. The second problem is that unfortunately, other practitioners and specialists in urban and regional planning have not appropriate understanding on academic task, nature and position of geography in urban and regional planning. Besides these, why we attend to Hartshorne’s philosophy of Geography is development of new approaches in Urban and Regional Planning which correspond with this philosophy in our country aptly.
Methodology
Using available library resources and theoretical approach, paper was organized in three main sections: the first part is on the philosophy and objective of regional geography, the second section discusses modern attitudes in urban and regional planning and the third section makes relationship between geography and Planning with an emphasis on Iran.
Results and Discussion
Assuming that planning literature has been made little attention to practical methodology of participate, paper suggests action research approach as a democratic process concerned with developing practical knowledge in the pursuit of human purpose, by considering condition of our country, in which role of learning through individual and collective experiences about a certain area and use of action learning is emphasized which results to promote individual and collective capacity for collaboration and collective knowledge production. This approach requires an agreement on diversity and differences in perceptions and experiences about relationships between phenomena in one area and attempts to make new meaning of word through discourse process and finally to make common knowledge in a particular area through social action. While assuming that reduction planet Earth to gas, liquid and solid sectors is unrealistic and abstract classification, Regional Geography signifies its distinction and unity place as a field of knowledge in study of characters of areas as determined by the multiplicity of elements which, in interaction with each other give a specific character to an area and man and whatever is significant for him is criteria to select phenomena varying through area in a particular area. With these criteria, many unnecessary phenomena can be removed from study while the importance of studies does not reduce. Certainly, to understand what is significant for man living in an area, attempt to perceive people values and experiences is inevitable. So, we can expect as possible as comprehensive understanding of a given area. Regional geographers believe that no one permits to call himself geographer without having a specialty in a given region. In this context, geographer can understand a specific area and interrelation among variable phenomena within it more comprehensively than do some specialist related to urban and regional planning.
Conclusion
New trends in urban and regional planning emphasize on knowledge acquirement directly which necessitate change in decision-making process in planning from up-to-down to bottom-to-up process. Consequently, this change highlights participation importance and individual and collective values, interests and experiences in urban and regional planning. Although there have been written many about participation, unfortunately this literature has not provided practical methodology for participation because of their little attention to “learning” significance. Participation includes different individuals and groups with different values and interests. Some of them have high knowledge and information about a specific area and some have not. This may, in turn, jeopardize equal participation in decision making. Accepting significance of participation, geographers, besides planning task, must seriously engage to train civil society because of their comprehensive understanding in a given region to increase capacity of social participation in regional and urban planning through training and promoting agreement between different social interests. In fact, they create an environment that facilitates continuous learning. When people were acquired proper perception on environmental, social and economical values in specific region, approaches such as action research provide practical solution for planners to use individual experience in planning process.Extended Abstract
Introduction
Literature on Urban and Regional Planning changes rapidly and related disciplines such as Geography need to determine their specific place in new condition. Harvey believes that goals of field rely on geographer’s personal philosophy and attitude to life, thoroughly. So, many of these philosophies are which provide different views on the nature of Geography for us and then, we cannot prescribe single philosophy for Geography as a field. This study relying on definition of geography as regional knowledge offers a conceptual framework and common language to describe role of geography in urban and regional planning. Geographical literature in connection with urban and regional planning has been encountered two main problems which can be classified in two categories: internal and external. The first of which is that various books with different topics are included in academic curriculum, resulting to confusion of students. Usually, Students do not provide an appropriate response to question "Why they read diverse collection of books and courses?” and are not able to communicate between Geography and urban and regional planning. Also, occasionally, new branches in geography make it the more fragmentary but it is necessary to remain a place for regional geography in Geography. The second problem is that unfortunately, other practitioners and specialists in urban and regional planning have not appropriate understanding on academic task, nature and position of geography in urban and regional planning. Besides these, why we attend to Hartshorne’s philosophy of Geography is development of new approaches in Urban and Regional Planning which correspond with this philosophy in our country aptly.
Methodology
Using available library resources and theoretical approach, paper was organized in three main sections: the first part is on the philosophy and objective of regional geography, the second section discusses modern attitudes in urban and regional planning and the third section makes relationship between geography and Planning with an emphasis on Iran.
Results and Discussion
Assuming that planning literature has been made little attention to practical methodology of participate, paper suggests action research approach as a democratic process concerned with developing practical knowledge in the pursuit of human purpose, by considering condition of our country, in which role of learning through individual and collective experiences about a certain area and use of action learning is emphasized which results to promote individual and collective capacity for collaboration and collective knowledge production. This approach requires an agreement on diversity and differences in perceptions and experiences about relationships between phenomena in one area and attempts to make new meaning of word through discourse process and finally to make common knowledge in a particular area through social action. While assuming that reduction planet Earth to gas, liquid and solid sectors is unrealistic and abstract classification, Regional Geography signifies its distinction and unity place as a field of knowledge in study of characters of areas as determined by the multiplicity of elements which, in interaction with each other give a specific character to an area and man and whatever is significant for him is criteria to select phenomena varying through area in a particular area. With these criteria, many unnecessary phenomena can be removed from study while the importance of studies does not reduce. Certainly, to understand what is significant for man living in an area, attempt to perceive people values and experiences is inevitable. So, we can expect as possible as comprehensive understanding of a given area. Regional geographers believe that no one permits to call himself geographer without having a specialty in a given region. In this context, geographer can understand a specific area and interrelation among variable phenomena within it more comprehensively than do some specialist related to urban and regional planning.
Conclusion
New trends in urban and regional planning emphasize on knowledge acquirement directly which necessitate change in decision-making process in planning from up-to-down to bottom-to-up process. Consequently, this change highlights participation importance and individual and collective values, interests and experiences in urban and regional planning. Although there have been written many about participation, unfortunately this literature has not provided practical methodology for participation because of their little attention to “learning” significance. Participation includes different individuals and groups with different values and interests. Some of them have high knowledge and information about a specific area and some have not. This may, in turn, jeopardize equal participation in decision making. Accepting significance of participation, geographers, besides planning task, must seriously engage to train civil society because of their comprehensive understanding in a given region to increase capacity of social participation in regional and urban planning through training and promoting agreement between different social interests. In fact, they create an environment that facilitates continuous learning. When people were acquired proper perception on environmental, social and economical values in specific region, approaches such as action research provide practical solution for planners to use individual experience in planning process.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Study Comparative Using Ground Water Rural from Subterranean and Shaft Case Study: Zones Shoqan and Senkhovst Township JajarmStudy Comparative Using Ground Water Rural from Subterranean and Shaft Case Study: Zones Shoqan and Senkhovst Township Jajarm21442497910.22059/jhgr.2012.24979FAH.Farji Sabokbar0000-0002-5470-4287M.Akbarpour SarskanroudA.MohebiJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Important water is Topic Axis Sustainable Development, Particular to zones of Arid and mid arid more and more Conditioned. Therefore Target to in Essay is Survey Evolution Beneficiary to sources water and Impress it in Development Rurally Settlements zones of Shoqan and Senkhovast. So bring on the construction of deep wells and semi-deep and increasing their cause severe changes in the system of exploitation of water resources, and finally the loss of traditional methods are. Although construction costs well above the flume, but in the long term efficiency aqueduct towards costs very efficient and is larger. In other words aqueduct is a permanent source of saving comment Dredging low initial and annual costs can be used for years. The other hand, maintenance costs compared with subterranean wells maintenance costs are very small. Aqueduct constructed with simple equipment and the local labor force is possible while digging a well require specialist knowledge and power of official power Ahoy which are outside a village.
Water has Schrage on the grand of one unique element to human life. So that foundation and element necessary total societies were drawn up to now. In principle anywhere of geography topic to put up for discussion, must have occurred to mind, imagination geography perspective by means of to have created topic and phenomenon. Subterranean canal have created also one cultural perspective name of subterranean canal perspective. That this system (Subterranean canal) is water source many to settlements and factor to change in form life condition human groups. This autogenic technology, and application traditions basis cultural and technical countries and national capital those to take in to account that face external residences style product agricultural and special manner of doing something visible relations inner rural to economic and social subject this were phenomena that system revenue agricultural and on the basis of cooperation were created between people rural.
Methodology
Kind of research to this article, descriptive analytic and research method is open space to methods documentary and etc have used. Statistical community ready research total 36 village is districts Shoqan and Senkhovast to two source well and Subterranean are cooperation for appointment sample volume by reason of, extent case study region and over volume statically community, to method sampling racemes have used to some phases. In this case that case study villages , on the basis of preference system revenue to two groups have distributional to 36 village, 18village on system revenue Subterranean village else wells are preference. Selective village also 50 percent to any system revenue and outwardly coincidence total volume sample research is 18 villages that to these villages, for collecting dates to local familiars in connection with sources waters interview to be accomplished. For analysis dates in formation founds result to questionnaire in beginning classification then wit use to SPSS were analysis.
Results and Discussion
Conforming the last divisions political to year 2006, township Jajarm consisting of 3 cities Garme, Jajarm, Senkhovast and Shoqan and 3 central sections Senkhovast and Shoqan and 6 rural district and6 rural have inhabitants. Regional area have case study, 2747 kilometer square meter who limits 9.7percent in area total northern khorasan province and 46 percent in area township Jajarm to be formed. This case important Subterranean sections Senkhovast and Shoqan point of many important this to past and event to condition present if rural to aspect kind livelihood, kind frame texture settlements, kind cultivation, relation social ,… impressed Subterranean. Subterranean existing to region including: Subterranean mountainous have established limits 17.5percent Subterranean. Totals to give a drink subterranean sections Senkhovast and Shoqan 932 liter to second. Pastoral Subterranean , number this kind subterranean limits 30range in working is year 2006 and Subterranean in working were equal 57 ranges. Nowadays the most current irrigation method to more rural sections Senkhovast and Shoqan is irrigation deep water. Most of number wells district of Senkhovast with 45ringe well and tabar with 12ringe well sit downed lines next. So that more than number half deep wells related to rural district Senkhovast is with 14 range well. And latest number deep well related to rural district tabar with 7 range well. Studying orbit rotation to case Subterranean wells engine driven to sections Senkhovast and Shoqan show in course of time and on the average, on orbit rotation Subterranean and wells have increased. So that to present state of affairs, latest orbit rotation in Subterranean of section sSenkhovast and Shoqan 7 in one day and the most to 16 in one day.
Conclusion
Findings of this paper that the 57 degree range studied aqueduct (33%) have withered. Because the wells Chat Rooms (diesel and electrical) cannot equal. Wells which originally (before 1340 reform) to supplement other sources besides the water were in short duration (less than three decades), was replaced Chat Rooms and cause problems and developments in a wide range of levels. Including: changes in the number of sources of irrigation, irrigation development organization, change the right of water levels and forms of ownership, change in irrigation practices, changes in cultivation, the change in the type of products, changes in production volume, the change in morphology, agronomic evolution Relations city - village, the change in population size and number of villages and ... Was. Replacement wells with the consequences of subterranean place - another space, include: increased income and purchasing power of farmers, increase range of economic prosperity, reducing the population of villages and Chat Rooms were dry, the rural population migration in and around villages and cities Was to accompany. As a result, wells and Chat Rooms currently the most important water resources are available. Therefore, attention and importance to both correct and optimal use of them for the sustainable development strategy is considered rural.Extended Abstract
Introduction
Important water is Topic Axis Sustainable Development, Particular to zones of Arid and mid arid more and more Conditioned. Therefore Target to in Essay is Survey Evolution Beneficiary to sources water and Impress it in Development Rurally Settlements zones of Shoqan and Senkhovast. So bring on the construction of deep wells and semi-deep and increasing their cause severe changes in the system of exploitation of water resources, and finally the loss of traditional methods are. Although construction costs well above the flume, but in the long term efficiency aqueduct towards costs very efficient and is larger. In other words aqueduct is a permanent source of saving comment Dredging low initial and annual costs can be used for years. The other hand, maintenance costs compared with subterranean wells maintenance costs are very small. Aqueduct constructed with simple equipment and the local labor force is possible while digging a well require specialist knowledge and power of official power Ahoy which are outside a village.
