https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/ Human Geography Research en daily 1 Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0330 https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_60019.html Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. Finally, presented the number of people injured and killed in different scenarios of human vulnerability caused by fire following the earthquake, in three times in districts 1 and 6 municipal city in Fars province, Iran. Analysis of the data collected according to the methodology of quantitative analysis using methodology and software HAZUS. The estimate of ultimate vulnerability suggests that on the whole the worst scenario, 02:00 am, with the greatest number of casualties, the number of 10918.79 and 27517.72 injured people were killed, a total of 38,436.5 injured (wounded and killed) in the 6th district of Shiraz.Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. Finally, presented the number of people injured and killed in different scenarios of human vulnerability caused by fire following the earthquake, in three times in districts 1 and 6 municipal city in Fars province, Iran. Analysis of the data collected according to the methodology of quantitative analysis using methodology and software HAZUS. The estimate of ultimate vulnerability suggests that on the whole the worst scenario, 02:00 am, with the greatest number of casualties, the number of 10918.79 and 27517.72 injured people were killed, a total of 38,436.5 injured (wounded and killed) in the 6th district of Shiraz.Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. Finally, presented the number of people injured and killed in different scenarios of human vulnerability caused by fire following the earthquake, in three times in districts 1 and 6 municipal city in Fars province, Iran. Analysis of the data collected according to the methodology of quantitative analysis using methodology and software HAZUS. The estimate of ultimate vulnerability suggests that on the whole the worst scenario, 02:00 am, with the greatest number of casualties, the number of 10918.79 and 27517.72 injured people were killed, a total of 38,436.5 injured (wounded and killed) in the 6th district of Shiraz.Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. Finally, presented the number of people injured and killed in different scenarios of human vulnerability caused by fire following the earthquake, in three times in districts 1 and 6 municipal city in Fars province, Iran. Analysis of the data collected according to the methodology of quantitative analysis using methodology and software HAZUS. The estimate of ultimate vulnerability suggests that on the whole the worst scenario, 02:00 am, with the greatest number of casualties, the number of 10918.79 and 27517.72 injured people were killed, a total of 38,436.5 injured (wounded and killed) in the 6th district of Shiraz.Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. Finally, presented the number of people injured and killed in different scenarios of human vulnerability caused by fire following the earthquake, in three times in districts 1 and 6 municipal city in Fars province, Iran. Analysis of the data collected according to the methodology of quantitative analysis using methodology and software HAZUS. The estimate of ultimate vulnerability suggests that on the whole the worst scenario, 02:00 am, with the greatest number of casualties, the number of 10918.79 and 27517.72 injured people were killed, a total of 38,436.5 injured (wounded and killed) in the 6th district of Shiraz.Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. Finally, presented the number of people injured and killed in different scenarios of human vulnerability caused by fire following the earthquake, in three times in districts 1 and 6 municipal city in Fars province, Iran. Analysis of the data collected according to the methodology of quantitative analysis using methodology and software HAZUS. The estimate of ultimate vulnerability suggests that on the whole the worst scenario, 02:00 am, with the greatest number of casualties, the number of 10918.79 and 27517.72 injured people were killed, a total of 38,436.5 injured (wounded and killed) in the 6th district of Shiraz. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_64931.html Assessment of social capital among the rangeland utilizes with network analysis approach (Case Study: the southern part of Gorgan)IntroductionOne of the most important elements to achieve real participation in today's complex societies, the level of social capital in society that with indicators such as the norms, rules, obligations and mutual trust is measured. Social capital is a set of institutions, rules, practices, social customs and traditions and rules of conduct in a society that social relations between people form a community and the rate of participation in public life and trust factor between them is expressed. An important part of people's participation and villagers in the country, management of natural resources is particularly rangeland. In most developing countries in the process of participatory management of natural resources such as rangeland generally faced with two types of actor or stakeholder that on the one hand of collaborative management, stakeholders and related government agencies and are on the other side of rangeland utilizes. One of the ideas that could help to examine the relationships between actors in the field of natural resources, network analysis. Social network, or the main source of social capital, a combination of actors and relations between them. The concept of network and network analysis technologies are the tools to imagine vision and analyze the complete nature of the relations involved in this realm. These tools provide the method to simplify and make these relations consistent with one another in order to achieve effective objectives. This approach can be studied on the subject of social capital have been studied and analyzed. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the state of social capital in the pasture with an emphasis on relationships of trust And participation and social analysis and identification of powers between local stakeholders and key actors in summer rangeland south of Gorgan And to operate and success of collaborative management in the region have been studied.MethodologyFor this purpose, a network analysis method was used because of the importance and role of social relations and social conflicts. Analytical study is that the survey was conducted. Bipartite and numerical study documents that the evidence gathered through library research literature was discussed. The part number that includes a field survey instrument, data collection, questionnaire. Statistical Society, owners of rangeland utilizes of 14 subjects who were administered a questionnaire matrix to determine the relationships between them. Also the theory and network analysis model and using Ucinet software and Density tests, degrees, reciprocity, transferability, E-I, etc. to analyze data from a variety of graphs to show the relationship has benefited. Results and discussionThe first indicator that specifies that there should be links to the links, is density. The index is a number between zero and one or 100. Basically, this indicator is a sign of solidarity, that is, what is more, solidarity among members more. The index of social capital in the study for trust 0.4231 or 42.31% (from 182 links may be realized 77 links) and for participation 0.2692 or 26.92%. Reciprocity index which the number of links that mutual reciprocity and there, compared to the number that should be there, The trust between the rangeland utilizes studied 0.50 or 50% and for participation 0.44 or 44% this extent, operators of mutual and reciprocal trust and cooperation with each other. Transitivity index value in relation to other rangeland utilizes in the study area for trust is 59.67% and for participation 68.66%. Namely the possibility of communicating with each third party that looks fairly decent amount.ConclusionToday, in order to achieve successful management of natural resources, especially in pastures, increase social capital operators is essential. Social capital and facilitate collective action for the improvement of the conditions necessary for the development of social cohesion in society. Therefore, in this study to measure social capital in rangeland utilizes with network analysis approach in the southern part of Gorgan. Trust and social participation of important aspects in terms of social capital that increase both in the network of relationships between people, leading to increased social capital and social cohesion will ultimately increase. In this study the relationships between stakeholders, based on partnerships of trust and social ties has been analyzed. The social capital among local stakeholders by measuring parameters such as density, reciprocity and Transitivity, geodesic distance, E-I, degree, Betweenness Centrality, Closeness Centrality, Eigenvector Centrality are assessed. Based on the results obtained in the rangeland utilizes, the density of trust and participation in the optimal range and increasing the density of people in the development of trust, participation, solidarity and social capital at the level of individuals and subgroups. In general, high levels of trust and participation among stakeholders will cause increased density and social cohesion and Social capital network of local stakeholders realized more quickly. Therefore, the need to strengthen bilateral relations and mutual for stability of network in order to increase social capital. In this regard, the strengthening of ties between local stakeholders and increase the level of trust and partnership between them, to increase the velocity of information sources, Coordinating people to deal with the crisis in a short time, respecting the local norms and practices in relation to the exploitation of resources and the responsibility to protect them and prevent the destruction of its stakeholders is essential. Strengthening social capital managers can assist in problem solving and the key challenges facing them. Certainly the strengthening of social capital and empowerment will increase the quality of life. Also can be stated based on the methodology of this study, Network analysis enables quantitative and mathematical indicators in relation to social factors affecting sustainable development and local empowerment is measured.Keywordssocial capital, network analysis, rangeland utilizes, participation, Gorgan https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_75052.html Extended abstract1- INTRODUCTIONThe structure and spatial organization of cities are constantly evolving under the influence of political, economic, and social issues. In other words, the role of power and economy in the spatial transformation of cities is undeniable; globalization as a specific reading of the political economy of the space is based on the marketing policy of neoliberalism and the domination of a large part of the world by removing border and state restrictions. In addition to these political-economic changes, urban spaces also change, so that what remains of neoliberalism in the urban space is the existence of unequal relations and the division of the city into the two poles of the poor and the rich. which is even more acute in the urban spaces of the southern countries (as raw material suppliers). Now, given the fact that Iran based on the oil economy has been closely linked to the global capitalist system, the aim of this study is to investigate the spatial separation rate in Tehran metropolis. This issue has been addressed through the distribution of occupational groups in the Tehran metropolis. In rentier government, due to the huge revenues generated by purely rent-seeking activities and without productivity, efficiency and economic dynamics decreases. Therefore, as a source of economic and political power, the government, by utilizing its legislative power, restricts the functioning of market and provides rent-seeking opportunities to his supporters and it influences the fate of the social classes, which ultimately leads to the formation of a social class of oil. Therefore, abuse of oil revenues leads to an unequal growth in the purchasing power of urban society and fundamental changes in the economy. Thus, in an oil-based economy, wealth is concentrated among the groups that are in contact with the state and corruption is high.Therefore, given the characteristics of the raw material supplying countries in general and the oil producing countries (government and rent economy) and Iran in particular, there are certain economic and political conditions that lead to the socio-economic gap so the question is how did the distribution of socio-occupational groups occur during the neoliberal restructuring of space at the Tehran metropolitan? It is assumed that the distribution of upper and lower occupational-social classes at the Tehran metropolis has been polarized.In this regard, it is necessary to understand the concept of space and the process of the impact of power and rentier state on spatial organization. Since the main concern in this research is the structure of economic relations, the process of capital accumulation in the form of fixed capital and the spatial consequence of these relations at the Tehran metropolis, the political economy of space will be the research lens of this study.The political economy of space focuses on the emergence of settlements and tries to engage with the root of the problem. In the perspective of the political economy of space, the idea is that the perspective of the space is closely related to the mode of production and the social relations. In this theory, the historical development of the urban form is due to the need to create the necessary conditions for the production and reproduction of the capitalist system. The conditions required for these needs place urban policies in the interests of the capitalist class. The tendencies of political economy of space are divided into four categories: constructivism theory, praxis theory, dependency theory, world system theory and urbanization. The emphasis of this research will be the world system approach.In the process of globalization, some countries produce according to their conditions, and some countries are consumers or it can be said that some countries export raw materials and some produce. Since the selected space for globalization in cities is limited and its promotion is limited to a small corpus, Therefore, class divisions are intensifying in the southern economy, and poverty and unemployment grow with high-paying jobs. Finally, these factors lead to the formation of conflict and class divisions, which can be described as a space gap with the urban alphabet. 2- METHODOLOGYFor this purpose, a quantitative methodology and descriptive-explanatory analysis have been used. Socio-spatial separation factors have been used to study the concept of spatial segregation; Thus, the distribution of occupational groups has been used to investigate the segregation at the in Tehran metropolis. Spatial analysis of job clusters formed at Tehran metropolis will lead to a judgment on the spatial gap of Tehran metropolis.3- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONCalculation of different segregation factors for Tehran metropolis showed that the separation of various social groups in this metropolis cannot be ignored. While the south of Tehran metropolis is more in disposal of low-class, high-class employees are highly inclined to reside in the north of the city. Although middle and lower class employees are also located in northern Tehran but in contrast, the proportion of occupancy of high-class employees in the southern regions is significantly low.Another point is the lower number of middle social group jobs compared to the upper and lower groups. This means that most employees of Tehran metropolis belong to the upper or lower social group. The continuation of these conditions reflects an increase in the class gap in Tehran metropolis.4- CONCLUSIONS Due to speculative tendencies in the production of urban spaces and on the other hand, due to the concentration of capital provided to particular groups and capitalists, a large part of the rents generated by urban activities are absorbed by the capitalist classes and because of high profits in more valuable areas of the city, these groups tend to invest more in these areas and the concentration of wealth and capital in the domination of the rich capitalists of the society leads to a social and class divide. Space reflects this gap as a mirror of social relations and the social gap emerges as a spatial segregation. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_75933.html Extended AbstractIntroductionThere have been numerous and varied studies of public land distribution, spatial distribution of urban services, and overall urban spatial justice in cities across the country. But due to the lack of spatial integrity and the lack of procedural and content integration in the way they have been done, no accurate and credible picture of the status of spatial justice in the delivery of municipal services at national level has been achieved so far.The main purpose of this article is to present a clear and relatively comprehensive picture of the resultant of spatial justice research results by examining the content and method of writing research in this field in the country. In the other words, this article seeks to find an answer to the question of what is the status of spatial justice in public services in Iran, based on the analysis of a series of internal researches published in scientific-research journals. This article intends to explain the answer to this question through the analysis of framework, theoretical approaches, methodology, statistical community, variables, indices, tools used and the results obtained in the mentioned research, in framework of meta-analysis methodology.MethodologyThis article is a developmental one and is generally conducted in the framework of meta-analysis method using quantitative content analysis technique in decomposition research samples. For this purpose, 31 journals were considered as the statistical population of the journals after the census of journals related to the fields of geography and urban development with the scientific-research degree indexed in the ISC. Then, using the opinion of experts and academics related to the subject, 13 journals were selected as sample volumes. The same process was undertaken in the selecting and studying papers in selected journals and among the 28 papers in the field of spatial justice published between 2006 and 2016, then using the opinion of experts 16 papers were selected as the final samples for the review. Then, 16 selected papers were analyzed and coded with using the article analysis framework. Also, in order to guarantee the validity of content analysis, the data obtained were used in the context of another method called meta-analysis. The test-retest technique was also used to ensure the reliability of the content analysis. The selected papers were coded once according to the considered decomposition pattern and coding structure, and in the second time after 2 week, the same papers were coded again based on the same decomposition pattern and coding structure.Results and discussionIn all papers, 2 and more than 2 researchers and in more than two-thirds of the papers, 3 researchers have done the research. The summary of the year of publication of papers also shows an increase in the number of articles in the field of spatial justice from 2010 onwards.Although half of the papers did not specify the type of research in the methodology, but, the majority of the papers were of the applied type and all of which aim to provide a simultaneous description and analysis of spatial justice in a particular spatial region.81% of the papers did not have a clear question, and about two-thirds of them lacked a clear hypothesis and just mentioned the purpose of the paper. In the Index of Framework for Analysis, less than one-third of the papers stated the existence of a framework and structure for their analysis.Although the target population in spatial justice surveys is a designated territorial unit of the specified spatial range, however, 56% of the papers did not mention the target population.Half of the making indexes lack a clear basis, and a quarter of them are land use based. Also, nearly 70% of the papers did not use a specific component to compile the index.Correlation of 6 variables with urban services variables was evaluated, in which half of the papers evaluated the relationship between population distribution and service distribution. Also, the independence or dependence of the variable distribution of utilities in 56% of the papers was unclear.In the 2 elements of population distribution and per capita services in the 12 cities surveyed, 5 were unbalanced and 1 was balanced. Six cities have not commented on the status of this element.ConclusionIn response to the main research question that is based on the analysis of the resultant of the published internal research set, what is the status of spatial justice in urban services in Iran, all the findings of the research show that the Iranian cities with obvious spatial imbalance encountered, cannot be cited.Lack of comprehensiveness in measuring all elements of spatial justice, lack of up-to-date elements study in this field, lack of qualitative research methods, lack of unique creativity and unique operation in the preparation and setting of papers, and a constant imitation framework of most of them, and ultimately lack of comparative studies on the comparison of urban spatial justice in Iranian cities and other cities around the world, have mattress on the results of urban spatial justice research in Iran.Therefore, in order to improve the prosperity of future researches in the field of urban spatial justice in the country, firstly, it is suggested to structure the dimensions, components, criteria and indicators of spatial justice measurement in both quantitative and qualitative areas as the basis of the research, to be studied in depth and lead to new models being presented by researchers interested in the field of spatial justice. In the second place, it is suggested that comparative studies with other cities around the world on the measurement of spatial justice be particularly emphasized by researchers in the methodological and way of analyzing and combining data and information.Keywords: Spatial Justice, Urban, Content Analysis, Meta-Analysis, Iran https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_75966.html AbstractGeopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts. The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. The most important geopolitical contexts were identified based on the study of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Then, the most important contexts and areas of geopolitical relations are presented in five dimensions of "interaction, opposition, competition, influence and domination" and finally a model is proposed for the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations.IntroductionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits),fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors).One of the most important issues in geopolitics is "geopolitical relations". A geopolitical relation is the study and analysis of the effects of geographical components on the relations between states and international relations. Geopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts.In general, geopolitical relations are those that are established between states and governments and political actors based on a combination of factors of politics, power and geography. Therefore, in order to understand the specific phenomena that occur in geopolitical relations between countries, geographical factors need to be taken into account. Geography plays a pivotal role in geopolitical relations and provides the impetus for shaping the political will of the relationship as well as influencing the level of actor power (Hafez Nia, 2006, 362). On the other hand, dominant ways of behavior between states, because of various types of relationships, vary in the range of patterns including 'interaction', 'domination', 'influence' and 'competition' and 'confrontation'. Today, geopolitics, geopolitical relations and their analysis are mostly done at the transnational scale.Therefore, the study of the pattern of geopolitical relations on three international, regional and global scales can be discussed. But what matters most is the context and of geopolitical relations. In this research, the most important contexts of geopolitical relations are studied based on the study of theories and approaches and finally the contexts for the dimensions of geopolitical relations as well as the proposed model for the fields of geopolitical relations between countries are presented.MethodologyThis research seeks to theoretically explain the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations between countries. From Newman's point of view, by referring to more general ideas and abstract principles in terms of cause and effect, theoretical explanations describe why a particular event occurs.The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature.In terms of the purpose, this research is basic. In basic research, the purpose is to discover the facts and to understand the phenomena that lead to the increasing human knowledge. In this research, identifying the components and areas that influence its geopolitical relations is known as a basic research. The components and contexts were identified based on the review of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Research method was descriptive-analytic and the data were collected through library resources. The data were also analyzed qualitatively. Qualitative research is introspective, political, subjective - reflective - interpretive, theory generating and human-centered. The main objective of the study is to explore the conceptual factors (backgrounds and contexts) that influence the formation of geopolitical relationships.Results and discussion On one hand, some theories and approaches have emphasized on one component in geopolitical formation and relationships, such as Huntington's Clash of Civilizations , Geo-economy's (Edward Lutwac's) theory, Muhammad Khatami's Civilization's Dialogue, and the theory of Louise Richardson. Some theories and approaches included several components, such as: Mackinder's Heartland Theory, Spykman's Rimland Theory, ‎Alfred Thayer Mahan's Maritime Power, Wallerstein's World System Theory, " Theory of Power Systems (Brzezinski), Kaplan's theory of the Chaos of the Future, Peter Hagget's Theory, Thomas Homer Dixon's Theory, Regional Conflict Theory (Jeffrey Camp and David Harvey), Theory of Conflict (John Robert Prescott), and the Approach to Geopolitical Conflict (John Collins).The study of theories and approaches shows that each of the theories emphasizes on one or more of the geopolitical, geo-economic, hydro-politics, and geo-cultural components, and no theory encompasses all four components together.Relations between countries took different forms along the temporal dimensions and geographical characteristics of countries. The dimensions of geopolitical relations between countries vary in terms of interaction, competition, domination, influence and opposition.ConclusionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits),fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors). https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_75996.html Introduction: Based on rural development literature, rural industrialization is expected to lead to positive changes in employment, income, health status, education, and other socio-economic indicators of rural life. but it seems that industrialization if it is an industrial state, can have devastating social, cultural, environmental, and physical effects on the lives of people in local communities. in this regard, some studies that have examined the effects of industrial state on rural development, in their assessments have paid more attention to the positive effects, and they only briefly mention some of the negative effects of it on rural development. one reason for this is that there is no comprehensive theory of the negative consequences of industrialization. Another reason is that most studies have used, quantitative approaches and objective indicators to evaluate this phenomenon. consequently, it has not been possible to examine all dimensions, especially its negative effects, in the form of a questionnaire.Thus the question is, what are the negative consequences of this kind of industrialization on the indigenous people of the industrialized villages? This is important because it seems that in Iran, rural industrialization policies such as the construction of industrial state that plan makers consider, due to the negative consequences of stabilizing the population, rural settlements have not been very successful, and the identification of these consequences can be considered in the adoption of future policies and the determination of the path of industrialization. The importance of this issue is further enhanced when previous studies have shown that researchers with prior knowledge of the negative effects of industrial state and by evaluating these effects on rural development have examined it, and not based on the lived experience of local people who are directly involved in this phenomenon. These studies, with pre-existing theories and quantitative approaches, assess the significant effects of this phenomenon on the village as positive. Therefore, recognizing and analyzing this experience may be necessary for further modeling and more attention to this issue.Methodology: Hence, a qualitative approach has been used to identify and understand the negative effects of this phenomenon, and Kheirabad village of Markazi province was examined as a case study of an industrial village. Among the qualitative approaches, phenomenology has been used because the goal is to discover and create a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of industrialization experienced by active actors. The logic of previous domestic studies in the field of industrialization effects on rural development has been based on positivist approaches, and these approaches, such as the natural sciences approach, consider the confrontation and understanding of a phenomenon based solely on logical analysis of sensory experience and scientific concepts. That is, the study of objective phenomena experimentally and without value, and then the discovery of the law governing it with universal causal models. In the positivist approach, to explain and predict, there is a need for objective criteria and specific definitions of the phenomenon under study, and the researcher limits the phenomenon in the form of their definition and hypothesis. But the mission of phenomenology is not defined apart from the lives and lived experiences by individuals. In this approach, the fundamental task of science, especially the humanities, is to return to the world of human life and to understand they experience the world. People's lived experience is always mixed with people's emotions, feelings, and attitudes and cannot be ignored.Therefore, given the nature of the phenomenological research method, it means recognizing the lived experiences or first-hand experiences of certain people (here local people of the village), as well as the issue of the present study, which understands the negative effects of the industrial zones not from the researcher's point of view but the point of view of local people involved with the phenomenon. consequently, the phenomenological method can reveal this by gaining first-hand experiences through interviews with the natives of the village.In this essay, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and after the interview, the major and important statements of the participants, which represent different horizons of a phenomenon, were identified and coded using open, central, and selective coding. It was then categorized using larger horizons or statements in larger intelligence units called basic themes. These themes represent different dimensions of the phenomenon.Results and discussion: The results obtained using the phenomenological method have shown that negative effects in the form of themes of Reducing social security, unbalanced expansion of urban landscapes in the village, changing and weakening the indigenous culture of the village, unbalanced regional population growth, increasing environmental pollution, economic instability of the village, lack of economic capacity for women, loss of rural tourism capacities has been experienced for the local peoples of the village, which has been less of a concern to theorists.These results show that previous studies have correctly identified some of these negative effects, including environmental pollution, changes in household consumption patterns, air pollution, groundwater and noise pollution, loss of rural natural resources, and the non-indigenous nature of labor, rural migration to cities, declining tourism, declining friendship and intimacy between people, consumerism of rural people, declining agricultural sector have been considered, but many other effects did not consider such as sub-themes of reduced security, rural-urban transformation, cultural change Indigenous people of the village, lack of economic capacity for women and unbalanced distribution. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the dimensions of the negative effects of the industrial zone on the local people of the village are far beyond what is available to researchers by default. Therefore, this essay proposes that policymakers in the field of rural development should be careful to create and expand industrial estates because its negative effects seem inevitable. also, instead of industrial estates for rural development, more attention can be paid to the approaches of SME appropriate to the rural environment, entrepreneurship, empowering vulnerable groups, Community-based education, and microfinancing that can ensure balanced regional development, population consolidation, and livelihoods.Keywords: Industrial estate, negative effects, indigenous people, phenomenology, Kheirabad village https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_83300.html The effect of Tamarchin frontier market on physical development of Piranshahr over 2006-2014IntroductionCommon frontier markets are considered as the major factors that transform frontier cities and are booming the economy of these regions. Therefore, frontier markets play an essential role in developing the economy, promoting peace and stability, increasing security, and improving infrastructure and services in these regions. Activation of these markets leads to greater economic growth for frontier cities, i.e. a trend that results in economic development and urban growth. There is no doubt that development of economic activities leads to an increase in employment and to a large extent causes population and urbanization growth. On the other hand, there is a direct correlation between increasing growth of urbanization and physical development of cities. In other words, indiscriminate and unsustainable development of cities leads to growth of suburbs, destruction of urban green areas, and rising demand for urban land. Therefore, it can be stated that the economy of a city is an effective factor in growth of urban lands and physical development.Activation of Tamarchin frontier market resulted in a fundamental change in the economy of Piranshahr. And employment and the revenues from Tamarchin boundary and domestic market transformed the economy of the town. Therefore, in recent years high level of employment in Piranshahr has made it one of the population absorbers in the area, a fact indicated by population changes. Due to increasing need of the immigrants to accommodation and shelter and disorganized constructions along with real estate activities, urban development has been pushed toward Northeast, East, South, and Southeast where there is no physical development limit. This physical development has swallowed up the agricultural lands and "Shin Abad" village has been affected by this development and integrated into the town. On the other hand, due to this physical development of the town toward flat and fertile plains, land cover has been changed and agricultural lands have been destroyed.In this regard, the present study is aimed at investigating the effect of Tamarchin frontier market growth on immigration to Piranshahr and its physical development whereby the main hypothesis of the study – development of Tamarching frontier market has caused immigration to Piranshahr and its physical development to increase – can be answered.MethodIn terms the aim, the present study is an applied one and in terms of the method and nature it is descriptive-analytical. According to the title of the study, required data have been collected through library and documentation procedures, survey techniques, and satellite images and were analyzed through bi-variate logistic regression and Holden models and SPSS. The procedures are as follow:Survey techniques are utilized in order to evaluate opinion of Piranshahr residents on the effect of Tamarchin frontier market on physical development of the town. The sample size has been determined through Cochran formula to be 384 individuals. Collected data have been analyzed through bi-variate logistic regression and Holdern models using SPSS. Moreover, in order to identify the pattern of physical development of the town, periodical land cover maps retrieved from Landsat satellite, satellite images of ETM+TM (2006 and 2014) were analyzed using IDRISI software. In addition, Holdern model has been used in order to explain the issue more and identify this issue that development of Piranshahr has been due to population increase or its density pattern.DiscussionDiscussion of the study findings begins with a short review of population changes of Piranshahr and the performance of Tamarchin frontier market so that an overview of the market is achieved. Then, in order to determine the effects of the development of Tamarchin frontier market on population absorption of the town, collected data retrieved from Piranshahr residents have been utilized to see whether the market development has affected the population absorption and physical development of the town or not. In so doing, bi-variate logistic regression model in SPSS has been applied.In the next phase, the pattern of physical development of the town has been identified through satellite images and Holdern urban development model. This model has also been utilized to determine the proportion of the town development and its population.ConclusionBy developing the economy of frontier cities, frontier markets create a high level of employment in these regions, which results in a large population to be absorbed in order to find appropriate jobs and gain higher income. It is vivid that as population absorption increases, demand for urban land rises. Therefore, increasing growth of urbanization is directly correlated with physical development of cities. In other words, indiscriminate and unsustainable development of cities leads to growth of suburbs, encroachment on the lands around the city, destruction of urban green areas, and rising demand for urban land. Therefore, it can be stated that the economy of a city and its growth are effective factors in land and physical development of the city.In this regard, the present study is aimed at investigating the effect of Tamarchin frontier market growth on immigration to Piranshahr and its physical development. The results of integrating data collected from surveying and logistic regression model in SPSS have presented important information on the pattern and trend of land cover change and proved the fact that Tamarchin frontier market and the resulted economic growth in recent years have created a high level of employment which is an essential factor in immigration to Piranshahr and in fact "its physical development". This rapid urban development has cause Shin Abad village to get integrated in Piranshahr. Moreover, the results gained from Holdern model, further explaining the issue, have indicated that development of Piranshahr is mostly caused by population increase (- 0.997) rather than by the patterns of urban development. Although Shin Abad has integrated into Piranshahr and 190 Acres has been added to the town during 2005-2014, 118 Acres of this area (62% of the total area added to the town) have been unofficial settlement. However, the town's development has not been comprehensive and the town has not experienced spiral development.Keywords: Physical Development, Tamarchin Border Market, Piranshahr city. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76230.html Extended AbstractOver recent decades, citizens' participation in modern society has attracted a great deal ofattention. Participation in urbanization is also proposed at different stages such as planning,design preparation, design implementation, and urban management and administration, and invarious forms such as participation in decision making, participation in financing, paying thecost of designs implementation, participation in provision of human resources, and involvementin design benefits. Various models have been presented in the modern urban management systemto eradicate the urban problems and challenges. Today, one of these models is considered as thedominant model of urban management and is the urban governance model. In this model, theresponsibility for public administration has been divided among three institutions: government,civil society, and private sector.Research method: Considering research nature, the current research is an applied study. It wasconducted using descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected through libraryresources, including taking note and using Internet, and via field study, including questionnaireand interview. The research statistical population consisted of citizens who are living in Yasujcity, managers, and urban affairs staffs. According to the modified Cochran formula, the requiredsample size for citizens and managers was calculated to be 383 and 20 persons, respectively.Additionally, in order to determine the rate of people participation in urban management, as wellas to determine the rate of urban managers' adherence to the principles of good governance, one-sample t-test was used.Results and DiscussionResults obtained from describing the characteristics of individuals in the statistical populationshow that most of the respondents among citizens were in the age range of 25-35 years andamong managers were in the age range of 35-45years. Of the whole respondent sample forcitizens, 81.1% were male and 18.9% were female, and of the whole respondent sample formanagers, 96% were male and 4% were female. The average dimension of these individuals'household is 3.4 and 2.9 for citizens and managers, respectively.Conclusion:The results of the research show that the rate of citizens' participation in the city's managementaffairs is at a very good level such that of the 16 investigated components, the citizens andmanagers have only estimated the citizens' participation in the urban management affairs to be atmoderate level in five components. They estimated other components to be at strong level.Results show that of the 22 investigated components, 2 components were evaluated to be at weaklevel, 9 components were evaluated to be at moderate level, and 11 components were evaluatedto be at strong level.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers. Moreover, theresults of K-2 and Pearson tests indicate that there is a direct andmeaningful relationship (at 99% level) between the two variables ofcooperation and good ruling in the city of Yasuj.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers. Moreover, theresults of K-2 and Pearson tests indicate that there is a direct andmeaningful relationship (at 99% level) between the two variables ofcooperation and good ruling in the city of Yasuj.Several models have been proposed in urban modern management tosolve city problems and challenges. One of these patterns, which today isthe dominant model in urban management, is the urban governance model.Considering the importance of consistent urban management and alsocitizen cooperation in urban affairs, this study aims at analyzing the effectsof citizen cooperation on urban management in the city of Yasuj.The research method is descriptive- analytic in which the data has beenelicited using survey method. The populations of the study are themanagers and employers of the urban management domain and thecitizens of Yasuj. Using Kukran formula, a sample of 383 for citizens anda sample of 20 for managers have been selected randomly. To analyze thedata, inferential statistics including (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis,contingency table, k-2 test, Pearson correlation index) have been utilized.The findings from one-sample t-test showed that the amount ofcooperation and consideration of ruling principles and standards is at agood level in the population of citizens and managers. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76241.html Introduction: In most developing countries, rural women have limited resources and jobs. Therefore, development strategies to create multiple opportunities for them by participating in various activities aimed at rural development can empower women. Self-help groups, as one of the most important empowerment strategies for women, are of great importance in employment, income generation, poverty reduction, export promotion and foreign exchange earnings in developing countries. The concept of SHGs is small informal associations created to create members' ability to make a profit through mutual assistance, solidarity, and shared responsibility. Their benefits include the use of savings and credit facilities and the pursuit of group activities (Anand, 2002). A group-based approach that not only enables the poor to raise capital through small savings, but also helps them access official credit facilities (Shylandra, 2004). Under shared responsibility, these groups enable the poor to overcome the problem of collateral, thereby freeing them from the clutches of the rich (Stiglitz, 2000). In addition, some of the basic characteristics of SHGs, such as membership size and homogeneity of composition, create solidarity and effective participation of members in group performance. The creation of these groups can be influenced by different geographical, political, social, cultural and economic factors. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups in BazinehRood.Methodology: The study was a consecutive exploratory study. The present study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the attitudes of rural women towards creating self-help groups were collected through interview using available sampling method. Eight villages were interviewed for this purpose by using the opinions of administrative experts (Khodabandeh Governorate staff) and village managers in order to identify them as self-help groups of rural women in the area. At this stage, before each interview, the interview protocol form was presented to the interviewee in person and a time was set for the interview. The available sampling strategy was used to select the interviewees; That is, at the end of each interview, it was attempted to identify, through the interviewee, other persons eligible for the interview. Interviews continued until the researcher felt the data had been duplicated and saturated. Accordingly, in this study, 30 rural women were interviewed and the relevant codes were extracted. In the second step, after summarizing the results of the first stage and classifying them, the researcher-made questionnaire will be used to survey and collect quantitative data through exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test to generalize the results of the first stage. In fact, in the second stage, the researcher seeks to prioritize the factors of attitude of rural women to self-help groups and to investigate the importance of these factors. The second statistical population of this study is rural women over 15 years old in BazinehRood District of Khodabandeh Township. In this section, 8 selected villages were selected as sample. Thirty rural women were selected as the pilot sample after the self-made questionnaire was approved by the experts. A questionnaire was distributed among them. The sampling method used is random sampling. The reliability obtained for the baseline sample using SPSS software was 0.932; therefore, the sample required to complete the researcher-made questionnaire was 290 rural women who were purposively selected.Results and Discussion: The factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were classified into five factors. And the factors are 'technology acceptance and participation', 'education', 'socio-economic factors', 'marketing and entrepreneurship' and 'banking / credit' respectively. Also, the results of numerical analysis of socioeconomic dimensions, technology and partnership acceptance, marketing and entrepreneurship, education, banking / credit, respectively, indicated that the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups were high. One-sample t-test was used to analyze the most influential factors on the attitude of rural women towards self-help groups. The results of exploratory factor analysis were used to perform this test. Based on One-sample t-test these factors were significant at 99% level and their difference from numerical utility was evaluated positively. The results show that rural women will create self-help groups to reduce poverty, which in turn will increase rural women employment. Rural women believe that when self-help groups are set up, for some reasons, such as the use of collective capital and low manpower to carry out activities and the common use of production tools, they will generally save on the factors of production. Ultimately, these factors empower women in self-help groups. On the other hand, collective efforts in the field of self-help groups and flexibility in laws and regulations increase the efficiency of women members. Therefore, the results indicate that socio-economic factors are the most important factor in establishing self-help groups for rural women. Technology adoption and participation is the second most influential factor in creating self-help groups for rural women. The lack of in-person training and the lack of training courses for rural women has made the mass media such as television and radio more effective in transferring information and technology. Rural women also tend to engage in participatory activities with a spirit of collectivism.Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it can be said that women self-help groups as a small informal association are very important in employment, income generation and credit facilities and follow up group activities. In this regard, different attitudes of women can have a direct impact on their participation and performance in the activities of self-help groups. Rural women may have multiple attitudes about self-help groups, As such, attitude and behavior play an important role in the field of economic investment. Although people's attitudes toward a subject cannot be directly observed, but these attitudes are relatively stable and can have a positive long-term impact on communities; therefore, it is inevitable to understand the factors affecting the attitude of rural women towards creating self-help groups. Therefore, the results of this study are effective in the theoretical development of the relationship between rural women's attitudes and the creation of self-help groups and provide tangible guidelines for understanding the attitude of rural women to policy makers and managers. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76379.html Extended Abstract Introduction In geographic sciences, production of geographical space by political decision maker has different interpretation in different philosophical schools. Phenomenology school as one of the trans - positivism school has significant role in geographic studies, especially in studying the relationship between politics and space. Phenomenology is one of the modernism critics and it denies any distinction between mentality and space. In phenomenology, the question of "being in the world" is raised through attention to human agency and one's ability to experience and cognize. In phenomenology, man understands the meaning of things, not only with connection to things, but also in relation to subjective perception of things. In this regard, production of space in Phenomenology of Hermeneutics school could be affects from mentality of the political decision maker. Taking consider this approach is effective for understanding the relationship between politics and geographical space. Because the decision maker's mindset model plays an important role in prioritizing and regulating relationships and activities in geographic space. In this research has presented a new approach to explain the political actor’s performance for making the geographical space in the framework of phenomenology of Hermeneutics school. Methodology This research has fundamental approaches in the philosophy of political geography and for compilation of information has been referred to valid document and bibliography. In this research has been used the descriptive and analytical approaches. in first step, was defined the Phenomenology cognition school. Then, the relationship between political decision- maker mentality and its effects on space has been accorded with characteristics of this school. Results and discussionThe most important phenomenological functions for cognition the function of political decision - maker over geographical space are as follows: 1- Decision makers’ priorities in a distinct area, including in one country have very effective role for production of geographical space. because, the spatial processes will be created in accordance with the political decision-maker perceptions and mentality, especially in centralized state. So, common destiny will be produced in accordance with the cognitive patterns of decision maker's mindset in a territory and part of the spatial processes arising from their mental contexts, cultures and imagination. In other word, the meaning of geographical space cannot be realized without the creation of perceptual sharing and the origin the mental sharing production is formed by the power elite and political decision makers. therefore, it is impossible to separate human perceptions from their life world, which primarily has political-historical nature. Each political system is shaped by the power elite subjective priorities, which rewards the individual’s behavior for preservation that value and punish the opposing behaviors. In hermeneutic phenomenology, the ontological nature of the phenomenon that can be influenced by external constitutive forces. In this regard, society are associated and have historical dependence on them. these systems of rewards and penalties deriving from the mentality of political elites leads the harmonious behaviors in individuals and the preservation of social order. Therefore, the realization of the human existence depends on the conditions that part of it created by decision maker’s states and mental patterns. 2- The mental image and behavioral context of each person about geographical space depends on education, learning and memories of that person. in other word, the formation of mental image and personal geography, influences from suffering, hope, age, sex, and life experience of a person. In this regard, political decision-making priorities who play a significant role in changing geographical space, are fully influenced by their intuitive background. Even geopolitical interactions are formed on the basis of the "inter-religiousness" of the political priorities of the decision-makers. So that, the priorities of politicians, especially in the individualized centralized apparatus, will have a significant impact on space and settlement changing. Because political elites in many cases, have a trans structural position and with control of social system, they Follow up their mental goals. On the other hand, the political decision makers’ interpretations also are not inconsistent. The task of hermeneutic interpretation must be to critically examine this "foresight" of the world and the phenomena faced by political actors.3- Methodologically, in the hermeneutic phenomenology the positivism general principles were rejected and space is considered in contrast of abstract and absolute phenomenon. Thus, the geographical space cognition is related to political decision- maker’s mentality. Because the political elite have the ability to manage the part of perception and excitement process in individuals. In addition, ruling politicians are not only as economic factor, but also they seek to represent their identity and mind with effecting on the geographical space construction. So, in phenomenology framework, for studying the relation between politics and geographical space quantitative measurements is not suitable method. Conclusion Space organization will arise by the allocation and distribution of spatial phenomena, such as population, activity, resources, etc., which be done by the sovereignty to establish spatial justice. Obviously, the ruling actors may or may not represent the majority of the population in the community, but their mental recognition is one of the sources of spatial structures change. Obviously, part of this process is based on the emotional and perceptual logic of political decision maker with the control of spatial processes, conduct the structures of process. political geography interpretation in the context of hermeneutic phenomenology leads the researcher to understand the behavior of political decision makers in different eras. It can be concluded the cultures and cognitive frameworks of the ruling politicians lead the recognition of spatial phenomena for them and at the same time, put the individuals function into a specific section of time and destiny. Therefore, the ruling political actors’ subjective cognition is very determinative in explaining space and in creating spatial processes. therefore, Phenomenology seeks to gain the subjective meanings of individuals and societies through the methods of observation, interview and referral to social and psychological monographs. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76465.html With the expansion of urbanization and urban and rural development along with the acceleration of population growth and the development of industrial, service, agricultural and transportation activities, ... the demand for energy consumption from different types of energy carriers has increased and in pursuit of these demands (increasing energy demand) has caused environmental pollution, the consequences of which are related to carbon dioxide emissions in space. Considering the fact that the metropolis of Tabriz has a large population and over time, it has been developed and developed in all aspects of development and is beyond reasonable limits in the capacity of the city, which directly and indirectly causes the biggest environmental problem in Tabriz city The problem of air pollution has been that natural conditions (the city's surroundings by mountains and the absence of persistent winds with the appropriate speed) also exacerbate this state. Therefore, knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting air pollution and environmental problems, as well as the way these factors behave in the length of time and the causes of the occurrence or exacerbation of these important factors.The problems caused by unsustainable use of resources and energy are a very dangerous and threatening landscape in developing countries. The present study tries to study urban and rural development on energy consumption in Tabriz city between 1994 and 2014. Data collection was carried out through library studies, documents and related organizations. For the analysis of data, the STIRPAT model and econometric methods are proportional to the static number of research variables. For estimation of relations, it have been used by the methods of extended distributions and the Berush Godfrey (LM) and Jark-Bra (JB) method. The results indicate that the value added of the industrial sector in the long term has been (0/504). In other words, a one percent increase in the value added of the per capita sector will increase the per capita energy consumption has been 0/504 in the long term. The effect of real per capita income on per capita energy consumption has been (1/99). The impact of the urbanization rate is (3/225) in the long term and the per capita impact of motor vehicle per capita on energy consumption is (0/134). The present research is descriptive-analytic in nature and in terms of research type, is applicable. In this study, the effect of variables on energy consumption in Tabriz city has been calculated using STIRPAT model and ARDL method. In order to study the static variables, the Dickey-Fuller statistic and Phillips-Peron statistical methods were used and for data analysis, econometric methods were used proportional to the static number of research variables. The research variables included the variables related to the STIRPAT model (per capita value added of the industry sector, real income per capita, urbanization rate, per capita motor vehicles and time), and the relationship of each of these variables with the amount of energy consumed as a dependent variable in this research. Is. The data gathering tool is library and documentary studies. For evaluation of its reliability, the Dickey Fuller test has been generalized and Phillips-Peron has been used, which has been used to obtain relevant data from the National Portal of Statistics and related statistics of the study area, and organizations and institutions have been used. In this study, the STIRPAT model was used. This model is an interdisciplinary model that expresses the connection between the natural sciences and the social sciences. Each ecosystem consists of four components of equilibrium, environment, social organization and technology. This pattern insists on examining the combination of physical, biological and social variables. The goal is to systematically develop an environmental impact assessment. The STIRPAT model can be used to examine the interactions between components to understand how to create and solve environmental problems.The basic model is as follows:1) Ii = aPibAicTideiIn the model, the variables A, T and P are among the determinants of environmental change (I).The impact of the value added of the industrial sector on the per capita energy consumption in the long run is positive and its level (0.504) is significant at 5% level. In other words, a one percent increase in the value added of the per capita sector will increase the per capita energy consumption by 504% in the long run. The reason for this relationship can be the accumulation of most industrial workshops of 10 employees and more, as well as heavy and energy industries in the province of Tabriz and lack of proper productivity in machinery and industry. The effect of real per capita income on per capita energy consumption (1.99) and at 1% is significant, which is consistent with theoretical and theoretical foundations. The significant point in the long-term relationship between independent variables and dependent variable (per capita energy consumption) is the impact of urbanization rate (3.225) and is significant at 10% level. The reason for such a relationship can be attributed to this factor, as the expansion of urbanization is common By increasing the diversity of the use of energy products and personal and other public transportation systems, changing lifestyles of individuals, the tendency to use luxury goods quickly to meet consumer needs and increase revenue and increase purchasing power, abundant advertising in cities and role The media is there, so the positive relationship between these two variables is possible Wages. Cited. The impact of motor vehicle per capita on per capita energy consumption (0.134) and at 5% is significant. Due to the increasing number of private vehicles and the lack of proper use of public transport, Failure to comply with international standards in the automotive industry. As the technology progresses along with it, among the independent variables, the most influences are on the dependent variable (per capita energy), through the urbanization rate, real per capita income, the value added of the industrial sector, the number of motor vehicles Theoretically theoretical and theoretical foundations seem logical. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76747.html An Analysis of the Indicators Affecting the Inclusiveness of Urban Spaces: A Case Study of IlamAli-Asghar Bag-Mohammadi, Lecturer, Engineering Faculty, Ilam University, Phone: 09183433082, Email: a.bagmohammadi@ilam.ac.irMohammad Salavarzi, Assistant Professor, Engineering Faculty, Ilam University, Phone: 09188428150, Email: m.salavarzi@ilam.ac.irIntroduction: The development processes of an inclusive city should include all citizens, their social needs, and their activities. Inclusive spaces are those that provide the necessary basis for the presence of different people with different characteristics. They provide all the facilities needed for different groups of society, especially the elderly, the disabled, women, and children.The World Bank defines inclusiveness with an operational framework covering 20 dimensions (such as access to basic services, slum upgrading, spatial access to jobs, etc.) in three broad categories, i.e., spatial, social, and economic inclusion. Given the broadness of the concept of inclusive growth/development/cities, extant studies often specify two fundamental questions for operationalization, i.e., inclusive of what and inclusive of whom. Thereby, despite using the similar concept of an inclusive city, its underlying meaning and the theoretical grounds in each study can be quite different. For measuring equality and inclusive development of cities, some researches focus on the women safeties or designing cities for disabled while others define safety as the main indicator. Among different attitudes about the inclusive city, many researchers highlighted the role of different indicators like economic factors, housing, immigrants, races, aging, women's safety, and disabled people. We emphasize on the importance of the formation of equal social interactions for all city dwellers as a major indicator for measuring the inclusiveness of the urban space.The effective factors affecting the equal social interactions of urban spaces include the physical properties of the environment (objective and subjective). Physical factors include elements such as lighting, symbols, parking spaces, urban furniture, texture, and geographic differences. Internal relations include parameters such as security, accessibility, readability, awareness, maintenance, performance, and flexibility. By studying the existing theories of urban space quality which are presented in Table 1 the following components have been extracted with respect to semantic similarities between the proposed parameters. The extracted components are classified into the physical and qualitative categories:1-Qualitative components: security and comfort, sense of belonging, social interactions, nightlife, urban readability, aesthetics, vitality, human scale, and place identity.2-Physical components: usage diversity, access to services and facilities, climatic comfort, urban congestion, urban furniture, and walkability. Methodology: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences between life quality indicators in an inclusive city. The life quality indices including 15 different components were assessed for different groups living in the fourteen districts of Ilam city including children, women, the elderly, and the disabled. The special geographical features of Ilam city such as rugged topography, sloping urban lands, existence of various canals and valleys, and historical factors such as low antiquity, socio-economic conditions, multiplicity of informal settlements, worn and old textures are the main factors impacting the quality of urban public spaces of Ilam city. Therefore, the space quality is unpleasant for all different urban groups such as the elderly, the disabled, children and women, and from this perspective, citizens should face many problems and difficulties.Therefore, while reviewing the literature of the subject and paying attention to the main and important points in the theories about the quality of urban environment, we analyze the difference between the situations of urban spaces in terms of observing the criteria of universality of the city. We consider all indicators together and individually in the fourteen districts of Ilam city. The main questions of this research are: 1- What is the quality of the public spaces of different districts of Ilam city in terms of the components of an inclusive city? 2- What is the rank of the fourteen districts of Ilam city in terms of all indicators and individual indicators of an inclusive city? What are the most appropriate and inappropriate urban areas in this regard?The research method in this study is descriptive-analytic and data gathering is done through the survey and questionnaire tools. The statistical population is residents of Ilam with a population of 194,000. Using the Cochran's formula, a statistical sample of 383 people was randomly selected and questionnaires were distributed among the residents according to population. In this questionnaire, using 38 metrics in the form of 15 components, the city of Ilam was studied and analyzed from the perspective of observing the criteria of the inclusive city. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using one-sample t-test, f-test, and ANOVA analysis. Results: There were significant differences between the studied life quality indices in fourteen districts of Ilam except for place identity. The difference in the overall indicators was also significant. Informal settlements of Banbarz, SabzieAbad, Ostandari, and Hanivan suffer from a poor life quality due to the inclined topography, inadequate urban lands, and urban-rural texture. In contrast, modern areas such as old airport, Sad-Dastgah, Seda-Sima, and Janbazan enjoy better life quality due to adequate land, flat land, modernization, and higher income of citizens.Conclusion: Rugged and mountainous topography of Ilam, the gradient of urban lands, the formation of suburbs in inappropriate and inclined urban landscapes, presence of old textures in Banbarz, SabzieAbad, Ostandari, and Hanivan, adverse effects of rural migration, and the existence of different valleys and watercourse are effective factors in degrading the life quality components of the inclusive city in the fourteen districts of Ilam. To improve the quality of life in the fourteen districts of Ilam from the perspective of the resident requirements of an inclusive city, special attention must be paid to Banbarz, SabzieAbad, Ostandari, and Hanivan in urban development planning, policymaking, and development projects of the inclusive city. Keywords: Inclusive city, urban space, Ilam city, qualitative indicators, quantitative indicators https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76748.html the Recreational Value of Gahar Lake Using Zonal Travel Cost MethodExtended Abstract1-IntroductionNatural resorts are not only intrinsically valuable as part of nature, but also for the recreational economic value. It is important for policymakers in every country to know the recreational economic value of society's natural recreational habitats. Including the attention and priority of budget allocation to those natural resorts. Gahar Lake is a mountainous lake located in the middle of the mountainous mountain range of Lorestan province with an altitude of 2350 meters above sea level and is about 1700 meters long and 400 to 800 meters wide and 4 to 28 meters deep. The lake is located in the protected area of Oshtrankooh, Dorud city, which is known as Negin Oshtrankooh, and due to the lack of roads, it is a pristine area and has largely survived the human bite. About 70,000 tourists visit the area every year. The main route of the lake starts from Dorud city and after a distance of about 18 km, it reaches the asphalted end of the road. From this point, it takes about five hours to reach Gahar Lake.This study has estimated the recreational economic value of Gahar Lake, one of the natural recreation areas of Lorestan province and one of the tourist attractions of Iran, with Zonal travel cost approach. This study intended to estimate travel cost function of this lake to assign the importance of paying attention to this matter. For this purpose, using travel cost method, the demand function and then recreational value of Gahar Lake was estimated.2-Theoretical basesThe underlying assumption of Travel Cost Method is that the value of a recreational place is proportionate to the costs incurred by respondents to visit that place. Estimating recreational economic value of natural resorts with a Zonal travel cost approach is based on the map of that natural promenade and the views and characteristics of the visitors of that natural promenade and the cost and distance of access to that natural promenade This method is based more on real data than on hypothetical data and is therefore able to provide real values. Travel cost method is based on the simple premise that the entertainment value of a location is directly associated with that travel costs incurred by a person for departure to that place. In the individual travel cost method, the dependent variable is the number of trips each visitor has made to a particular natural resort in the past year or the past season. However, in the Zonal travel cost method, the dependent variable determines the number of population trips of each region or specific area to that natural resort. Individual travel cost method is suitable for estimating the recreational economic value of natural recreation centers that are frequently visited by local people, and the regional recreational cost method is suitable for estimating the recreational economic value of natural recreation centers that most people are around where They visit (Fleming et al, 2008: 1199). In this study, due to the fact that the visitors of Gahar Lake are from different parts of the country and they only travel to this place for recreation, the regional economic cost method of Gahar Lake has been used to determine the recreational economic value. The research data with the statistical sample of 161 visitors of this natural promenade was collected in the summer of 20193-DiscussionConsidering the importance of the valuation of promenades, this study has estimated the recreational value of Gahar Lake and the function of demand for travel to the lake using Zonal Travel Cost Method. The number of visitors was considered as a function of visitor's income, education, age and so travel costs and travel distance. The Log- Lin Model was chosen among the different functional forms. The results show that the relationship between the number of visitors from the rural areas to Lake Gahar with the distance and cost of travel has been negative and significant, and with the level of education of visitors, has been positive and significant as the level Visiting education has played an important role in attracting tourists to this natural resort.Using the data at average level, the demand for travel for Gahar Lake was estimated as: Ln y=3.63 - 0.000133TCWhere lny natural logarithm is the number of visitors to Lake Gahar and tc the cost of travel to Lake Gahar.4-ConclusionThe results showed that the relationship between the number of visitors from the ten regions and the distance and cost of travel was negative and significant. The results of this study also showed that the level of education has played an important role in attracting tourists to this natural lake. The recreational economic value of Gahar Lake was estimated at 283550 Rials for each visitor in the summer of 1398 and 19 billion and 848 million Rials for the total number of visitors. It is comparable to similar research in other areas of Iran's natural resorts that have used the regional travel cost method. It shows the economic and recreational economic value of Gahar Lake among the natural recreation areas of Iran and the need for more attention of policy makers and more budget allocation to it and the development of a comprehensive tourism plan for this natural lake.5-Suggestions-Supporting the private sector to invest in tourism industry and creating services to facilitate accessing to Gahar Lake,- Establishing information centers to familiarize the high-educated and high-income people with the attractions and recreational values of Gahar Lake, and making it possible for low income people to travel to this place. -Due to lake of access roads, women rarely go to this place. Therefore it is necessary to facilitate women's access to Gahar Lake- Results show that recreational value of this lake is at least 19.8 billion Rials for visitors. Then any investment about 19.8 billion Rials is economically feasible. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76758.html The social, biological, and economic impacts of droughts depend to a large extent on the readiness of farmers to respond to them, and farmers' actions in turn influence how they perceive drought. Farmers' perceptions are one of the prerequisites for facing the drought crisis, so that integration of people's perceptions of drought into the policies and planning of water resources management is essential. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to analyze farmers' perceptions of drainage basin of Urmia Lake (Miandoab County) and its effects and consequences. The study population consisted of farmers in Zarrineh Rood and Simineh Rood catchments. The purposeful sampling was done by snowball method. Required information was collected through in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions with farmers and data analysis was performed using directional content analysis and MaxiKoda software. The results showed that most farmers consider drought to be a climate phenomenon, although some also attribute it to the wrath of God, the destructive behaviors of some farmers, and the mismanagement of officials. Farmers expect anxieties about the future, aggravation of drought and drought, and an increase in the devastating effects of drought and cost savings, the use of advanced irrigation systems, drought-adapted crop cultivation, storage and optimization of consumption. Water, giving up, relying on God and getting help from religious institutions, and migrating to the city are some of the things that work to combat drought or reduce the effects of drought. The results of this study can help implement appropriate interventions to increase farmers' resilience to drought.The effects of drought vary from region to region, and these impacts can be addressed in water, agriculture, food security, and adaptive measures. Droughts lead to a series of social and economic impacts that increase vulnerability by decreasing crop yields, unemployment, asset erosion, reduced income, inadequate nutrition and reduced risk-taking capacity. However, the social, biological, and economic impacts of future droughts on area agriculture largely depend on how farmers in the region prepare for it and how they respond to droughts. Farmers' actions, in turn, are influenced by how they interpret drought. Therefore, understanding the effects of drought requires understanding human understanding. Perception refers to a range of beliefs, judgments, and attitudes. And people's perceptions of climate change and its effects can be very different. Farmers' perceptions are one of the basic prerequisites to facing a drought crisis, so that people's perceptions of water and drought are integrated into policymaking. The results show that farmers' perceptions of the effects of drought include reduced crop yields, migration, malnutrition, declining health and education, education, desperation and destruction of rangelands and forests. The study of drought perception in the Ugalala aquifer studied experiences, memory, definitions, and expectations as explanatory factors for farmers' perceptions of drought. It affects the environment as well as human responses to environmental conditions that affect people. The study of environmental perception is based on the assumption that behaviors are influenced by subjective images of the environment, attitudes, goals, feelings, and beliefs. Experience is an important factor that shapes people's perceptions, and previous experiences of poor chapters are recalled by memories.Drought is one of the most dangerous natural disasters and is a priority in frequency of occurrence over other natural disasters and needs more attention in decision making. Consequently, in the last few decades, developing and even industrialized countries have been attacked by drought. Iran is located in one of the driest regions of the world and water scarcity is one of the most important obstacles in the process of its agricultural development. Iran is responsible for one third of global average rainfall due to being located in the global dry belt. According to research conducted in the country, the direct effect of the damage caused by the reduction of every 1 millimeter of rainfall is 98 billion rials, so that many of the damage caused by this phenomenon is still irreparable. Remains and severe damage to the body of rural communities. This has sounded the alarm for the rural community, and given the scarcity of water resources and uncertainty about the future, there is increasing pressure on farmers to make decisions about how to manage resources and address challenges and challenges. The future of their business makes them. The drought crisis has left important rivers at risk of drying up completely. In addition to reducing rivers, the water resources of many lakes and wetlands have been either drained or drastically reduced. Lake Urmia is one of those. Changes in Lake Urmia's ecosystem in recent decades have had adverse effects on its surrounding areas. Increased rainfall, threat to wildlife, health and health problems, loss of tourist and tourism values, endangered agricultural lands and gardens, loss of rural livestock, degraded soil quality, severe drop in groundwater table, Evacuation of villages and migration to urban areas and social anomalies are among the effects that have imposed enormous economic, social and environmental costs on rural residents around Lake Urmia. Therefore, Lake Urmia faces the serious threat of shifting to irreversible conditions whose impacts are gradually expanding from biodiversity issues to socioeconomic issues and their impacts on the livelihoods and health of communities are visible. One of the major challenges identified is the significant share of the agricultural sector of Miandoab with 214,000 hectares of water resources in the Zarrinehrood and Siminehrood catchments, which in the past accounted for more than 5% of the water resources of the Urmia Lake catchment. But now it is facing the risk of drought. English Drying of two rivers of Zarinehrood and Siminehrood, which is one of the most important rivers in the Urmia Lake Basin, has severe environmental, social and economic impacts in terms of lowering the level of income from activity Agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, reduced employment opportunities, reduced levels of participation, social trust and cohesion, reduced job diversity, reduced economic diversity, land salinization, increased economic cost of production, reduced production, rural migration and increased unemployment. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76759.html Extended AbstractIntroduction Providing accommodation based on the economic capacity and social level of tourists is one of the most important issues in tourism management. In Iran, the duties of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts. The main topic of research is the study and typology of cheap accommodation in Mashhad, operational and executive processes of construction and presentation of management strategies for the challenges arising from their construction, as a destructive innovation in the official market environment of tourist accommodation, it is related to a critical approach and a look at scientific theories. This innovation has created a new market and network value and is upsetting the balance of companies in the market. In expressing the necessity and importance of the subject of this research, Evidence shows that the construction of pilgrimage sites in the city of Mashhad, without considering the rules of urban development plans, in areas with urban residential use and without considering the characteristics of the population entering these areas, disregarding urban and citizenship laws and rights. , Has caused dissatisfaction of many citizens of Mashhad. The main objectives of the research are: investigating the types of cheap accommodation in Mashhad as a new element in Mashhad accommodation services Investigating the current situation and operational and executive processes of construction of new pilgrimages in Mashhad Provide management strategies for the challenges caused by the construction of new low-cost pilgrimages and control of this innovation, in the business environment of Mashhad's official residence areaMethodologyThe present study is a descriptive-analytical research and is an applied research in the field of tourism studies. The information was collected through both documentary and field methods. The database of pilgrims 'houses in Mashhad was formed in GIS software environment and the distribution map of pilgrims' houses in Mashhad metropolis was drawn. According to the critical approach of this article to the situation of management and planning of cheap pilgrims' houses in Mashhad, the analysis and explanation of the issue was done with a look at the theory of destructive innovation and urban critical theory.Results and discussionThe subject of this research deals with the policy-making and implementation processes of building cheap pilgrims' houses, the entry of religious institutions, economic organizations of public nature (such as Astan Quds Razavi and Mashhad Municipality) and government organizations in the field of investment and management of tourist accommodation. The research findings show that these institutions have entered the field of tourism management and investment in a very wide and sudden way, outside the legal and regulatory scope of tourism management, and regardless of the official sector, disrupt the long-term strategic and economic plans of the tourism industry in Mashhad. In the city of Mashhad, there are enough places and various facilities to meet the accommodation needs of travelers, and the private sector provides services to travelers much cheaper, better and more specialized in the field of accommodation. If the support provided for the construction of low-cost pilgrims' houses, such as the transfer of land and the issuance of free construction permits, were provided to the private sector, more desirable units with a more satisfactory level of living and much lower costs would be built. Therefore, the rapid development of pilgrims' houses can be explained in terms of the principles of destructive innovation theory. Because on the one hand, while generating income for a part of the population living in the destination, it is also known as a new and attractive phenomenon for tourists, and on the other hand, it has detrimental effects on the official sector of accommodation services in the tourism sector. Also, due to their activities outside the long-term plans of the tourism management structure in the public sector, they have many effects and consequences on tourist destinations. ConclusionTherefore, managers and officials of tourist destinations, in the face of the activity of emerging tourist accommodation, face a paradoxical phenomenon that has both positive and negative effects; it is so important for some residents in terms of job creation and income generation, and it is also a good option for many tourists to stay. However, their activity is not officially and completely controlled. In a situation where the traditional market is involved in the previously defined templates and standards, and in terms of marketing technology, it lags behind innovative innovators, or the target audience is able to pay the huge costs of standard and quality accommodation due to low income. It does not create a new market and provides the services needed by these contacts. In order to improve the current situation, the business environment of the residence in Mashhad is recommended:1. In order to optimally manage and legally supervise this project, pilgrimages should be included in the regulatory circle of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism and provide services to tourists in accordance with international and national standards so as not to monitor the tourism market in Mashhad. Furthermore, it does not inflict economic or social damage on the industry.2. In order to create a healthy competitive business environment among all activists in the field of residence, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism should follow up and provide the fields of financing and economic investment in a fair manner for all applicants.3. Integrated management of residential centers in Mashhad, under the supervision of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism.4. Participate in the efforts of public, private and public institutions in national, regional and local policy and planning, with the aim of maintaining and balancing the economic interests of all stakeholders in the market of Mashhad. This issue should be grounded and managed by the institutions in charge of tourism management. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76760.html Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. In this study Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The pre-test on 30 baseline questionnaires, knowledge management questionnaire alpha as 0.964 and urban management questionnaire as 0.957 were used for analysis. Data were analyzed via the SEM and second-order confirmatory factor analysis test. The results showed that knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on urban management as 0.88, explaining 77% of the variance of knowledge management.Keywords: Knowledge management, Urban management, Municipalities, Yazd city.Knowledge management guarantees the long-run superiorities for organizations and societies. It is also the extent to which they utilize human, intellectual and information capital. Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices and the effectiveness that it can have on the development of urban management is essential to its implementation. This study is a kind of "applied" study. Due to the nature of the subject and the components under consideration, the approach to it is a set of descriptive-analytical and correlation methods. Data gathering was done in both documentary and survey (questionnaire) forms. The statistical population of this study is managers, deputies and experts of Yazd city (287 people). Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 102 participants was calculated according to the principle of proportionality in the six municipalities of Yazd. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76283.html IntroductionUrban developments in Iran over the past few decades have made significant changes in the construction of the city and the quality of urban spaces. These changes, especially in historical cities, have had a profound impact on urban relations, social, economic, cultural, physical and spatial characteristics, more than other cities; So as to isolate the more ancient fabric and have been spatial and social segregation. One of the current problems is the issue of environmental quality or the quality of life in historical neighborhoods. In Iran, in addition to the above-mentioned, the challenge facing urban planners and politicians in many historic towns and cities is that of balancing the demand for increasing social, cultural and and economic issues, with the need to respect the environment and provide an acceptable quality of life for all citizens. The emphasis of the study is knowing and analysis of existing parameters in historic neighborhoods and assessment of impacts on quality of life and environment. Since 1970, extensive research projects in measuring the quality of urban life that utilizes various model from both a conceptual and empirical perspective has been launched in assessment of the urban quality of environment and life. Several of the key issues affecting the quality of the environment and in our towns and cities, likes, traffic and heavy motor traffic, poor air quality, health care and security, accessibility to the service, unacceptable levels of noise and a weakened sense of neighborhood and local community. In addition, in adequate construction of buildings and natural hazards that threaten them, has been caused historic neighborhoods be turned a continuous problem for urban management. According to the articles mentioned in this research in this study we have made an endeavor to answer the following questions:• What is the level of quality in terms of urban and subjective and objective?• In terms of inhabitants, what are the factors affecting the quality of urban environment in Srdeh neighborhood?MethodologyThe historical fabic of Sabzevar, which is now located in the new divisions inside the 3rd district, has 11 neighborhoods including: the Neighborhood of the Citadel, the Syerde Neighborhood, the New Alley neighborhood, the Hajikoglu Quarter, Al-Daghi Neighborhood, the Neqashk Nebashk Neighborhood, the Hamm Hakim Neighborhood, Qazi Alley or Aqa neighborhood, Zargar neighborhood, Sabzeh neighborhood and Mazar-e-Sabz neighborhood. Seredeh (Syrdeh) neighborhood from the north to the Farmandari square, from the south to Beyagh Street, from east to Qa'im Street and from the West to Fadayian Islami Street. This neighborhood has very low latitudes, which are the last relics and old towns. Socially, the Sardeh area is a part of urban historic core with an estimated population of 2,500 people and an area of 9.9 hectares. This research is a survey based on the research method. In this study, the data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the advice of the professors and relevant specialists as the referee. In order to achieve the acceptable reliability, a pre-test with a sample of 50 and using Cronbach's alpha, alignment and internal consistency of the questionnaire were provided. The statistical population of this research is the residents of Sabzevar Sardeh neighborhood, which are in the range of 18 to 70 years old. After collecting data in the form of a questionnaire, these data were entered into the software environment and then encoded and analyzed. In this research, factor analysis has been used to examine the relationship between variables.Results and DiscussionResults indicate that factor analysis is one of the most suitable ways to solve problems in ranking indexes in urban planning. In this paper, this model was used to indicate and categorize the effective indicators. However, the result of this study was to reduce the 59 primary variables to the 9 most important factors by turning the varimax in total mental-mental dimensions, 4 factors in the objective dimension and 9 significant factors in the mental dimension. Load indexes constitute one factor and indicators that cannot accumulate with them are another factor; therefore, the sum of the variables of the nine factors is 52.18%, the highest of which is with 9.52% in the first factor and under the title is the space-physical structure. According to the presented materials, in response to the research question regarding the factors affecting the quality of urban environment in the study area, the spatial structure-physical structure with 5/734% is not possible; the sense of belonging with 3 786/3; the satisfaction of housing space 132 / 3%; satisfaction with life (personal health and wellbeing) 2.672; accessibility of 439.2%; family relationships and social solidarity; 2.31%; security; 1.25%; urban and urban landscape; 903.1%; Ultimately, participation and a sense of collective represented 275.1% as the main factors that are a combination of the mental and objective dimension of the quality of the environment.ConclusionRegarding field surveys, it was found that residents are dissatisfied with some of the characteristics that affect the quality of urban environments or face many problems and problems. Considering the theoretical foundations and research findings, it can be said that the way of approaching the quality of the urban environment in the context of both objective and subjective views can provide two different interpretations of the quality of the urban environment and ultimately satisfaction levels. Therefore, it would not be possible to make more practical and rational decisions for the improvement of the quality of the urban environment unless through close contact with residents and attracting popular participation based on good urban governance in order to survey residents about the quality of the urban environment of their place of residence and consultation with them. Relationship with actions that can improve the quality of the urban environment of their place of residence and, ultimately, the level of satisfaction. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_76348.html . The Role of Business Centers in Increasing the Lifestyle of Urban Spaces (Case Study of Cyrus Shopping Center in Tehran Extended Abstract IntroductionThe concept of the city can be considered as a living organism, which is a kind of functional correlation in order to preserve the life of the whole urban system. (Jacobs, 1961: 1). The city is a socio-spatial phenomenon. With a time dimension, but visible. (Alexander, 1987: 67). Cities are the main centers of human activity, and in addition to creating an environment for social interaction, spaces are also created in which vitality is enhanced. (Golkar, 2007: 43). The main function of public spaces is to provide and pave the way for the presence of the people. (Shojaei and Partovi, 1394: 94). Therefore, the increase in vitality in such spaces provides the dynamics of urban spaces. One of the characteristics of public spaces is liveliness, which attracts more citizens. (Sci, 2014; 61 & Montgomery, 1998: 94) Because increasing vibrancy increases the ability of space to provide a variety of functions for all users. (Lee & moudan, 2004: 148). The shopping center is a twentieth-century adaptation of the market, all of which is designed and managed by a management company. (Ahmed, 2007: 332). Shopping malls first began in the United States in the 1950s and have since spread to European cities. (Babin, 1995: 63). Today, shopping malls in other commercial complexes are no longer just a place to shopMethodology The present study is a applied research and in terms of data collection in the category of descriptive-survey research. In this research, field and library methods have been used. Using the theoretical foundations and background of the studies as well as the field visits made to the Cyrus Commercial Complex, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and distributed among the statistical sample population. The reliability of the questions related to the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.78. The statistical population of the study is the visitors of Kourosh Business Center in District 5 of Tehran Municipality. Because the statistical population was unlimited and citizens from different regions were included in this study, a random method was used to sample the Cyrus commercial complex. Numerous coffee shops are one of the largest leisure and entertainment centers in the country. This research was conducted during the period of Mehr, until February 2017, in Kourosh Commercial Center, and the statistical population consists of the clients of this shopping center. Due to the uncertainty of the population size of the statistical sample at the confidence level of 95% and with P = 0.5 and with the error rate of 5%, the sample size was 385 people Results and discussion In order to study the indicators of urban vitality, eight main indicators and 25 sub-indicators have been used. The results of the data analysis of this table indicate that among the eight main indicators of vitality, the highest impact on safety and comfort indicators with a total average of 4.18 and density with a total average of 4.3 and accessibility and permeability index with a total average of 2.2. 