دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321First Pagesصفحات آغازین155455710.22059/jhgr.2015.54557FAJournal Article20150819دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Study about Distribution of Seats of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iranتحلیلی بر چگونگی پراکندگی کرسیهای مجلس شورای اسلامی در ایران1205128110.22059/jhgr.2015.51281FAزهراپیشگاهی فرداستاد گروه جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، دانشگاه تهران0000-0000-0000-0000سید محمدحسینیدکتری جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-6351-1073سید علیحسینیدکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20111204Introduction
An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold elected status. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local governments. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations. The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens. The elections were considered as an oligarchic institution and most of the political offices were filled using sortation, also known as allotment by which officeholders were chosen by lot. In many countries, with weak rule of law, the most common reason why elections do not meet international standards of being "free and fair" is interference from the incumbent government.
In democratic systems, the citizens can influence the governmental decisions, legislations, their own destiny, and the actions performed in their community by selected institutions. This can be done through direct and indirect methods such as election, electoral process, and decision-making. Legislative assembly is one of the basic institutes to reach these goals that are established in almost all countries. The representatives are elected by the people to advance the goals of their community by attending legislation. The main task of this institute that its representatives specified by direct vote of the citizens is to approve fair social, political, economic, and cultural legislation in the state.
Election, electoral process, decision making and decision reasoning by selected institution are the principles of development and evolution. In countries with diverse religious, ethnics, and linguistics, like Iran, electoral process should gain a high interest. In Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) is known as symbol of presence of all trends and sites.Therefore, this research is going to answer to these questions: 1- Is there equal opportunities to succeed the seats of Majlis for all people according to population distribution and the extent of their territories? 2- If not, what are the main causes?
Methodology
This study has been conducted based on descriptive – analytic method and in order to achieve the research objectives. It has used different methods of library, attributive and ArcGIS 9.2 and Excel software with emphasis on 2006 census data and statistics of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) of Iran. To answer the research questions, we have used qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis, individually or in combination. In order to analyze the seats distribution of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) of Iran at the provincial level, we have used the factors of population, the number of constituencies, the number of representative, extent, the representative to population ratio, the extent of territory to representative ratio, and the average distance (Statistics of the ninth parliament elections in 2011 have been reviewed). In order to illustrate the clear gap between provinces and how close or far away from the desired position they are, the constituencies are categorized in the five spectra as very good, good, average, poor and very poor access to seats of assembly according to its population and extent.
Results and discussion
The results of this research show that seats distribution of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iran doesn’t have a balanced distribution. Thus, some provinces have more representatives than others. The results show that the justice has not been met between the provinces. Semnan province has 147,435 people, Sistan and Baluchestan province 300,717 people, Tehran province has 318,085 people, Alborz province 763,125 people have representatives in Majlis of Iran and other provinces have a distance from law. This problem has a negative impact on the Integration and national Solidarity of Iran in long term. The main causes of inequality in access to the seats of Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iran, are: Pattern of government of Iran; administrative divisions; Political consideration in the number of representatives for each province; Lack of scientific processes to determine the election area and the number of representatives; Human and natural cohesion or disconnection and its impact on the delimitation of electoral area; amount of proximity and active connection with capital and center of country and located on active transport links; Lack of awareness of citizens, especially the citizens of more deprived area from the number of representatives in the assembly than other provinces and its average level in the national level; the lack of clear rules and criteria about the election and the number of representatives.
Conclusion
The results show that the citizens who vote to the assembly of representatives have not had equal access to seats of assembly and values of votes were different among provinces in this election. Therefore, there is a representative in the assembly for every 147435, 300717, 318085, 763125 people in the provinces of Semnan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Tehran, and Alborz, respectively. The other provinces have also a low to high distance to the optimal rate. The distributions of seats of Majlis do not follow any order or pattern; so that the value of each vote for the Semnan province is twice of Sistan and Baluchistan province and fivefold of Alborz province. Actually, the results indicate that there is no equal opportunity in access to the seats of Majlis according to the extent and distribution of population and there is a high distinction among provinces. Values of votes were different among provinces and finally we have recognized that the agent of administrative divisions is the most important and intensive factor in the biased distribution of the seats of Majlis.انتخابات، فرایندهای انتخاباتی، تصمیمگیری و تصمیمسازی بهوسیلة نهادهای منتخب، از جمله اصول بیشتر کشورهای جهان برای توسعه و تکامل است. یکی از مناسبترین ظرفیتها برای اعتمادسازی بیشتر بین اقوام و افکار مختلف و جذب و هدایت آنها بهسوی یک آرمان و اندیشة سیاسی مشترک و حفظ تمامیت کشور، وجود نهاد قانونگذاری در کشور است. نهادی که مهمترین هدف آن، وضع قوانین عادلانه است. این مهم در کشوری مانند ایران که از نظر قومی- مذهبی و زبانی متنوع است، اهمیت ویژهای دارد. تجمع نمایندگان ملت از سراسر کشور بهصورت برابر، بدون توجه به قومیت، زبان و مذهب، الگویی متناسب از مشارکت سیاسی تمام ملت را به نمایش میگذارد. این امر در بلندمدت، بر تقویت نیروهای مرکزگرا تأثیر خواهد گذاشت و اصل وحدت، وفاق و وفاداری ملی و یکپارچگی سیاسی- فضایی را بههمراه خواهد داشت. از اینرو، پژوهش حاضر به دنبال پاسخگویی به دو پرسش اساسی خواهد بود: 1. آیا در جمهوری اسلامی ایران، با توجه به پراکندگی جمعیت و وسعت سرزمین، فرصت برابر برای دستیابی به کرسیهای مجلس شورای اسلامی برای همة مردم وجود دارد؟ 2. در صورت نبود دسترسی مناسب، علل اصلی آن چه بوده است؟ نتایج نشان داد که در ایران، فرصت برابر در دسترسی به کرسیهای مجلس برای همة مردم با توجه به وسعت و پراکندگی جمعیت فراهم نیست و تمایز زیادی بین استانها دیده میشود. ارزش رأیها در استانهای مختلف، متفاوت است و مجموعهای از عوامل که عمدتاً منشأ سیاسی و مدیریتی داشتهاند، بهصورت زنجیرهای به نبود تعادل منجر شدهاند.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Assessment of the Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Informal Settlements, (Case Study: Hesar, Hamedan)بررسی عوامل موثربرکیفیت زندگی ساکنان مناطق غیررسمی (مطالعه موردی: محلۀ حصار همدان)21325124110.22059/jhgr.2015.51241FAکرامت الهزیاریاستاد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0001-9135-4768حسینرفیعی مهردانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشکدة علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتیJournal Article20130114Introduction
Today, almost all the cities as “first world” have a Third World city in their hearts that has been struggled with various problems. Due to this reason, many scientists and authorities have focused on the concept of quality of life and fallowed by promoting efforts for improvement of living conditions and quality of human life.Hamedan City same as most of the cities is in the path of urbanization. Especially majority of the population in the province reside in the center of province. As a result, the phenomenon of marginalization is expanding. Hence, vision and imagination of the residents to their life quality is an effective way to identify issues and planning to solve the problems of these areas. This is because it prevents the same prescription for different settlements and bottom-up planning to occur. Hesar Emam neighborhood of Hamedan as the study area is one of the most problematic area in the region.
Methodology
This is practical and development research with a descriptive analytical method. The data of this study is collected based on the literature study and a questionnaire. Questionnaire was designed in 5 likert scale. The study sample size was determined based on a Cochran formula. A subjective approach was taken in this study to assess quality of life. The study is based on 11 indicators derived of research experiences and studied in the 59 indices.
Results and discussion
In this section, we presented descriptive results obtained from the questionnaire by using descriptive statistics. Then, by using inferential statistics, we analyzed and tested the research hypotheses and relationships between variables. Understanding the mean and the mean value calculated for the population under study and also the value obtained for the perceived quality of life in our community, a significant amount has been calculated. Alpha is 0.05 times the area of 0.000 and indicates that there is a lower quality of life. To identify the most important predictors of quality of life in informal settlements, Hesar has been analysed through multiple regression analysis. The results of multiple regression analysis show that entertainment is the most pressing needs of the community from the resident viewpoint.