Water has Schrage on the grand of one unique element to human life. So that foundation and element necessary total societies were drawn up to now. In principle anywhere of geography topic to put up for discussion, must have occurred to mind, imagination geography perspective by means of to have created topic and phenomenon. Subterranean canal have created also one cultural perspective name of subterranean canal perspective. That this system (Subterranean canal) is water source many to settlements and factor to change in form life condition human groups. This autogenic technology, and application traditions basis cultural and technical countries and national capital those to take in to account that face external residences style product agricultural and special manner of doing something visible relations inner rural to economic and social subject this were phenomena that system revenue agricultural and on the basis of cooperation were created between people rural.
Methodology
Kind of research to this article, descriptive analytic and research method is open space to methods documentary and etc have used. Statistical community ready research total 36 village is districts Shoqan and Senkhovast to two source well and Subterranean are cooperation for appointment sample volume by reason of, extent case study region and over volume statically community, to method sampling racemes have used to some phases. In this case that case study villages , on the basis of preference system revenue to two groups have distributional to 36 village, 18village on system revenue Subterranean village else wells are preference. Selective village also 50 percent to any system revenue and outwardly coincidence total volume sample research is 18 villages that to these villages, for collecting dates to local familiars in connection with sources waters interview to be accomplished. For analysis dates in formation founds result to questionnaire in beginning classification then wit use to SPSS were analysis.
Results and Discussion
Conforming the last divisions political to year 2006, township Jajarm consisting of 3 cities Garme, Jajarm, Senkhovast and Shoqan and 3 central sections Senkhovast and Shoqan and 6 rural district and6 rural have inhabitants. Regional area have case study, 2747 kilometer square meter who limits 9.7percent in area total northern khorasan province and 46 percent in area township Jajarm to be formed. This case important Subterranean sections Senkhovast and Shoqan point of many important this to past and event to condition present if rural to aspect kind livelihood, kind frame texture settlements, kind cultivation, relation social ,… impressed Subterranean. Subterranean existing to region including: Subterranean mountainous have established limits 17.5percent Subterranean. Totals to give a drink subterranean sections Senkhovast and Shoqan 932 liter to second. Pastoral Subterranean , number this kind subterranean limits 30range in working is year 2006 and Subterranean in working were equal 57 ranges. Nowadays the most current irrigation method to more rural sections Senkhovast and Shoqan is irrigation deep water. Most of number wells district of Senkhovast with 45ringe well and tabar with 12ringe well sit downed lines next. So that more than number half deep wells related to rural district Senkhovast is with 14 range well. And latest number deep well related to rural district tabar with 7 range well. Studying orbit rotation to case Subterranean wells engine driven to sections Senkhovast and Shoqan show in course of time and on the average, on orbit rotation Subterranean and wells have increased. So that to present state of affairs, latest orbit rotation in Subterranean of section sSenkhovast and Shoqan 7 in one day and the most to 16 in one day.
Conclusion
Findings of this paper that the 57 degree range studied aqueduct (33%) have withered. Because the wells Chat Rooms (diesel and electrical) cannot equal. Wells which originally (before 1340 reform) to supplement other sources besides the water were in short duration (less than three decades), was replaced Chat Rooms and cause problems and developments in a wide range of levels. Including: changes in the number of sources of irrigation, irrigation development organization, change the right of water levels and forms of ownership, change in irrigation practices, changes in cultivation, the change in the type of products, changes in production volume, the change in morphology, agronomic evolution Relations city - village, the change in population size and number of villages and ... Was. Replacement wells with the consequences of subterranean place - another space, include: increased income and purchasing power of farmers, increase range of economic prosperity, reducing the population of villages and Chat Rooms were dry, the rural population migration in and around villages and cities Was to accompany. As a result, wells and Chat Rooms currently the most important water resources are available. Therefore, attention and importance to both correct and optimal use of them for the sustainable development strategy is considered rural.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Conflict in Strategic Approaches Regional and Super Regional Powers to Security Problems in Southern CaucasusConflict in Strategic Approaches Regional and Super Regional Powers to Security Problems in Southern Caucasus45682498010.22059/jhgr.2012.24980FAZahraPishgahi FardS. R.Musavi FarJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
In future decades, a new global structure based on a widespread global cooperation will be formed. Which is on the basis of Geopolitics realities of the actors? The special task of this axial and dominant group is guarantee of the world's peace and stability. In such structure, as a different type must do the play of power. After collapsing USSR We are watching forming a new thinking in the area of strategic analyses which their aim is improving the actor's place aiming to create balance in strategic equivalents. USA, Europe, Russia, Iran and Turkey were the main countries that after collapsing USSR, Tried to make relations with the new independent countries. Also of this tries were not applied monotony and very country considering their own strategic , Economic ,Political and cultural priorities , Acted with the region countries and the countries of Caucasus region also based on their specific considerations were defining the foreign relations .As a result Caucasus countries wished or unwished ,Entered into the worldwide and regional strategic ranking and the consequents of this strategic rankings and the consequent of this strategic ranking , Created a relative balance between region countries interests and international actors. Based on strategic approach, Security issues of Caucasus in a frame of new big play are analyzed in the region.
Methodology
This study employs the analytical –descriptive research method using documentation and literature review, which data have been gathered from bibliographic methods. Analysis was made through applying syllogistic reasoning and data were analyzed with qualitative method. Due to the connection of research with peripheral and spatial interactions data analyzed by the qualitative method.
Results and Discussion
Research question
What has the strategic approach of the regional and super regional powers left on the security problems of the southern Caucasus zone?
Research hypothesis
It seems that regarding two conflicting nature of the strategic approaches of the powers, security threats have increased in southern Caucasus.
Theoretical basics
Security in the interpret school, is a practical sense. Because security policies of each person or a political unit, determined based on goals and motives that perceive the security nature, without paying attention to it, is impossible. About security and security approach of regional and super regional powers to Caucasus area, Can distinguish motivate layers from each other which usually cared: Dominance, Justification, Satisfaction, Statuesque and Existence which everyone create a special security policy.
Research Findings
American policy after collapsing USSR , In one word , politic , Not based on energy situation , But formed based on strategic and security understandings , Which this is a reflection of worldwide and inside situation of the United states. All of things we see from America in practice, the main core including: 1.All aspects superiority of America. 2. Haltering Iran and Russia.
Europe union's three main strategies in which the document of "UN's security strategy” Presented to confronting the worldwide threats under the title of "Strategic aims "Including: Based on the first strategy, Means" Expanding security area to Europe sides" UN must play a special role in stability and correct governing of the un separately neighbors'. Making an international order depending upon effective multi sadism and confronting to threats are two other strategies cared by UN. UN tendency to play a global role that reflected in foreign policy and common security well, it is necessary to strengthening UN's effective penetration in developments of the regions such as southern Caucasus. By considering tribal structure, this region can be considered either as an opportunity or threat. In case of lack of connecting and organizing ties and lack of act to the regional convergence, this issue can be used by rival powers and be the source of threats against Iran. In the other hand, trying to converge and connection can cause to security collection in the north of Iran Which make different opportunities for foreign policies and diplomacy and reduce strategic lateness of Iran. An issue, which is now one of the strategic difficulties for this country. Caucasus in Western Caspian Sea, Strategically, Is a security area for Russia and the presence of the foreign powers affected on Russia security. The Russians try hard to fight with the rival powers; Including Iran which is going to increase its presence in Caucasus, Furthermore the presence of America and its alliance Turkey and Israel also are concerning in the region. Moscow is so sensitive to security plans needing the presence of other countries in the region and hasn’t the fear to act even military.
In feat, Turkey's point of view is based on supporting west presence in Caucasus region. This viewpoint, Is highly against Iran and Russia viewpoint in Caucasus region. It seems, Turkey's geopolitics' is opening toward the West. Whatever the geopolitics of a country becomes more opened it will have a higher position in the world geopolitics.
Conclusion
The founds of the noted research are including the intention of regional and super regional actors and their conceptions from the strategic position caused forming powers approach to this region and certainly every power who has a higher situation, Irises its intentions comes to true than others.
And according to the presented issues, concluded that every country which can be more united and cooperated whit other powers, Can better use the achieved circumstances and going ahead with the aims. Each of regional and super regional powers try to penetrate and affecting on the countries of this region, for making balance in the strategic equivalents. But because of the controversy of powers interests, their competitions cause affecting on the security issues in the southern Caucasus.
An important point about the approach of these powers to the southern Caucasus is lacking any attention to the other powers approach to the region and this caused a conflict in the strategic approach of these powers.Extended Abstract
Introduction
In future decades, a new global structure based on a widespread global cooperation will be formed. Which is on the basis of Geopolitics realities of the actors? The special task of this axial and dominant group is guarantee of the world's peace and stability. In such structure, as a different type must do the play of power. After collapsing USSR We are watching forming a new thinking in the area of strategic analyses which their aim is improving the actor's place aiming to create balance in strategic equivalents. USA, Europe, Russia, Iran and Turkey were the main countries that after collapsing USSR, Tried to make relations with the new independent countries. Also of this tries were not applied monotony and very country considering their own strategic , Economic ,Political and cultural priorities , Acted with the region countries and the countries of Caucasus region also based on their specific considerations were defining the foreign relations .As a result Caucasus countries wished or unwished ,Entered into the worldwide and regional strategic ranking and the consequents of this strategic rankings and the consequent of this strategic ranking , Created a relative balance between region countries interests and international actors. Based on strategic approach, Security issues of Caucasus in a frame of new big play are analyzed in the region.
Methodology
This study employs the analytical –descriptive research method using documentation and literature review, which data have been gathered from bibliographic methods. Analysis was made through applying syllogistic reasoning and data were analyzed with qualitative method. Due to the connection of research with peripheral and spatial interactions data analyzed by the qualitative method.
Results and Discussion
Research question
What has the strategic approach of the regional and super regional powers left on the security problems of the southern Caucasus zone?
Research hypothesis
It seems that regarding two conflicting nature of the strategic approaches of the powers, security threats have increased in southern Caucasus.
Theoretical basics
Security in the interpret school, is a practical sense. Because security policies of each person or a political unit, determined based on goals and motives that perceive the security nature, without paying attention to it, is impossible. About security and security approach of regional and super regional powers to Caucasus area, Can distinguish motivate layers from each other which usually cared: Dominance, Justification, Satisfaction, Statuesque and Existence which everyone create a special security policy.
Research Findings
American policy after collapsing USSR , In one word , politic , Not based on energy situation , But formed based on strategic and security understandings , Which this is a reflection of worldwide and inside situation of the United states. All of things we see from America in practice, the main core including: 1.All aspects superiority of America. 2. Haltering Iran and Russia.