4 have been observed, and among the three mentioned indicators, peace and mental well-being and feeling of security with T = 15.8 statistics and proper arrangement of stores with T = 13.8 and ease of access to the main highway with T = 12.6 statistics, respectively They show the greatest impact on the indicators of urban vitality in urban spaces. The results of this test show that Kourosh Shopping Center has been able to increase the vitality of urban spaces by 22 criteria. It should be noted that the good behavior of sellers with statistics T = 1-5 and public transportation with T = 1.2 = 2 and the criteria for people with special needs T = 1.1 have the least impact on vitality.y. And out of a total of 25 sub-indices measured in this study, 22 indicators are suitable for measuring the vitality of urban spaces. The beta coefficient of 0.841, the variable of peace of mind and the feeling of security among the respondents, shows that changing a standard deviation in the variable of peace of mind and the feeling of security of citizens changes the standard deviation of 0.841 in the vitality of urban spaces. . This indicates that the independent variables in this study have high explanatory and predictive power and confirms the extent of changes in the viability of urban living space in this studyConclusion In the statistical analysis of the effectiveness of Kourosh commercial complex (on Shahid Sattari highway in Tehran) on vitality indicators were examined. The results indicate that the independent variable can explain more than 80% of the vitality variance of urban space. And out of a total of 25 individual indicators, in this study, 22 indicators are suitable for expressing the vitality of urban spaces. Indicators such as relaxation, proper lighting and equipping the commercial complex of Kourosh with proper heating and cooling, each with a beta coefficient of 0.783, 0.654, 0.612, have the greatest impact on the vitality of urban spaces. These findings are consistent with the studies of Rahimi and Jafari (1396) and (2006) Jager. The coefficient of explanation in the regression equation also indicates that if other research indicators such as diversity, identity, creativity, communication, organizational capacity are strengthened, the level of citizens' satisfaction with vitality will also increase. Depending on the degree of influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable, the following results can be examined: safety and comfort indicators, density, access and permeability play an effective role in urban sprawl. Proper distribution of attractive units along with a variety of uses and proper layout of stores along with proper lighting has made citizens feel more satisfied with these indicators. Studies (2005) Erkip also emphasizes providing a safe environmentKeywords: Public Space, Urban Space, Business Centers, Cyrus Shopping Center, Tehran City. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77024.html Introduction As a subset of health tourism, medical tourism has become one of the most popular and fastest-growing trends in the healthcare and tourism industry, annually has about 20% increase in income. Nowadays, it represents one of the flourishing sectors in the tourism markets. Perceiving its great potential and opportunities, dozens of developing nations have joined this contest and are seriously pursuing the policies effective for increasing their attractiveness for this lucrative/profitable segment of the global tourism industry. During the recent years, there has been a remarkable growth in the development trend of this sector of tourism industry in moving towards service integration of medical and tourism domains. This in turn can act as an effective policy for increasing Iran’s attractiveness as a medical tourism destination and create new competitive advantage.MethodologyApplied in nature, this study was conducted by using qualitative-quantitative research method. To do so, in the first stage, content analysis was selected as the research strategy. The data were sorted through open and axial coding and finally were put into MAXQDA-18 software to be analyzed. Sorted through questionnaire and interview, the obtained data were submitted to the professors and respective authorities in the field of health tourism. In this way, the indexes/indicators and sub-indexes/sub-indicators were finalized through expert panel. In the second stage, quantitative evaluation of indexes was done by taking a quantitative approach by using FUZZY DEMATEL technique to illustrate the way in which the identified indexes affect and are affected by each other. Finally, the relative weight and rank of each of the indexes and sub-indexes were calculated by using AHP technique. Results & Discussion In this research, the indexes and sub-indexes for the development of health villages in moving towards the expansion of medical tourism were coded, sorted and determined in terms of 19 indexes and 105 sub-indexes. Based on the findings of research, from among the indexes in question, the most effective indexes were advertising and marketing, quality and facilities of hospital and medical centers, service quality of physicians, specialists and nursing staff while the most effective indexes were the environmental status and policy making. From expert panel’s perspective, the indexes of medical treatments, service quality of physician, specialists and nurses, quality and facilities of hospital and medical centers, natural treatments, advertising and marketing and access to medical information were of higher significance compared to other involved factors in moving towards the development of medical tourism in Iran. In this study, medical factors included natural, traditional and medical indexes. From among the sub-indexes, infertility treatments, organ transplantation, orthopedic services (rehabilitation and Arthroplasty/joint replacement), cosmetic surgeries, alimentary and cardiovascular services, dentistry, Ophthalmology, different types of hydrotherapy and plant therapy ranked higher in order of priority. From type of treatment perspective, the most important theories supporting the index of natural treatments included heat regulation theory, energy sources recovery theory, body energy conservation theory and Niels Finnsen’s theory (1903). As far as traditional treatments are concerned, holistic approach to patient (Holistic nursing care) (holistic philosophy) and Humorisme (blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile), local theories and experiences in different cultures, compliance theory in Chinese culture and Ying-Yang balance theory (Hung, 2009) can be considered as the theories and models supporting this index. Furthermore, biomedical theories (Schaffner, 1993; Thagard, 1996, 1999) can also be of high significance for medical treatments. Regarding the factors related to the quality of medical and tourism services and facilities as one of the most important factors involved in the development of medical tourism, the present research has focused on three major indexes, namely quality and facilities of hospitals, services quality of physicians, specialists and nurses, quality of tourism services and attractions with 17 sub-indexes. From among these sub-indexes, tourism safety, care quality of physicians and nurses, advanced equipment and physician specialty occupied the highest ranks, respectively. Communications and marketing factors included 2 indexes, namely language and communications and advertising and marketing and 9 sub-indexes from which branding, inter-organizational and inter-departmental cooperation and tourism package obtained the highest ranks in terms of priority. The theories and models supporting this index were as follows: marketing mix model, promotion dimension (promotional marketing mix model) (Ricafort, 2011), push-pull theory, supply dimension (Fetscherin & Stephano,2016), Pike’s model of competitive advantages sources (2004), dimensions of communication resources, development resources and implementation resources (Pike, 2004), Crouch & Ritchie’s model, dimension of destination management (Crouch, 2007). Considering the high significance of information and communications technology in expansion of health villages and consequently, the medical tourism, from among the sub-indexes, electronic access to treatment follow-up, access of authorities to health tourists’ statistics for planning in this section of tourism, access to information relating to medical costs were found to be of the highest importance, respectively. In the same vein, the theories supporting this index were Poon’s model, dimension of information technology (Poon, 1993) and World Economic Forum, dimension of electronic infrastructures (Schwab, 2017). Conclusions To increase Iran’s attractiveness as a medical tourism destination, this research attempted to identify, sort and prioritize the factors relating to the expansion of medical tourism considering the capabilities, relative advantages and service provision facilities available in Iran. This was done for the purpose of capacity building based on global competition criteria in the medical tourism domain and by taking the approach of service integration to satisfy the tourist's welfare and identify active and successful private centers. Considering all the involved factors as integrated, the respective authorities are required to pay particular attention to the indexes and sub-indexes of high priority so as to compile, design and implement short- and long-term strategies. These strategies should be determined proportionate to the identified indexes in order to realize all the healthcare capacities and meet the main objectives of Iran’s vision plan. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77142.html With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan; the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated.With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan; the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated.With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. In this paper, the impact of sustainability of Semnan municipality's sources of income on urban viability has been studied. The authors put forward two basic hypotheses to explain the sustainability impact of municipal revenue sources on urban viability. The first hypothesis is that the sustainability of the municipality's financial resources and revenues appear to have an impact on the livelihoods of Semnan; the second hypothesis is that it currently seems to have the largest share of Semnan municipality financing through unstable financial resources and income. The findings of the study show that both hypotheses have been substantiated.With the rise of living standards, cities have become more complex in life. Sustainability is a relatively new concept that sets standards for optimal living in urban spaces. On the other hand, raising public expectations of municipalities, expanding the scope of local governments and exacerbating the problems caused by rising urban populations such as unemployment, urbanization, environmental pollution, housing shortages, traffic problems and socio-economic anomalies, need to expand municipal funding Makes it more. Financing will leave municipalities with no choice but to increase the efficiency of previous methods and look for new sources of income. Increasing efficiency requires the passage of time, interaction with the world economy, the use of more modern methods, and an increase in the proportion of specialist municipal forces. Lack of sufficient revenue for municipalities not only reduces the ability to provide appropriate services for urban management, but also substantially hampers the implementation of all urban plans.In this study, the city of Semnan, as the center of the province and one of the key cities of the country, has been studied. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77189.html Extended AbstractIntroductionMeasuring the degree of satisfaction of Quality of Life in city or neighborhood is difficult and it depends on a lot of factors. Also, understanding the level of satisfaction from each person and in different personal, social, economic, cultural and physical conditions is different. Actually, Adding personal attributes to analyzes will increase predictive power. Some of the individual variables that affect satisfaction include: demographic factors, personality, values, expectations, comparisons with other settlements, and some personal and household characteristics (such as age, gender, education level, occupation, and even ownership).The purpose of the research is Assessment of quality of life in Ardabil City Central Neighborhoods and is to show the effects of individual variables of urban residents on citizens' perception of quality of life (In four dimensions: social, physical, economic and environmental) is in the form of the geographical school of spatial behavior. Therefore, it has investigated the status of residents' satisfaction with the quality of life in the central neighborhoods of Ardabil City (the Aliqapu or Darvazeh, Sarcheshmeh, Tav, Gazaran, Ochidukan and Pirabd ol-Malek).The main questions of this research are:1. How are Satisfaction of residents the quality of life in each dimension?2. How is the quality of life of the residents in the central neighborhoods of Ardebil city?3. How are the individual variables of the residents relate to the degree of satisfaction with the quality of life urban or neighborhood in different aspects of research?MethodologyThe method of this research is descriptive and analytical based on the field study method. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire prepared. Validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and its reliability was also measured by Cronbach's alpha, with a credit rating of 0.726. The statistical society of our research is all residents over the age of 12 who are in the six Central neighborhoods of Ardabil (Urban neighborhoods of the Aliqapu or Darvazeh, Sarcheshmeh, Tova, Gazaran, Ochdukan and Pir Abdol-Malek). The sample size is calculated using the Cochran formula and With a confidence level of 95% and with regard to the maximum heterogeneity hypothesis as (p=q=0.5) 384 participants. Each sample was randomly selected and interviewed. The results were analyzed by SPSS software. To analyze the relationship between the variables and the answers to the research questions, different tests (ANOVA and t-test) were used. Research indicators include1. Indicators of physical-spatial sustainability: housing, neighborhood vitality, quality of neighborhood form and texture, accessibility and aesthetics;2. Indicators of Social Sustainability: Individual Areas, Public and Social Areas, Neighborhood Units;3. Indicators of environmental sustainability: efficiency, cleanliness of neighborhoods, quality of litter and natural environment of the neighborhood;4. Indicators of Economic Sustainability: Neighborhood Sustainable Active Economy, Neighborhood Financial Costs;Results and discussionThe mean satisfaction of all indicators (economic, environmental, social and physical) was 2.90, indicating a relative satisfaction with the overall quality of life of the residents in the neighborhoods. See the table below:Table 1. Average residents' satisfaction with the status of each of the survey indicators by neighborhoodAverage Neighborhood Economic Environmental Social Physical Urban Neighborhoods3.29 2.79 3.66 3.49 3.2 Ochdukan2.47 2.14 2.4 3.01 2.31 Tova2.82 2.63 2.96 2.89 2.8 Gazaran3.05 2.4 3.15 3.44 3.22 Aliqapu or Darvazeh2.9 3.01 2.77 3.15 2.65 Sarcheshmeh2.89 2.58 3.01 3.31 2.67 Pir Abdol-Malek2.9 2.59 2.99 3.22 2.81 Average IndexOut of all indicators of quality of life, social sustainability index of residents is better than other indicators of quality of life, which is mainly due to the religious background of the studied neighborhoods. Investigating the relationship between total quality of life and its relationship with independent individual variables of residents, as shown in the table below, given the sig value obtained from T-test for independent variables of gender, age, education level, and resident status, Place of birth and residence time of residents is less than 0.05, so it can be said that the relationship between these variables and total quality of life is significant. Relationship mode for individual variables is marital status, and occupation of residents with quality of life vice versa.Table 2. Relationship Level and Relationship Type of Individual Variables of Respondents with Residents' Quality of LifeDescribe the relationship sig T-test AS SS DF Variablesmeaningful relationship 0.026 0.797 0.583 2.915 383 Gendermeaningful relationship 0.018 3.598 2.536 10.144 383 Agemeaningful relationship 0.003 5.211 3.178 12.71 383 EducationNo meaningful relationship 0.272 1.358 0.524 2.017 383 Marital Statusmeaningful relationship 0.002 13.111 0.814 2.438 383 Residential Statusmeaningful relationship 0.003 3.004 1.244 3.733 383 Place of Birthmeaningful relationship 0.021 3.463 1.433 7.167 383 Duration of ResidenceNo meaningful relationship 0.318 1.234 0.446 2.676 383 WorkplaceConclusionArdebil city is in the process of transition to modernity and is influenced by the current and future changes of modern urbanization. Therefore, the quality of life in the central neighborhoods of Ardabil city is not satisfactory and due to being in transition phase this satisfaction can be improved with proper management. On the one hand, changes in urban areas in its various dimensions (economic, environmental, social, and physical) have been unquestionable in the light of community growth and the newly formed needs of residents, and on the other hand, the results of any field study in Behavioral geography, including the consideration of subjective indicators of citizens' quality of life, may be influenced by one another, depending on factors. In addition, individual variables of residents are among the important factors affecting the level of resident satisfaction in different areas of behavioral geography.Therefore, considering the impact of individual variables of residents on their perception of the environment and the needs and expectations of urban plans, consider and measure the effects that urban plans can have on different groups of residents. Developing and reviewing their components is the major strategy that can be suggested to improve the satisfaction of subjective indicators of quality of life in the residents of each neighborhood and especially in central Ardabil. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77344.html Abstract:In this research, we tried to compare the environmental impacts of the suburbs and the official neighborhoods of Urmia city using the ecological footprint method. In order to implement the ecological footprint method, a questionnaire was designed with 35 questions that measured the amount of waste consumption and waste generation in all three neighborhoods in 6 main ecological aspects including: "Property, Food Consumption, Clothing, Water, Evaluates energy and transportation. Then ecological footprint and its six dimensions were calculated for the study areas through questionnaire data. The results showed that the ecological footprint of the residents of the informal Kui Laleh neighborhood was in almost all dimensions lower than the Saheli neighborhood and even the Samadzadeh neighborhood of Urmia, so that the ecological footprint of the Saheli residents was approximately 1.505 fold. The subordinate Kui Laleh is also 1.216 times the suburb of Samadzadeh. This means that the inhabitants of the suburbs are more sustainable and optimized in terms of the ecological footprint.Introduction:UN estimates show that about 65% of the world's population will be urbanized by the year 2050, reflecting the rapid growth of urbanization (UN, 2017). One of the main causes of the uneven growth of cities is the phenomenon of marginalization, which is caused by the constant migration from the countryside to the cities, which is reflected in various forms such as slum settlement, slum settlement, slum settlement, etc. Social and physical in cities (Bazi et al., 1895: 18). On the other hand, the growth rate of urbanization in developing countries is more than in developed countries. Therefore, the rapid growth of urbanization in developing countries and their poor management and facilities have made marginalization or inferior suburbia one of the major problems in the world (Gholami et al., 2013: 168; Naghdi and Sadeghi, 2006: 213). According to UN estimates, Iran, as one of the developing countries, will be urbanized about 90% of its total population by the year 2050 (UN, 2017). This leads to many problems, including suburbs and informal settlements for many cities in Iran. Unofficial resettlement forms a distinct component of the social and geographical structure of the city. As rural poor migrate to urban centers, the number of people living in informal settlements around the world is expected to reach 1.4 billion by 2020 (Cohen, 2006). Regional instability is one of the main issues and challenges of the third millennium. One of the most important concerns of the current development process Instability, is the rapid growth of urbanization and its synonymous way of life in the world. The dimensions of urban settlements are becoming more complex day by day and as a result, instability in the urban environment has become apparent (Ziari et al., 2012: 2).Methodology:This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Most of the required information was collected through library documents and field surveys and social surveys were used to complete the items. The population of the study consisted of residents of three neighborhoods of Urmia, including 31808 people (11056 informal neighborhoods of Kui Laleh, 8335 low-income neighborhoods of Samadzadeh, 12417 formal Saheli neighborhoods). After selecting all three study areas, the sample size for the Kui Laleh neighborhood was 95 people, Samadzadeh 94 people and Saheli area 95 people. In total, the total sample size was estimated to be 284; simple random sampling was performed in each neighborhood. Results and discussion:Comparing the two marginal neighborhoods, we found that the ecological footprint of the Samadzadeh neighborhood was 1.238 times higher than that of the Kui Laleh neighborhood. Considering that the area of the coastal neighborhood is one of the affluent neighborhoods and has a suitable body among the neighborhoods of Urmia city, this result can show the lifestyle of the residents of this neighborhood and the optimal consumption of the residents of the unofficial neighborhood of Kui Laleh (in The use of food, property, assets and transportation relative to the other two neighborhoods should be studied. Finally, it was found that both suburbs of Kui Laleh and Samadzadeh suburbs consume less resources and consequently bring less pollution and waste into the environment, which means that the lower areas and informal settlements in terms of the concept of "place" "Ecological feet" are more stable. This result was obtained while in the science of urban planning, this concept is obvious that: "The growth of informal and marginalized neighborhoods in land that is not intended for urban use is causing the city to become overly sparse and unplanned, resulting in environmental damage." However, since the concept of ecological JAPI is a social approach, the environmental effects of the "inhabitants" of the suburbs have been studied and compared with the official neighborhoods. As a result, residents of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods, contrary to the marginalization phenomenon that naturally leads to environmental damage.Conclusion:The results showed that in spite of the suburbia phenomenon which is inherently causing environmental damage, the inhabitants of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods. It should be noted, however, that this conclusion should not lead to the impression that the lower the neighborhood and the poorer the neighborhood will impose less ecological footprint on the land. Rather, it can be said that the city's official neighborhoods often lead to environmental instability And in this regard, a green and eco-friendly model is needed to improve the pattern of consumption and reduce the ecological footprint of residents, to improve the quality of life, especially for residents of suburban areas. In addition, the ecological footprint of these three completely different neighborhoods (physically and economically) revealed that the impact of urban neighborhoods on the environment is multifaceted and a better understanding of the social and biological characteristics of informal settlements in addition to physical characteristics. (Which often takes into account the physical properties) can be valuable for making decisions in informal and suburban planning. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77353.html extended abstract introduction: Optimal urban management has attracted the attention of many countries around the world. This concept is rooted in liberal and post-Marxist schools and seeks to increase public participation in the city by creating a democratic atmosphere in a city, and if good governance indicators. (Justice, Accountability, Transparency, Rule of Law, Efficiency and Effectiveness) Attention to urban management will ultimately lead citizens and city officials to manage cities freely in a free space away from any ambiguity and mismanagement. Creating cities with responsible officials and citizens will be law-abiding. The purpose of this study is to compare the criteria of optimal urban management from the perspective of political schools. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the information has been collected in the form of libraries. As a result of this research, according to the comparison of the results of the views of 3 schools of urban management, it can be stated that all indicators in schools of liberalism and socialism for management It is a desirable city, Islam has pointed to it in ancient times, and even more detailed and complete attention to desirable indicators in all dimensions, which even in the form of social justice has tried to take into account the social status and income of individuals. Pay attention to the distribution of urban facilities among citizens. Therefore, fashion The desirable urban yurts from the Islamic point of view have more comprehensiveness than the previous two views.Along with classical values such as efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, accountability, new state management values - such as employee and citizen participation in organizational management, expanding the scope of citizen choice, social justice, bureaucratic accountability and attention to ethics, decentralization and de-bureaucracy. Administrative responsibility for the effectiveness of the program and attention to the areas of social capital and trust should also be considered. This transformation has created a comprehensive change in the role of community management and the relationship between government and citizens, in the form of change from a bureaucratic and inefficient government to an entrepreneurial and participatory state. Good governance in the form of modern public administration refers to the common role and defined definition of the three public, private and civil society sectors. Accordingly, in modern public services, instead of the government acting as a facilitator and motivator of market forces (directing), it empowers citizens and creates common values among them (serving) and creates a coalition of government organizations, private organizations. And civic institutions are emphasized. Thus, the neo-regionalist perspective that emerged in the 1990s proposes governance that, instead of bulky institutional structures, on cooperation and partnership processes, the role of NGOs, including informal network structures that stem from civil society, and co-thinking and solution. Emphasizes issues with the participation of all actors.In recent years, governance has become an important issue in public and private sector management, and this is due to the important role that governance plays in determining public health. The model of governance with the characteristics of accountability, transparency and the right to comment will lead to the formation of an efficient and transparent government. Good governance stems from two major political ideologies: the neoliberal view, which recommends minimal government intervention and maximum market organization intervention, and the social democratic perspective, which seeks to recognize and exploit market efficiency in terms of social justice standards and economic recovery. It is long-term and focuses on building political and institutional infrastructure and social empowerment. These two different ideologies use the term governance with a different meaning in relation to public management (especially at the local level). The first implies the confluence of the private and public sectors in a weak partnership. In this neoliberal view, the governance of the metropolitan area seeks to shift the conflict between the interests of the private and public sectors by competing with each other to resolve local issues with a technocratic approach. In this approach, everything that is good for local businesses is good for the whole urban area. The second concept governing the term governance is the view that it sees a complex set of institutional and organizational interactions on broad issues facing social, economic, and economic adaptation in the process of the emergence of a global system. In this more institutionalist view, the vital issue is to create harmony beyond geographical scales. Western thought is currently an atheistic-liberal thought, minus religion. In such an attitude, society, politics, man, and all the values that are presented to him originate from man himself, and the creator of values is man himself (humanism). Methodology: This research has been done with emphasis on descriptive-analytical method and collecting information as a library is the main basis of research and has tried to use the first category sources.Results anddiscussion: Good urban governance stems from major political ideologies: the neoliberal view, which prescribes minimal government intervention and maximum market organization intervention, and the social democratic perspective, which seeks to recognize and use market efficiency in terms of social justice standards. Long-term economic recovery is based on the creation of political and institutional infrastructure and social capabilities. At the other end of the spectrum is Islam, which takes a more comprehensive look at the principles of good governance.Conclusion: The results of this study, according to the comparison of the results of the views of 3 schools of optimal urban management, it can be stated that all the indicators presented in the schools of liberalism and socialism for optimal urban management, Islam has mentioned them in the distant past. And even more detailed and complete attention to the desired indicators in all dimensions, which even in the form of social justice has tried to pay attention to the distribution of urban facilities and facilities among citizens according to the social status and income of individuals. From the Islamic point of view, it has more comprehensiveness than the previous two views. Keywords: Optimal Urban Management, Urban Governance, Liberal School, Social School, Islamic School https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77558.html IntroductionOne of the indicators of the modernization of the national economy and social development is the participation of women and their role in economic structures. Simultaneously with the development of women's issues and their role in development, the impact of rural women's employment on development was considered. The present study explores the spatial-temporal processes and patterns of rural women's employment index in Isfahan province in 1996, 2006 and 2011. employment of women status in the Iran has spatial variations, exploring of patterns and spatial behavior of women have a most important to dynamic and family planning in rural area in Isfahan. At this paper we use an exploration spatial data