Conclusions
In urban and human geography, the most important role has been given to the social justice and social welfare and human geography gained its place as a scientific field only in purpose of improving human life environment and providing social welfare to him. The purpose of improving life quality in urban area is to provide equal services and facilities. Life Quality opens a way for local officials and the people to interact with each other for a better understanding of the key issues affecting people’s life. In today cities, economy is the important factor which makes distinction between the areas of a town. The results of multiple regression analysis and path analysis show that entertainment is the most pressing needs of the community from resident viewpoint. Further priorities are the security and safety condition, health condition, health care protection, housing, employment, economic conditions, educational status and transportation.حاشیهنشینی همواره بهصورت یک معضل مطرح شده و برای رهایی از آن راهکارهای بسیاری تدارک دیده شده است. همدان هم مانند بسیاری از شهرها، درحال طی مسیر شهرنشینی است. یکی از محلهها با اسکان غیر رسمی شهر همدان، محله یا منطقة حصار است. در این پژوهش، به بررسی کیفیت زندگی ساکنان این محله با رویکرد ذهنی پرداخته شده است تا نگاه ساکنان با رویکرد پایین به بالا بررسی شود. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی- توسعهای و از نظر شیوة انجام، توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده است و براساس مطالعة کتابخانهای و تکمیل پرسشنامه انجام شده است. در این پژوهش، تعیین حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران بهدست آمد. در بخشمطالعههای میدانی، دادهها به شیوههای مختلف مشاهده شدند. پس از مراجعه به محل، پرسشنامه در طیف لیکرت پنجمقیاسی طراحی شد. در این راستا و در جهت اهداف تحقیق، از طریق تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه و تکنیک تحلیل مسیر، نوع و شدت روابط و تأثیرهای مستقیم و غیر مستقیم هریک از متغیرهای مستقل بر متغیر وابستة نهایی و میانی تحلیل شد. براساس اطلاعات بهدستآمده، بیشترین تأثیر کل، مربوط به متغیرهای اقتصادی است. درنهایت، فرضیة اول پژوهش، مبنی بر غیر مستقیمبودن اثر بعضی از مؤلفهها بر کیفیت زندگی محلة حصار و فرضیة دوم، مبنی بر اهمیت متغیرهای اقتصادی بهعنوان مؤثرترین مؤلفة تأثیرگذار بر کیفیت زندگی تأیید شد و امکانات تفریحی و ورزشی، بهعنوان مهمترین نیاز ساکنان تشخیص داده شد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Site Selection for Green Space in Region 15 of Tehran City by Geographic Information System (GIS)مکانیابی فضایی سبز شهری در شهرداری منطقه ١٥ کلان شهر تهران در محیط GIS33465125910.22059/jhgr.2015.51259FAاحمدپور احمداستاد دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانمجیدشادمان رودپشتیکارشناس ارشد سنجش از دور و GIS، دانشگاه تهرانسیروسحسن پورکارشناس ارشد سنجش از دور و GIS، دانشگاه تهرانامیرشهرابی فراهانیکارشناس ارشد مدیریت اجرایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهرانمرکزخدرفرجی راددکتری جغرافیای برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20111023Introduction
Nowadays integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is commonly used in order to solve spatial problems. Different multi-criteria decision making techniques present different methodologies with certain limitations and advantages. Our proposed methodology focused on one of the vital problems of the cities shortcoming in the urban green areas, which can affect the human life from a variety of viewpoints. The levels of green areas of Iran cities not only are low in comparison to the standards of urbanism, but they also have been distributed in an improper way. Accordingly, the available spatial distribution caused so many problems namely, difficulty to access to them and inequality in distribution of the green areas. As a result, in order to answer the needs of urban residents in our country and overcome such problems, the urban managers and decision makers need to apply modern analytical tools. This article attempts to offer a new combinational method to propose suitability map for distribution green space in the region 15th of Tehran Municipality to the urban managers and decision makers using FAHP and TOPSIS techniques.
<em> </em>
Methodology
Integrated Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are commonly used in order to solve spatial problems. Different multi-criteria decision making techniques present different methodologies with certain limitations and advantages. Our proposed methodology considered 8 green space related criteria to evaluate and priorities urban green space suitable sites. The proposed methodology has two steps: in step 1, AHP is improved by fuzzy set theory. In this regard, by using fuzzy set theory in AHP method, the qualitative judgment can be qualified to make comparison more intuitionistic and reduce or eliminate assessment bias in pairwise comparison. In step 2, obtained results have been used as input weights in TOPSIS algorithm. TOPSIS algorithm by considering ideal and non ideal solution helps decision maker evaluate ranking of locations to select the best one.
FAHP: To deal with ambiguity of human thought, Zadeh first introduced the fuzzy set theory, which was oriented to the rationality of uncertainty due to imprecision or vagueness. A major contribution of fuzzy set theory is its capability of representing vague data. The theory also allows mathematical operators and programming to apply to the fuzzy domain. A fuzzy set is a class of objects with a continuum of grades of membership. Such a set is characterized by a membership (characteristic) function, which assigns to each object a grade of membership ranging between zero and one. Essentially, the uncertainty in the preference judgments gives rise to uncertainty in the ranking of alternatives as well as difficulty in determining consistency of the preferences. These applications are performed with many different perspectives and proposed methods for fuzzy AHP. In this study, Chang’s (1992) extent analysis on fuzzy AHP is formulated for a selection problem.
Fig. 1 A triangular fuzzy number
A triangular fuzzy number (TFN), M, is shown in Fig. 1. A TFN is denoted simply as (m<sub>1</sub>, m<sub>2,</sub> m<sub>3</sub>). The parameters m<sub>1</sub>, m<sub>2</sub> and m<sub>3</sub>, respectively, denote the smallest possible value, the most promising value, and the largest possible value that describe a fuzzy event. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the extensively used multi-criteria decision-making methods. One of the main advantages of this method is the relative ease with which it handles multiple criteria. In addition to this, AHP is easier to understand and it can effectively handle both qualitative and quantitative data. The use of AHP does not involve cumbersome mathematics. AHP involves the principles of decomposition, pairwise comparisons, and priority vector generation and synthesis.
Though the purpose of AHP is to capture the expert’s knowledge, the conventional AHP still cannot reflect the human thinking style. Therefore, fuzzy AHP, a fuzzy extension of AHP, was developed to solve the hierarchical fuzzy problems. In the fuzzy-AHP procedure, the pairwise comparisons in the judgment matrix are fuzzy numbers that are modified by the designer’s emphasis.
TOPSIS: An extension of TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution), a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) technique, is applied to a set of investigated criteria. TOPSIS is a practical and useful technique for ranking and selection of a number of externally determined alternatives through distance measures. TOPSIS is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest geometric distance from the positive ideal solution and the longest geometric distance from the negative ideal solution. It is a method of compensatory aggregation that compares a set of alternatives by identifying weights for each criterion, normalizing scores for each criterion and calculating the geometric distance between each alternative and the ideal alternative, which is the best score in each criterion.
Results and discussion
In our study, we have categorized suitability value of geographic locations for urban green spaces in region 15<sup>th</sup> of Tehran Municipality. These are categorized into, very low suitability, low suitability, moderate suitability, high suitability and very high suitability. Comparison of categorized suitability classes in relation to final suitability map indicates that the two suitable categories (High and very high suitability) of the proposed suitability map together occupy about 20% of the study area.
Conclusion
AHP is an effective problem solving methodology. Decision problem may contain spatial social, economic, technical and politic factors that need to be evaluated by linguistic variables. Then, AHP is one of the most commonly used techniques for such situations. The Criteria set is determined at the beginning in many multi criteria decision making methods. It was also modeled depending upon these criteria. Multi criteria decision making techniques based on the linguistic evaluations like FAHP helps make the best decision selection by using a weighting process within the current alternatives via pair wise comparisons. In this methodology by utilizing improved Analytical Hierarchy Process by Fuzzy set theory, weight of each criterion has been calculated for urban green space site selection. Finally, this article introduces an approach that integrates improved AHP with TOPSIS algorithm to support related decisions of urban green space site selection.
FAHP is the AHP improved by fuzzy set theory which is a useful approach for evaluation of the complex multiple criteria alternatives involving subjective and uncertain judgment. By using fuzzy set theory in AHP method, the qualitative judgment can be quantified to make comparison more intuitionists and reduce or eliminate assessment bias in pairwise comparison process. In further step, TOPSIS algorithm considered ideal and non-ideal solution in combination with obtained expert results which have been deducted from FAHP algorithm.امروزه در کنار سیستمهای اطلاعات جغرافیایی، سیستمهای تصمیمگیری چندمعیاره بهطور گستردهای برای حل مسائل فضایی بهکار گرفته میشوند. در این مقاله با ترکیب دو روش FAHP و TOPSIS، روش جدیدی برای انتخاب مکان بهینه با استفاده از سیستمهای اطلاعات جغرافیایی بهکار گرفته شده است. در این زمینه، معیارهای انتخاب مکان بهینه، برای ایجاد فضای سبز شهری در مدل FAHP وارد و مقایسه شدند و سپس خروجی مدل FAHP بهعنوان وزن معیارها در مدل TOPSIS بهکار گرفته شد. طبقهبندی فضاهای مکانی در سطح منطقة ۱٥ کلانشهر تهران بهمنظور احداث یا پهنهبندی فضاهای سبز با استفاده از تکنیک ترکیبی مدلهای FAHPو TOPSIS بهصورت خیلی خوب، خوب، متوسط، ضعیف و خیلی ضعیف انجام گرفت. زمینهایی که درجة تناسب خیلی خوب و خوب دارند، برای ایجاد فضای سبز شهری انتخاب میشوند. نتایج نشان میدهد که استفاده از مجموعههای فازی در ترکیب با مدل سلسلهمراتبی، نه تنها سبب رفع ابهام از مدل ATP میشود، بلکه میزان خطای تورش ناشی از مقایسة دوبهدو لایهها را نیز کاهش میدهد. درنهایت، ترکیب مدل FAHP با مدل TOPSIS، قابلیت استفادة همزمان از نظرهای مقیاسی کارشناسی را در کنار ایدهآلهای موجود همچون افزایش دقت و صحت طبقهبندی در لایههای اطلاعاتی، ممکن میسازد. <br /><br clear="all" /> <br /> <br /> دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Analysis and Selection of Optimum Direction of Bokan Physical- Spatial Developmentارزیابی و مکان یابی بهینه جهت های توسعه فضایی - کالبدی شهر بوکان47625338710.22059/jhgr.2015.53387FAبراتعلیخاکپوردانشیار گروه جغرافیا دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدایوبمعروفیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدبایزیدشریفیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدواحداحمدتوزهدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانهادیسلیمانیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20130216Introduction
Influenced by the global economy, urbanization has been accelerated in most parts of the world. This is actually changing the shape of the world. The growth in the urban population and the increase in rural migration to cities have fundamentally changed all the social, economic, environmental and physical aspects of cities. This turned them from a static and stable state into an dynamic environment replete with paradoxes. This population growth has had its own problems. One of the problems is the speeding physical development of cities. Urban physical development is a dynamic and continuous process and in this process the limits and physical space at cities will increase both qualitatively and qualitatively in vertical and horizontal directions. If this process is unplanned, the environmental and physical aspects of cities will face with too much problems. This is why the optimal planning and site selection and development of physical aspects in cities is of much importance in their future development. Based on the 2007 census, the city with a population of 150703 is the third city in population in the west Azarbaijan Province. According to population and physical aspects, the cities has undergone some major changes during the past few decades in a way that the unplanned and uncontrolled physical- spatial development of cities have resulted in the distraction of a large amount of agricultural fields and gardens around the city. This study attempts to investigate the physical development at this city in the recent decades and to determine the optimal physical-spatial development in the future using Geography Information System (GIS).