Europe union's three main strategies in which the document of "UN's security strategy” Presented to confronting the worldwide threats under the title of "Strategic aims "Including: Based on the first strategy, Means" Expanding security area to Europe sides" UN must play a special role in stability and correct governing of the un separately neighbors'. Making an international order depending upon effective multi sadism and confronting to threats are two other strategies cared by UN. UN tendency to play a global role that reflected in foreign policy and common security well, it is necessary to strengthening UN's effective penetration in developments of the regions such as southern Caucasus. By considering tribal structure, this region can be considered either as an opportunity or threat. In case of lack of connecting and organizing ties and lack of act to the regional convergence, this issue can be used by rival powers and be the source of threats against Iran. In the other hand, trying to converge and connection can cause to security collection in the north of Iran Which make different opportunities for foreign policies and diplomacy and reduce strategic lateness of Iran. An issue, which is now one of the strategic difficulties for this country. Caucasus in Western Caspian Sea, Strategically, Is a security area for Russia and the presence of the foreign powers affected on Russia security. The Russians try hard to fight with the rival powers; Including Iran which is going to increase its presence in Caucasus, Furthermore the presence of America and its alliance Turkey and Israel also are concerning in the region. Moscow is so sensitive to security plans needing the presence of other countries in the region and hasn’t the fear to act even military.
In feat, Turkey's point of view is based on supporting west presence in Caucasus region. This viewpoint, Is highly against Iran and Russia viewpoint in Caucasus region. It seems, Turkey's geopolitics' is opening toward the West. Whatever the geopolitics of a country becomes more opened it will have a higher position in the world geopolitics.
Conclusion
The founds of the noted research are including the intention of regional and super regional actors and their conceptions from the strategic position caused forming powers approach to this region and certainly every power who has a higher situation, Irises its intentions comes to true than others.
And according to the presented issues, concluded that every country which can be more united and cooperated whit other powers, Can better use the achieved circumstances and going ahead with the aims. Each of regional and super regional powers try to penetrate and affecting on the countries of this region, for making balance in the strategic equivalents. But because of the controversy of powers interests, their competitions cause affecting on the security issues in the southern Caucasus.
An important point about the approach of these powers to the southern Caucasus is lacking any attention to the other powers approach to the region and this caused a conflict in the strategic approach of these powers.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Explanation on Sustainability Indicators for Assessing the Effects of Tourism Patterns in Rural Areas in Around Metropolises (Case study: Rural Areas in the Around of Tehran Metropolis)Explanation on Sustainability Indicators for Assessing the Effects of Tourism Patterns in Rural Areas in Around Metropolises (Case study: Rural Areas in the Around of Tehran Metropolis)69942498110.22059/jhgr.2012.24981FAMohammad RezaRezvaniS. R.Akbarian Ronizi S.R.AbdolrezaEftekhari0009-0008-9198-7862Seyed AliBadri0000-0003-2350-7819Journal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
According to various natural, cultural and man-made attractions in rural areas, there is a variety of tourism patterns presented in different taxonomies based on different standards and criteria. Second home tourism and same day visiting are the common patterns in most rural areas in the country, particularly in mountainous areas surrounding the metropolitan regions. Tehran is a metropolis whose mountainous villages, due to their particular characteristics, are considered among the most important rural areas in the country. Because of having two tourism patterns as well as enjoying particular potentials, these areas have always been the target of researchers as the study area for their studies on tourism. To date, evaluating sustainability of the existing tourism patterns has been largely ignored in these studies since each pattern generates different effects. It is thus essential to evaluate the sustainability of rural tourism patterns and provide appropriate strategies for sustainable development.
Depending on different locations, the process of evaluating sustainability of rural tourism patterns requires thorough and comprehensive indicators and indices. Countless indicators and indices have been hitherto provided by organizations and experts in tourism. The significant issue is, therefore, localization, documentation, and operationalization of such indicators, since the set of indicators appropriate to a specified tourism area is not necessarily appropriate to another area. The question in the present study concerns according to sustainability indicators and indices in rural tourism, what are the indicators and indices for evaluating sustainability for evaluating the effects of tourism patterns in rural areas surrounding Tehran metropolis?
Methodology
The present study is fundamental in purpose and adopts a descriptive-analytic method. Documentation and questionnaire method have been used in order to formulate the indicators. The documentation method concerns reviewing the documents related to indicators of tourism sustainable development and analyzing their content. In order to formulate and operationalize the indicators and indices, the experts and public’s opinions were used in the questionnaire method. SPSS software (T test, mean, standard deviation, C.V, and factor analysis) has been also used in order to perform the required analyses.
Results and Discussion
After defining the dimensions, purposes, and stakeholders of tourism sustainable development and referencing to the literature, 117 primary indices were selected in the form of 15 major indicators. Based on 5 criteria of relation to the issue, access to the information, clarity and validity, measurability and comparability in different times and locations, the selected indicators and indices were evaluated by 35 experts using the Likert scale. Accordingly, the mean score of indices, based on the five criteria, indicates that all of the 117 indices scored above the mean (between 2.8 and 4.1). Further, the T test revealed that P value is less than 0.05. However, according to the experts’ viewpoint, some indicators could be combined or left out and by applying these changes a total of 88 indices were finally selected as the final indices. Finally, 5 villages in the periphery of Tehran metropolis were identified in which both of the aforesaid patterns were common. 30 questionnaires were then filled out by local residents and visitors. Accordingly, it was found out that the indicators and the characteristics of the study area were compatible.
Conclusion
By analyzing the content of countless foreign and domestic resources, albeit in the framework of tourism sustainable development approach, and according to the characteristics of rural areas in the periphery of Tehran metropolis, 117 indices were selected in this study. Using Delphi method, a total of 26 indices in the form of 4 major indicators in economic aspect, 41 indices in the form of 8 indicators in sociocultural aspect, and 21 indices in the form of 3 major indicators in environmental aspect of tourism sustainable development were formulated for evaluating sustainability of tourism patterns (second home and same day visiting) in the villages surrounding Tehran metropolis.Extended Abstract
Introduction
According to various natural, cultural and man-made attractions in rural areas, there is a variety of tourism patterns presented in different taxonomies based on different standards and criteria. Second home tourism and same day visiting are the common patterns in most rural areas in the country, particularly in mountainous areas surrounding the metropolitan regions. Tehran is a metropolis whose mountainous villages, due to their particular characteristics, are considered among the most important rural areas in the country. Because of having two tourism patterns as well as enjoying particular potentials, these areas have always been the target of researchers as the study area for their studies on tourism. To date, evaluating sustainability of the existing tourism patterns has been largely ignored in these studies since each pattern generates different effects. It is thus essential to evaluate the sustainability of rural tourism patterns and provide appropriate strategies for sustainable development.
Depending on different locations, the process of evaluating sustainability of rural tourism patterns requires thorough and comprehensive indicators and indices. Countless indicators and indices have been hitherto provided by organizations and experts in tourism. The significant issue is, therefore, localization, documentation, and operationalization of such indicators, since the set of indicators appropriate to a specified tourism area is not necessarily appropriate to another area. The question in the present study concerns according to sustainability indicators and indices in rural tourism, what are the indicators and indices for evaluating sustainability for evaluating the effects of tourism patterns in rural areas surrounding Tehran metropolis?
Methodology
The present study is fundamental in purpose and adopts a descriptive-analytic method. Documentation and questionnaire method have been used in order to formulate the indicators. The documentation method concerns reviewing the documents related to indicators of tourism sustainable development and analyzing their content. In order to formulate and operationalize the indicators and indices, the experts and public’s opinions were used in the questionnaire method. SPSS software (T test, mean, standard deviation, C.V, and factor analysis) has been also used in order to perform the required analyses.
Results and Discussion
After defining the dimensions, purposes, and stakeholders of tourism sustainable development and referencing to the literature, 117 primary indices were selected in the form of 15 major indicators. Based on 5 criteria of relation to the issue, access to the information, clarity and validity, measurability and comparability in different times and locations, the selected indicators and indices were evaluated by 35 experts using the Likert scale. Accordingly, the mean score of indices, based on the five criteria, indicates that all of the 117 indices scored above the mean (between 2.8 and 4.1). Further, the T test revealed that P value is less than 0.05. However, according to the experts’ viewpoint, some indicators could be combined or left out and by applying these changes a total of 88 indices were finally selected as the final indices. Finally, 5 villages in the periphery of Tehran metropolis were identified in which both of the aforesaid patterns were common. 30 questionnaires were then filled out by local residents and visitors. Accordingly, it was found out that the indicators and the characteristics of the study area were compatible.
Conclusion
By analyzing the content of countless foreign and domestic resources, albeit in the framework of tourism sustainable development approach, and according to the characteristics of rural areas in the periphery of Tehran metropolis, 117 indices were selected in this study. Using Delphi method, a total of 26 indices in the form of 4 major indicators in economic aspect, 41 indices in the form of 8 indicators in sociocultural aspect, and 21 indices in the form of 3 major indicators in environmental aspect of tourism sustainable development were formulated for evaluating sustainability of tourism patterns (second home and same day visiting) in the villages surrounding Tehran metropolis.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Geopolitical Analysis, Opportunities and Threats of the Ethnic Baluch from the Perspective of the Sociopolitical GapsGeopolitical Analysis, Opportunities and Threats of the Ethnic Baluch from the Perspective of the Sociopolitical Gaps951102498210.22059/jhgr.2012.24982FAB.ZarghamiS.AnsarizadehJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
The emergence of new states outside Europe following the post-war decolonization and rising nationalism eliminated the analyses and assumptions which had founded the sociology based on the European tradition and classical positivist beliefs, which ultimately proved significant in denunciating the vainness of large-scale theories and their application on universal issues. The question of ethnicity in Iran has not been an exception. Iran is a multi-ethnic country with Fars people forming the majority of the population. Fars people mainly reside in the center of the country while other ethnic groups are settled along the borderlines. Ethnic groups settled along the borderlines have tribal extensions beyond the national borders. This status has brought about certain conditions in ethnic interactions with the central government. This condition may account for the major portion of Iran's geo-political issues and national, regional and international challenges. The present article deals with the issue of ethnicity using a hermeneutic method and postmodern approach aiming at investigating the failure of large-scale theories, a legacy of modernism and positivist method, in accounting for ethnicity issues. This article is to demonstrate that in postmodern dialogue the regional issues should be dealt with in the light of time and geography of that region.
Methodology
With regard to the theoretical nature of the research, the present study is an application research bearing a descriptive-analytical design. The data was collected using library documents and was analyzed qualitatively.
Results and Discussion
Nowadays, historical approaches in humanities with their emphasis on detailedness call for particular theoretical structures for any particular society and refute the positions of the proponents of large-scale theories. Accordingly, every society is subject to a unique study. Based on this premise, a large-scale theory covering a wide range of occasional and location varieties cannot account for a particular society. With regard to this methodological debate, Baluch people's geopolitical issues can be studied more effectively under the theoretical framework of intersectional sociopolitical gaps. Sociopolitical gaps refer to the gaps which indicate the divergent lines of beliefs, interests, orientations and performance of different active social and political groups. These gaps can become neutralized in response to some opportunities and commonalities from other groups taking the form of inactive or intersectional sociopolitical gaps.
Authentic analysis of Iran's ethnic geopolitical issues requires the determination of research models based on sociopolitical gaps. The question of sociopolitical gaps in multi-ethnic societies like Iran is more demanding due to the effects of centrifugal forces. Based on this theoretical framework, it can be argued that the moderators of intersectional sociopolitical gaps are the critical converging factors of Iranian society. This is an abstract factor with no concrete reality the perception of which requires researching the social structure. Identifying these gaps may help us discover the sources of political disputes.