analysis methodology.Theories: The role of women's employment in the dynamics of human life is undeniable, so that it can be considered the center of human and social communication. Women's employment can affect independence, self-esteem, self-reliance, social adjustment and health, academic achievement, continuing education, self-efficacy, and accountability. Theories and hypotheses, such as the theory of the promotion of the role of role development theory, have evaluated the hypothesis of the accumulation of the role of women's employment in the development process as positive and significant. Theories in this field include the theory of welfare, the views of neoclassical economists, the theory of the disintegration of the labor market, and the theory of empowerment.Methodology:The purpose of this study is to explore spatial patterns of employment rate of rural women in Isfahan province and to study the trend and rate of spatial-temporal changes during the years 1375-1390. To conduct this research, the data of the rural areas of the Statistics Center census were used in the years 1375, 1385, 1390. The employment rate of rural women has been calculated and extracted. To measure the employment rate, the number of employees is divided by the working age population and then the percentage is presented. In this study, in order to discover spatial patterns of analytical techniques of spatial statistics; G General ord-Geties and Autocorrelation Spatial have been used.Moran's statistic is one of the classic ways to measure spatial autocorrelation. Moran is calculated as follows: Many planners and analysts are interested in studying where the most common occurrences in an event are in demographic analysis or economic activity. Hot spot analysis is one of the most important and best analyzes that can answer these questions. In principle, this statistic is the same as hot spots and cold spots; Which is as follows: Modeling changesData are divided into two categories depending on whether or not they contain the spatial dimension of the tolls: a) Spatial data that includes both feature and spatial information of the toll; For example, the rate of building density for a place in different time periods is non-spatial data, but the rate of building density in different locations is spatial data and the spatial component of the data may be very useful in understanding why building rates change. The difference between spatial and non-spatial data is important because many statistical techniques formed for non-spatial data to analyze spatial data are not reasoned. Spatial data and local analysis have unique properties and problems that require the use of different sets of statistical modeling techniques and methods.In this paper, in order to obtain changes in the employment rate of rural women, the employment rate of all three periods was calculated and the maps of hot spots of each period were obtained. it was prepared. The percentage formula for the values of spatial-temporal changes is as follows:Percentage of Change=(Values of final year-Values of initial)/Values of initial*100Data: Employment data are recorded in the population and housing census. We use the employment data of rural women in Isfahan province in 2006, 1996 and 2011.Procedure of research:1- Calculating the employment rate of women2- Calculating the index of Moran and G3- Preparing a map of hot spots4- Calculate the rate of two-dimensional changes relative to each other5- Preparing a map of spatial-temporal changes and chart of changes6- Cartography7- Data analysisResults and discussion:Major changes between 1996, 2006 and 2011 can be seen in the Hot Spot maps of the employment index. In the maps related to the spatial pattern of women's employment in low values, a large area with a north-south direction has been formed from rural areas of northern cities of Isfahan to rural areas of Semirom city. In 2006, this area was divided into two parts. The western area, which includes the rural areas of Golpayegan, Khansar, Frieden and Fereydunshahr. The larger area still covers the central and southern parts of the province. In 2011, this cold spot in the form of a circle covered the rural areas around Isfahan's Kalatshahr and neighboring cities. Hot spots can still be seen in the eastern part of Isfahan and Khoro Biabank, Ardestan and Natanz. The research findings indicate spatial changes in women's employment over time, around the metropolis of Isfahan and the cities around the low employment zone. More than 60 rural areas of the province have been unchanged in the employment index of women, and the villages of the west and south have had the most positive changes, and some villages of Nain, Ardestan and Isfahan have had negative changes.Conclusion:What is clear from the spatial model of women's employment is that the central part of Isfahan province with its dominant industrial and service characteristics has affected its surrounding villages and the villages of these areas have mainly taken on an urban function, which has caused women to have less share than men. Have employment opportunities. This is self-evident and confirms the lack of structural changes for the employment of rural women in these areas, which will lead to individual dissatisfaction and ultimately social dissatisfaction with the increase in women's literacy. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77559.html Extended abstract: Introduction:Achieving development in rural areas has always been of interest to researchers in developing countries. The most important pillar of development can be considered the way society is governed to achieve development. The decisions that are made to achieve these goals are called policies and the process of study, planning, decision making and ultimately implementation in the rural environment is called policy making. The place where these decisions are made has certain conditions and characteristics. In this research, we seek to understand the main challenges of rural policy making and management so that this knowledge can lead to more correct decisions for the rural regions management. The most important role for the implementation of decisions in the village is the management of rural communities.It is in drawing the links between the shifts in the social mode of regulation and the form and practices of new governance that rural studies have been shown particular reluctance – especially in terms of any engagement with theory. The researchers believe that rural management should significantly reduce rural migration, eliminate the socio-economic gap between the towns and villages, promote agricultural development and develop a culture of self-belief in rural areas, and reduce rural poverty. And the term is so broad that it loses its meaning. Methodology: In this study by thematic analysis method, Policy themes and challenges for managing Iran's rural areas have been identified. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews and study of sources and documents. By coding these interviews, we proceeded to the analysis of each and to the next sample by purposeful sampling. Content analysis is actually a way of identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns in qualitative data. It is also a process for analyzing contextual data and converts scattered and varied data into rich processed and detailed data. In order to document the discovered concepts and themes, quotes from geography and rural planning experts have been used and interviews and open question design have been conducted according to the existing theoretical literature and studies in the field of rural management, good governance, policy-making and planning. Also, the experience of researchers and previous studies has been done. Results and discussion:The results show that 17 out of 122 open source codes were identified, which can be divided into 6 categories of organizing themes. Finally, by identifying and discovering the basic and organizing themes and finding the relationships between the main themes and challenges, a diagram describing the characteristics and factors influencing the identification of policy themes for the management of Iranian rural areas was drawn. From this model it can be assumed that the theme in which these decisions are made must be taken into consideration. These concepts fall into six categories: Rurality, the historical process, the environment as an effective factor and form of policy, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, the role of culture in rural policy making and management, impact and goals. Economic policies and the place of participation in policymaking and management of rural communities were categorized as organizing themes of the research topic. The study also found new results that could be used in rural policy making and management. Another important issue is the effect of the economy and economic policy objectives. Another theme of the research is the role of culture in rural policy making and management, which emphasizes both the cultural context of Iranian villages (customs, customs, religion, etc.) and the need to recognize and influence its culture. Policies and decisions made for the village. Understanding the characteristics of the rural context for policymaking and understanding each one's relationship to decision-making, considering the environment as an effective factor in policymaking as well as the form of decisions and policies, the need to know the historical course of management and the management of rural areas. And past successful and unsuccessful experiences. The most important contributions of the codes have been the themes of organizing Historicity and participation in the policy-making and management of rural communities, each with 24 codes, which shows the greater emphasis of experts on these topics. Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate that in policymaking we should pay attention to the culture of the rural community, the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the historical process of management in Iranian villages. Also, in order to better understand the current way of managing the villages, one should know about the historical development of rural management in Iran. He recognized the positive and negative impacts of the policies and decisions that have historically been taken for the management of rural communities and the plans and programs that have been developed to develop these areas as policy themes and challenges. The importance of the environmental context has been emphasized on rural policy-making and management, and attention to the environment has been formed as an influential factor and the basis of policy-making as well as form, and the result of policy implementation is very necessary for experts. If we want rural development and good management of rural communities, we must take into account the culture of rural society in policy making, taking into account the independent social, economic and environmental identity of each village and the environment as an influential factor in the policies and contexts. It was also seen as a form of policy making. Finally, it can be said that the current state of policymaking for the management of Iran's rural areas is irresponsible considering these basic themes. It is necessary to achieve the policy goals and the proper management of the villages to help the people themselves and to participate in all the policy making and implementation processes.Keywords: Policy making, Challenges, Rural development, Rural Areas of Iran. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_77933.html Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related to seven key factors. It is expected that more than 720,000 possible consolidation scenarios will be extracted from these possible situations, which will include all the situations ahead of Colbury's future in the border village of Paveh. The results of the Wizard scenario software show that there are 14 scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, 2906 scenarios with poor compatibility, and 691 incompatible scenarios for the future of Colbury's economy. Of these 45 possible situations, 26.6% are in critical condition, 17.8% are on the verge of crisis, 26.6% are in static status, 13.4% are in semi-optimal condition and 15.6% are in optimal condition. In total, 29% were in good condition and 44.4% were in poor condition. Of the 14 possible scenarios, scenarios 1 and 2 have the desired status, scenarios 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, and14 have the unfavorable situation. Scenarios 11, 10, 9, 8, 4, 3 also had an intermediate status and were created by combining different modes.Border areas are among the most sensitive and fragile areas of any country, which due to the unique conditions, face the problems of unemployment and unemployment, lack of access to basic needs, and so on. The economic crisis has led to a situation in the western part of the country, especially in the border villages of Paveh, where a large number of Kurdish people in the region are turning to a dangerous job called Colbury to meet the basic needs of their lives. In this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and using the scenario writing method, we are looking to investigate the factors that cause this phenomenon to continue in the border villages of Paveh. The research findings show that the goal here is to create possible scenarios out of 35 possible situations related https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78133.html Extended AbstractIntroductionSecurity is the most basic need of any society and the most important factor for the sustainability of social life. Geographical injustices and unbalanced development of geographical parts of the country may damage national solidarity and unity. Due to the geopolitical situation, ethnic composition and historical situation in the southeast of Iran, sensitive security conditions have been formed and security policies in these border regions have often hindered the development of these regions. Therefore, the present study intends to examine the ranking of counties in terms of security indicators in the province level and the extent of its interaction with the development of these counties, in order to provide a course of action for planning to promote development at the county level. And it can also play an important role in the government's strategic planning to improve and develop these regions.This study is an applied and scientific research, and considering that the main factor studied in the research is the deprivation of Sistan and Baluchestan province; the research purpose is to explain the relationship between security and development of counties in Sistan and Baluchestan province in order to find the factors that reduce existing tensions and achieve courses of action to establish relative and sustainable development in the region.MethodologyThe statistical population of this research is the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province, Zahedan, Zabol, Zahak, Helmand, Khash, Iranshahr, Delgan, Saravan, Sib va Sooran, Sarbaz, Zaboli, Nikshahr, Chabahar and Konarak, which are included in eight groups based on similar features and available information. This study is applied based on the purpose and is of the type of scientific research; based on the nature and method, two descriptive-analytical and correlation methods are used, the nature of the data used is quantitative and these data collected through field and documentary information. First, security and its dimensions are evaluated during library and field studies using AHP technique, then in each county, the development and its dimensions are examined according to the extracted indicators by taxonomy method, and Pearson correlation method is used to determine the relationship between the dimensions of security and development in the province level.Results and discussionIn the correlation test between security (including the sum of indicators) and development and its dimensions; Security was significantly correlated with overall development, socio-cultural development and economic development. According to the mentioned results, the correlation between security and all three components is very strong and has the highest correlation with socio-cultural development. This shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning to expand and establish security (including the sum of indicators) in the counties of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Then, the correlation test between social security with development and its dimensions were performed; Social security has been significantly correlated with general development, socio-cultural development, and economic development. According to the results, the correlation of social security with all three components is very strong and has the highest correlation with general development. The test results show that it is possible to improve development in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning to expand and establish social security in the counties of Sistan and Balouchestan province.In the correlation test between economic security and development and its dimensions, economic security has a significant correlation with general development, socio-cultural development and economic development. According to the results, the correlation of economic security with all three components is very strong and has been most correlated with general development. This result shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning for the expansion and establishment of economic security in the counties of Sistan and Balouchestan province.In the test of the correlation between political security and development and its dimensions; Political security has been significantly correlated with general development, socio-cultural development, and economic development. The correlation between political security and all three components is very strong and has been most correlated with socio-cultural development. This result shows that development can be improved in general and in socio-cultural and economic dimensions by planning for the expansion and establishment of political security in the counties of the province.According to the test results, none of the security dimensions have significantly correlated with infrastructure development in Sistan and Balouchestan province. And finally, a regression test was performed between security (including total dimensions) and development (including total indicators). According to the results, 91.6% of the development of the counties of the province can be planned and established by strengthening the indicators of security that have a positive impact and weakening the indicators of security that have a negative impact on security in the province level.ConclusionAccording to the results obtained from correlation tests between variables and regression tests, security and its dimensions with development and its dimensions in border regions have a direct and two-way relationship with each other with a high correlation coefficient. In other words, development and security interact in border regions, so that any action in the process of achieving security has a direct impact on the process of achieving development and vice versa. Thus, areas with high security coefficient are more developed than areas with low security coefficient. However, according to the test results, infrastructure development is not correlated with any of the security dimensions, which can be justified due to the special and strategic location of the province. The results show that the present study is in line with the theoretical basis of the research, which is an attitude toward mutual understanding of security and development, and confirms the prevalence of this attitude (except in a few cases) in this region and indicate that security and development in border regions is directly related to national development and security, and any action that affects the security or development of the border regions will have an impact with variable ratios on national development and security. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78218.html Extended AbstractIslamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia are undoubtedly two important and determining countries in the Middle East and Persian Gulf region, which typically have vicissitudinous relations. Over time, geopolitical relations of countries have been constantly evolving through several factors such as wars, changes in the regional and the global system, revolutions, and changes in power balances. Over the past four decades (after the Islamic revolution), Iran-Saudi Arabia geopolitical relations have been changed due to a wide range of geopolitical factors which can be found in a variety of internal-external geopolitical factors. This descriptive-analytical paper aims to study the pattern of geopolitical relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Islamic Revolution in Iran, September 11 attacks, Islamic-awakening, the peaceful end of Iran–Iraq War, energy geopolitics, Shia Crescent, Iran's access to nuclear energy, Regional and international developments such as the coming of Mohamed bin Salman in Saudi Arabia and Donald Tramp in the United States and the key role of transnational powers have been the most factors affecting this geopolitical relations.IntroductionToday, the Persian Gulf is one of the most important geopolitical regions in the world, an important part of Jeffrey Camp's theory "Hartland Energy." In the Persian Gulf region, based on the goals and interests of the powers and actors within its geopolitical structure, a pattern Geopolitical relations between the political units of the region are formed. On the other hand, in recent years, the Gulf region has undergone significant changes. Following the major changes in the Middle East policy of the United States after the Islamic Revolution, the imposed war, the events of September 11 2001, and the military's invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, and developments such as the issue The Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Awakening in the Arab Countries This region has been the focus of international attention more than before. These developments have affected the geopolitical relations of the countries of the region, because of the structural and institutional differences between the political systems of the countries The region and the differences in their views and positions on the current issues of the region have exacerbated regional conflicts and created areas for confrontation in their geopolitical relations. The geopolitical relations of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran as two important and influential countries in the region It is very important and follows developments Relations between the two countries have changed in recent years.Methodology The method of research in this research is of a practical, descriptive-analytical nature in terms of its nature. The method of collecting information is based on the library and documentation method, which is necessary to fetch and adjust the information necessary by referring to books, articles, documents, newspapers, the Internet, etc. Efforts have been made to use the information and documentation of the library, including important foreign and domestic sources, such as geopolitics, geopolitics, international relations science, political science, etc. to prove the approach of this article. The method of data analysis in this research is "qualitative," and attempts to take advantage of the rational and scientific arguments and achieve a major conclusion in the context of geopolitical relations between the two countries.Result and discussion The results of the research show that the pattern of geopolitical relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia after the Islamic Revolution has so far turned from interaction to interaction and, on the contrary, from interaction to geopolitical conflict in turn. ConclusionThe study of the pattern of geopolitical relations between the two countries after the Iranian revolution shows four periods of relations between the two countries, which in every four years dominated the pattern of interaction (cooperation) and conflict (conflict) between the two countries. Accordingly, in the first period of the geopolitical relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia after the Islamic Revolution, until 1989, Saudi withdrawal from Iran became a threat and an enemy, and from Saudi Arabia's perspective, Saudi Arabia was seen as an unjustified regime. In the second period of geopolitical relations from 1989 to 2001(the formation of the11 Septamir incident), with the change of orientation of Iran's foreign policy and the diminution of ideological approaches, regional and international developments, such as the Turkish-Israeli coalition, the Saudi-political and economic problems, and Confronting Iraq's action to change the regional balance of Kuwait's occupation, on the other hand, along with the collapse of the bipolar system and the creation of a monopoly power distribution system in the international system and Iran's pragmatism towards the outside world, Iran-Saudi relations out of the geopolitical conflict. Turning to geopolitical interaction, the two countries took one The other was changed to "enemy".The continuation of this trend in the third era of relations in the year 2001, along with the September 11th accident, will lead to Iran and Saudi Arabia becoming closer to Iran and Saudi Arabia, along with regional and international confidence building on Iran and its alignment with the Saudi rulers' approach. Although in the second and third periods of relations, some differences and geopolitical rivalries were present between the two actors, the lack of identity along with the adjustment of structural pressures led to the formation of a geopolitical interaction pattern in relations. The fourth round of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia since 2005 (simultaneously with the Arab revolutions) was accompanied by a geopolitical exchange of interaction from geopolitical controversy. During this period, the confrontation and ideological and geopolitical rivalries intensified simultaneously. The distinction of this period with the first period was the departure of Saudi Arabia from a conservative orientation and an active and invasive approach to foreign policy and its ideological prominence and support for radical Sunni / regional conflicts. Finally, it can be said that what causes the rotation in the geopolitical relations between the two countries is the opposition and competition of identity and geopolitical factors along with the pressures of the world powers.Keywords: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Geopolitical relations, Interaction, Conflict. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78324.html Identifying and Prioritizing the Strategies for Reducing the Impact of Urban Areas Against Military Threats (Case Study: District One in Tehran Eleventh Region)IntroductionUrbanisation and the development of metropolitan centres on the one hand and their exposure to the threat of war and military attacks, on the other hand, have caused lots of damages, casualties and economic and social cost for them. Considering the strategic place of Iran in the region and the world is one of the best ways to decrease urban area vulnerabilities when at the time military threat is the passive defence. Whereas, urban land use planning plays a critical role in urban planning as far as some times urban land use planning has been called urban planning. Therefore, according to the above, urban management by using complementary approach in urban planning can decrease threats and provide safety and security for cities. Changes resulting from the concentration of economic, social, cultural and political activities in cities, as well as the lack of attention to the features of a safe and ready environment against military threats in recent decades, have decreased vulnerability of today's cities as a living environment for people to achieve Sustained urban living in times of crisis. Based on this, urban planning seeks to improve the quality of life of residents and build a safe and secure city for living in all circumstances, especially in times of crisis, which is the way to achieve this by defence the principles of non-operational defence to reduce the vulnerability of cities in times of military threats. Therefore, in this research, the factors affecting urban vulnerability to military threats are identified based on the concept of passive defence and are measured in Tehran metropolis as the capital of the country's political and economic capital. In this research, District 1, District One in Tehran's Eleventh Region has been used as a study area. District one of zone eleven of Tehran city is the case study of this research. This area has introduced as one of the main parts of city defence core in Tehran master plan, and the specific feature in this area is the wide variety of uses and function. Crucial political and administrative functions located in this area has resulted in the political and security importance of the area, and it has always been mentioned as one of the strategic parts of Tehran. MethodologyThe methodology of this research is based on explanatory-analytic study and data collection and has been done through library method and questionnaires. Also, for analysing information, ARCGIS, SPSS and EXPERT CHOICE software have been used, and the AHP method has been used to weigh out non-operational defence indicators and Friedman test to prioritise vulnerability reduction strategies in the event of military threats.The main goal of the current study is that identifying and prioritising the Strategies for Reducing the Impact of Urban Areas Against Military Threats in District One in Tehran's Eleventh Region. To these aims, first of all, a review of important terms of the research has been done and based on that, effective criteria and indicators in urban land use planning which can reduce urban vulnerability has been identified. Then, data and base map were extracted from documents and master or detailed plan of Tehran and considering the Geographic data bank related to each sub-criteria in GIS, input layer of each of them has been provided. In next step, thematic Map of vulnerability of the case study based on every sub-criteria has been mapped out and at the end of this step, all of these map has been overlaid in order to identify case study vulnerability.Result and Conclusion The results show that population distribution criteria (weight: 0.230), physical characteristics of the body and form (weight: 0.221), and user compatibility (weight: 0.147) obtained the highest weight among vulnerability criteria, and 68% of the sample level It has a moderate upward vulnerability to military threats. Also, the most important strategies to reduce vulnerability to military threats were, respectively, the development of multi-user applications in the area of organising cultural and religious uses (W7O8), organising and locating green and open spaces in the area for defining crisis support centres. (W6O5) And attention is given to creating safe spaces within the (S4O4) area. In addition some strategies can be useful in order to Reduce the Impact of Military Threats such as regeneration and redevelopment with emphasis on residential area which is located in north and west of the site, safe spaces development, restriction of trans-regional land uses, reduction of sensitive land uses, developing emergency land uses, eliminating incompatibility of land uses in the area, sending out the harmful land uses and developing multi-functional land uses. The results show that population distribution criteria (weight: 0.230), physical characteristics of the body and form (weight: 0.221), and user compatibility (weight: 0.147) obtained the highest weight among vulnerability criteria, and 68% of the sample level It has a moderate upward vulnerability to military threats. Also, the most important strategies to reduce vulnerability to military threats were, respectively, the development of multi-user applications in the area of organising cultural and religious uses (W7O8), organising and locating green and open spaces in the area for defining crisis support centres. (W6O5) And attention is given to creating safe spaces within the (S4O4) area. In addition some strategies can be useful in order to Reduce the Impact of Military Threats such as regeneration and redevelopment with emphasis on residential area which is located in north and west of the site, safe spaces development, restriction of trans-regional land uses, reduction of sensitive land uses, developing emergency land uses, eliminating incompatibility of land uses in the area, sending out the harmful land uses and developing multi-functional land uses. Keywords: passive defence, Military threats, Vulnerability zoning, District One in Tehran's Eleventh Region https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78364.html Introduction Nowadays, over 50% of the world population lives in cities. The adverse effects of urbanization on the citizen's health have emerged as a result of urbanization expansion. Social health is one of the health dimensions which has been included within the definition of "health" in 1974 by World Health Organization (WHO). Increased social health is associated with physical and mental health. Meantime, women are considered as high-risk group in terms of health for their diverse roles in society. Without appropriate social health, women cannot effectively play their individual and social roles. The studies have shown that attending at urban green space could improve social health. In other words, urban green spaces inject social benefits to cities. The presence of women in urban green space is influenced by individual and environmental factors including educational level and income. Concerning the environmental factors, it could be said that the quality of urban green space is more important for women than men. The influential factors on quality of urban green space and increase of women presence could be classified in three dimensions of structural- spatial, aesthetic and perceptional- emotional. Therefore, the research objectives are the investigation of the manner of spatial distribution of social health of women in Mashhad city; the evaluation of spatial autocorrelation of social heath of women and urban green space and the determination of factors affecting women presence in urban green space in individual and environmental dimensions. Methodology This is a mixed-method explanatory study in which quantitative method was used for evaluation of spatial communications and qualitative-quantitative method for identification of factors affecting women presence in urban green space. In this study, just 16-64 years old women were considered since the spatial-social inequalities in health are maximized in this range. Keyes scale was used for evaluation of social health and 670 questionnaires were filled and retuned in Mashhad city. Urban green space is taken to meant the parks with an area over one hectare. Bivariate Moran index was used to determine the spatial relation of social health and urban green space and spatial analyses were performed using GIS and Geo Da software in Mashhad districts. After performing spatial self-correlation, High-Low cluster (area 7, districts 1 and 2) was realized with reverse spatial relation and Mirza Kuchak Khan Park was selected for interview and field study. 