Methodology
This study is an applied research in purpose with descriptive- analytic method. After collecting the document data and doing the required modification and completing the data through field study, an attempt was made to update the maps through observation and the information available in relevant centers and to digitize the maps and create some bases. To create layers and the required information for this study from the maps, the information available in the master plan development of Bokan and some other information were utilized.
Results and discussion
According to the analysis at 1987 census, Bukan city has a population of 150703 which ranks third regarding its population in the west Azarbaijan after urmia and khoy. Due to various environmental and human factors, this city has been under constant changes during the past 50 years. These factors are consisted of village- city migration, job opportunities, natural potential for physical development, and inter intra city and provincial roads. Population and physical changes of Bokan are so thought- provoking. The population of this city was 5308 in 1957 but 150703 in 2007. In other words, during the last 50 years the population of this city has become 29 times as much as it was in 1957. According to the fields around Bokan, we can divide this city into three areas: completely suitable, unsuitable, and completely unsuitable. This is based on the maps of fertilized lands, gardens and Nale Shekan Mountains.These are near the city and have the lowest priority for the future development of the city. This means the authorities should prevent the wasting of these lands and orient the development of cities toward the lands where have low value concerning the environmental and natural factors.
Conclusion
The results of this study show that the physical- spatial development of Bokan in the recent decades has been fast and unplanned. Tthe results of locating using GIS reveals that the north- east lands of Bokan are in the best direction for the continuous development of this city in the future and that the city should move in this direction in the coming years. Results also indicate that Boukan physical growth was Non application planning and has experienced Sprawl development in the past few decades that this type of growth causes environmental and economic problems for the city of Boukan. It can also be argued that the best land for physical growth is located in the eastern part of the city of Boukan in Road Boukan - Shahindezh.رشد شتابان و بیرویة شهرها، بر بسیاری از جنبههای اقتصادی- اجتماعی و زیستمحیطی در داخل و اطراف شهرها تأثیر گذاشته است. بههمیندلیل، باید در آینده، دیدگاهی جامعهنگر به توسعة کالبدی- فضایی شهرها ایجاد شود. از اینرو، شناخت و مکانیابی اراضی مناسب برای گسترش آیندة شهر، از تصمیمهای مهم برنامهریزان شهری است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، ارزیابی و مکانیابی بهینة جهتهای توسعة کالبدی- فضایی شهر بوکان است. بدینمنظور، برای ارزیابی چگونگی توسعة کالبدی شهر در سالهای 1375 تا 1385، از مدل آنتروپی شانون استفاده شد. سپس با استفاده از ابزار سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، به مکانیابی بهینه برای رشد کالبدی شهر بوکان در سالهای آتی پرداخته شد. لایههای مورد استفاده در این پژوهش عبارتاند از: لایههای خطوط برق فشار قوی، فاصله از روستاهای اطراف، فاصله از زمینهای سیلابی، آبهای سطحی (رودها)، راههای ارتباطی، شیب و کاربری اراضی. نتایج نشان میدهد که رشد کالبدی- فضایی شهر بوکان در چند دهة گذشته برنامهریزیشده نبوده و رشد پراکندهای را تجربه کرده است. این نوع رشد، مشکلهای اقتصادی و زیستمحیطی زیادی را برای شهر بوکان ایجاد کرده است. نتایج بعدی پژوهش نشان داد که مناسبترین اراضی برای رشد کالبدی شهر بوکان، در سمت شرقی و محور جادة بوکان- شاهیندژ واقع شده است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Assessment of the Relationship between Objective and Subjective Indicators of Quality Of Life in the Villages Merged in Cities (Case Study: Kheirabad and Eayshabad in Yazd City)ارزیابی رابطة بین شاخص های عینی و ذهنی کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای ادغام شده در شهر (مطالعة موردی: محله های خیرآباد و عیش آباد شهر یزد)63805123410.22059/jhgr.2015.51234FAصفرقائدرحمتیاستادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس0000-0001-5774-7154صدیقهجمشیدیکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه یزدJournal Article20130515Introduction
Quality of life as the concept to show the satisfactory of life is a criterion for determining satisfaction and dissatisfaction from various aspects in groups and individuals. Nevertheless, to evaluate the quality of life in villages merged in the city of Yazd, and the relationship between objective and subjective indicators of the quality of life in villages merged in Yazd, the present study attempts to answer this question that how is quality of life in sample community? And whether is there any relation between objective and subjective indicators of quality of life in two studied neighborhoods?
Methodology
This research has a descriptive – analytic methodology and it used SPSS software in order to analyze the data collected from questionnaire and field survey form two methods of descriptive and inferential statistics (T Test, Mann Whitney U test and chi-square test). The population in this study is two merged villages in Yazd (Kheirabad and Eayshabad) with a population of 11054 people that 370 people are considered as sample
Results and discussion
To assess the quality of life in two neighborhoods of Kheirabad and Eayshabad in mental aspects, one sample T-test was first used to measure quality of life in terms of social, economic, environmental and physical aspects in the two areas. First, in each of these dimensions, variables are combined and mid-range response that is Likerts spectrum is calculated and then the median responses are compared with middle. Chi-square test is used to examine the relationship between objective and subjective indicators.
Conclusion
Based on sample community, satisfaction in all aspects of quality of life (social, economic, environmental and physical) is lower than average level. Only in some cases such as public places safety, leisure time, appropriate facilities at home, and infrastructures status, the residents satisfaction is higher than average. Based on the results of Chi square test dont have relation between objective and subjective indicators of quality of life in the merged villages of Yazd.کیفیت زندگی، مفهومی برای نشاندادن میزان رضایت فرد از زندگی و بهعبارتی معیاری برای تعیین رضایت و نارضایتی افراد و گروهها از ابعاد مختلف زندگی است. این ابعاد، زمینههای تغذیهای، آموزشی، بهداشت، امنیت و اوقات فراغت را شامل میشود. از سوی دیگر، امروزه در ادبیات برنامهریزی توسعه، مباحث کیفیت زندگی بهعنوان یک اصل اساسی، پیوسته مورد نظر برنامهریزان و مدیران توسعه است. با این توصیف، پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای ادغامشده در شهر یزد و بررسی ارتباط میان شاخصهای عینی و ذهنی کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای ادغامشده در شهر یزد، درصدد پاسخگویی به این پرسشهاست که میزان کیفیت زندگی، از نظر جامعة نمونه در دو محلة خیرآباد و عیشآباد چگونه است و آیا بین شاخصهای عینی و ذهنی کیفیت زندگی در دو محلة مورد مطالعه رابطه وجود دارد. روش پژوهش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است و بهمنظور تجزیه و تحلیل دادههای حاصل از پرسشنامه و فرم برداشت میدانی، از دو روش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون T، آزمون U مان ویتنی و آزمون خیدو) در نرمافزار SPSS استفاده شده است. جامعة آماری این پژوهش، دو روستای ادغامشده در شهر یزد (خیرآباد و عیشآباد) با جمعیت 11054 نفر است که در این بین، 370 نفر بهعنوان نمونه درنظر گرفته شده است. نتایج نشان میدهد که براساس دیدگاه جامعة نمونه، بهطور کلی، میزان رضایت در همة ابعاد مورد بررسی، کیفیت زندگی (اجتماعی، اقتصادی، محیطی و کالبدی) پایینتر از حد متوسط ارزیابی شده است و تنها در تعدادی از گویهها، از جمله امنیت اماکن عمومی، میزان وقت آزاد، تسهیلات مناسب منزل و وضعیت زیرساختها، میزان رضایت ساکنان تا حدودی بالاتر از متوسط ارزیابی شده است. همچنین براساس نتایج آزمون کای اسکویر، بین شاخصهای ذهنی و عینی کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای ادغامشده در شهر یزد رابطهای وجود ندارد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Analysis of the Sustainability of Tourism Development in Rural Areas (Case Study: Central District of Damavand County)تحلیل و تبیین پایداری توسعه گردشگری در منـاطق روستـایی (مطالعۀ موردی: بخش مرکزی شهرستـان دماوند)81955126410.22059/jhgr.2015.51264FAسعید رضااکبریان رونیزیاستادیار بخش جغرافیا، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شیرازمحمدرضارضوانیاستاد دانشکدة جغرافیا و عضو قطب علمی برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20130306Introduction
The sustainability approach to development issues and its application to rural tourism have been adopted by many scholars concerning conservation of economy and environment. It is believed that tourism and recreation industry is increasingly becoming as an important component of the structure of rural communities and it thus indirectly considers rural sustainability. Tourism development in rural areas has implications and its undesirable impacts can lead to unsustainable natural and human ecosystems in these areas. Thus, it is impossible to develop tourism activities disregarding sustainability issues. In this respect, it is noteworthy that tourism development requires assessment of sustainability level and analysis of the factors effective on sustainability and unsustainability of tourism and, in turn, requires a holistic and comprehensive approach. Hence, sustainable development of tourism is a holistic and integrated strategy arising in response to ineffectiveness of previous strategies and it is nowadays admitted as a fundamental approach to tourism development. In this paper, we, accordingly, suppose that sustainable development of tourism as our basic approach, consider assessment of sustainability of tourism in rural areas of the central district of Damavand county in a mountainous area in north of Iran.