Conclusion
According to the findings of the present study, some of the existing gaps between Baluch and Fars people indicate the incongruities of central government in allocating the economic resources to peripheral geographical areas as well as the geographical habitat of Baluch people, which are discussed as the Center-Periphery gaps. This gap has always marginalized the language and culture of Baluch people comparing with the Fars people. Some other gaps like ethnic and religious gaps tend to be historical sustaining their features throughout history. That is, Baluch people have always had a tribal structure and because of their independence from the central government over different historical eras, especially before the establishment of modern government in Iran in 1304/1925, most of them have been Sunnite Muslims. Some other gaps like the tradition-modernism gap have been developed according to the dominant global dialogues. In this type of gaps, the tribal structure of Baluch people is eliminated, villages and towns develop and replace tribal life, the centrality of governmental power increases and a population balance between Fars and Baluch people, both Sunnite and Shiite develops. Due to some opportunities and commonalities between the Baluch and Fars people including the development of borderline markets, fishing, tourism, mythology and the symbols of national unity, language, higher levels of development comparing with Pakistani Baluch People, communication capacities and so on, these gaps become neutralized and function as intersectional sociopolitical gaps and consequently become inactive. Indeed, these intersectional sociopolitical gaps in the Baluch ethnic structure tend to neutralize their inclination to separate from the center.Extended Abstract
Introduction
The emergence of new states outside Europe following the post-war decolonization and rising nationalism eliminated the analyses and assumptions which had founded the sociology based on the European tradition and classical positivist beliefs, which ultimately proved significant in denunciating the vainness of large-scale theories and their application on universal issues. The question of ethnicity in Iran has not been an exception. Iran is a multi-ethnic country with Fars people forming the majority of the population. Fars people mainly reside in the center of the country while other ethnic groups are settled along the borderlines. Ethnic groups settled along the borderlines have tribal extensions beyond the national borders. This status has brought about certain conditions in ethnic interactions with the central government. This condition may account for the major portion of Iran's geo-political issues and national, regional and international challenges. The present article deals with the issue of ethnicity using a hermeneutic method and postmodern approach aiming at investigating the failure of large-scale theories, a legacy of modernism and positivist method, in accounting for ethnicity issues. This article is to demonstrate that in postmodern dialogue the regional issues should be dealt with in the light of time and geography of that region.
Methodology
With regard to the theoretical nature of the research, the present study is an application research bearing a descriptive-analytical design. The data was collected using library documents and was analyzed qualitatively.
Results and Discussion
Nowadays, historical approaches in humanities with their emphasis on detailedness call for particular theoretical structures for any particular society and refute the positions of the proponents of large-scale theories. Accordingly, every society is subject to a unique study. Based on this premise, a large-scale theory covering a wide range of occasional and location varieties cannot account for a particular society. With regard to this methodological debate, Baluch people's geopolitical issues can be studied more effectively under the theoretical framework of intersectional sociopolitical gaps. Sociopolitical gaps refer to the gaps which indicate the divergent lines of beliefs, interests, orientations and performance of different active social and political groups. These gaps can become neutralized in response to some opportunities and commonalities from other groups taking the form of inactive or intersectional sociopolitical gaps.
Authentic analysis of Iran's ethnic geopolitical issues requires the determination of research models based on sociopolitical gaps. The question of sociopolitical gaps in multi-ethnic societies like Iran is more demanding due to the effects of centrifugal forces. Based on this theoretical framework, it can be argued that the moderators of intersectional sociopolitical gaps are the critical converging factors of Iranian society. This is an abstract factor with no concrete reality the perception of which requires researching the social structure. Identifying these gaps may help us discover the sources of political disputes.
Conclusion
According to the findings of the present study, some of the existing gaps between Baluch and Fars people indicate the incongruities of central government in allocating the economic resources to peripheral geographical areas as well as the geographical habitat of Baluch people, which are discussed as the Center-Periphery gaps. This gap has always marginalized the language and culture of Baluch people comparing with the Fars people. Some other gaps like ethnic and religious gaps tend to be historical sustaining their features throughout history. That is, Baluch people have always had a tribal structure and because of their independence from the central government over different historical eras, especially before the establishment of modern government in Iran in 1304/1925, most of them have been Sunnite Muslims. Some other gaps like the tradition-modernism gap have been developed according to the dominant global dialogues. In this type of gaps, the tribal structure of Baluch people is eliminated, villages and towns develop and replace tribal life, the centrality of governmental power increases and a population balance between Fars and Baluch people, both Sunnite and Shiite develops. Due to some opportunities and commonalities between the Baluch and Fars people including the development of borderline markets, fishing, tourism, mythology and the symbols of national unity, language, higher levels of development comparing with Pakistani Baluch People, communication capacities and so on, these gaps become neutralized and function as intersectional sociopolitical gaps and consequently become inactive. Indeed, these intersectional sociopolitical gaps in the Baluch ethnic structure tend to neutralize their inclination to separate from the center.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Managerial Analysis of Tehran CityManagerial Analysis of Tehran City1111262498310.22059/jhgr.2012.24983FAA. A.NazarianJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Choosing urban management model type reflects insight into relationships to be held between municipality and councils. It also consider as index for executive power and level of participation. Defining managerial style for city and conducting power down toward urban managers is regard as significant discussion of the best managerial model. City managerial model has a close attachment to creation or solution of city problems. Survey over Tehran municipality managerial model offers that the regular model of urban management in Iran is council-manager. Analyzing managerial pattern of Tehran and its features peculiarly dative selection of mayor causes hard dependence of urban management model's elements to main structure of power. This procedure in turn exacerbates lack of civil institutions and population cooperation and has made urban management as contest arena for political parties over national level. So, council-mayor model suggested as convenient model. Applying the model through masses-based procedure and communicative insight into urban problems, in one hand, over national level emphases declining role of center power and on the other hand in local level it strengthen local management, participation of local community, multi-level and multi-agent government for effective urban management. This model using deductive measures of theoretical discussions urban governance supports urban governance indicators (citizen participation, justice and taking responsibility) and elevates other indicators like urban management authority, mayor power, coordination and cooperation between council and municipality, expertise in municipal body, surveillance power of council and consistency in urban management. Using the model also, decline dependence to political elements over national level and in an overall view invigorates institutional management of Tehran city.
Methodology
The applied method through the study is survey that means gathering data about a phenomenon. Documents analysis is the main technique of data gathering. Anyway, initial method of study consider as descriptive-analytical (none experimental) method. The present analysis is analytical and causative, in terms of relation between the research's variables. In any case, the major method of doing research has a descriptive-analytical approach.
Results and Discussion
The macro-structure of power and lack of civil institutions and also the low level of people participation, making urban management as contest arena for political parties at the national level and consequently the most part of financial and technical resources dedicate to this matter. Apparently, among government and non-government authorities' urban management at Tehran metropolis transform to a promotion platform which facilitates reaching power at national level. Regarding to mentioned analysis which states the current model of Tehran metropolis couldn't preserve independence of urban management and having the Teheran city challenges solved, then it suggests the managerial model should be applied which preserve independence of urban management area against power at macro level. It also should establish civil institutions and encourage people participation into city. Finally through having such a model, political party's reinvigoration could be managed at urban management area.
Conclusion
Having performed the strong mayor model through derivative measures of basic principles of urban governance and other related indicators, strengthen urban governance indicators such as citizen participation, taking responsibility and justice. It also promotes the other indicators include urban management authority, mayor power, cooperation between council and municipality, expertise in municipal body, surveillance power of council and consistency in urban management. So, the powerful mayor-council model has been selected aiming urban management foundation invigoration. Feasibility of this model in Iran considering sixth principle of constitution and emphasis of fourth development program over consistency in management, three decades direct president election experience should be noticed as significant possibilities of transition toward direct selection of mayor in Iran.Extended Abstract
Introduction
Choosing urban management model type reflects insight into relationships to be held between municipality and councils. It also consider as index for executive power and level of participation. Defining managerial style for city and conducting power down toward urban managers is regard as significant discussion of the best managerial model. City managerial model has a close attachment to creation or solution of city problems. Survey over Tehran municipality managerial model offers that the regular model of urban management in Iran is council-manager. Analyzing managerial pattern of Tehran and its features peculiarly dative selection of mayor causes hard dependence of urban management model's elements to main structure of power. This procedure in turn exacerbates lack of civil institutions and population cooperation and has made urban management as contest arena for political parties over national level. So, council-mayor model suggested as convenient model. Applying the model through masses-based procedure and communicative insight into urban problems, in one hand, over national level emphases declining role of center power and on the other hand in local level it strengthen local management, participation of local community, multi-level and multi-agent government for effective urban management. This model using deductive measures of theoretical discussions urban governance supports urban governance indicators (citizen participation, justice and taking responsibility) and elevates other indicators like urban management authority, mayor power, coordination and cooperation between council and municipality, expertise in municipal body, surveillance power of council and consistency in urban management. Using the model also, decline dependence to political elements over national level and in an overall view invigorates institutional management of Tehran city.
Methodology
The applied method through the study is survey that means gathering data about a phenomenon. Documents analysis is the main technique of data gathering. Anyway, initial method of study consider as descriptive-analytical (none experimental) method. The present analysis is analytical and causative, in terms of relation between the research's variables. In any case, the major method of doing research has a descriptive-analytical approach.
Results and Discussion
The macro-structure of power and lack of civil institutions and also the low level of people participation, making urban management as contest arena for political parties at the national level and consequently the most part of financial and technical resources dedicate to this matter. Apparently, among government and non-government authorities' urban management at Tehran metropolis transform to a promotion platform which facilitates reaching power at national level. Regarding to mentioned analysis which states the current model of Tehran metropolis couldn't preserve independence of urban management and having the Teheran city challenges solved, then it suggests the managerial model should be applied which preserve independence of urban management area against power at macro level. It also should establish civil institutions and encourage people participation into city. Finally through having such a model, political party's reinvigoration could be managed at urban management area.
Conclusion
Having performed the strong mayor model through derivative measures of basic principles of urban governance and other related indicators, strengthen urban governance indicators such as citizen participation, taking responsibility and justice. It also promotes the other indicators include urban management authority, mayor power, cooperation between council and municipality, expertise in municipal body, surveillance power of council and consistency in urban management. So, the powerful mayor-council model has been selected aiming urban management foundation invigoration. Feasibility of this model in Iran considering sixth principle of constitution and emphasis of fourth development program over consistency in management, three decades direct president election experience should be noticed as significant possibilities of transition toward direct selection of mayor in Iran.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022The Method of Plants Selection in Planning and Architecturing of urban Green Spaces in Iran (Represented by Using Mathematic Base and Totality Theory)The Method of Plants Selection in Planning and Architecturing of urban Green Spaces in Iran (Represented by Using Mathematic Base and Totality Theory)1271402498410.22059/jhgr.2012.24984FAK.TaghizadehA.MinaeiJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Unlike wrong Conceptions that Green space may be inducing to public, Green space is not only a space with trees, but it is symbol of social and cultural thoughts of a Society and its domain not include only parks. Selection of plants in architecture of green space not is done only based on Aesthetics Visual items but a set of factors like ecological, natural requirement and Functional properties must be regarded. At recent years in Iran, selection of plants species was not scientific. They select plants by chaotic methods or by one dimensional viewpoint. Today in domain of green space most of Iran's cities confront with problem, as following items:
Being one seasonal of green spaces and their function;
Non concurrence of space with function;
Incomprehension and lack of feeling of Aesthetics of plants.
Intolerance of cold and heat and ecological condition by plants cause them deteriorate and make an inappropriate landscape
Methodology
Due to expression of problem and proving of existence of problems in selecting the proper plants for Iran's green space, it be needed to field survey and use of statistical data related to responsible persons that involved in selecting green space plants, which in this case statistical data of some parks plant selector have been examined and interviews with those responsible person had been done. And results have been shown in analytical-descriptive method. in other hand making of systematic idea for selection of plants requires to mathematical and theory of set that these are inevitable .in which case with library research and combination of subjective idea, theory of sets in math have been used which hierarchical property, cover scientifically this method. Totally, research method is combination of analytical-descriptive methods (combination of planting design) with field survey (examination of at least 10 park and observation of its plan) have been done.