Methodology
This research is practical in scope and is descriptive and analytical in its method. The required data has been gathered by using library and field study methods with questionnaires as its basic tool. In this survey, we selected 6 villages as study sample and measures in this selection were villages with at least 50 households, numbers of populations, local administrations and spatial locations of villages. Statistical population is including local residents, local managers and tourists. In questionnaire method, we selected 180 householders (10 percent of total household population), 18 local managers (3 local managers or members of village council in every village) and 180 tourists as our sample size. We selected the indices and indicators of tourism sustainability using Delphi method and according to view points of scholars and specialists. In order to analyze the data, we also used both statistical methods (descriptive and inferential statistics) and non-statistical methods including sustainability barometer and sustainability radar.
Results and discussion
The results obtained about sustainability of tourism using barometer method in terms of the two macro-systems of human welfare and ecosystem welfare show that the score for the index of human welfare is 0.404 and ecosystem welfare is 0.338. It is suggested that in this research, the economic and sociocultural indices are bigger than environmental ones due to inappropriate impacts of tourism on environmental resources and their incurred pollutions. The score of sustainability of tourism for each village show that for human welfare index, the most and the least scores are respectively corresponded to Mosha and Hesar-e-Paein villages and for ecosystem welfare index, the most and the least scores are respectively corresponded in Ainehvarzan and Hesar-e-Paein villages. In general, the sustainable tourism in villages of Mosha, Sarbandan and Ainehvarzan has an average level, Hesar-e-Paein has a low level and Meray and Hesar-e-Paein villages have an unstable level. The results show that in terms of sustainability status, there are significant differences between our case study villages. In this respect, it was known that distances of the villages from Tehran metropolis, their numbers of populations and the number of tourists are the factors influencing the levels of sustainability of tourism. In the conditions, the more the distance from Tehran, the more are the number of tourists and the more the sustainability of tourism in the villages.
Conclusion
Sustainable development of tourism is a new approach which introduced in the late 1980s in response to ineffectiveness of all previous approaches to tourism. It is nowadays one of the prominent approaches attracted related specialists and planners. In this respect, undesirable impacts of tourism in rural areas have led to arising sustainable approach to rural tourism and explaining sustainability level and effective factors of tourism sustainability.. Thus, in this paper, we aimed at assessing tourism sustainability status in rural areas of central district of Damavand County. The results of the research showed that sustainability of studied villages is in a weak level. Investigation of sustainability status by each of indices suggested that sustainability levels of all the indices are under the average level. The indices including income, investment and host community satisfaction have the most sustainability score and that the index of land resources has the least sustainability level. It can be concluded that tourism development has, to some extent, sacrificed natural landscapes, wildlife and natural resources for constructions, land use, excessive resources, and exploitation by residents and uncontrolled constructions. In general, this study showed that there is no due attention paid to sustainability of tourism and there is a long road before to the sustainable tourism. It is thus necessary to take concrete measures in order to achieve sustainable tourism.
پارادایم توسعة پایدار بهعنوان رویکردی بنیادین برای توسعة فعالیتهای گردشگری از جمله گردشگری روستایی، توجه محققان و برنامهریزان این حوزه را بهخود جلب کرده است. توسعة پایداری گردشگری حاصل تلاش در دستیابی به توسعة پایدار در تمام زمینههاست. در این حوزه، موضوع شایان توجه، تبیین و تحلیل پایداری توسعة این فعالیت است؛ چراکه از این طریق میتوان عوامل و شاخصهای مؤثر در پایداری را شناسایی کرد و در راستای برنامهریزی مناسب، برای تقویت و کاهش این عوامل گام برداشت. برهمیناساس، در این مقاله به ارزیابی پایداری توسعة گردشگری در روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان دماوند استان تهران اقدام شده است. پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز بر مبنای دو روش اسنادی و میدانی (پرسشنامه) جمعآوری شد. در روش پرسشنامهای، دادههای مورد نیاز در قالب سه نوع پرسشنامة سرپرست خانوار، مدیران محلی و گردشگران، در سطح شش روستای نمونه گردآوری شده است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها، روشهای آماری توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون تحلیل واریانس یکطرفه) و روشهای غیر آماری (بارومتر و رادار پایداری) بهکار گرفته شده است. نتایج نشان از آن دارد که توسعة گردشگری روستایی در ناحیة مورد مطالعه در سطح پایداری ضعیف قرار دارد که البته در بین روستاهای نمونه، از لحاظ وضعیت پایداری گردشگری، تفاوت معنادار آماری دیده میشود. همچنین نتایج بیانگر آن است که بین میزان پایداری گردشگری روستاها با معیارهای فاصله از کلانشهر تهران، میزان جمعیت و تعداد گردشگران، رابطة مستقیم معنادار آماری وجود دارد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Investigation about the Factors of Life Quality Affecting Resident's Satisfaction in Informal Settlements
(Case Study: Farahzad-Tehran, North Farahzad)بررسی شاخص های کیفیت زندگی مؤثر بر میزان رضایتمندی ساکنان سکونتگاه های غیررسمی (مطالعۀ موردی: محله فرحزاد تهران- فرحزاد شمالی)971175121810.22059/jhgr.2015.51218FAصباخراسانی مقدمدانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشکدة معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانسید عباسیزدانفراستادیار معماری، دانشکدة معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران0000-0002-0719-6961سید باقرحسینیدانشیار معماری، دانشکدة معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایرانJournal Article20130709Introduction
Due to the uncontrollable process of urbanisation, within the next 30 years, up to nearly two-thirds of theworld’s population will be living in urban areas. Most of this overwhelming urbanization is expected to occur in unplanned and underserved cities in the developing world. Along with the creation of a great upset for ecosystems, infrastructure, and the capacity of local governments, the most striking aspect of this tremendous rate of urbanisation in the developing world is the extent of informal settlements which provide shelter to as much as 32-85% of the population [9] and may cover up to one third to one half of the urbanized areas of the cities.Informal settlements are the phenomena that exist in many urban parts of the world and it involves problems such as bad living conditions, poor service standards and absence of secure tenure. Since the 1960s, informal settlement interventions have been a hot topic in developing countries, especially Iran and several models have been applied to solve the situation. These areas are one of the most serious threats to sustainable development and affect the resident’s life quality.It seems that, improving the life quality could be a way to achieve the sustainable development goals. Indeed, an increasing life quality policy affects satisfaction of residents, which is one of the main goals of sustainable development. Some of the most common attributes of informal settlements are: they are built without proper professional assistance; built for the larger part by low-income urban dwellers for whom existing formal avenues are hardly realistic options; constructed with local building materials, skills, designs and technology and do not adhere to formal/legal building codes and standards. Based on population density, proportion of apartments, the number of persons per dwelling unit and housing conditions of the informal settlements can be divided into four main categories: i) The affluent settlements have the highest housing standards: substandard housing constitutes less than 15% of the dwelling stock, crowding rate is less than three persons per dwelling unit and about 40% of the fabric of thesesettlements is made of multi-storey apartment buildings; ii) The moderate settlements: have less housing quality, density and use of the housing space is similar to the above and apartment buildings made up less than 20% of the settlements of residential buildings; and iii) slums: the worst form of informal settlements, characterized by total lack of basic services.
Methodology
The used methods are interviews with key persons, literature studies, analysis of aerial photos, systematic observations, taking photographs and case study. During the fieldwork a participatory method is used to involve the residents in the process. The aim of this is to understand the needs, opinions and demands of residents in these areas. This method includes interviews with residents. Furthermore, the walk through method is used; observation and documentation of the existing situation while walking within the area.We also use a previous analysis of the implementation of basic services in informal settlements. We attend meetings with the area of Project Steering Committee, to understand the complexity of the project and to receive information of the problems within the area.