Results and Discussion
With adaptation of visual element to plants body it can be discern that plants not only have an ecological and operation value but also have strong potential to satisfy human spiritual needs. So it must be avoid of selecting the plants by one dimensional method for planning the green space and selected plants must be study from aesthetic and visual aspects. in this paper a simple method for selecting a plants in a site is introduced by using of set theory and concepts in math that result in extracting of table 1,2,3,4 and finally gain key table which this table would be the smallest subset from four steps:
((a_1,a_2,a_3,…a_n )^(b_1,b_2,b_3,…b_n )^(c_1,c_2,c_3,…c_n ))?1
Or
Aesthetic specification^ functional specification^ ecological specification
Or
?(a_i )(??b_i )(???c_i)?1?
And requisite for above formula is: A=?(a_i )=1 and ??b_i ?1, ??c_i ?1.
It is obvious that the answer for equation must be one or larger than one. To understand how generalize formula to the problem it's better to introduce this hypothesis:
?(a_i )=a_1?a_2?a_3?…?a_m=1: Production of scores that gained by regarding the natural specification
???b_i=b_1?b_2?b_3?…?b_n?1?: Sum of scores by regarding the functional specification
???c_i=c_1?c_2?c_3?…?c_n?1? : Sum of scores by regarding the visual specification
Conclusion
Selecting the proper plant for green space is a specialized work and everyone is not allowed for plant selection. Up to now, often in Iran the ecological specification of plants had been criterion for selecting the plants which it was because of interference of unskilled person in this region. On the other hand attention to aesthetic principals in green space is subject to examination of plants from view point of visual communication. In Iran above mentioned principal had been at least level and mostly ecological specification had been considered. Selecting of plants for green space application at view point of systematical, plurality, and multi-dimensional (natural, functional and visual) must be done. Offering methods and models for selecting the plants would help the specialized in selecting the plant.
Albeit these methods do not mean offering of stereotype methods but it can be used as a relative application. Utilization of offered method in plant selection finally results in production of key table of planet selection that for ease and completeness of selection for each project it can be prepared. by using final table as a one of sheets of green space design project, for any aims in designer mind, a proper plant would be in access.
Desired method would had hierarchy specification, screening and systematical specification that cause the attained key have been used in formatted final table as guidance with least error. Plants have been selected for green space which firstly are compatible with ecological condition of region and secondly had a one or several proper function, thirdly had a expected visual specification of project (aesthetic specification).which these three condition must be applied with each other and respectively.Extended Abstract
Introduction
Unlike wrong Conceptions that Green space may be inducing to public, Green space is not only a space with trees, but it is symbol of social and cultural thoughts of a Society and its domain not include only parks. Selection of plants in architecture of green space not is done only based on Aesthetics Visual items but a set of factors like ecological, natural requirement and Functional properties must be regarded. At recent years in Iran, selection of plants species was not scientific. They select plants by chaotic methods or by one dimensional viewpoint. Today in domain of green space most of Iran's cities confront with problem, as following items:
Being one seasonal of green spaces and their function;
Non concurrence of space with function;
Incomprehension and lack of feeling of Aesthetics of plants.
Intolerance of cold and heat and ecological condition by plants cause them deteriorate and make an inappropriate landscape
Methodology
Due to expression of problem and proving of existence of problems in selecting the proper plants for Iran's green space, it be needed to field survey and use of statistical data related to responsible persons that involved in selecting green space plants, which in this case statistical data of some parks plant selector have been examined and interviews with those responsible person had been done. And results have been shown in analytical-descriptive method. in other hand making of systematic idea for selection of plants requires to mathematical and theory of set that these are inevitable .in which case with library research and combination of subjective idea, theory of sets in math have been used which hierarchical property, cover scientifically this method. Totally, research method is combination of analytical-descriptive methods (combination of planting design) with field survey (examination of at least 10 park and observation of its plan) have been done.
Results and Discussion
With adaptation of visual element to plants body it can be discern that plants not only have an ecological and operation value but also have strong potential to satisfy human spiritual needs. So it must be avoid of selecting the plants by one dimensional method for planning the green space and selected plants must be study from aesthetic and visual aspects. in this paper a simple method for selecting a plants in a site is introduced by using of set theory and concepts in math that result in extracting of table 1,2,3,4 and finally gain key table which this table would be the smallest subset from four steps:
((a_1,a_2,a_3,…a_n )^(b_1,b_2,b_3,…b_n )^(c_1,c_2,c_3,…c_n ))?1
Or
Aesthetic specification^ functional specification^ ecological specification
Or
?(a_i )(??b_i )(???c_i)?1?
And requisite for above formula is: A=?(a_i )=1 and ??b_i ?1, ??c_i ?1.
It is obvious that the answer for equation must be one or larger than one. To understand how generalize formula to the problem it's better to introduce this hypothesis:
?(a_i )=a_1?a_2?a_3?…?a_m=1: Production of scores that gained by regarding the natural specification
???b_i=b_1?b_2?b_3?…?b_n?1?: Sum of scores by regarding the functional specification
???c_i=c_1?c_2?c_3?…?c_n?1? : Sum of scores by regarding the visual specification
Conclusion
Selecting the proper plant for green space is a specialized work and everyone is not allowed for plant selection. Up to now, often in Iran the ecological specification of plants had been criterion for selecting the plants which it was because of interference of unskilled person in this region. On the other hand attention to aesthetic principals in green space is subject to examination of plants from view point of visual communication. In Iran above mentioned principal had been at least level and mostly ecological specification had been considered. Selecting of plants for green space application at view point of systematical, plurality, and multi-dimensional (natural, functional and visual) must be done. Offering methods and models for selecting the plants would help the specialized in selecting the plant.
Albeit these methods do not mean offering of stereotype methods but it can be used as a relative application. Utilization of offered method in plant selection finally results in production of key table of planet selection that for ease and completeness of selection for each project it can be prepared. by using final table as a one of sheets of green space design project, for any aims in designer mind, a proper plant would be in access.
Desired method would had hierarchy specification, screening and systematical specification that cause the attained key have been used in formatted final table as guidance with least error. Plants have been selected for green space which firstly are compatible with ecological condition of region and secondly had a one or several proper function, thirdly had a expected visual specification of project (aesthetic specification).which these three condition must be applied with each other and respectively.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022The Assessment of Physical and Social Housing Indexes in Determine of Predominantly Poor Blocks Using Factor Analysis Model (Case Study: Kermanshah City)The Assessment of Physical and Social Housing Indexes in Determine of Predominantly Poor Blocks Using Factor Analysis Model (Case Study: Kermanshah City)1411562498510.22059/jhgr.2012.24985FASh.RostaeiM.AhadnejadA.Asghari ZamaniA. R.ZangenehJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Poverty in Iran is developing like other countries, and makes a lot of troubles to the cities. Kermanshah as an enormous city faces with poverty. In this study, we have considered the skeletal pathology of this city. The purpose of this study understands the condition and features of dwelling to make some exact study of damages. Research method is quantitative analytic, we have applied the statistical blocks information in 1385 and 9 indices including: fancily dimension, population in houses, pure head- money, gross head- money, pure accumulation, deal of urban population, population residential compression, fancily population in any house, individual population in house. They have classified to three indices using statistical methods and analyzed using Arc/GIS software. Statistical population is Kermanshah city in 1385. Results show that Kermanshah has 1718 blocks that is 21/1 percent too rich population. 1149 blocks that is 1411% rich, 3475 blocks, i.e. 42/7% in average level, 1224 blocks, i.e. 15/1% poor, and 529 blocks i.e. 6/5% very poor population. These results just applied indices.
One of the evaluations of poverty is dwelling. Suitable dwelling means not to be so crowded. In general, poverty in cities of Iran is obvious. So, in this study, we show poverty in Kermanshah as a symbol of physical reflection of social inequality emphasizing on quantitative indices. House is the first need of a family, in developing country, just limited number of people could gain suitable dwelling.
Poor social groups always have a lot of troubles to make a good dwelling. So, they dwell in some places which have a lot of population, thus, they become poor. Poverty cycle in Kermanshah obviously shown, as a result we analyzed all these indices.
Methodology
This research is an appliedresearch and statisticalSociety is Kermanshah City in 2006. The necessary data has been collected form Iranian censes center based on 2006 national censes also for preparing data Arc/View, Arc/GIS and Microsoft Excel software has been used in this study. After data preparing with use Factor analysis in SPSS software 9 indexes has been classified to 3 factors. Consideringeach of thefactorsextractedthe city blocks were classified in5 groupssuch as veryaffluent, affluent, fair, poor, verypoorgroups. In this paper for spatial distribution of urban poverty in Kermanshah city 9 indexeswere used such as average household size, population density in housing units,… .
Results and Discussion
This approach is a kind of practical one. Statistical society is Kermanshah in 1385. We take the information from center of statistic in Iran at 2006 and Arc/GIS software to specify the indices and ported to Excel software. At last we used SPSS to classify this model from 9 factors to 3 factors 8. Variance percentage and accumulation variance have been determined. Blocks are set as too rich, rich, average level, poor and much poor.
Conclusion
On the skeletal- social indices point of view Kermanshah has 1718 blocks i.e. 21/1% too rich, 1149 blocks i.e. 14/1% rich, 3475 blocks i.e. 42/7% average level, 1224 blocks i.e. 15/1% poor, and 529 blocks i.e. 6/5% much poor population. These results are gathered just based on these special indices, and using much more indices would make some trouble and change these results.
Suggestions
• To poor’s, dwelling is an economical place, so economic planning to them should be of the lowest level of the city etc. neighborhood.
• We should applied research about dwelling with governmental parts cooperation.
• In dwelling organization should use experts of urban planning, sociology, economy and management interactively.
• Responsible organs should consider about dwelling indices, and make local responsible aware about them.
• Programs are about dwelling should be integrated and managers should cooperate with different organs.Extended Abstract
Introduction
Poverty in Iran is developing like other countries, and makes a lot of troubles to the cities. Kermanshah as an enormous city faces with poverty. In this study, we have considered the skeletal pathology of this city. The purpose of this study understands the condition and features of dwelling to make some exact study of damages. Research method is quantitative analytic, we have applied the statistical blocks information in 1385 and 9 indices including: fancily dimension, population in houses, pure head- money, gross head- money, pure accumulation, deal of urban population, population residential compression, fancily population in any house, individual population in house. They have classified to three indices using statistical methods and analyzed using Arc/GIS software. Statistical population is Kermanshah city in 1385. Results show that Kermanshah has 1718 blocks that is 21/1 percent too rich population. 1149 blocks that is 1411% rich, 3475 blocks, i.e. 42/7% in average level, 1224 blocks, i.e. 15/1% poor, and 529 blocks i.e. 6/5% very poor population. These results just applied indices.
One of the evaluations of poverty is dwelling. Suitable dwelling means not to be so crowded. In general, poverty in cities of Iran is obvious. So, in this study, we show poverty in Kermanshah as a symbol of physical reflection of social inequality emphasizing on quantitative indices. House is the first need of a family, in developing country, just limited number of people could gain suitable dwelling.
Poor social groups always have a lot of troubles to make a good dwelling. So, they dwell in some places which have a lot of population, thus, they become poor. Poverty cycle in Kermanshah obviously shown, as a result we analyzed all these indices.
Methodology
This research is an appliedresearch and statisticalSociety is Kermanshah City in 2006. The necessary data has been collected form Iranian censes center based on 2006 national censes also for preparing data Arc/View, Arc/GIS and Microsoft Excel software has been used in this study. After data preparing with use Factor analysis in SPSS software 9 indexes has been classified to 3 factors. Consideringeach of thefactorsextractedthe city blocks were classified in5 groupssuch as veryaffluent, affluent, fair, poor, verypoorgroups. In this paper for spatial distribution of urban poverty in Kermanshah city 9 indexeswere used such as average household size, population density in housing units,… .
Results and Discussion
This approach is a kind of practical one. Statistical society is Kermanshah in 1385. We take the information from center of statistic in Iran at 2006 and Arc/GIS software to specify the indices and ported to Excel software. At last we used SPSS to classify this model from 9 factors to 3 factors 8. Variance percentage and accumulation variance have been determined. Blocks are set as too rich, rich, average level, poor and much poor.
Conclusion
On the skeletal- social indices point of view Kermanshah has 1718 blocks i.e. 21/1% too rich, 1149 blocks i.e. 14/1% rich, 3475 blocks i.e. 42/7% average level, 1224 blocks i.e. 15/1% poor, and 529 blocks i.e. 6/5% much poor population. These results are gathered just based on these special indices, and using much more indices would make some trouble and change these results.
Suggestions
• To poor’s, dwelling is an economical place, so economic planning to them should be of the lowest level of the city etc. neighborhood.
• We should applied research about dwelling with governmental parts cooperation.
• In dwelling organization should use experts of urban planning, sociology, economy and management interactively.
• Responsible organs should consider about dwelling indices, and make local responsible aware about them.
• Programs are about dwelling should be integrated and managers should cooperate with different organs.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Human Hazards: Threats from Human – Environmental RelationshipHuman Hazards: Threats from Human – Environmental Relationship1571762498610.22059/jhgr.2012.24986FAM. R.Heidary FarJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
The world which we live in has been changed dangerously from the past onward and according to the evidences and reasons such as human intends, progress in science and technology, well being and desire to power among human beings provide many crises and hazards like population explosion, environmental destruction, shortage of resources and uneven and disparity between poverty and richness. Today, human has been experienced fatal and terrible diseases resulting from transformation in genetics and manipulation in the nature. Global climate change for the sake of human activities and other negative consequences from human- environmental relationships has been studied in the lens of Environmental Geopolitics. Some cases has been used by main powers in the world as a weapon for confronting and fighting against their enemy called as ecological warfare and in terms of diseases is called biological wars. There are also wars over scarce resources especially in regions faced crises. There will be wars in future for water in arid area according to some theory. All examples consider as hazards provide tribulation and disorder in the life of human who is a lonely creature in the universe. Human is alone in the solid planet earth and in the universe and there is no body else who could help to solve his difficulty problems which most of them has been created by himself. This paper looks at problems and disasters as human hazards and it believes they will increase in the upcoming years.
Hazards are too close to human kinds. Although there are numerous reasons and causes for deaths, the risks of dead are high when we cross streets. Accidents are reported that take a major reason for all deaths throughout the world including Iran. In the process, pollution of air has been attended by academic groups. Weather was clean in the past, however today it is contaminated. It means that for the sake of rapid increase in population expansion, over urbanization, various technologies, over utilization and extraction from environment for human well being let to worse circumstances of climate. So life in overcrowded places like metropolitans such as Tehran city has many outcomes and hazards for human health and pressure on his soul just only for contamination. But it is not whole story. Erosion in soils has been intensive and forests are destroyed severely and continuously and these catalysts led to global warming finally. Increase in population expansion produce a condition that freshwater will be faced by shortage, crises and pollution. Some body like Paul Erlich in his book titled Population Bomb discuss about future pessimistically. He determine that the world finally return to eighteenth and nineteenth centuries because of some facts such population explosion, resource scarcities, pollution in water resources in arid areas such as Middle East and etc. Although some promise a new world order based on peace and development, it is believed that nation states eventually have fueled crises, tensions and wars in line linked them in international realm.
Methodology
The methodology of this project has emphasized on the analytical- descriptive method that its data and its information has been gathered by ways which are common such as books and journals in libraries and other sources like Internet. In the paper, there is environmental vision and approach to the Human-Made Hazards and also it involves discussion about the events in present and future.
Results and Discussion
The world which we live in has become more dangerous than the past. While there were a balance between people and environment, pollution was not produced too much as today, or if it did its trend was reversed very soon , today environmental crises has been grown constantly and rapidly instead of development in technology and human awareness of hazards. Everyday a baby is born and population will grow while the rate of vital resources would be declined. Meanwhile, some of these resources are not replaced. Today human being has been faced with new threads just only for the progress in technology, environmental degradations and etc. it involves Ozone depletion for the rise of greenhouse gases, upcoming of water ocean level, ice melting in poles and glaciers, temperature warming in atmosphere that all are causes to human crises like agrarian limits, agriculture problems and food crises as rice scarcity in Thailand and unrests and political tensions of farmers and other business consequently. Also human, today, produce sewages and wastes which they generate abundant gases again and this issue is very danger for him.
Diseases and infections were not expanding very much and they limited to their origin in several decades ago, but today they radiate and distribute quickly and in vast areas. It seems that the progress in science and technology equals to the demise of human life and health towards dangers and hazards.
Conclusion
This is true that this new space has been meaningful with development; well being and progress for human kind, but in the other side hazards are proliferated. Growth and generating of new diseases have been reported rare in human history, and, but, they are parts of hazards and threats imposed social outcome and economic costs and political results on the body of societies. Transportation, Communication and insensitive interactions transform and transit dangerous infections like mad-cow disease, SARS, Swine Flu, Bubonic Plague and etc throughout world as quickly as they can. HIV has converted into main problem of the world. The HIV, Mad Cow Disease, Bird Flu and Swine Flu are new cases emanating from shifting ways of human life facilitated by technology, obliterating of the role of fate, ethics and religion and also its control over social relations, improvement and progress in food industries as unnatural method and also modernization, science and technology. These catastrophe and catalysts draws new difficulty crises and new space for human beings. For apprehending this dilemma, it is necessary to mention that tow forces named nongovernmental processes and states themselves are useful to our understanding. It means that anti geopolitical forces, in one hand, like diseases, environmental degradation, international crime organizations, national and international events and terrorism and etc are not respecting to states, laws, and sovereignty and in the other hand nation states are trying to control, protect and comprehend national, regional and global affairs and currents by using of cooperation, coalition so that suitable and inhabitable environment has been offered.Extended Abstract
Introduction
The world which we live in has been changed dangerously from the past onward and according to the evidences and reasons such as human intends, progress in science and technology, well being and desire to power among human beings provide many crises and hazards like population explosion, environmental destruction, shortage of resources and uneven and disparity between poverty and richness. Today, human has been experienced fatal and terrible diseases resulting from transformation in genetics and manipulation in the nature. Global climate change for the sake of human activities and other negative consequences from human- environmental relationships has been studied in the lens of Environmental Geopolitics. Some cases has been used by main powers in the world as a weapon for confronting and fighting against their enemy called as ecological warfare and in terms of diseases is called biological wars. There are also wars over scarce resources especially in regions faced crises. There will be wars in future for water in arid area according to some theory. All examples consider as hazards provide tribulation and disorder in the life of human who is a lonely creature in the universe. Human is alone in the solid planet earth and in the universe and there is no body else who could help to solve his difficulty problems which most of them has been created by himself. This paper looks at problems and disasters as human hazards and it believes they will increase in the upcoming years.
Hazards are too close to human kinds. Although there are numerous reasons and causes for deaths, the risks of dead are high when we cross streets. Accidents are reported that take a major reason for all deaths throughout the world including Iran. In the process, pollution of air has been attended by academic groups. Weather was clean in the past, however today it is contaminated. It means that for the sake of rapid increase in population expansion, over urbanization, various technologies, over utilization and extraction from environment for human well being let to worse circumstances of climate. So life in overcrowded places like metropolitans such as Tehran city has many outcomes and hazards for human health and pressure on his soul just only for contamination. But it is not whole story. Erosion in soils has been intensive and forests are destroyed severely and continuously and these catalysts led to global warming finally. Increase in population expansion produce a condition that freshwater will be faced by shortage, crises and pollution. Some body like Paul Erlich in his book titled Population Bomb discuss about future pessimistically. He determine that the world finally return to eighteenth and nineteenth centuries because of some facts such population explosion, resource scarcities, pollution in water resources in arid areas such as Middle East and etc. Although some promise a new world order based on peace and development, it is believed that nation states eventually have fueled crises, tensions and wars in line linked them in international realm.
Methodology
The methodology of this project has emphasized on the analytical- descriptive method that its data and its information has been gathered by ways which are common such as books and journals in libraries and other sources like Internet. In the paper, there is environmental vision and approach to the Human-Made Hazards and also it involves discussion about the events in present and future.
Results and Discussion
The world which we live in has become more dangerous than the past. While there were a balance between people and environment, pollution was not produced too much as today, or if it did its trend was reversed very soon , today environmental crises has been grown constantly and rapidly instead of development in technology and human awareness of hazards. Everyday a baby is born and population will grow while the rate of vital resources would be declined. Meanwhile, some of these resources are not replaced. Today human being has been faced with new threads just only for the progress in technology, environmental degradations and etc. it involves Ozone depletion for the rise of greenhouse gases, upcoming of water ocean level, ice melting in poles and glaciers, temperature warming in atmosphere that all are causes to human crises like agrarian limits, agriculture problems and food crises as rice scarcity in Thailand and unrests and political tensions of farmers and other business consequently. Also human, today, produce sewages and wastes which they generate abundant gases again and this issue is very danger for him.
Diseases and infections were not expanding very much and they limited to their origin in several decades ago, but today they radiate and distribute quickly and in vast areas. It seems that the progress in science and technology equals to the demise of human life and health towards dangers and hazards.
Conclusion
This is true that this new space has been meaningful with development; well being and progress for human kind, but in the other side hazards are proliferated. Growth and generating of new diseases have been reported rare in human history, and, but, they are parts of hazards and threats imposed social outcome and economic costs and political results on the body of societies. Transportation, Communication and insensitive interactions transform and transit dangerous infections like mad-cow disease, SARS, Swine Flu, Bubonic Plague and etc throughout world as quickly as they can. HIV has converted into main problem of the world. The HIV, Mad Cow Disease, Bird Flu and Swine Flu are new cases emanating from shifting ways of human life facilitated by technology, obliterating of the role of fate, ethics and religion and also its control over social relations, improvement and progress in food industries as unnatural method and also modernization, science and technology. These catastrophe and catalysts draws new difficulty crises and new space for human beings. For apprehending this dilemma, it is necessary to mention that tow forces named nongovernmental processes and states themselves are useful to our understanding. It means that anti geopolitical forces, in one hand, like diseases, environmental degradation, international crime organizations, national and international events and terrorism and etc are not respecting to states, laws, and sovereignty and in the other hand nation states are trying to control, protect and comprehend national, regional and global affairs and currents by using of cooperation, coalition so that suitable and inhabitable environment has been offered.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022Investigation and Analysis of the Effects of Inequalities on Societal, Economic and Political Security of Mashhad MetropolitanInvestigation and Analysis of the Effects of Inequalities on Societal, Economic and Political Security of Mashhad Metropolitan1771922498710.22059/jhgr.2012.24987FAH.AzamiM.RustaJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
National security is one of the main goals political societies and regimes. So to achieve this, various actions must be done. Among these measures are the identification of threats and factors which threaten security. In the contemporary period, the development of the cities, the growth of metropolitan life, the increasing social conflicts and struggles- among them the urban crimes and incongruities- are one of the commonest phenomena of human societies. Likewise, Mashad, as the country's second Metropolis has a high share of social and economic inequalities and crime. This paper considers one of the sources that threaten the country's national security with regard to social and economic affairs. So let us first consider the concept of security. Then the concepts of crime-prone locations and civil crimes, deprivation and social inequalities are considered. The measurement of inequality in Mashad's 12 sections with regard to criteria of addiction, lack of chastity, forgery, theft, crimes against public properties constitutes the main core of the research.