Results and discussion
Even though informal settlements consist of bad living conditions, they still can be seen as places of hope, of creativity and of resourcefulness. As they are usually resourceful because they are fast, ingenious, full of inventive surprises, and highly productive. According to the results, the social factor has the most influence on the residens satisfaction in informal settlements of Farahzad and it could be considered as a main factor in redevelopment programs.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the social factor has the most importance in residents satisfaction as a main factor in redevelopment programs. It seems that, improvement in the life quality could be a way to achieve the sustainable development goals. Indeed, an increase in life quality policy affects resident satisfaction. This is one of the main goals of sustainable development. This reshapes the informal settlements urban system, in a way that may generate a higher level of quality.در سکونتگاههای غیر رسمی، وجود نابسامانیهای فراوان در ابعاد کالبدی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی، زیستمحیطی و... سطح زندگی ساکنان را کاهش داده است و مهمترین هدف توسعة پایدار، یعنی بهبود کیفیت زندگی و رضایتمندی ساکنان را با تهدید جدی روبهرو ساخته است. با توجه به اینکه توسعة پایدار با برآوردن نیازهای بشر، متضمن دستیابی به کیفیت زندگی و رضایتمندی در ابعاد مختلف برای همگان است، بهنظر میرسد توجه به ابعاد کیفیت زندگی و ارتقای آنها، یکی از راههای بازیابی رضایتمندی و تحقق اهداف توسعة پایدار در این سکونتگاههاست. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تعیین و بررسی ابعاد مختلف کیفیت زندگی مؤثر بر رضایتمندی ساکنان سکونتگاههای غیر رسمی در چارچوب اهداف توسعة پایدار است. روش تحقیق، پیمایشی است و دادهها براساس پرسشنامه گردآوری شدهاند. برای ارزیابی پایایی ابزار پژوهش، از روش کرونباخ و درجهت تعیین روایی، از روایی صوری استفاده شده است. جامعة آماری با حجم نمونة 110 نفر، شامل ساکنان سکونتگاههای غیر رسمی محلة فرحزاد تهران است و تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از نرمافزار spss صورت گرفته است. براساس نتایج، رضایتمندی ساکنان از کیفیت زندگی، در حد متوسط 5>72/2>1 با میانة نظری 3 ارزیابی شد. همچنین مطابق یافتهها، رابطة معناداری بین متغیرهای مشارکت اجتماعی (467/0r=)، همبستگی اجتماعی (477/0r=)، امنیت اجتماعی (458/0r=)، بهداشت محیط (212/0r=)، ایمنی محیط (247/0r=)، فضاهای گذران اوقات فراغت (209/0r=)، سازماندهی کالبدی فضایی ساختمانها (211/0r=) و تراکم ساختمانی (205/0r=)، با رضایتمندی ساکنان از کیفیت زندگی وجود دارد. نتایج رگرسیون چندگانه نشان میدهد که متغیر وابسته، بهطور مستقیم، از متغیرهای مشارکت اجتماعی، بهداشت محیطی، سیمای کالبدی، تراکم ساختمانی و وجود فضاهای گذران اوقات فراغت تأثیر میپذیرد و درمجموع، این متغیرها توانستهاند مقدار 533/0R<sup>2</sup>= از تغییرهای متغیر وابسته را تبیین کنند.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Urban Management and the Conflict Caused by Adjunction of the Rural to Urban Areas (Case study: Islamshahr and Shatereh)مدیریت شهری و تعارض ناشی از الحاق نقاط روستایی به محدوده شهرها (نمونه موردی: شهر اسلامشهر و روستای شاطره)1191295127010.22059/jhgr.2015.51270FAعلینوری کرمانیاستادیار جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامینغمهمحمدپورلیماکارشناس ارشد مدیریت امور شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقاتفرشیدعالیزاد میناآبادکارشناس ارشد طراحی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقاتJournal Article20121202Introduction
The effects of rapid urbanization on the structure of space and population have been observed in the past half a century. There is ever growing number of cities with alteration of village centers into scattered urban areas. This alternative has turned over the balance of space distribution of the population, which has caused massive social harms. Accessions of rural areas to urban areas have caused countless urban management problems. When it comes to social, economic and cultural elements there are no compatibility between these populated areas. Lack of unified rules and regulations in urban and rural areas causes fundamental disagreement in management of these areas, which in turn will be the cause of all the difficulties. Existence of these types of difficulties is grounds for all sorts of problems affecting the performance of those who are involved in urban management and affect their duties. Better services could be provided to the current and old citizens with accurate planning towards reduction of these problems. Currently the process of preparation and passing “the design of urban district of Tehran province plan” and the phenomena of accession of rural areas to the urban areas are affecting the cities of this province. The expansion of urban space and its alteration into unified social and cultural population centers have added to the problems in the surrounding areas. Social and residential areas, unsuitable job structures, social failure and economic poverty have caused urban damages, as well as spread of crime and unsecure living environment.
Accession of urban areas and rural spaces have caused social, economic, cultural and managerial damages in both urban and rural areas. This needs additional consideration to reform these problems. Therefore, recognition of social, political and economic structures has very important roles in creation of these situations in addition to presenting a solution for removing these inequalities in spatial and social areas.
IslamShahr is one of the most important cities of Tehran province in Iran. This research investigates the process of preparation and approval plan of strategic and structural accession of urban area of IslamShahr-RobatKarim. Rural area of Shatereh village was joined separately to IslamShahr City. Its population was a rural community until the recent years.It has been altered into a city population with their social, economic and cultural differences, not to mention their different performances when it comes to administrative and physical factors.
This project has tried to review the problems which were caused by these phenomena, along with offering solutions to urban management in order to solve these problems and complications. Connection of the rural areas to the urban areas, recently the process of preparation and passing “the design of urban district of Tehran province plan” is noticeably affecting different cities of the province such as accession of Shatereh village to IslamShahr City. It was passed according to the comprehensive plan. Therefore, in this research, we try to examine the effects of unequal management between rural and urban areas. This paper tries to determine the role of urban management in the process of solving the problems produced by accession of rural areas to urban areas.
Methodology
This is a descriptive - analytical study and the data presented here are collected from different sources including observations, questionnaire and statistical analysis of research hypothesis. The statistical analysis of the data was performed by using the Eta Index and T-test for independent groups in SPSS software. Islamshahr, one of the biggest cities of Tehran province, is the case study of the research. This study uses analytic and descriptive methods with the help of vast documented studies and field studies such as 220 questionnaires from resident families of Shatereh village and Islam Shahr City. The 30 questionnaires were filled bythe skilled experts of related organizations of Tehran city.
In order to test the hypothesis, this study uses two separate sample population from both the city and the village. The Cochran formula with a confidence level of 95%,a precision of 0.1, and variance of 0.25 is used to determine the sample volume. The 120 questioners were successfully completed; 96 questionnaires in Islamshahr city and 92 questionnaires in Shaetereh village.
Results and discussion
This paper investigates the differences between each of the social, economic, cultural, physical and managerial factors in rural and urban areas. It aims to investigate status and role of urban management in decreasing the conflicts resulted from the incorporation of rural areas into the city limitations.
According to the study, the average of social, cultural and physical factors is higher in Islamshahr City whereas the average of economic and managerial factors is higher in Shatereh village. Eta average has been used to test the intensity of the difference between the factors in the city and the village.
The current study shows that although there are no significant differences in social and managerial elements between Islamshahr and Shatareh, there is a significant difference in among their culture, economic and structural elements. These differences are effective in creating problems in the villages and the cities. Lack of equal management in urban and rural areas have also caused many problems. Management based on regulations plays an important role in solving the problems caused by accession of villages to urban areas.
Conclusion
This study suggests a change of view through which an equal outlook is required in creating new regulations and delivering services in cities and villages. The case by case investigation of the probable conflicts caused by accession of each village to the city area is also required. Special designs of urban management in the cities with connected rural areas with the outlook of creation of an urban management are based on rules and regulations. As well as special designs of urban management in the cities with connected rural areas with the outlook of creating an urban management based on rules and regulations is necessary to have a systematic observation of urban management and the management based on the rules specially designed to control the urban management.یکی از تأثیرهای شهرگرایی شتابان بر ساختار فضایی و جمعیتی کشور، رشد فزایندة شهرها و تبدیل مراکز روستایی به نقاط متصل یا منفصل شهری است که سبب برهمخوردن تعادل توزیع فضایی جمعیت میشود. با توجه به ناهمخوانی عوامل متعدد مانند اجتماعی، اقتصادی، کالبدی، مدیریتی و... در نقاط شهری و روستایی، الحاق نقاط روستایی به محدودة شهرها، به ایجاد مشکلهای عدیده منجر خواهد شد. یکی از مهمترین عوامل ایجاد تعارض، نبود رویکرد یکسان مدیریتی در نقاط شهری و روستایی است که بر سایر عوامل نیز تأثیرگذار است؛ بنابراین، در مقالة حاضر با موردکاوی الحاق روستای شاطره به محدودة اسلامشهر سعی شده است تأثیر نبود رویکرد مدیریتی یکسان در نقاط روستایی و شهری و همچنین جایگاه مدیریت شهری در حل تعارضهای ناشی از الحاق نقاط روستایی به محدودة شهری بررسی شود. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی است که با استفاده از مطالعههای اسنادی و میدانی وسیع و تکمیل 220 پرسشنامه از سوی خانوارهای ساکن در اسلامشهر و روستای شاطره و همچنین اخذ 30 پرسشنامه از مسئولان و کارشناسان سازمانهای ذیربط استان تهران انجام شده است. نتایج نشان میدهد که برخلاف نبود تفاوت معنادار بین عوامل مدیریتی اسلامشهر و روستای شاطره، عوامل کالبدی شهر و روستا تفاوت معناداری دارند و ناهمگونی رویکرد مدیریت در نقاط شهری و روستایی، عاملی مؤثر در ایجاد تعارض است. از سویی دیگر، مدیریت شهری در حل این تعارضها نقشی اساسی دارد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321New Lighting Technologies and Enhancement in Sense of Belonging (Case Study: Tehran Buildings)فناوری های جدید نورپردازی و ارتقای حس تعلق شهروندان (مطالعۀ موردی: بدنه های شهری تهران)1311415123810.22059/jhgr.2015.51238FAمحمد جوادمهدوی نژاددانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس0000-0002-6454-6518مائدهپورفتح الهدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد معماری، دانشکدة هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرسJournal Article20130901Introduction
Lighting has a lot to do with identity and public image of our cities. People interface with their surroundings in nights while they enjoy direct or indirect lighting technologies and supplements. Literature review of this study indicates that new lighting technologies can change our night life and may cause deep consciences in public perception about their environment. Human geography perspective about the issue emphasizes on the role of these lighting of Tehran buildings facades and public spaces on sense of belonging and quality of urban life. The most important aim of this research is to explain the role new lighting technologies can play in changing sense of belonging and quality of urban life in our contemporary cities from human geography points of view. Literature review of the paper also revealed that there are lots of issues that had yet to be addressed in case of making more humanistic city which describes playful city, vivid city, convivial city, prosperous city, and etc. It is very important to explain that all of these criteria can be theorized as sense of belonging which is tangible in citizens’ everyday life.
Methodology
To answer research questions in qualitative research strategy, descriptive analytical research method has been adopted as inference mechanism which surveyed by expert designed questionnaires. Logical argumentation strategy is adopted to discuss the results of the case studies selected by cluster sampling from Tehran public spaces, namely region one and eleven in Tehran municipality divisions. SPSS application and analytical statistics were employed to address the results and find suitable solutions. To evaluate the research hypothesis, fourteen questionnaires were completed by experts. Then, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated. The cases containing urban bodies are about 10 meters in length that have different usage. Since the different usage of urban bodies have been caused to activity in the day and night, it is possible to measure the physical-social factors for sense of place concept in theme. There is a significant relationship between sense of belonging and lighting techniques in order to show the beauty of the physical body, the lighting surface to be harmonic, the body to be indicated, and control of the light pollution. Indeed, the lighting surface of an urban body with different usages can be effective to increase physical-social factors of sense of belonging; while this shows pros, not to be distributed and follows order and harmony. Again, the urban body should be indicated more than surrounding walls and its lighting should be differed from background. Sense of belonging and a lighting to be field-oriented, have an inverse relationship; Sense of belonging can increase, if the buildings have more presented lighting. It seems reasonable that an active body can be more shown than inactive walls. This factor can represent supplying individual needs, such as security and it can also provide necessary vitality for social activities. Another technical factor that is effective to increase sense of belonging is control of the light pollution. Places have more sense of belonging that can provide user needs to be responsive. A scene should provide quality of visual individuals in urban landscapes. Among technical factors, showing characteristics of materials is just related to the sense of belonging. The light and materials interact with each other and influence each other. Light becomes a part of materials and the mass and façade of building configure a unit to complete each other. This factor is associated with physical concepts of the sense of belonging. Consequently, the use of proper techniques and factors in lighting of urban bodies can affect one of the most important concepts in quality of urban spaces, i.e., the sense of belonging.
Results and discussion
Studies indicate that the bodies with perfect lighting have equal quality space in night and day. By comparing the type of lighting in these bodies and matching them with technical factors, it can be concluded that the combination method of lighting makes the purpose of the quality of the space in the city of Tehran<em>.</em> The results of the paper show a significant relationship between sense of belonging and new lighting technologies in order to show the beauty of the physical body, the lighting surface to be harmonic, the body to be shown, and control of the light pollution. Indeed, the lighting surface of an urban body with different usages can be effective to increase physical-social factors of the sense of belonging; while it shows pros, not to be distributed; and follows order and harmony. The urban body should be indicated more than surrounding walls and its lighting should be different from background. The sense of belonging and a lighting to be field-oriented have an inverse relationship. Therefore, the sense of belonging increases, as buildings have more indicated lighting. The results of the paper by correlation is significant at 0.05 level and show that there are meaningful relationship between technical lighting issues and its environmental consequences in our everyday life which can be interpreted as sense of attachment.
Conclusion
It seems reasonable that an active body can be seen more than inactive walls. This factor can represent supplying individual needs, such as security. Moreover, this factor can also provide necessary vitality for social activities. Another technical effective on the increase in sense of belonging is control of light pollution. As stated, those places have more sense of belonging that can provide user needs. A scene should provide quality of visual individuals in urban landscapes. Among technical factors, the displayed characteristics of materials are related to the sense of belonging. The light and materials interact with each other and influence each other. Light is considered as a part of materials and whit mass and façade of building can also configure a unit and complete with each other. This factor is associated with physical concepts of sense of belonging. Consequently, use of proper techniques and factors in urban bodies lighting can affect the sense of belonging as one of the most important concepts of quality of urban spaces<em>.</em>حس تعلق، از جمله مفاهیم مهم و مؤثر در ارتباط انسان و محیط است. این مفهوم، ناشی از احساسهای فرد نسبت به مکانی است که با آن ارتباط برقرار میکند. از نگاه جغرافیای انسانی، حس تعلق، نقشی اساسی در ارزیابی کیفیت محیط و منظر شهری در شهرهای معاصر دارد. عوامل مختلفی از جمله رویکردهای شناختی، احساسی، کالبدی و اجتماعی، حس تعلق و دلبستگی به مکان را بهوجود میآورند که در این پژوهش، به مفهوم کالبدی- اجتماعی حس تعلق در منظر شهری توجه شده است. امروزه با گسترش زندگی شبانه، مفاهیم مربوط به کیفیت مکان مناظر شهری در شب نیز همانند روز، اهمیت یافتهاند. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی رابطة نحوة نورپردازی با یکی از عوامل کلیدی سنجش کیفیت مکان، یعنی مفهوم حس تعلق است و نقش فناوریهای جدید نورپردازی در ارتقای مفهوم کالبدی- اجتماعی حس تعلق و تأثیر آن در تبدیل محیط به شهری انسانیتر را بررسی میکند. بهاینمنظور، عوامل فنی و تکنیکهای نورپردازی در 14 نمونه از بدنههای شهری- که بهصورت خوشهای در دو منطقه از شهر تهران انتخاب شدند- ارزیابی شدند. پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی است که در آن، برای جمعآوری دادهها از پرسشنامه بهره گرفته شده است و سپس دادهها با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS و آزمون همبستگی تحلیل شدهاند. یافتهها نشاندهندة آن است که بهکارگیری فناوریهای جدید نورپردازی در رونق معماری شبانه و درنتیجه، ارتقای حس تعلق شهروندان تهرانی سهم بسزایی دارد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Optimization of Emergency Transportation Network Management of Tehran Metropolis after Natural Hazards with Future Research Approachبهینه سازی مدیریت شبکه حمل و نقل اضطراری کلان شهرتهران پس از سوانح طبیعی با رویکرد آینده پژوهی1431575127510.22059/jhgr.2015.51275FAمجتبیامیریدانشیار گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه تهرانشهنازنوروزیکارشناس ارشد مدیریت شهری، دانشگاه تهرانعلیرضانجاریکارشناس ارشد مدیریت سوانح طبیعی، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20130303Introduction
The city of Tehran is located in a seismic prone area in an active part of Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic belt (Alborz Mountain Range) and has surrounded by several active faults. This city has also experienced some destructive earthquakes in its history. Tehran is a city with about ten million people living or commuting in and out of it on a daily basis. The history of the region indicates strong earthquakes with magnitude of 7.0 and higher, with a return period of 175 years. With the constant threat of strong earthquakes, the city of Tehran and the scientific body have joined together to prepare and implement a comprehensive plan for different aspects of the earthquake reduction policies. This is necessary to focus on disaster mitigation strategies for the city.
In the common transportation and traffic literature, optimization of transport management structure under emergency conditions as a kind of designing non-continuous traffic management network in terms of systematic management has not been regarded enough in the development of the city. Thus, the main goal of this article with the purpose of pre-accident future prediction is to improve performance and reduce time of conceptual optimization of emergency transport management structure so that we can offer initial facilities and necessary rescues to cover all requests in the related districts in different levels, and select routes with possibility of blocked routes in natural accidents by sufficient facilities as soon as possible.