Methodology
Due to the nature of the research, the method selected for carrying it out is descriptive and analytical. In the current research, the following criteria for security are distinguished, based on the number and percentage of the criminals in the central prison of all 12 sections of Mashad: addiction, lack of chastity, forgery, theft of the public properties and narcotics. The research methodology is such that the number and percentage of the criminals of the central prison on the basis of the crime type are extracted in for each section and thematic maps are provided for them (The data and statistics does not exist for section 12).
Results and Discussion
Nowadays in global research there is a proved fact that, criminals, while choosing the crime date and place, seem to take careful attention in finding the right place. Therefore every effort to identify the crime places and crime causes is very important. Hence, according to the importance and effect of place in the creation, number, and types of crimes the following part of the paper carries out separate analysis of six main criteria of crime among the different sections of Metropolitan Mashad.
1) Addiction
The following is the number and percentage of addicted criminals in Mashad central prison from 12 sections of the city: The percentage of addicts in six sections such as section 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11 is less than the city addiction average. One of the main reasons for that is their peripheral location.
2) Lack of chastity
The whole number of crimes in the 12 section related to lack of chastity is found to be 379. Accordingly, the percent of chastity offenders in six sections, including sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 11 has been less than the city average. Also the percentage of addicts in sections 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, and Samen has been above the city average. The distribution of chastity offenders shows that the highest rate is found in sections 2, 3, and 5, and that the lowest rate is that of section 6.
3) Forgery
The number and percentage of criminals in Mashad central prison, according to forgery, has been the following: Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, and 11 were above the city average and sections 1, 7, 8, 9, and Samen were above the average. The distribution of forgery criminals shows that the highest rate is that of sections 4, 9, and 5 and the lowest rate in section 6. In map no. 3, these are clearly observable.
4) Theft
The percentage of thieves were lower than the city average in the seven sections of 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and Samen, and higher in the five sections 2, 3, 4, 6, 7. The distribution of theft criminals shows that the highest theft rate is observed in section 5, 4, and 2, respectively, and the lowest rate observed in section 11 and Samen.
5) Crimes against public properties
The investigation the criminals against public properties in Mashad central prison (among the 12 sections) shows that the following six sections among them sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and Samen are more crime-prone in this regard. Sections 1, 2, 8, 9, 10 are in more undesirable conditions than other sections of the city. Accordingly, in the above-mentioned sections the highest rate of crime against public properties is observed. The distribution of the criminals against public properties shows that section 3 has the highest rate and section 6 the lowest rate of it.
6) Narcotics
The number and percentage of drug-addicted prisoners in 12 sections of Mashad illustrates the fact that sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, and Samen have the highest rate in the whole city. Sections 5, 6, 9, 11 were above the city average. The distribution of drug-addicted prisoners throughout the city shows that the highest number of prisoners in Mashad central prison are drug-addicted convicts (2947), with section five having the highest share and Samen the lowest one.
Conclusion
In recent decades, the concept and nature of national security have completely changed. The main attention has been drawn from traditional military threats to modern non-military threats. The current research shows that section 5 is the most crime-prone part of the city of Mashad containing about 17,2 percent of all criminals in the city. Following it are sections 2, and 4 which are located in northern and eastern part of Mashad, respectively. Therefore, the investigated criteria are treated as the main threats to economic, political, and social security because of the location of the crime centers in northern and eastern parts of the city. Therefore the country's political and administrative institutions must take full responsibility for the people in tackling the problems by using desirable measurements and policies.Extended Abstract
Introduction
National security is one of the main goals political societies and regimes. So to achieve this, various actions must be done. Among these measures are the identification of threats and factors which threaten security. In the contemporary period, the development of the cities, the growth of metropolitan life, the increasing social conflicts and struggles- among them the urban crimes and incongruities- are one of the commonest phenomena of human societies. Likewise, Mashad, as the country's second Metropolis has a high share of social and economic inequalities and crime. This paper considers one of the sources that threaten the country's national security with regard to social and economic affairs. So let us first consider the concept of security. Then the concepts of crime-prone locations and civil crimes, deprivation and social inequalities are considered. The measurement of inequality in Mashad's 12 sections with regard to criteria of addiction, lack of chastity, forgery, theft, crimes against public properties constitutes the main core of the research.
Methodology
Due to the nature of the research, the method selected for carrying it out is descriptive and analytical. In the current research, the following criteria for security are distinguished, based on the number and percentage of the criminals in the central prison of all 12 sections of Mashad: addiction, lack of chastity, forgery, theft of the public properties and narcotics. The research methodology is such that the number and percentage of the criminals of the central prison on the basis of the crime type are extracted in for each section and thematic maps are provided for them (The data and statistics does not exist for section 12).
Results and Discussion
Nowadays in global research there is a proved fact that, criminals, while choosing the crime date and place, seem to take careful attention in finding the right place. Therefore every effort to identify the crime places and crime causes is very important. Hence, according to the importance and effect of place in the creation, number, and types of crimes the following part of the paper carries out separate analysis of six main criteria of crime among the different sections of Metropolitan Mashad.
1) Addiction
The following is the number and percentage of addicted criminals in Mashad central prison from 12 sections of the city: The percentage of addicts in six sections such as section 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11 is less than the city addiction average. One of the main reasons for that is their peripheral location.
2) Lack of chastity
The whole number of crimes in the 12 section related to lack of chastity is found to be 379. Accordingly, the percent of chastity offenders in six sections, including sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 11 has been less than the city average. Also the percentage of addicts in sections 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, and Samen has been above the city average. The distribution of chastity offenders shows that the highest rate is found in sections 2, 3, and 5, and that the lowest rate is that of section 6.
3) Forgery
The number and percentage of criminals in Mashad central prison, according to forgery, has been the following: Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, and 11 were above the city average and sections 1, 7, 8, 9, and Samen were above the average. The distribution of forgery criminals shows that the highest rate is that of sections 4, 9, and 5 and the lowest rate in section 6. In map no. 3, these are clearly observable.
4) Theft
The percentage of thieves were lower than the city average in the seven sections of 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and Samen, and higher in the five sections 2, 3, 4, 6, 7. The distribution of theft criminals shows that the highest theft rate is observed in section 5, 4, and 2, respectively, and the lowest rate observed in section 11 and Samen.
5) Crimes against public properties
The investigation the criminals against public properties in Mashad central prison (among the 12 sections) shows that the following six sections among them sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and Samen are more crime-prone in this regard. Sections 1, 2, 8, 9, 10 are in more undesirable conditions than other sections of the city. Accordingly, in the above-mentioned sections the highest rate of crime against public properties is observed. The distribution of the criminals against public properties shows that section 3 has the highest rate and section 6 the lowest rate of it.
6) Narcotics
The number and percentage of drug-addicted prisoners in 12 sections of Mashad illustrates the fact that sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, and Samen have the highest rate in the whole city. Sections 5, 6, 9, 11 were above the city average. The distribution of drug-addicted prisoners throughout the city shows that the highest number of prisoners in Mashad central prison are drug-addicted convicts (2947), with section five having the highest share and Samen the lowest one.
Conclusion
In recent decades, the concept and nature of national security have completely changed. The main attention has been drawn from traditional military threats to modern non-military threats. The current research shows that section 5 is the most crime-prone part of the city of Mashad containing about 17,2 percent of all criminals in the city. Following it are sections 2, and 4 which are located in northern and eastern part of Mashad, respectively. Therefore, the investigated criteria are treated as the main threats to economic, political, and social security because of the location of the crime centers in northern and eastern parts of the city. Therefore the country's political and administrative institutions must take full responsibility for the people in tackling the problems by using desirable measurements and policies.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022The Environmental Quality of City and Urban Sprawl in BabolsarThe Environmental Quality of City and Urban Sprawl in Babolsar1932152498810.22059/jhgr.2012.24988FAE.GhanavatiAminFaraji MollaieA.AzimiJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
The dominant form of cities has been urban sprawl worldwide which created multi socio-economic and environmental problems. Critics believe that this form of urban growth is the most unsustainable expansion of cities resulted from Intensive use of private cars and haphazard urban land use planning. The issue dictated planners to seek for a more sustain and healthy urban form which could guarantee the balanced growth of cities, and so the compact city was one the most defended form for the contemporary urbanism. Now the main question was that which one of urban form i.e. compact or sprawls provide better quality of life? There are many issues which should be considered in first place and then to determine the best option for urban growth. Initially, the level life satisfaction is related to different socio-economic status and the mode of transportation of urban residents and other factors. Urban sprawl common in USA, Australian and Canada is different with the same phenomena in Iran and the majority of developing countries. The Mega polises of Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz and others are the results of an inefficient economic development triggered urban-biased and therefore led to the huge rural- urban migration towards the urban fringes where pulls most of the local municipalities financial resources and con not coined as American dream. This paper tries to use objective indicators to analysis the unbalanced growth of Babolsar city which now threatened the quality of life and its environment. The research applied Entropy method and density to define the city form and also tests of T and F accompanied with SPPS to measure environmental quality.
The main hypotheses of the research are based as on two alternatives: First, it seems that there is a meaningful relation between the city imbalanced growth and the quality of life. Second, it seems that the quality of life in neighborhoods is lower in unbalanced areas of the city compared to the balanced ones.
Methodology
The research has employed two techniques of Shannon Entropy and density for determining the level of city dispersion. The main reason for application of these two models has been the scientific acceptance and the low error coefficient and also their correspondence with the results from the field. To measure the quality of life 320 samples was distributed in the sixteen neighborhoods of the city which the numbers was obtained by using Cochran method. SPPS was used to analysis obtained results, and for approving the hypotheses Pearson correlation coefficient, T and F tests were applied.
Results and Discussion
The results revealed that the final limit of entropy shown 1.28 and since the ?Entropy of Babolsar calculated about 1.0469 and with respect to the Shannon Entropy which has value from 0 to 1 and with regard to the proportion of sprawl growth. The city has experienced a sprawl growth and became less dense in 2006. One of the methods which could help to identify the pattern of city form from density is the level of density in the different regions of the city. Therefore the city map was drawn using the statistical records of 2006 national census. The density of the city was classified in four categories which the research used this classification for the present study. With respect to the city density in 2006 the city place as low density urban place. The peripheral areas expanded towards the fertile agricultural lands. The four classes are: 1) very low density: 1- 50 person per hectare 2) low density with 52 to 100 person per hectare 3)moderate density with 101 to 200 person per hectare 4) High density with +201 person per hectare. On the base of this study, city density is lower in peripheral neighborhoods of the city compared to the internal neighborhoods which mirrors the sprawl growth of the city. The results showed that the first hypothecs is approved or in other words there is a relation between imbalanced growth of the city and the aspects of quality of life. And T test indicated that is significant in Alfa 0.05 level with t-4830, and the obtained means of two groups showed significant difference, so the zero hypothesis would be rejected. It means that the quality of life is higher in the internal neighborhoods of the city compared to the peripheral areas.
Conclusion
The study evaluated the town by evaluating multi indicators of townscape, air quality, water, green space per capita and texture reading which evolved in a periodical range of 90 years (1st Pahlavi) and as Entropy showed it has expanded in a dispersed form in post revolutionary eras. Based on analyzing the aspects of environmental quality of life in neighborhoods, the results of T and F rest showed that the quality of life is much lower in peripheral regions where the city fabric expanded towards the agricultural lands. Such condition alerts the imbalanced growth of the city which is in contradiction with the general urban policies of the country in the North of Iran.Extended Abstract
Introduction
The dominant form of cities has been urban sprawl worldwide which created multi socio-economic and environmental problems. Critics believe that this form of urban growth is the most unsustainable expansion of cities resulted from Intensive use of private cars and haphazard urban land use planning. The issue dictated planners to seek for a more sustain and healthy urban form which could guarantee the balanced growth of cities, and so the compact city was one the most defended form for the contemporary urbanism. Now the main question was that which one of urban form i.e. compact or sprawls provide better quality of life? There are many issues which should be considered in first place and then to determine the best option for urban growth. Initially, the level life satisfaction is related to different socio-economic status and the mode of transportation of urban residents and other factors. Urban sprawl common in USA, Australian and Canada is different with the same phenomena in Iran and the majority of developing countries. The Mega polises of Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz and others are the results of an inefficient economic development triggered urban-biased and therefore led to the huge rural- urban migration towards the urban fringes where pulls most of the local municipalities financial resources and con not coined as American dream. This paper tries to use objective indicators to analysis the unbalanced growth of Babolsar city which now threatened the quality of life and its environment. The research applied Entropy method and density to define the city form and also tests of T and F accompanied with SPPS to measure environmental quality.