Methodology
The main goal of formulation and implementation of the disaster management master plan for Tehran is to secure the lives and properties of the citizens against a possible devastating earthquake. This is an applied, descriptive- analytical research and the data were collected in a documentary (library) method. The necessary information and statistics were gathered from some government centers such as Tehran general traffic studies center and Tehran crisis management. This research tries to suggest a model for optimization of structure for emergency transport management of trips relative to the total network after earthquake in a district by passing the following steps: First phase, in this phase, we used existing maps of Tehran fault seismicity history of futures research approach to assessment of natural hazards in 22 districts of Tehran. Second phase, this is to identify highways within the mind. Third stage, in this stage, the risk analysis of transportation networks vulnerable to earthquakes is investigated in Tehran. Fourth stage, in this stage, the means of emergency transportation were obtained by selecting a subset of a given set of curves of the highway networks so that the objective function is optimized within the limits of travel time. Step five; finally, a conceptual model of emergency transportation management system is presented for optimization of Tehran.
Results and discussion
Transportation has strategic and critical importance for relief of earthquake injuries. Therefore, the first thing to be immediately prepared and amended is the access routes for rescued persons. Logic prediction of traffic demand after earthquake is principal foundation of possible transportation performed before programming and traffic control, which is a kind of guarantee for a successful rescue and saving. The principle of emergency response is the recognition and evaluation of potential risk, type of accidents, and possibility of occurrence and the effect of accident intensity. In emergent urban plans, a definite headquarter framework and integrated operational chart shall be available after earthquake, especially in metropolitans, for local emergency transport programs and management centers.
Conclusion
Due to high congestion and high mobility of population, buildings and cars, urban settlement and public places, Tehran Metropolitan has a considerable intracity trips. The limitations and problems arisen from deficiencies and lack of a dynamic and stable, and however, effective transport navigation shows necessity of an advanced network in urban transport navigation. It shall be moreover noted that emergency transport management is not limited to the framework of routing methods and reduction of rescue time. The savior’s ideas and maneuver in emergency develops this fact that the emergency transport management and optimization of the management of efficiency improvement will be considered as the main elements of transportation to provide a flowing traffic movement in highways and streets in emergency in shortest time to reduce and omit serious damages of earthquake.
توجه به آینده، همواره از مهمترین اهداف کشورها محسوب میشود؛ بنابراین، شناخت تهدیدها و آسیبها، یکی از مهمترین عوامل دستیابی به آینده و آیندهپژوهی بهروش سناریونویسی، یکی از کارآمدترین روشهای مطالعة آینده است که با شناخت عوامل اصلی مؤثر بر مدیریت بحران در شبکة حملونقل و نیز تأثیر نیروهای مؤثر، شاکله و چارچوب سناریوهای تهدید، سوانح طبیعی و آسیبپذیری آیندة شهرهای بزرگ را شناسایی میکند و آنها را به فرصت تبدیل میکند. بههمینمنظور، در چارچوب این مقاله سعی بر آن است که با استفاده از آیندهپژوهی بهعنوان یک علم جدید- که در کشورهای مختلف دنیا روزبهروز کاربردیتر میشود و روشهای جدیدی از آن برای ساختن آیندهای مطلوبتر ارائه میشود- روشهایی متناسب با شیوههای برنامهریزی حملونقل اضطراری شهری مطرح شود که شرایط مطلوب توسعة پایدار را- که از آرمانهای این علم است- برآورده کند. درحقیقت، آیندهپژوهی در مدیریت سوانح طبیعی، تصمیمگیری برای فرایندی است که در زمان حال انجام میشود، اما حاصل آن، خلق آیندهای بهتر است. این روش برای تقویت توان و تحلیل آینده و توان نفوذ و مداخلة سازمانهای مرتبط در آینده، برای تبدیل تهدید شبکة حملونقل در برابر سوانح طبیعی به فرصتی برای امدادرسانی اضطراری و تعیین نقش مؤثر در موفقیت عملیات نیروهای امداد و نجات در شهر تهران است. این مقاله با رویکرد آیندهپژوهی برای بهینهسازی کارایی مدیریت شبکة حملونقل مناطق شهر تهران، مبتنی بر فرایندهای مدیریت حملونقل اضطراری به آن ارائه شده است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Position of Neighborhood in Urban Sustainable Development (Case Study: Neighborhoods of Region 10 of Tehran)جایگاه محله در توسعة پایدار شهر (مورد مطالعه: محله های منطقة 10 شهرداری تهران)1591765128010.22059/jhgr.2015.51280FAفرزانهساسان پوراستادیار دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهرانمحمدسلیمانیدانشیار دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهرانپرویزضیائیاندانشیار دانشکدة جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهرانزهرادلفان آذریدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهرانJournal Article20130430Introduction
One of the objectives of urban planners is to promote urban and neighborhood sustainable development. It is in such a way that stability can be reached in the higher levels of hierarchy in city framing divisions. Purpose of this research is to study rate of stability in the neighborhoods of region N10 of Tehran municipality using the Fuzzy combinational method and Geographical Information System (GIS). Region No. 10 of Tehran, with an area of 817 hectares, is regarded as the smallest region of Tehran municipality after region No. 17.It possesses three neighborhoods. With regard to the performed studies, about 57% of the region is consisted of residential usage. Therefore, we observe the dominance of residential usage over the other urban functions in this region. Severe shortage of the usages of the green space and educational, sporting, hygienic and therapeutic space and high population density are the features of this region (Tehran region No. 10 municipality, 2011: 18). Thus, the goal of this study is to survey the position of neighborhood in the urban sustainable development in which the sustainability levels of the neighborhoods have been assessed using the fuzzy method. In addition to identifying the capacities, possibilities and available difficulties and failures in the desired neighborhoods, the following objectives have been taken into consideration:
Specification of the stability level of the neighborhoods
Determination of the most sustainable neighborhoods
Determination of optimum strategies for promotion of position of neighborhoods of region No. 10 in the development of city
Methodology
In this research, fuzzy analysis has been in such a form that, for each index, a membership function in the fuzzy environment has been determined in the GIS software. This has suggested the rate of benefiting of each neighborhood from that index. Quantities of these functions of fuzzy membership are between zero and one and the neighborhood whose quantity being closer to one is considered to be the superior neighborhood for that index. Then, combination of these layers was dealt with in each dimension using gamma operator. By this, the neighborhoods are compared together and sequence of their sustainability is specified. Since the aim of this research was to determine total sustainability of these neighborhoods compared with each other, it is necessary in this step of the research to combine the stability layers of the raised seven dimensions with gamma operator. The total sustainability of the neighborhoods compared with each other has been specified.
Results and discussion
With regard to the combination of sustainability results in the mentioned seven dimensions, this can be concluded that situation of stability of the neighborhoods of Tehran is region10. The conditions of the region are ranged from weak to average (from rank of 0.3 to 0.5). Northern Salsabil neighborhood, with score of 0.53, is determined to be the most sustainable neighborhood among the neighborhoods of the region. This is due to superiority of this neighborhood in the servicing, social-cultural, economical and hygienic-therapeutic dimensions. In the discussion of urban governorship, this neighborhood has, also, a rank higher than 0.9 which suggests a high level. After the northern Salsabil, the neighborhoods of northern Karoon with rank of 0.47, Beryanak with rank of 0.46, Southern Zanjan with rank of 0.42, Southern Salsabil with rank of 0.388, Haftchenar with rank of 0.387, Solaimani-Taimouri with rank of 0.38, Shobairi-J with rank of 0.35, southern Karoon with rank of 0.32 and Hashemi with rank of 0.3 are ranged from 0.3 to 0.47.
Conclusion
Neighborhoods of region 10 of Tehran were evaluated by the index in seven framing and sustainability rate of each neighborhood. It was studied by use of the fuzzy method so that a comparison is to be carried out between neighborhoods in order to evaluate the rate of sustainability. The obtained results suggest that situation of sustainability of mentioned neighborhoods in the conditions is ranged from weak to average (from rank of 0.3 to 0.5). For example, the problems, , which lead to lowering of stability rate of these neighborhoods, include dominance of residence relative to other usages, shortage of servicing usages and green space severe attrition of the compacted residential content.یکی از اهداف برنامهریزان شهری، ایجاد توسعة پایدار شهری و محلهای است. بدینصورتکه با ایجاد پایداری در محلهها میتوان به پایداری در سطوح بالاتر و شهر رسید. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی میزان پایداری محلههای منطقة 10 شهرداری تهران با استفاده از روش فازی است. بدینمنظور، از 86 شاخص در ابعاد کالبدی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی، اقتصادی، خدماتی، زیستمحیطی، بهداشتی- درمانی و حکمرانی شهری استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش، ابتدا در سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی با استفاده از تابع عضویت متناسب برای هر شاخص، عملیات فازیسازی انجام شد. سپس با تلفیق شاخصها، مقدار گامای معادل پایداری در هر بعد بهدست آمد. این مقدار در هر محله، عددی بین صفر و یک است که بسته به مقدار آن، میزان پایداری هر محله در محدودهای تعریف شده است. در این پژوهش، محدودۀ صفر تا 1/0 برای مقادیر گاما، نمایانگر میزان پایداری خیلی ضعیف، 1/0 تا 4/0 پایداری ضعیف، 4/0 تا 5/0 پایداری متوسط متمایل به ضعیف، 5/0 تا 6/0 پایداری متوسط و 6/0 تا 1 پایداری قوی تعریف شده است. درادامه، برای مشخصشدن میزان پایداری کلی محلههای لایههای گامای ابعاد با عملگر فازی با هم تلفیق شدند و مقدار گامای معادل پایداری کلی محلهها تعیین شد. یافتهها نشان میدهد که پایداری محلههای این منطقه در سطوح متوسط، متوسط روبهضعیف و ضعیفی قرار دارند. محلة سلسبیل شمالی با مقدار 5393/0 در وضعیتی متوسط واقع شده است که بهترین وضعیت را در بین محلهها دارد و بدترین وضعیت مربوط به محلة هاشمی با مقدار 3082/0 است.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321Evaluation of the Capabilities and Uses of Geomorphosites (Case Study: Geomorphosites of Tabas County)ارزیابی توانمندی ها و کاربری های ژئومورفوسایت ها (مطالعه موردی: ژئومورفوسایت های شهرستان طبس)1771925128410.22059/jhgr.2015.51284FAمحمدسلمانیاستادیار دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانحسنعلیفرجی سبکباردانشیار دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران0000-0002-5470-4287محمدناظمیاستادیار گروه زمین شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد طبسحسناروجیکارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی توریسم دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهرانJournal Article20140620Introduction
Today, Geotourism is one of the sections of tourism that can be developed in the regions with geologic and geomorphologic attractions. Geotourism and geomorpho-tourism is new branch of responsible tourism based on the use of geological and geomorphological attractions. In addition to the natural attractions, the geotourism consider cultural, economic and ecological values.Responsible tourism emphasizes on the conservation of natural resources and human tourism. In fact, purpose of geotourism is economic and social development of local community and ecologic protection of natural resources by geomorphosites. All geomorphologic, cultural and tourism heritage of geotourism are in the form of sites called geomorphosite. Geomorphosites are landforms involved special values caused human insights and those provide important condition to develop tourism activities and special infrastructures in a region. This is of importance in understanding geohistory. Geomorphosites can present scientific, conservational and tourism values and affect cultural, ecological and economic condition. Conservation is one of the basic conceptions in a geomorphosite. Geoconservation emphasizes on management of geologic features with scientific, cultural, tourism, educational and tourism values. Geoconservation concept is approximately equal with geologic heritage because it is related to collection of activities for decision and geoconservation in special places. Both the concepts of geoconservation and geologic heritage are discussed as recent concern in the geotourism researches. In general, total tourism values are consisted of scientific, conservational and tourism values. Final purpose of geotourism is economic and tourism development in a region and preservation of scientific and conservational values and improvement in tourism values. Therefore, in order to achieve this purpose, it is essential that geomorphosites are assessed with different criteria. In the past years, it is presented and designed different methods for this aseessment. Tabas County in Khorasan Jonobi Province is one of the suitable regions for geotourism development in the country. Since Tabas County is located between two vast desert regions (Dashte-loot and Markazi Kavir) the arid areas of Tabas County are secluded and its capabilities are not analyzed scientifically. According to this concern, in this research, geotourism of Tabas County is assessed using sustainability concept and tourism and economic development.
<em> </em>
Methodology
In order to assess geotourism capabilities of the geomorphosites, different methods are presented in the recent years. These menthods have mainly focused on conservation value and improvement of scientific and tourism values. In this paper, assessment of geomorphosites is performed for Tabas County. With several geology and different geomorphologic landforms, Tabas County is recognized as a great geology region in Iran. Desert situation of the county and historical and cultural landscapes with geomorphologic potentials also made this area as one of the suitable geotourism regions. One of the spatial characteristics of Tabas County is natural variability in addition to desert condition. Part of this county involves mountain areas in Shotori region and also ecological area in Naybandan region. In order to assess geotourism, in the first stage, geologic and geomorphologic features and landforms are assessed according to spatial and subjective distribution of features. Finally, up to 50 features are determined as geomorphosites for assessment of geotourism of Tabas County. These are 24 geomorphosites in arid and desert area, 17 geomorphosites in mountain areas in Shotori region and 9 geomorphosites in the ecological area in Naybandan region. In order to assess these geomorphosites, GAM method is applied. This method was designed by Mr Vujicic (2011). In this method, several values and criteria are used. This method involve these values: scarsness, representativeness, knowledge on geoscientific issues, level of interpretation, viewpoints, surface, surrounding landscape and nature, environmental fitting of sites, current condition, protection level, vulnerability, suitable number of visitors, accessibility, additional natural values, additional anthropogenic values, vicinity of emissive centers, vicinity of important road network, additional functional values, promotion, organized visits, vicinity of visitors center, interpretative panels, number of visitors, tourism infrastructure, tour guide service, hostelry service, and restaurant service. These criteria are ranged in value from 0 to 1 that consist degrees and grades of suitability and unsuitability.
Results and discussion
In order to assess geomorphosites of Tabas County, many experts of tourism, geology, and geomorphology with knowledge about Tabas County, have assigned values and assessed the criteria of this research for each of the geomorphosites. Finally, value of each geomorphosite has been determined for each criterion. By using cooperation total values, final value of each geomorphosite has been determined. Final results indicate that geomorphosites of Derenjal outcrop, Sarzamin Siah, Shotori alluvial fan, Mazino coal phenomenal and Rig Shotoran are determined as the most suitable. Therefore, large scale geomorphosites has higher value. Scientific value of Mazino coal phenomenal is related to paleology. Sarzamin Siah and Rig Shotoran have much variety and good perspective. In final stage, geomorphosites are assessed separately with scientific, conservational and tourism values<em>.</em> Scientific, conservational and tourism values are chosen from GAM method and their values are determined for geoorphosites. The results also indicate that the geomorphosite of Derenjal phenomenal is suitable for scientific value, geomorphosite Korit valley for conservational value and geomorphosite Roohe Marghom Lake for tourism value.
Conclusion
Geotourism planning can realize the importance of tourism uses and conditions amd potentials for each geomorphosite.According to the results of this research, geomorphosites of Derenjal outcrop, Sarzamin Siah, Naybandan crag fault, Kalmard old low height mountains, Darrin unconformity, and Halvan sandy hills are determined as tourism goods that can be presented for tourists. Other geomorphosites should be improved in scientific, conservational and tourism values to serve tourists. The results also show that there is not proportion between different values of geomorphosites. Although it should be noticed that conservation of actual earth heritage in Tabas county and local communities have very small share in the result of tourism development. This is due to lack of facilities and official decisions making to development of geotourism and improving tourism.ژئوتوریسم، شاخة جدیدی از گردشگری مسئولانه است که با هدف حفاظت از میراث زمین و همچنین ارتقای سطح زندگی جوامع بومی، حفظ ارزشهای فرهنگی و توسعة اقتصادی، بر استفاده از جاذبههای زمینشناختی و ژئومورفولوژیکی تأکید میکند. مجموعة میراث ژئومورفولوژیکی، فرهنگی و گردشگری ژئوتوریسم، در قالب مکانهایی نمایان شده است که بهعنوان ژئومورفوسایت از آنها یاد میشود. شهرستان طبس با وجود فرایندهای مختلف زمینشناسی، مجموعة متنوعی از این ژئومورفوسایتها را در خود جای داده است. بهدلیل قرارگیری منطقة طبس بین دو ناحیة بزرگ کویری ایران (دشت لوت و کویر مرکزی)، مناطق کویری و بیابانی طبس تقریباً در حاشیه قرار گرفته است و بسیاری از توانمندیهای آن هنوز بهصورت علمی بررسی نشده است. در این پژوهش، بنا بود تا ضمن شناسایی مناطق ژئوتوریستی شهرستان، ژئومورفوسایتهای منطقه نیز شناسایی شوند؛ براساس مجموعهای از ارزشهای علمی، حفاظتی و گردشگری ارزیابی شوند و سپس با توجه به کاربریهای متناسب با گردشگری و توسعة اقتصادی، اولویتبندی شوند. پس از جستوجوهای گوناگون، درنهایت 50 ژئومورفوسایت برای ارزیابی انتخاب شدند و از بین روشهای ارزیابی ژئومورفوسایتها، از روش GAM استفاده شد. در ارزیابی کلی ژئومورفوسایتهای شهرستان، ژئومورفوسایتهای «رخنمونهای درنجال»، «سرزمین سیاه» و «مخروطافکنههای شتری»، بهعنوان بهترین ژئومورفوسایتها برای کاربریهای ژئوتوریستی تعیین شدند و میتوان آنها را بهعنوان یک کالای اقتصادی به گردشگران ارائه کرد. ضمن اینکه حفاظت میراث زمین در طبس بهصورت بالفعل صورت نمیگیرد و از منظر اقتصادی و اجتماعی، جامعة بومی طبس، سهم بسیار اندکی در گردشگری دارد.دانشگاه تهرانپژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی2008-629647120150321English Abstractsچکیده های انگلیسی1295439110.22059/jhgr.2015.54391FAJournal Article20150803