The main hypotheses of the research are based as on two alternatives: First, it seems that there is a meaningful relation between the city imbalanced growth and the quality of life. Second, it seems that the quality of life in neighborhoods is lower in unbalanced areas of the city compared to the balanced ones.
Methodology
The research has employed two techniques of Shannon Entropy and density for determining the level of city dispersion. The main reason for application of these two models has been the scientific acceptance and the low error coefficient and also their correspondence with the results from the field. To measure the quality of life 320 samples was distributed in the sixteen neighborhoods of the city which the numbers was obtained by using Cochran method. SPPS was used to analysis obtained results, and for approving the hypotheses Pearson correlation coefficient, T and F tests were applied.
Results and Discussion
The results revealed that the final limit of entropy shown 1.28 and since the ?Entropy of Babolsar calculated about 1.0469 and with respect to the Shannon Entropy which has value from 0 to 1 and with regard to the proportion of sprawl growth. The city has experienced a sprawl growth and became less dense in 2006. One of the methods which could help to identify the pattern of city form from density is the level of density in the different regions of the city. Therefore the city map was drawn using the statistical records of 2006 national census. The density of the city was classified in four categories which the research used this classification for the present study. With respect to the city density in 2006 the city place as low density urban place. The peripheral areas expanded towards the fertile agricultural lands. The four classes are: 1) very low density: 1- 50 person per hectare 2) low density with 52 to 100 person per hectare 3)moderate density with 101 to 200 person per hectare 4) High density with +201 person per hectare. On the base of this study, city density is lower in peripheral neighborhoods of the city compared to the internal neighborhoods which mirrors the sprawl growth of the city. The results showed that the first hypothecs is approved or in other words there is a relation between imbalanced growth of the city and the aspects of quality of life. And T test indicated that is significant in Alfa 0.05 level with t-4830, and the obtained means of two groups showed significant difference, so the zero hypothesis would be rejected. It means that the quality of life is higher in the internal neighborhoods of the city compared to the peripheral areas.
Conclusion
The study evaluated the town by evaluating multi indicators of townscape, air quality, water, green space per capita and texture reading which evolved in a periodical range of 90 years (1st Pahlavi) and as Entropy showed it has expanded in a dispersed form in post revolutionary eras. Based on analyzing the aspects of environmental quality of life in neighborhoods, the results of T and F rest showed that the quality of life is much lower in peripheral regions where the city fabric expanded towards the agricultural lands. Such condition alerts the imbalanced growth of the city which is in contradiction with the general urban policies of the country in the North of Iran.University of TehranHuman Geography Research2008-629644320121022The Analytic of Arrangement in the Erode Section of Cities (The Case Study: Erode Section of Khorram Abad City)The Analytic of Arrangement in the Erode Section of Cities (The Case Study: Erode Section of Khorram Abad City)2172342498910.22059/jhgr.2012.24989FAI.EbrahimzadehG.MalekiJournal Article19700101Extended Abstract
Introduction
Procedures and accelerated its growth in recent decades, cities in Iran, has sparked a lot of urban problems. So, the problems of urbanization and the failure all aspects of its influence and sometimes disrupt urban life has made. One of the major problems the older cities more tissue worn in them is the source of many problems in urban areas and the economic-social, body- physical, environmental and security in the wake and the instability in many city has provided. Basically, the body of the cities affected by natural processes, social and economic change gradually and was exhausted and needed reconstruction and modernization over time they will gradually feel.
Usually in the central areas of large cities like tissue formed are mainly due to low quality materials and construction, the conditions necessary to create a safe, comfortable and prosperous, and have been subject to many of the original indigenous inhabitants despite the high reliance solely because poor structural and functional needs of the community and the impossibility Its minimum in the neighborhood, with the migration of rural migrants and non-native residents of the area of tissue is provided and to create a social and cultural issues, the increased tissue damage and wear it well have caused them.
Methodology
The study of the functional description of the method - the analysis is. Required to collect data, documentation of studies and field studies such as interviews and questionnaires were used for data analysis and presenting strategies to improve the texture of the old city of Khorram Abad SWOT matrix analysis was used for this purpose, a list of strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats indentified and analyzed.
For complete information, however, from interviews with officials and those involved in renovation and improvement and the Housing Development and Co Khorram Abad city alsowas used The strategic planning and internal and external factors that are the basis in formulating strategies, SWOT strategic matrix was obtained. Finally, the view expert and considering the views of interviewees, the weight to a single One of Swat have been carried out with of integrated model AHP- SWOT through soft Software Expert choice after analyzing the and supplemental, intervention strategies on how to best Khorram Abad city of worn tissue weight were determined according to priority.
Results and Discussion
In this study of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats worn tissue Khorram Abad city, with priority for the AHP techniques SWOT model of priority rating and ranking factors SWOT group were used. The final evaluation of the results of the SWOT factors in AHP technique indicate that the in strengths, easy access to other parts of the city (final weight, 0.315), a mosque in the neighborhood as a neighborhood center (final weight, 0.274) and facilitate the involvement of the tissue due to the high floors of building 1 and 2 (final weight, 0.163) the most important strengths and exhauster most of the range of housing choices and skeletal tissue (final weight, 0.284), non-standard materials used in most buildings (final weight, 0.195) and the narrow (weight final, 0.158) the most important weaknesses. Yet easy access to city streets (final weight, 0.41), close to downtown and the organizations and agencies (final weight, 0.184) and approved improvement of old units (final weight, 0.123), respectively, of the most important opportunity the range studied, the failure to address the range of conditions and increased wear it (final weight, 0.349), due to poverty, inflation high and low income (net weight, 0.216) internal network and the context in relation to demand (final weight, 198 / 0), including the most important threats of the study area; combining the results of SWOT and AHP techniques that are generally between 32 priorities SWOT, the priorities that have the greatest influence Includes 10 top priority vulnerabilities and opportunities for each 2 intimidation factor and strengths and each of the three factors involved in tissue buy old city Khorram Abad be consider.
Conclusion
Existing buildings in the context of the old Khorram Abad, a variety of reasons, include: history, use of durable materials and low non durable and non-observance of the correct construction, the strength and stability are not required. The issue of efficiency and other disabilities in the context responding to the needs of citizens. Poor access and impermeability of this tissue, in addition to the relief operation in times of danger makes it difficult to becaue traffic Cavalry Cavalry and the lack of access to residents of the tissue is. Also, due to having winding roads a lack of control people and authorities, in many social problems- including purchase and sale of narcotics, the addiction, crime, etc. is provided. In this study, the weight gain forming elements of the SWOT analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and weight final to come, more and more weight to the factors that best accounts have been finally determined the group were among top 10 priorities. Based on the results of the SWOT factors and modulation techniques AHP show that, generally aged between 32 factors affecting the tissue then, top 10 priorities, including the weaknesses and strengths and opportunities and threats each two factors, each operating three highest priorities in the context of implementing the intervention are exhausted.Extended Abstract
Introduction
Procedures and accelerated its growth in recent decades, cities in Iran, has sparked a lot of urban problems. So, the problems of urbanization and the failure all aspects of its influence and sometimes disrupt urban life has made. One of the major problems the older cities more tissue worn in them is the source of many problems in urban areas and the economic-social, body- physical, environmental and security in the wake and the instability in many city has provided. Basically, the body of the cities affected by natural processes, social and economic change gradually and was exhausted and needed reconstruction and modernization over time they will gradually feel.
Usually in the central areas of large cities like tissue formed are mainly due to low quality materials and construction, the conditions necessary to create a safe, comfortable and prosperous, and have been subject to many of the original indigenous inhabitants despite the high reliance solely because poor structural and functional needs of the community and the impossibility Its minimum in the neighborhood, with the migration of rural migrants and non-native residents of the area of tissue is provided and to create a social and cultural issues, the increased tissue damage and wear it well have caused them.
Methodology
The study of the functional description of the method - the analysis is. Required to collect data, documentation of studies and field studies such as interviews and questionnaires were used for data analysis and presenting strategies to improve the texture of the old city of Khorram Abad SWOT matrix analysis was used for this purpose, a list of strengths, weaknesses opportunities and threats indentified and analyzed.
For complete information, however, from interviews with officials and those involved in renovation and improvement and the Housing Development and Co Khorram Abad city alsowas used The strategic planning and internal and external factors that are the basis in formulating strategies, SWOT strategic matrix was obtained. Finally, the view expert and considering the views of interviewees, the weight to a single One of Swat have been carried out with of integrated model AHP- SWOT through soft Software Expert choice after analyzing the and supplemental, intervention strategies on how to best Khorram Abad city of worn tissue weight were determined according to priority.
Results and Discussion
In this study of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats worn tissue Khorram Abad city, with priority for the AHP techniques SWOT model of priority rating and ranking factors SWOT group were used. The final evaluation of the results of the SWOT factors in AHP technique indicate that the in strengths, easy access to other parts of the city (final weight, 0.315), a mosque in the neighborhood as a neighborhood center (final weight, 0.274) and facilitate the involvement of the tissue due to the high floors of building 1 and 2 (final weight, 0.163) the most important strengths and exhauster most of the range of housing choices and skeletal tissue (final weight, 0.284), non-standard materials used in most buildings (final weight, 0.195) and the narrow (weight final, 0.158) the most important weaknesses. Yet easy access to city streets (final weight, 0.41), close to downtown and the organizations and agencies (final weight, 0.184) and approved improvement of old units (final weight, 0.123), respectively, of the most important opportunity the range studied, the failure to address the range of conditions and increased wear it (final weight, 0.349), due to poverty, inflation high and low income (net weight, 0.216) internal network and the context in relation to demand (final weight, 198 / 0), including the most important threats of the study area; combining the results of SWOT and AHP techniques that are generally between 32 priorities SWOT, the priorities that have the greatest influence Includes 10 top priority vulnerabilities and opportunities for each 2 intimidation factor and strengths and each of the three factors involved in tissue buy old city Khorram Abad be consider.
Conclusion
Existing buildings in the context of the old Khorram Abad, a variety of reasons, include: history, use of durable materials and low non durable and non-observance of the correct construction, the strength and stability are not required. The issue of efficiency and other disabilities in the context responding to the needs of citizens. Poor access and impermeability of this tissue, in addition to the relief operation in times of danger makes it difficult to becaue traffic Cavalry Cavalry and the lack of access to residents of the tissue is. Also, due to having winding roads a lack of control people and authorities, in many social problems- including purchase and sale of narcotics, the addiction, crime, etc. is provided. In this study, the weight gain forming elements of the SWOT analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and weight final to come, more and more weight to the factors that best accounts have been finally determined the group were among top 10 priorities. Based on the results of the SWOT factors and modulation techniques AHP show that, generally aged between 32 factors affecting the tissue then, top 10 priorities, including the weaknesses and strengths and opportunities and threats each two factors, each operating three highest priorities in the context of implementing the intervention are exhausted.