300-meter and 999-meter buffers were prepared from the intended park and for identification of effective factors, whether in individual or environmental dimension, the inhabitants of this area (up to 999 meter radius) were taken into account. For investigation of the relation between individual factors and presence in urban city space, ordinal regression test in SPSS was used and for identification of effective environmental factors, 17 semi-structured interviews were performed with the women living in the intended buffer through snowball technique and interviews were analyzed based on components of structural- spatial, aesthetics and perceptual- emotional dimensions. FindingsThe results indicated that women living in district 10 of area 3 (10-3), (8-3) and (9-2) have higher mean of social health and the mean social health of women in (8-2) and Samen district of area 1 is lower. Moran index was used to investigate the manner of spatial distribution of social health and it was obtained as 0.18, which indicates that social health distribution has been clustering. The results of bivariate Moran test showed that there is positive spatial relation between women social health and urban green space with coefficient of 0.23. If per capita urban green space increases, social health of women in Mashhad will increase. In this regard, five types of cluster in 8 municipality areas of Mashhad were constituted and the spatial relation was not meaningful in other areas. In district 7, areas 1 and 2, the inverse spatial relation was obtained and High-Low cluster was constructed. Therefore, the parks in these two areas were investigated and Mirza Kuchak Khan Park was selected as sample. Ordinal regression test was used to determine influential individual factors on presence in Mirza Kuchak Khan Park. The results indicated that from individual variables, lower level of education and higher income are meaningful in error level less than 0.05 and the relation is positive. In order to determine environmental factors, interviews with 17 women were performed based on snowball technique. In all analyses, it was tried to identify and present the least number of descriptive classes that, at the same time, had the highest compliance with diversity of opinions in interviews. The most frequently stated problems in structural-spatial dimension were lack of separate sport equipment for women in sport equipment components and lack of prayer room and unpleasant hygiene status of bathrooms in services components. In aesthetic dimension, the park condition was considered pleasant by women and in perceptual-emotional dimension among women security components, the presence of addicted people and Arabs were mentioned as the factors resulting in feeling of insecurity. Conclusion The research findings indicated positive spatial autocorrelation between social health and urban green space and suggested the possibility of increasing women presence in parks and consequently promoting their social health through improving parks' environmental condition. This study has applications for urban planners and managers since the quality of environment and the nature of developments are the main health factors. Moreover, the historical relation between urban planning and health dimensions has been emphasized. The researchers hope that the investigation of the relation between green space and social health could provide the ground for improving the quality of green spaces and therefore promoting social health of women in Mashhad. Moreover, the historical relation between urban planning and health dimensions has been emphasized. The researchers hope that the investigation of the relation between green space and social health could provide the ground for improving the quality of green spaces and therefore promoting social health of women in Mashhad. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78365.html Exploratory Analysis of Factors Affecting Insecurity in Urban Green Spaces(Case Study: Yazd Regional Parks)IntroductionThe presence of security in a place of recreation is one of the most important parameters in decision making for visiting and spending leisure time in that place. On the other hand, the lack of security not only does not lead people to public places, promenades and walkways, but because of the lack of presence and isolation of these places, crime and its dimensions are spreading in these places, and therefore it is said that between security And the amount of citizens' return to public and recreational places remains a two-way and complementary relationship. Therefore, considering the importance of the subject, this study aims to identify and investigate the factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in the regional parks of Yazd city based on the opinion of the host community. Firstly, parks are one of the most prominent public spaces in the city and the most important components of urban, human and natural bodies, which, due to the overcoming of the green space element, attract the population and provide the ground for social interaction and spending leisure time in terms of recreation, entertainment, sports, study And relax and nature-oriented recreation, Secondly, experience has proven that one of the most important ways of developing and improving in every field is identifying barriers and factors that affect the lack of achievement.MethodologyThe present study was conducted with exploratory and descriptive-analytical approach and using field and documentary studies to explore and investigate the factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in regional parks in Yazd. The statistical population of the study consisted of 384 Yazdi citizens who were randomly selected at the level of Yazd district parks in two stages (Semi-structured interview with citizens in the first stage) to identify the indicators affecting the feeling of insecurity and complete the questionnaire for factorization and survey The effect of each factor in the second stage is selected. In this research, qualitative findings (content analysis of interviews in Max Kido's qualitative analysis software) and quantitative (exploratory factor analysis) were used to analyze the information.Result and discussionAccording to the results of the five identified factors, 86.201 % of the total variance of factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in the regional parks of Yazd city. First, it shows the comprehensiveness of the indicators identified by the interviewed community, and secondly, the emphasis of the statistical community on identified indicators as factors of insecurity in the parks studied. Based on the analysis, only 13.799 percent of the total variance was not calculated and was the result of other factors not identified by the statistical community of the interviewee. According to the results, the factor of the lack of utility of military-security infrastructure with a special value of 17.99 and 42.96% variance as the most important factor affecting the feeling of insecurity and the socio-individual factor with a special value of 1.449 and the percentage of variance of 36.75 as the least significant The agent has been identified. The incidence rate of anomalies, delinquency and mass with a special value of 35.34 and a 21.23% variance in the second place influenced on the feeling of insecurity in the regional parks of Yazd city based on the opinion of the host community and then the factors of the lack of utility standards with a specific amount of 2.923 and the percentage of variance was 10.826, and the physical-physical deprivation with a special value of 1.67 and a percentage of variance was 18.66. ConclusionThe study of safety and factors affecting the feeling of insecurity in public places, especially parks, is an essential requirement. This research was carried out in seven regional parks of Yazd city. In this regard, this research has identified and extracted the factors affecting insecurity in regional parks in Yazd city based on the viewpoint of the host community, based on which applied strategies to diminish these factors and improve the quality of safety in these parks. The results show that in terms of host society in Yazd city parks, 27 indicators in the form of five factors of the lack of utility of military-security infrastructure, the occurrence of anomalies, crime and crime, non-observance of standards, physical-physical factors and an individual-social limiting factor affecting Felt the insecurity of the citizens. According to the results, the factor of the inappropriate use of law enforcement infrastructure in regional parks in Yazd with a percentage of variance of 42.699 was the most important factor affecting the feeling of insecurity from the host society. This alone explains 42% of the indicators that affect the feelings of citizens' insecurity, which indicates the importance of this factor and the emphasis of the statistical community on it. In the second place, the effect of the incidence of anomalies, delinquency and crime rate with the variance rate of 21.23, which according to the experiences and interviews, is the causative factor of the first factor. In general, according to the results of research, the desirability of law enforcement infrastructure and the elimination of abnormalities in the level of parks in the Yazd city make up about 64% of the strategies affecting the sense of security in the parks in terms of citizens.In the second place, the effect of the incidence of anomalies, delinquency and crime rate with the variance rate of 21.23, which according to the experiences and interviews, is the causative factor of the first factor. In general, according to the results of research, the desirability of law enforcement infrastructure and the elimination of abnormalities in the level of parks in the Yazd city make up about 64% of the strategies affecting the sense of security in the parks in terms of citizens. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78378.html As an emerging phenomenon, ISIL was able to influence the region countries and the world in a short period of time, and as a very destructive actor, was able to occupy a large part of the territory of Iraq and Syria and to form a government based on the Islamic Caliphate. The actions of this Salafi-Takfiri group, while threatening the security and territorial integrity of Iraq and Syria, are a direct threat to the security of the Middle Eastern countries, especially the resistance axis countries in the region. Since Iran is one of the Middle East countries and the leader of the resistance axis in the region, the existence of ISIS in Syria and Iraq, in addition to the effects and consequences on the internal structure and security of these countries, is undoubtedly an objective threat to Iran's national security and territorial integrity. Therefore, Iran in alliance with the governments of Iraq and Syria, as well as with the effective help of Hezbollah in Lebanon and Russia, sought to strike and destroy ISIS.MethodologyGiven the theoretical nature of this study, it employs a qualitative-descriptive-analytic approach. In qualitative research design, data from historical, descriptive and empirical research are used. The data needed in this study are collected through library references, documents, and various internet websites and resources.Results and discussion Iraq was an occupied country that did not have an army to provide security, and more importantly, the process of power transfer in this country was slow, and with the intervention of regional and international actors, there was no consensus on government formation and the lack of security in a war-torn country provided a justification for the presence of foreign forces in a country (Cloud & Shanker, 2007: 26). Edward Snowden, a former US National Security Agency contractor, said: "The US, British and Israeli intelligence agencies were instrumental in the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Syria (ISIS) group and in an operation called 'Bee's Nest' formed ISIS group.”(Khoramshad & ashna, 2018: 77). With the start of the Syrian crisis in the beginning of 2011 and the change in the nature of the protests from political and civil to terrorist and sectarian under the influence of media propaganda and psychological operations, several Salafi-Takfiri groups went to Syria to fight to Alawites. During the Syrian crisis, heavy and extensive psychological propaganda was carried out in order to induce the religious and sectarian nature of the Syrian war, and this propaganda and psychological operations caused a large number of Salafi of Sunnis to go to Syria to fight with the Alawites (Zarean, 2014: 27). The ISIS terrorist group was once present in Iraq and Syria and had occupied large parts of northern Syria and Iraq. This terrorist group is currently active in parts of Libya and Nigeria, Afghanistan and Southeast Asia. Many areas under ISIL control have now been liberated and possessed to the Iraqi and Syrian governments. The activities of the Takfiris do not endanger the borders of the Islamic Republic of Iran; But Iran's security should not be sought within its borders. The front line of the fight against ISIS and its supporters is not limited to the borders of Iran, and today Iran, as the most powerful country in the region, has expanded its strategic depth to the southern borders of Lebanon with the Zionist regime. ISIL's view of the Shiites, shows that this group is targeting Iran as the core of the Shiites and believes that their group should move toward the core. Considering that the presence and activity of the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq and Syria became a threat to Iran's national security; therefore, the Islamic Republic of Iran seeks to eliminate security threats caused by the crisis in its two necessary and unnecessary security circles, namely Iraq and Syria, and by adopting a defensive approach, it takes steps to achieve its goals and interests, especially its security interests and resistance members. In fact, Iran has played the most important and effective role in destroying ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Undoubtedly; this role will intensify the hatred of the Americans and its regional allies, especially Saudi Arabia and the Zionist regime, towards Iran now and in the post-ISIS era, and consequently will design new strategies to confront Iran, which is the leader of the resistance axis in the region. The martyrdom of Sardar Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Mohandes, the deputy commander of the Iraqi Hashad al-Shaabi forces, and their companions on January 3, 2020, near Baghdad International Airport by US drones on Trump's direct orders can be analyzed in this regard. Meanwhile, in response to these attacks, the Islamic Republic of Iran also fired a missile at the Ain al-Assad base in Iraq's Anbar province and a base in Erbil, where US forces were stationed, on January 8, 2020.Conclusion With anti-Shiite slogans and actions, the ISIS terrorist group is practically in line with the goals and interests of the actors opposed to the resistance axis and at the head of it, is the Islamic Republic of Iran, which wants to weaken the axis of resistance and reduce the regional influence of Iran. ISIL can be considered a threat to Iran's territorial integrity, because ISIL is thinking of creating a caliphate, and the establishment of a caliphate requires the integration of the countries of the region into one country. Therefore, the Islamic Republic of Iran, by adopting military and diplomatic measures, defeated the goals of this terrorist group and announced the end of the self-proclaimed government of ISIL. The costs and consequences of the actions of the ISIS terrorist group in Iraq and Syria, which have also been very heavy, have disrupted the development process of these countries and added to the increasing complexity of the political crisis in Syria and Iraq. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78448.html IntroductionForeign policy and government performance are influenced by the geopolitical environment and within the framework of a set of spatial and temporal behaviors in the global geopolitical system.. Meanwhile, Iran surrounds the active geopolitical regions and sub-areas surrounded by numerous functions.One of the regions around Iran, which has an irreplaceable location in promoting the geopolitical location of the country, is the Persian Gulf region. The Islamic Republic of Iran, in accordance with the geopolitical requirements, must Model a foreign policy model in the region that is appropriate to its regional role.Methodologythis research has been analyzed in a descriptive - analytical method and It has been compiled using written sources including reports, books and articles and internet sites. In this paper, the geographic and political characteristics of the country and the Persian Gulf region are addressed to achieve foreign policy that is in line with the country's geopolitical position in the Gulf region. Results and discussionThe foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite its high level of idealism in the early days And was repugnant to the countries of the region, but despite their lack of acceptance, they did not want to keep themselves isolated from the security and political issues and the economic times And sought to regain its pivotal role on the basis of the policy of negation of foreign powers, especially the United States, and unity against the arrogance and domination of the region. Hence, he tried to build a new political and security order in the area with the confidence of his neighbors. But the countries of the region, because they had structural weaknesses inside and had a colonial and affiliated nature, interpreted the Islamic Republic's policies in a different way, and contributed to their customization against Iran and its policies in the region. To understand this issue, the calendar of Iran's foreign relations with each of the countries in this region is briefly discussed. Then, by examining the geographical-political characteristics of Iran and the Persian Gulf region, we can gain a general understanding of the geopolitical situation of this region from its internal and external perspective in the surrounding space and the international environment. The Islamic Republic of Iran in its foreign policy in relation to the countries of the Persian Gulf faces geopolitical challenges and opportunities, which in this article is presented for each country according to its geopolitical requirements and conditions. These factors in the situation of Iran's relations with these countries in any period can be decisive in the situation of Iran's relations with these countries in the formation of power relations at any time. These geopolitical position-oriented factors, if taken into account in foreign policy and the current situation-oriented policy, can lead to peace in relations with these countries. elations and the leading geopolitical opportunities and bottlenecks with the Persian Gulf countries, it can be noted that after Resolution 598 and with the effective Hashemi Rafsanjani, the ice of relations melted somewhat during the Khatami era. There will be more openness, culminating in Ahmadinejad, but since the end of his second term due to regional developments such as popular uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East, contraction and political tensions. It took place between the countries on the southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Iran, the shadow of which still lingers in Hassan Rouhani's time. Of course, the trend in relations with Iran is not the same in all southern marginal countries with Iran. Among a number of countries, such as Qatar, Oman and Kuwait, it is less subject to the general rule. Abu Musa has territorial disputes with Iran and in some cases political disputes, but in the economic field of relations between the two countries, he has less recorded these signs. Geopolitical facts require that the countries bordering the Persian Gulf are Iran's inevitable neighbors, which have three important and prominent codes in foreign policy. These three codes, which are Arab identity, Sunni religion, and coordination and political and security affiliation with the United States, have played a very important role in diverging Iran's relations with the Persian Gulf countries, especially the southern region.ConclusionThe results of the research indicate that the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic in the region includes a range of relations from peaceful coexistence to war that is less dependent on the functional adaptation of geopolitical codes of Iran to regional codes, but rather more dependent on the factors of the state of the political axis of the day to the reality of the situation Geopolitical axis. Of course, this does not mean that the Islamic Republic of Iran was not aware of its geopolitical codes and realities and the units of the region and did not try to converge, but most of these countries were in the region because of Arab nationalism, ideological governments and The West and the United States have not accepted Iran's participation in regional relations and have defined their relations with Iran regardless of geopolitical realities.Thus, achieving a foreign policy based on a geopolitical position that explains the opportunities and bottlenecks of the governments of the region in relation to each other is a long way off. Thus, if the Islamic Republic of Iran wants peace and reconciliation with its southern neighbors and Iraq, it must put a geopolitical approach in relation to each country on its foreign policy agenda. Therefore, it is necessary for Iran to interact with the countries on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf with this approach. In addition, it should consider such a policy in relation to each of the southern marginalized countries according to the specific circumstances of each country and create a role in this regard by using appropriate foreign policy tools and timely action. In this regard, a suitable model for Iran's foreign policy in the south (Persian Gulf) will be the development and expansion of relations within the framework of geopolitical logic. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78449.html Food is one of the essential expressions of any culture and one of the elements of creativity in everyday life that is engaging for many tourists. This provides new opportunities for tourism destinations and at the same time creates new challenges, particularly in the areas of experience development, marketing and branding (OECD, 2012: 9). Customer demand is based on service performance, customer satisfaction, and purchase intention in food tourism. service quality is a kind of global judgement, or attitude that is related to superiority of service. It is also important to reach the customer’s expectation such as how effectively service is delivered according to the customer demand. If the service quality is good then the customer or tourist gets motivation to visit that places again and again. On the other hand poor service quality makes a customer dissatisfied. And then they switch their choices to that place where service quality is good and fast (Senthilnathan & Shreenivasan, 2014: 46). Culture impacts economics effectively such as people get interest to visit the ancient and new culture destinations. So they visit that place and then that place and food sectors such as restaurants, hotels could be able to get economic success (Yeoman, 2011: 33-35). There are some other lacks that affect the growth of the economic sector of food tourism. They are inadequate quality of local food, inconsistent supply of local food, global competition, and lack of availability of market outlets. All of these things are barriers in the economic sector. Inadequate quality of local food causes a disappointment to the customer. So the market should have good quality of product so that it could be able to stand with other competitors (Mwaijande & Francis, 2007: 35). the relationship between food and tourism has until recently been relatively overlooked by academics, policy-makers and communities alike. However, food is now recognized as one of the fastest growing aspects of tourism today (Steinmetz, 2010:72-73). Marketing points to a way to improve food tourism in Tabriz. If the marketing mix (product, price, distribution or Place and promotion) of each product is good and accessible to the customer, the product can meet customer and seller demand. If Tabriz's restaurants and hotels properly apply the marketing mix in their strategies, treat customers with respect and offer them quality food, they can be effective in developing the food tourism sector of the city. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of marketing role on food tourism development in Tabriz city, whether hotel and restaurant managers perform activities in this field and whether they consider tourist satisfaction.In this research, to investigate the role of marketing in food tourism from the viewpoint of restaurant managers, a researcher-made questionnaire with 32 Likert-point scale questionnaires was completed and completed by managers of 20 famous and hospitable restaurants in Tabriz who were selected in a full-scale manner. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM). The variables of the model of surveying the role of marketing from the viewpoints of restaurant managers were extracted from the conclusions of previous studies.Discussion and Results Rejecting the Positive and Significant Impact of Distribution Marketing Mix on Food Tourism Development Factors: Considering the Confidence Gain from Model Evaluation Results, the role of restaurant managers in evaluating food tourism is 0/913. There was no significant relationship between the mix of distribution marketing and food tourism development factors.Rejecting the Positive and Significant Effect of Price Marketing Mix on Food Tourism Development Factors: Considering the Confidence from the Evaluation Results of the Model Evaluating the Role of Marketing in Food Tourism from Restaurant Managers' Viewpoint is 0/300. There is no significant relationship between the mix of price marketing and food tourism development factors.Rejecting the Positive and Significant Effect of Product Marketing Mix on Food Tourism Development Factors: Considering the Confidence from the Results of Model Evaluation, Investigation of the Role of Marketing in Food Tourism by Restaurant Managers is 0/207. There is no significant relationship between product marketing mix variables and food tourism development factors.Failure to rule out the positive and significant effect of promotion marketing mix on food tourism development factors: Considering the confidence interval obtained from the results of model evaluation, the role of marketing managers in food tourism is 0/008. There is a significant relationship between the marketing mix of promotion marketing and food tourism development factors. Also, due to the positive coefficient of the variable obtained, the effect of the promotional marketing mix variable on the factors of food tourism development is positive. The path coefficient value is 0/534 indicating that by increasing one unit of promotion marketing mix, food tourism development factors will increase by 0/55 unit.So that, the results of the model investigation of the role of marketing in food tourism from the viewpoint of restaurant managers showed that in this model of marketing promotion mix with path coefficients of 0/534 had the most impact on food tourism development factors, respectively.Conclusions In this model, promotion marketing mix has the most impact on the factors of food tourism development. Therefore, it can be concluded that the results of this study are to some extent consistent with the results of the external research of Khanam et al., Food tourism marketing in Finland, and that the marketing of food tourism in the study area makes tourists aware of local cuisine. And it attracts more tourists and marketing is important in the development of food tourism. And according to internal research done by Liyaqati et al in an article entitled The Role and Influence of Marketing Mix Elements on Iranian Pomegranate Exports, Price Marketing Mix had the Most Impact on Save Pomegranate Exports, but in the present study the promotion marketing mix had the most impact on the development of food tourism. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78574.html Extended AbstractThis study presents a structural model to investigate the most important geopolitical concepts and categories influencing Russia’s relations with America and the European Union in the Syrian crisis considering these concepts and categories’ importance and relevance with each other.IntroductionThe Syrian crisis, which began in 2011 as a result of disputes between the Assad government and his internal opposition, has had a profound impact on the conditions of the world geopolitical system. The purpose of the present study is to identify the geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the model of Russian geopolitical relations as a supporter of the Assad government with the US and the European Union as supporters of groups opposed to the Assad government in the Syrian crisis. For this reason, this study tries to find the most important geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the model of trans-regional power relations in this crisis, considering the importance and relevance of these concepts and categories to each other. To answer the research question, we will proceed with the following hypothesis the basis of which will be explained in the research methodology section.The model of Russia's geopolitical relations with the US and the European Union as trans-regional powers present in the geopolitical crisis of Syria seems to be influenced by geographical factors, ideological factors, geopolitical codes, geo-strategic factors, geo-economic factors, conditions of regional geo-economic system and the conditions of the world geopolitical system.Research MethodologyThe method of this study is mixed in nature (qualitative-quantitative) and exploratory in terms of purpose. Also taxonomy and modeling was the basis for methodology of this study. The qualitative part of the research is carried out using the grounded theory based on the emerging themes of Strauss and Corbin. Structural equation modeling with partial least squares method (PLS-SEM) and Smart PLS 3 software have been used in the quantitative phase.Results and discussionThe World Geopolitical SystemThe world geopolitical system with a path coefficient of 0.823 in the tested model has the greatest impact on the competitive model of Russian interference with the US and Europe in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, which includes concepts of Syria's importance in the geopolitical strategy of world powers and world powers competition.Geostrategic factorsGeostrategic factors with a path coefficient of 0.812 in the tested model of the model of trans-regional power relations in the Syrian geopolitical crisis are considered to be the second important factor that includes the concepts of Syria's military importance and the importance of its communication route.Geopolitical codesThe geopolitical codes in the model tested with the path coefficient of 0.789 are the third factor influencing the formation of competitive geopolitical models of trans-regional powers intervention in the Syrian geopolitical crisis; this factor, in the qualitative model of geopolitical relations of Trans-regional powers in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, includes concepts of domestic policy and foreign policy.The regional geopolitical systemThe regional geopolitical system with a path coefficient of 0.768 is the fourth influential factor in the model of Russia’s relations with America and the EU in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, which includes concepts of trans-regional powers' relations with regional powers as well as the competition of the regional powers in the Syrian geopolitical crisis.Geographical factorsGeographic factors with path coefficient of 0.747 are the fifth effective variable in the tested model of trans-regional power relations in the Syrian geopolitical crisis, which includes the geographical and relative position of Syria, the migration concepts, the boundary and territorial concepts and the ethnicity concepts. Ideological factorsAccording to the tested model of research, the sixth effective variable in the model of competitive geopolitical relations of trans-regional powers interventions in the Syrian geopolitical crisis are ideological factors with path coefficient of 0.741 which are formed of religious and discourse concepts.Geo-economic factors According to the tested model of the research, geo-economic factors with path coefficient of 0.732 are the last effective factor in the model of competitive-geopolitical interference of trans-regional powers in the Syrian geopolitical crisis; this variable, in the qualitative research model, includes Energy sources and economic concepts.ConclusionThe geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the research model are the result of the reciprocal relations of geographical factors and values, the factor of politics and power, which are related to the geopolitical interests of the trans-regional powers present in the Syrian crisis. These geographical concepts and categories, in addition to having a direct impact on the model of Russia’s relations with America and the European Union in the Syrian crisis, are also interconnected and affect one another. Understanding these concepts and categories are possible within a structural model taking into account their importance and relationship with Each other. It should be noted, however, that over time, the importance of geographical and geopolitical categories in the model of regional and trans-regional power relations in the Syrian geopolitical crisis may be reduced or increased, and their order may change.The geographical and geopolitical concepts and categories influencing the relations of Russia, American, and the European Union in the Syrian crisis show that in addition to being an internal crisis between the Assad government and his internal opponents, this crisis has become a geopolitical crisis and a context of power relations between foreign powers which is influenced by Russia’s relations with America and European Union at the level of trans-regional powers. Also, given the importance of these geographical concepts and categories for these powers, they seek to manage and control the crisis rather than resolve it in order to maximize their use of the Syrian crisis for their geopolitical purposes and interests; This crisis has become one of the longest contemporary geopolitical crises in the world geopolitical system, and political and diplomatic efforts have failed to find a solution for it. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78607.html Extended AbstractIntroductionDisability as biological and social phenomena,a fact that all communities, regardless of the level of development, both industrial and non-industrial countries are facing it. People with disabilities, are part of the community, just like others, requires access to and use of public facilities and services, also daily statistics population middle-aged and elderly people who form a group of motor impairments are added. Therefore, attention to urban public services and socio-cultural factors for the needs of the disabled, one of the needs of the community,especially Iranian society after the imposition war add the number of disabled the community and consequently, needs to be more attention. Requirements for growth and development of communities, creating space and urban infrastructure appropriate for all public services and centers and the role of socio-cultural factors in cities(for example, the look society's to the disabled) for more mobility and easier access,they are very important. Also the priority meeting the needs of the disabled by accessing and using public facilities and services In cities must be considered.But there are some obstacles, especially in design, architecture and urban planning, many urban spaces lack the necessary conditions to meet the needs of people with disabilities. Obviously, the presence of disabilities in the city is an early step towards activating this group in human and social activities; that is, in employment, leisure and recreation, educational, professional and commercial activities from the social and economic point of view. Therefore, it is quite logical that urban spaces should be designed and built in such a way to move disabled people to move easily and with minimum energy expended done.MethodologyThe method of this research is applied in terms of purpose,it is based on a descriptive and analytical method. The aim of this study was to evaluate are influential the performance of some of the indicators of public services and socio-cultural factors on the disabled community in the port city of mahshahr. Accordingly, a questionnaire was developed to measure some of the indicators of socio-cultural factors and urban services and between 260 disabled person was in region distributed by simple random sampling. After collecting, questionnaires were evaluated by Fuzzy Chang method and single sample T-test.Results and discussionDisability as a biological and social phenomenon is a fact that affects all communities both industrial and non-industrial, regardless of the level of development. Additionally, the number of the middle-aged and old people who form the disabled population has increased. Therefore, people with disabilities as citizens of society have rights and rights that should be paid attention to among these are the refurbishment of urban spaces and as well as the social and cultural are factors that affect in this stratum the cities, so that the inadequacy of different urban spaces for people disabilities easy access to places and spaces needed It faces numerous problems and bottlenecks and on the other hand, society's view of these people if they consider disability a kind of restriction It destroys their social and cultural rights in urban society. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of some of the indicators of urban services and socio-cultural factors on the disabled community in the port city of mahshahr. total of 11 criteria and 24 sub-criteria and their analysis was determined by single-sample t-test and chang's fuzzy expansion office staff behavior, street curbs and passageways, sidewalks, institutions, parks and office stairs respectively. Although the disabled people were less dissatisfied with the condition of job factors, sport facilities and parking.ConclusionPersons with disabilities are among the strata that providing access needs for them requires using special measures and arrangements and is considered as a prerequisite for other job services, such as educational, health, recreational, sports and welfare. Due to the ignorance to the problems of the disabled in urban environments, a large part of society is deprived of social presence and will also be considered socially disabled. Therefore, there should be paid enough attention to the needs of these groups. By a multi-criteria questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale the disabled community of port city of mahshahr was asked that to evaluation, some utilities and socio-cultural factors affecting this community based on of values Excellent to very poor. Then by coding the answers, based on the average value and One-Sample Test With 95% confidence level was that is the result of the components, office staff behavior, street curbs and passageways, sidewalks, institutions, parks and office stairs respectively. Although the disabled people were less dissatisfied with the condition of job factors, sport facilities and parking. The results of the component analysis and sub-components of Chang's fuzzy expansion method also indicate this and show the highest degree of satisfaction to the lowest level of satisfaction office staff behavior, street curbs and passageways, sidewalks, institutions, parks and office stairs respectively. Although the disabled people were less dissatisfied with the condition of job factors, sport facilities and parking. The present research tries to investigate some indicators of municipal services as well as some social and cultural factors affecting the disabled community in the city of Mahshahr with a theoretical and field approach. According to internal and external research related to the subject, it can be acknowledged that this research has been done in two ways) T-test and Fuzzy Chang and their comparisons have been used for the components that might be different in its kind from other researches but undoubtedly have drawbacks. Finally it can be said The results are in one-sample test and Chang's fuzzy expansion method In terms of severity not satisfied with disabilities criteria and sub-criteria has been confirmed.Key wordsUrban Services, Socio-cultural factors, Disabled Community, Fuzzy Chang Expansion Method, Port City of Mahshahr. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78730.html Extended AbstractIntroduction The growing extent of worn-out urban fabric is one of the most important challenges facing developing countries. The problems in worn-out tissues are multidimensional, and the roots of these problems can be traced to the social, economic, cultural, and managerial dimensions of these tissues. The majority of special projects for the renovation and improvement of worn-out urban structures in Iran have not achieved their goals due to insufficient attention to the capacity and strengths of these weavers.Therefore, regeneration as the main and newest approach of urban restoration and protection based on accurate analysis of the situation of a target area, simultaneous adaptation of physical texture, social structure, economic foundation and environmental status of an area is followed. The need for neighborhood residents to participate in the implementation of projects and their cooperation to achieve the goals of the projects, has become one of the most important challenges in policy-making and urban management planning, so that instead of focusing only on planning, the physical location It is process-oriented, interaction-oriented, and step-by-step, and the view of planning and management from bottom to top, based on an emphasis on existing human resources, has become increasingly important. Therefore, the goal of prioritizing participatory intervention is to try as much as possible to consider the public participation in entering the worn-out context. Attention to worn-out and old tissues and the elimination of their instability has become a serious and central issue, as it has led the relevant organizations to try to organize and recreate these tissues.Methodologythe present study is applied in terms of practical purpose and based on descriptive-analytical research plan and in terms of nature, based on new methods of pa rticipatory planning, it is considered as an analysis that uses a combination of spatial and statistical analysis to provide an experimental model of The role of grassroots communities is in the process of recreation. The study area of the whole worn-out texture of Urmia, including historical texture, middle texture and worn marginal texture, is selected according to the extent of the study area in each texture of the priority areas for recreation using Topsis technique. In the priority areas of the residents of each user, by obtaining the degree of adaptability, dependence and efficiency of their property, they decide to recreate the property with the worst level of efficiency by obtaining a permit from the municipality. After people are involved in the process of recreating per capita, the required land use in priority areas is close to the standard per capita, so this model can achieve land recycling by considering the factors of recycling.Results and discussionAfter running the model the green space per capita land use model in block 7 of the old texture from 0.34 to 0.47, the per capita educational use has increased from 0.46 to 1.53 and the per capita therapeutic use has increased from 0.13 to 0.364. The average per capita green space has increased from zero to 0.37, education from 1.6 to 1.865 and sports use from zero to 0.137. In the marginal context (Islamabad) per capita green space from zero to 0.452 educational from 0.52 to / 978 0, sports increased from zero to 0.0985 and treatment from 0.18 to 0.23 and the per capita commercial use decreased due to its high per capita supply for other uses. Therefore, by implementing the per capita model, the required land uses in the study areas have approached the standard per capita So far, countless methods have been used for citizen participation in recreating and organizing the worn-out fabric and managing the affairs of cities, but in practice, they have not had the necessary and comprehensive content and the process of participation in practice has not been institutionalized .if effective motivational factors are provided as well as a trusting atmosphere, most people and certain sections will be associated with the process of re-creation, in the end, there will be a few who are not willing to accompany and participate in the re-creation for any reason. In order to attract 100% participation of the people and the private sector, it is necessary to provide several fields efficiently and effectively.ConclusionThe dynamic system of the city is constantly changing, and in the meantime, problems such as poverty, disorganization, and environmental pollution have changed the face of some cities and given a different color and smell from the past, which indicates the decline and wear and tear. He sits on them. However, in the absence of serious and rapid management policies and measures in the improvement and modernization of such tissues, not only will their problems not be solved, but the process of burnout in these tissues will always be accelerated. Therefore, one of the most important policies that can be proposed for such tissues is regeneration. From the issues raised, it can be concluded that for a successful regeneration of worn tissues, it is necessary to pay attention to all dimensions, because comprehensive solutions must be provided so that while solving a problem in one dimension, it does not create problems for other dimensions of tissue. In fact, it should be possible to provide multi-purpose solutions as much as possible, thereby strengthening the quality of life of Baft residents. Regarding the worn texture of Urmia, the characteristics of different dimensions of the texture were studied and the problems in it were largely intertwined and interrelated, which should be considered in providing responsive and practical solutions. Also to express this complexity and Entanglement The role of social capacities in recreating land use change has been used. The main result of this research is the implementation of using new methods in the realization of the regeneration process. Keyword: Regeneration، dysfunctional urban fabric،popular and local capacities، participatory planning،Urmia city https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78791.html The Role of Greenhouse Farming on the Sustainable Livelihood of Rural FamiliesCase Study: Daland Township, the City of RamianIntroductionConsidering the provision of artificial conditions of production, neutralizing the environmental factors, elevating the quality of products and making optimized use of limited water, soil, energy, fuel and agricultural input resources, greenhouse farming is specifically important in promotion of agricultural processes and evolution of rural economy. The important thing in the rural agriculture is sustainable livelihood of residents, because the income of farming directly affects the lives of rural families. The objective of this survey is to study the role of greenhouse farming on the sustainable livelihood of Daland Township in the city of Ramian. In the studied region, this type of farming already exists in small and traditional units; therefore, considering the agricultural capacities of the region, development and propagation of greenhouse farming can be followed more seriously, and enabling the villagers requires further efforts. Hence, this survey tries to find answers for these questions: is there any relationship between natural powers and development as well as propagation of greenhouse farming? Is there any relationship between development of greenhouse farming and improvement of economic and social factors of rural families? Is there any relationship between development of greenhouse farming and elevation of physical factors of rural families?MethodologyIn terms of objective, this survey is applied and in terms of nature, it is descriptive-analytical. Statistical population of this survey is all 6188 families in Daland Township; and by the use of Cochrane’s formula, 365 householders were selected as the sample size to fill out the questionnaires. Mann-Whitney and Independent T tests were used to analyze data in SPSS software; and ArcGis software was used for preparing the maps. The statistical population of this study includes 6188 families settled in the rural regions of Daland Township. Out of this population, 365 householders were selected by the use of Cochrane’s formula as the sample size to fill out the questionnaires, and their replies were analyzed. Questionnaires were distributed in the studied villages by the use of simple random method. The householders were evaluated in two main groups i.e. villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming. Validity of questionnaires was approved by university professors and experts of rural planning. For measuring the reliability of questionnaires, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used which was achieved as 83%. Considering the research hypotheses, the research variables also were designed and analyzed as natural, economic, social and physical powers. Findings and discussionIn order to achieve the objectives of hypothesis 1 in the survey (relationship between natural powers and development and propagation of greenhouse farming) and considering the type of present indexes in the natural factor, Mann Whitney test was used. Considering the quantity of Mann Whitney statistic and significance level of natural powers variable (independent variable) on the dependent variable (development and propagation of greenhouse farming), the research hypothesis is approved. In relation to the role of greenhouse farming development on the sustainable livelihood of rural families in Daland Township, there is a significant relationship between development of greenhouse farming and different economic and social aspects. According to non-parametrical Mann Whitney scale, comparison of the mean values of economic indexes between the two groups of villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming show that there is significant relationship in the items of income increase in the agriculture sector, satisfaction level with income increase in the agriculture sector, variety of products in different seasons, and satisfaction level with variety of products in different seasons. Also, there is no significant relationship between the items of increase in the efficiency of products and consistent production of them, and satisfaction level with efficiency increase of products. Comparing the effectiveness level of social factors between the two groups (villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming) by the use of non-parametric Mann Whitney scale showed significant difference between the items of participation level and interest in decision-making and executive activities in villages, investment safety on greenhouse farming in the villages, increase of correlation and social solidity between villagers, and preference of starting business in the villages rather than in the city in the field of greenhouse farming. There is a significant relationship between the two groups of villagers with greenhouse farming and villagers without greenhouse farming in the items of financial participation, physical participation and consultation participation. Evaluation and analysis of people’s participation in preparation and implementation of development plans showed that compared to villagers without greenhouse farming, villagers with greenhouse farming had higher levels of participation. In order to achieve the objectives of the third hypothesis of the survey (the relationship between greenhouse farming development and elevation of physical-skeletal factors of rural families), considering the type of indexes in the physical-skeletal factors, Mann Whitney scale has been used. Comparing the effectiveness level of physical-skeletal factors between two groups of villagers (with greenhouse farming and without greenhouse farming) by Mann Whitney non-parametric scale show significant difference between items of easy access to neighborhood villages and city, easy access to transportation vehicles, and satisfaction level with disposal of surface waters in the village.ConclusionThe survey results show that there is 95% significant relationship between natural powers and development of greenhouse farming because of climate conditions, land fertility, etc. There is also significant relationship between development of greenhouse farming and improvement of economic factors (income increase, variety of products, etc.), social factors (participation of villagers, investment safety, etc.), and elevation of skeletal factors of villager families (easy access, easy transportation, etc.). The results show that by the use of statistical scales, up to 95% significant difference was observed between the studied indexes in the two groups of families with greenhouse farming and families without greenhouse farming. Therefore, the suggested solutions are providing financial and training supports, insuring greenhouses, implementation of hydroponic systems, and presenting new and reformed inputs. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78841.html Extended AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the pathology of continuous management of urban reconstruction with a state-level, top-down, hierarchical and non-participatory, lack of communication and interaction in urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. There are 34 characters in this network and in fact determine the social boundary of the network. A total of 1122 transmissions can occur in this network, of which only 271 occur (roughly a quarter), indicating the network's weakness and the lack of cooperation of communication networks from sustainable urban regeneration. The link between information and collaboration between the organizations studied (37%) was low and the network was in policy, coordination, management (planning, monitoring and evaluation) indicators, implementation, instrumentation, central and hierarchical facilities.MethodologyThis research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used. There are 34 characters in this network and in fact determine the social boundary of the network. A total of 1122 transmissions can occur in this network, of which only 271 occur (roughly a quarter), indicating the network's weakness and the lack of cooperation of communication networks from sustainable urban regeneration.Results and discussionThe link between information and collaboration between the organizations studied (37%) was low and the network was in policy, coordination, management (planning, monitoring and evaluation) indicators, implementation, instrumentation, central and hierarchical facilities. urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.ConclusionUrban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. For this purpose, the analysis of social networks and indicators of size, density, network center, reproduction, transmission, and the shortest distance between the two macro level activators were used.Urban regeneration and transfer to participatory collaboration among actors in urban management (government, market, public sector, Private, civil society and citizens) with a communicative, cooperative, interactive and discursive governance model for sustainable urban regeneration. With the advent of actions and the writing of communication with the sovereignty of the network, the Twin approach has emerged as the network communications management in modern management. The method of research is combination (quantitative and qualitative). Observations, interviews and questionnaires were used. This research aims to identify structural patterns of relations between the 34 formal and informal organizations associated with sustainable urban regeneration. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_78927.html Analysis of the quality of the residential environment and its effective components in rural areas (Case Study: Gharabagh district - Shiraz County)Extended AbstractIntordation:The issue of the quality of the residential environment is one of the most important issues in the process of sustainable rural development. In recent years, this topic has been the focus of academic researchers and environmental planners. Since any planning and formulation of sustainability policies aimed at improving the quality of rural residential environment requires identifying and analyzing the status quo, this research tries to identify and analyze this issue. Indicators are the most important criteria for identifying and measuring the quality of a residential environment. So far, various indices based on Physical - spatial conditions have been presented in scientific research. The first attempt of this research was to identify and document the indices and indicators of the quality of the residential environment based on the environmental conditions of the study area. By identifying the indicators, the aim is to answer the following questions. A) What is the quality level of living environment in the studied rural settlements? B) What is the relationship between respondents' contextual variables (age, education, residence, income and cost satisfaction, and job satisfaction) with their assessment of the quality of the residential environment? C) Which of the components of the quality of the residential environment has the most impact on sense of place component?Methodology:The present study is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical. Documentary content analysis method was used to formulate theories and obtain research indicators and indicators. In this study, a questionnaire was developed by the researcher. The indices are based on the viewpoints of 20 academic professors and 15 rural researchers in the field of scientific documentation. In the present study, the level of analysis of the village and the unit of analysis of hous eholds residing in the village. The sample size was 195 households. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.Results and discussion:Results of identifying indices of quality of living environment based on the opinion of university professors and researchers in the field of rural studies 62 indicators in the form of 6 major indicators (enjoyment and access to services and facilities, people and social relations, security and peace, body and architecture, space Housing and Environmental Health Unit) as the basis for the analysis.Findings regarding the status of residential environment quality indicated that the highest average value (3.6) and standard deviation (1.1) belonged to the indicator of having good memories of the village and the lowest average value was 1.77 and The standard deviation of 14/1 is for the public service indicator (gas station, fire station, etc.).The calculated coefficient of variation indicates that the lowest difference is related to the housing facility and the highest difference is to the public service indicator (gas station, fire station, etc.). In sum, a survey of average ratings in terms of 6 key components of the quality of the residential environment shows that the lowest and highest mean values were related to the components of access to services and facilities (2.45) and the people-relationships component, respectively. Social (equal to 3.33). Also, based on the calculated coefficient of variation, the component of people and social relations has the least dispersion and the environmental health component with the coefficient of variation equal to 0.39, has the highest dispersion and difference. ConclusionThe results showed that except for two components: public relations and residential space, the other components are in poor and below average condition and the indicators of quality of living environment are lower than average. Zadeh and Alizadeh, 2013; Qadermarzai, Zare Moghani and Ziyari, 2013; Peasant Research, 1398.The results showed that except for two components: public relations and residential space, the other components are in poor and below average condition and the indicators of quality of living environment are lower than average. Zadeh and Alizadeh, 2013; Qadermarzai, Zare Moghani and Ziyari, 2013; Peasant Research, 1398. The results also showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between major indices of quality of residential environment in the study area. Other findings of the study showed a significant relationship between the variables of age, income satisfaction, education and length of stay with residents' assessment of the quality of their residential environment. In other words, people who had higher age, income, length of stay and education than those with lower levels of these variables rated the quality of their living environment more favorably.In this regard, the results of regression indicate significant effect of contextual variables on income, age and education satisfaction on residents' evaluation of the quality of rural environment. This part of the results is in line with the results of Hassan Research, 2003; Huang & Dave, 2015 ; Lin & Lee, 2017 ; Khatouni Abadi, Saberi & Ebrahimi, 2011 ; Dehghani, 1398 . Finally, considering the results obtained in order to improve the quality of the residential environment in the study area, the following suggestions are offered: 1) Improving the status of facilities and services in rural areas: Surveys showed that among the six indicators studied, the index of enjoyment and access to services and facilities is less favorable; 2) Promoting environmental health in rural areas through measures such as landfill collection, etc., planning for the disposal of surface water and runoff ; 3) attention to the promotion of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rural housing ; 4) Supervision of construction in rural areas; 5) Consider public participation in the preparation and formulation of physical development plans that can have an effective role in enhancing the quality of the residential environment.Keywords: Validation, Quality of residential environment, Rural Development,, County, Shiraz. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79025.html Extended AbstractToday, with rising of population in the cities, especially large and middle cities in our country the demand for municipal services has also increased. But due to the economic- political structure of the country speed of responding to the needs has been always slower than their growth. Then in most of the cities providing facilities and public services has not been as rapid as the growth in population and beside the existing shortcomings in providing municipal services, incorrect locating and their inconsistency with municipal texture created many problems in providing these services. One of these important services in cities is sanitary-therapeutic services which paying attention to their fair distribution is necessary. In the present study with a " comparative, descriptive - analytic" approach we made attempt in addition to evaluating the distribution and dispersion estate of sanitary - therapeutic service centers in Miandoab, and identifying underserved areas of the city, according to to locating criteria and standards and using Analytical Hierarchy Process techniques (AHP), determine place ‌ priority of development of these spaces in the five areas of Miandoab city.IntroductionUniversal access to urban services and social justice, ruled that a city can equal all classes of health services - therapeutic benefit. Accordingly, the study of the spatial distribution and identify priorities for health services - health as a measure of sustainable urban development, especially in the Miandoab city, few studies have been done on this issue of high importance, and could herald future. Miandoab as a central city with high immigrant and vast rural invironmental always many challenges in terms of health care is facing. Therefore, however, it appears that per capita health is not mentioned proportional share of the proposed comprehensive plans and detailed internal and external standards development. In addition, the distribution and the spatial distribution of health services - the health of the city as well as balance and imbalance has been seen in the space between these areas. MethodologyIn this study the present situation sanitary - therapeutic services centers in the Miandoab city quantitatively (level, per capita, extent and function of radius), and the quality was studied. To examine the status sanitary - therapeutic services centers, including analysis of existing GIS data analysis using standard radius Centers were set. With respect to the components under study, dominant approach to the study of "comparative, descriptive - analytical" that results from it will be applied. The research sample is Miandoab five areas that the distribution and dispersion of health services - Therapeutic examined. And spatial development sanitary - therapeutic services centers located on eight criteria using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is specified. To gather preliminary data from a combination of documentary and field studies (observations and interviews) used And software excel, Expert choice and ArcGIS and Arc map to statistical analysis, mathematical and graphical representation and visual results of the study have been helped. The spatial development priorities sanitary - therapeutic services centers both manually and using the method of AHP was carried Expert choice software The results from both methods show the same situationResults and DiscussionGiven that the majority of sanitary - therapeutic services centers Miandoab city so location that First most of them near the sick applications such as industrial users and the industry have been disturbed, Secondly, the range of services with overlapping, And also in some areas in the northern and southern parts of the minimal sanitary facilities - therapeutic services centers do not have access to it. Hence, in this study we tried to use the technique, analytic hierarchy (AHP) ‌ spatial priorities of sanitary - therapeutic services centers in five key areas we identified in Miandoab. Criteria for locating sanitary - therapeutic services centers properties of according to Miandoab, and according to previous theoretical and adaptation, land near the center of the area, proximity to fire stations, access to roads networks classy, space and facilities industrial site, adjacent to green space, the slope of the area, population density were determined. Options in this study were five areas in Miandoab. In this study, we tried to also evaluate the distribution of sanitary - therapeutic services centers Miandoab city, a place of priority development areas of the city, these spaces can determine.ConclusionThe results showed that in 1380, per capita sanitary - therapeutic land use of Miandoab 0/75 mm, respectively. This amounted to about 0/93 square feet less than the lowest per capita standard of Housing and Urbanization priministry Development and a detailed proposal for the city (1/68 mm). Despite very low per capita sanitary - therapeutic services centers in Miandoab, and distribution as well as the amount of available space in a balanced and proportionate to the size and population of the urban areas and therefore is not appropriate for the optimal distribution of City sustainable development. The difference between the areas with the lowest and highest per capita more than 5 times and the exact value is 5.03 mm. During the years 1380 to 1390, per capita sanitary - therapeutic of the city, and had a slow growth of per capita from 0/75 square meters in 1380 to 0/86mm at 1390 is reached. Along with the increase in per capita sanitary - therapeutic of the city, an imbalance in the enjoyment of these spaces in urban areas has also increased. Still far from reaching the country's per capita proposed detailed design and standards. Results showed that the first priority of Miandoab city, end up with a score of 0/385, most points allocated to sanitary - therapeutic services centers of the treatment of the city. Areas, three, two and four, respectively, with scores of 0/278, 0/175 and 0/100 in the rankings are next. The five lowest scores (0/061) has into account and thus place the lowest priority to the development of sanitary - therapeutic services centers. Inconsistency index compared to the priority areas of the city shows the characteristics of the results of this study in terms of logic and hierarchical analysis technique both in terms of external reality in Miandoab is logical and reasonable. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79063.html Introduction:As in countries such as the US, the former Soviet Union, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, etc., even a country like Switzerland, which maintained neutrality during both world wars, has steadily accelerated into inertial defense. In this regard, one of the key branches that plays a major role in completing passive defense goals is the use of urban planning and its rules and principles. Passive defense is actually a reduction in financial losses and injuries sustained by civilians in war or from natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, storms, fires and droughts. Since the main focal point of user-centered operations is urban areas, cities are immediately in a state of emergency with the onset of a major incident, and the city's activities can be removed from its normal state and close to the critical state. Urban utilities, part of which are critical and critical infrastructures of the country and national capital, and other parts of the centers of production, distribution and provision of urban services such as reservoir and city water supply, city electricity facilities, telecommunication center, gas facilities, emergency fire department Etc., including public spaces in the city and region, have been less studied. So when it comes to invasion, attack, war, and natural and humanitarian crises in urban areas, there are no doubt that some uses are more important than other uses, and medical uses and hospitals must be of that type. These utilities, which are part of the city's emergency services infrastructure, not only directly affect the lives and lives of the people but also their desirable functioning and impact on the sense of security of citizens has an important impact and, if damaged, not only save The lives of injured people are at risk, but the turmoil and insecurity of the absence of such centers in the city will add to the problems of managers and officials. The city of Bukan is one of the cities that has not played a role in locating critical and sensitive uses of inactive defense considerations. The existence of such a disadvantage in designing and planning the optimal use of sensitive urban services, including health care, would be a cause of the war and would result in an increase in human casualties and turmoil. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of Bukan Medical Centers with an emphasis on passive defense approach.Methodology:The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with the purpose of application. In the present study, the Krijing interpolation model and kernal density were used to map population density and heath area. Then, to show distribution pattern (cluster, random and dispersed) of health centers, the average of the nearest neighbor and finally to measure the distribution of geographical directions from standard distance and elliptical standard deviation is used. To illustrate the analysis of citizens' access to treatment cabinets, buffers with a radius of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 meters were drawn up. Results and discussion:The analysis of the distribution pattern of Bukan's therapeutic use by using the nearest neighbor approach shows that the distribution pattern of therapeutic use in this city is clustered. Based on the numerical results, the mean of the observed distance is 349.51314 and the mean value of the expected interval is 465.45655858; therefore, the nearest neighbor ratio is equal to 0.75102, which indicates the cluster distribution of the therapeutic use within the range is a study. The standard score is also -2.85 and its value is 0.004266, which means a cluster distribution with a confidence level of 99%. The analysis of the standard distance between the concentration level and the dispersion of the medical centers in the city of Bukan shows that the highest therapeutic use is in the center of the city, and the middle and lower marginal areas are less well-equipped than the center. Such a concentration is in conflict with the principles of passive defense and at the time of the crisis, the urban management system faces a number of challenges. In the meantime, the lack of access to residents of the outlying areas of the city resulted in these additional services and led to an increase in human casualties.Conclusion:Passive defense is a non-mercenary set of measures that, in the face of any crisis, reduces the vulnerability of human resources, buildings, urban facilities and equipment and urban and regional arenas. This crisis can be natural (flood, earthquake, storm, fire and drought) or human (war). Although some experts point out that passive defense is limited to the damage caused by the war, but in this study, the concept of passive defense is a natural and human crisis. Considering that the population is an important factor in calculating per capita of major urban uses, including therapeutic use, the population density map was first drawn using the Kriging interpolation model. Results based on the Kriging model among the seven regions of Bukan showed that the primary nucleus of the city of Bukan has the highest population density and the surrounding area (the northern neighborhood of the city of Bukan) is considered to be the least congested urban area of Bukan. In a general summing up, regions of two and three components of areas with gross intermediate density, areas of four, five and seven have a high population density and areas one and six are of low population density. Due to the clustering of treatment centers, access has also been focused and this has interfered with the use of medical services. As a result of non-observance of the functional radius of the utilities, parts of the city are not covered by this function, and vice versa, areas of common coverage. For this reason, the uncovered parts cannot effectively utilize the services of the service users as well as the treatment centers. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79096.html Design of mountain eco-park based on landscape services(Case study: Shadab Mountain, Tarhan)IntroductionMountains are one of the most interesting features of the earth (Prigo, 315,2019; Fugin, 2016) which act as a source and bridge for species. As result, they are crucial for the survival and stability of many human societies (Prigo, 315,2019). Therefore, management of natural and environmental resources of mountains (Bonadona, 2017), should be considered cautious (Nepal et al., 314, 2005) without undermining sustainability (Darabi et al., 597,2019). Therefore, designing mountain eco-parks which all resources are interdependent (Gauss, 2006), and interaction and coordination between all activities can be a response to these challenges. Ecological design is one of the options to respond to these concerns while providing the ecosystem and landscape services. Landscape services are defined as goods and services provided by landscapes to meet human needs, directly or indirectly (Fabrizio, 368,2014; Galix, 273,2014). It seems that the benefits of landscape services that overlap with the characteristics of the Eco-park can provide a suitable basis for design of the eco-park by linking the design with the pattern and natural process (Galix, 273,2014). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to use landscape services as a basis of designing a mountain Eco-park.Materials and Method:A: Materials: The area of study is Grab mountain Eco-park which is located in Grab City. It is a part of Lorestan province in western Iran. This City is the center of Tarhan district of Kuhdasht and part of the Zagros Mountains. The area located 33.4739° N, 47.2374° E in term of geographical location (Fig. 1).Figure 1. Location of the area of studyB: Method:The research is done on base of following processes (Figure 2). Accordingly, this process consists of 6 steps. At first, landscape service indicators were selected according to the thematic literature and field study. Then, field surveys are done in 30 * 30 m parcels and basic maps were produced for each index in two categories: evaluation of quality of services and the context potential. After preparation of the potential and services maps, the indicators were weighted based on the AHP hierarchical evaluation process and overlaid separately by provision-production, regulation and socio-cultural services on the basis of following equation. They were re-overlayed and the final zoning was obtained.EVl=∑_(i-1)^n▒〖(wi×EVli)〗Then, after analyzing the limitations and facilities of the site in line with the design of the Eco-park, which ultimately leads to the design of the Eco-park in the framework of ecological design.ResultsBased on the first stage, potential and utility maps were produced. The outcomes are presented in the utility and potential maps. In continue, the maps were combined based on the research method, and finally, three zoning maps of provision-production, regulatory and socio-cultural services were obtained. The combination of three groups of landscape services together provides the final status of landscape services in the study area. The overlay is lead to the four main zones: weak zone, zone with the capability of provision-production services, zone with the capability of regulatory services and zone with the capability of socio-cultural services (Fig. 3).Figure 2. Final zoning of landscape servicesDiscussionThe important subject is:1- which sectors of target area is able to provide services and 2- what is the current state of service delivery. Therefore, the difference between the potential and the quality of the services in the area determines the intensity of the intervention.The result of the analysis identified four zones: 1) Weak zone: This zone is the weakest zone in terms of providing landscape services in all dimensions. Slope above 80% and being rocky are the main reasons for poor service delivery. Due to the high fragility of this area, any intervention in this area should be avoided.2) Zone with the capability of provision-production services: This zone consists of agricultural and barren lands. The zone for providing provision-production services is of relatively favorable condition and in relative proportion to the potential of the area. Therefore, efforts should be made to prevent the development of existing disturbances as much as possible and reduce them.3) Zone with the ability of regulatory services: This zone located in the mountain slope that mainly includes a set of regulatory services. Providing appropriate solutions to reduce environmental challenges and disturbances in the area is essential.4) Zone with the capability of cultural-social services: This zone which facing north, has very poor vegetation. The behavioral pattern of the people indicates a higher probability of the presence of users in this area. This area has the ability to provide good services, but, the poor services are provided. Therefore, intervention in this area seems necessary.Figure 3. Master plan of designed areaBased on spatial analysis and the principles of ecological design, the strategic plan of Eco-park has been presented. The proposed plan follows the natural structure. Moreover, an effort has been made to be adapted as possible to the spatial conditions. The access structure is a function of the morphology and topography of the site. The design of the spaces is based on the capacity and potential of the zones. Efforts have been made to respect nature, to provide a reasonable and identifying link between the environment and humans within an Eco-park (Fig. 3).Conclusion:Mountains are extremely vulnerable despite their ability to provide many services. Therefore, sustainability of mountain landscape requires recognizing the context and origin for vulnerability along with benefiting from. Therefore, after the studies carried out in the framework of landscape services, a basis has been provided for intervention in the form of Eco-park design. By zoning the disintegrated areas and focus on landscape integration, an Eco-park designed which will provide landscape services with emphasis on educational, recreational and environmental issues. Obviously, the work done covers only part of the whole, evaluating the feasibility, or evaluating and participatory design of such spaces and examining the limitations of the implementation are among the studies that can be done in the continuation of this work. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79098.html Extended AbstractIntroductionThe lack of attention to the issue of social justice in urban development has led to the emergence of affluent areas in contrast with impoverished sections within the cities. This has led to the formation of inequality in urban spaces and subsequently an increase in the social issues such as poverty, crime, insecurity and low environmental quality. Therefore, it is necessary the Phenomenon of social justice in urban spaces to be brought to the attention of urban planners and urban managers. In this respect, this research attempts to investigate the quality of urban public space among the different streets of Rasht, Iran from a social justice perspective.MethodologyIn this research, we are examining the quality of major streets in the city of Rasht (the largest city along the Caspian Sea shores in northern Iran), through classifying them in different clusters. Both quantitative and qualitative methods have been employed for data analysis to find out the level of the quality of streets and their difference among various parts of the city. The main data employed in this study comes from field data including direct observation, preparation of checklist and completion of questionnaires from the residents as well as record data from different organizations. We have used TOPSIS model for data analysis and GIS software for spatial analysis and mapping. After assessing the quality of urban space in each street, the difference among them (in the form of street clusters) and the level of resident satisfaction from their neighbourhoods (clusters) were determined. At the end, suggestions have been made to promote social justice and quality of urban spaces in the city of Rasht.Results and discussionBased on socio-economic situation of residential areas, first city of Rasht was divided into 11 relatively homogeneous clusters. Then the main streets in each cluster were selected based on their spatial, social and economic characteristics which included a total of 51 streets. To evaluate the spatial quality of streets we used 10 main criteria and 48 sub-criteria. The main criteria included: 1) quality of greenery, 2) interactions and social characteristics of space, 3) quality of furniture and environmental equipment, 4) quality of sidewalks, 5) accessibility to other parts of the city, 6) quality of activities on the margin of street, 7) identity and sense of belonging, 8) street safety, 9) quality of the building façade, 10) street signs and advertisements. Streets were evaluated based on the points they obtained in each criteria and in total in the evaluation process.Results of TOPSIS analysis showed that none of the classified clusters in Rasht has the highest urban space quality. Findings indicated that cluster 11, (Golsar district) which is a newly built and planned district in the north part of Rasht, has the closest proximity to the desired urban space. After Golsar, cluster 6 which encompasses the main part of central district of Rasht, has the highest quality of urban spaces. The central part of Rasht is considered the economic, social, historical and administrative heart of Rasht. The higher building quality, along with proper urban furniture and extensive social activities have made this section of the city very vibrant and attractive urban space. The mid town Cluster of 7 is the another high quality urban space with relatively newer neighborhoods contains many cultural, social and recreational spaces such as the biggest city park, sports complexes, educational uses. These features have made it an attractive place for many especially youth. Also because of the proximity to southern districts of the city, it provides services for them. As a result, the spatial qualities such as greenery, urban furniture, quality buildings and wider sidewalks have made this district a better urban space in Rasht. On the other hand, three districts (Clusters 1, 2 and 3) in the south part of the city mostly are occupied by low social class residents and contain the low quality streets and inappropriate urban infrastructure. These features have made them to have the lowest quality urban space in the city. Eastern districts which include clusters 4, 9 and 10 as well as clusters of 5 and 8 in the west part of the city which are relatively newly developed areas, have low to average quality of urban spaces in Rasht. In this research, we also assessed the residents' opinion about the overall quality of their districts and the city as a whole. We evaluated their opinion about the quality of their living streets with respect to four components of satisfaction, friendship with environmental, comfort and environmental aesthetic. Also residents’ views were assessed about their satisfaction about the whole city. Both assessments showed that Golsar district (cluster 11) has the highest quality in the city followed by central district (Cluster 6). On the other hand, the southern districts especially cluster 1, has the lowest quality of urban space which correlates with the Topsis results. ConclusionThis study revealed that there is a significant difference in the level of urban space quality among the streets of Rasht. This difference was recognized both through field observation and residents point of view. The inequality in the quality of public spaces in Rasht has led to the formation of a kind of social polarization in different parts of the city, so that Golsar as the affluent nighbourhood in the north part of the city has the highest quality of public spaces. On the other hand, the impoverished districts in the southern part of the city have the lowest quality of public spaces. In order to alleviate the inequalities of urban spaces among the different parts of the city, it is necessary for the urban planners and urban managers to put in priority the southern districts in development plans and upgrade the quality of their public spaces through the allocation of adequate funds for the improvement of urban infrastructure and promoting the existing social spaces for residents. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79268.html Extended AbstractEconomic activities in Mazandaran province have included traditional methods of agricultural production and exploitation of water resources for these activities but a new kind of production has been formed that is based on production to make a profit. The aim of this study is to use the production treadmill theory to examine the following questions: 1- What effect has the growth of agricultural production had on water resources? 2. What effect have workers had on water resources? 3. How have government agencies affected water resources? In this research, the documentary method has been used. The findings show that in this new type of operation, water resources are destroyed by newer technologies with greater depth, intensity and scope. The research results showed that the theory provides a good sociological explanation for the factors that destroy water resources.IntroductionIn Mazandaran province, agricultural and livestock production has existed since ancient times and these activities play an important role in its economy. So that from the total area of Mazandaran province, 470 thousand hectares are agricultural lands (370 thousand hectares of irrigated and 170 thousand hectares of rainfed, which in addition to the second irrigated and rainfed cultivation is 650 thousand hectares). In this province, 400 km of modern irrigation network with a cultivated area of 80,000 hectares, 763 dams with an area of 17,000 hectares and a reserve volume of 379 million cubic meters, as well as 7,000 km of rivers flowing in Mazandaran province, water is required. Provide agricultural activities.It is obvious that water plays an essential role in all agricultural, horticultural and animal husbandry activities, and any water problems will have important consequences at the regional and national levels. Although now 70 types of agricultural products and 22 products with the first rank of production in the country, are cultivated in the province and this is one of the reasons why Mazandaran is generally considered as an area without water problems, but the problems and challenges Diversity is related to the water situation in Mazandaran province. Among them: 1- During the last ten years, the potential of surface water resources in the province has decreased from 4.5 billion cubic meters to 3.8 billion cubic meters. 2- In Mazandaran province, more than 90% of the water that is controlled annually is used in the agricultural sector, which, considering that Mazandaran is the agricultural hub of Iran, accounts for a large part of the waste. 3- Mazandaran is one of the provinces with high consumption of chemical fertilizers, especially phosphate, which in addition to soil pollution, leads to the entry of chemical pollutants into water resources.In Mazandaran province, the destruction of water resources includes two types: 1- Water pollution caused by the discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater into water resources 2- Irregular withdrawal and out of capacity of water resources. The present article examines the following questions using Schneiberg's treadmill theory: 1- What effect does the growth of production and agriculture have on the water resources of Mazandaran?2- What effect do workers and residents of Mazandaran province have on Mazandaran's water resources?3- What is the effect of the government and government institutions on the water resources of Mazandaran?MethodologyIn this research, documentary method has been used to investigate the role of each factor of production in the destruction of water resources.Results and discussionThe production of the treadmill theory places the primary responsibility for environmental degradation on the competitive nature of capitalism and the role of government in facilitating industrial growth. This view, put forward by Schnaiberg, attributes economic growth to environmental pollution. The main claim of this approach is that the growing level of investment and accumulation in modern capitalist economies is one of the main drivers of environmental disorders.According to Schnaiberg's theory, the three main axes of destruction of water resources in Mazandaran province include the following axes:1-Manufacturing companies, agro-industries, livestock and poultry feed production and sales factories, etc., with the aim of increasing profits, to increase economic growth and increase agricultural production by increasing investment and the use of new agricultural technologies and thus increasing the speed and intensity of exploitation of water resources, also use a variety of fertilizers and pesticides on the other hand, these productive capitalists are supported by the government and workers because of job creation opportunities for workers, as well as due to the payment of taxes and the provision of government funding, and the destruction they cause in water resources is ignored by the other two axes. 2-The second axis is the group of workers, the local community and farmers, who on the other hand are affected by the bad conditions of water resources resulting from capitalist productive activities and on the other hand, they are affected by the bad economic conditions that affect the environmental demands and tendencies or their economic demands. This group sees the boom and increase in production as more job opportunities, and at the same time, they accept the greatest impact from the destruction of the province's water resources.3. The third axis is the government, which on the one hand is the intermediary between the two previous groups and must provide the economic conditions and grounds for job creation, and on the other hand is committed to protecting the environment and creating sustainable development. Which government fulfills its obligations depends on the economic, social and environmental conditions, and the economic and environmental pressures and demands of the other two groups will affect the government's actions and policies on water resources.ConclusionThe three main axes of water resources destruction in Mazandaran province, including:1- Manufacturing companies, agro-industries, factories producing and selling livestock and poultry feed that use water resources inappropriately in order to increase profits.2- Workers and the local community, where increased production sees more job opportunities.3- The government that is affected by economic and environmental pressures and demands.Keywords: Rural Areas, Production Treadmill Theory, Water Resources, Agricultural Activities, Industrial Production. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79367.html New Urbanism is the important planning movement in this century, and is about creating a better future for us all. It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live. New Urbanism is the revival of our lost art of place-making, and is essentially a re-ordering of the built environment into the form of complete cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoods-the way communities have been built for centuries around the world. New urbanism involves fixing and infilling cities, as well as the creation of compact new towns and villages. The principles of New Urbanism can be applied increasingly to projects at the full range of scales from a single building to an entire community. New Urbanists claim that the physical characteristics of new urbanism can lead to the development of a sense of place. According to this claim, the increase in social interaction also leads to an increase in sense of place among residents. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to recognize the effect of each of the principles of new urbanism on the increase of sense of place in Tehran's Haft- Houz neighborhood. MethodThis research is a fundamental research in terms of purpose. Also, due to the fact that its results can be used to solve urban planning problems in the Haft- Houz neighborhood and to promote the sense of place among residents, it is also functional research.Methodologically, this research is a descriptive and analytical research .The study used the researcher-made survey questionnaire as a principal tool for gathering data. At first, 20 questionnaires were distributed among the relevant experts and researchers. Then, based on their suggestions and opinions, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed. To standardize and validate the questionnaire, qualitative assessment was done using an expert panel and quantitative assessment was done using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Reliability assessment was done by a test–retest method and use of Cronbach's alpha. The result showed that the questionnaire has a high content and Face validity. Also on the basis of Cronbach's alpha reliability is high. The statistical population consists of residents of Haft Houz neighborhood, located in region 8 of Tehran city, according to the Iran population and housing census in 2016, it is 30401 people. The number of samples was obtained using Cochran method. According to the calculations, 321 individuals were sampled for study, but increased to 500 simple in order to achieve better results. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaire among the samples. To analyze the data, a multivariate regression model has been used because in this research we have 10 independent variables and 1 dependent variable. The data of these variables are numerical and relative. Results and discussionThe correlation(R) between independent and dependent variables is 0.88 and is high. Also, the determination coefficient (R square) indicates that 0.776 of the variation of dependent variable (sense of place) is related to the independent variables (ten principles of New Urbanism) studied in this research. From this, quality of life with a standardized coefficient of 0.636 has the greatest effect on sense of place.Also, in this study, the sustainability with a beta coefficient of 0.284, Walkability with beta coefficient of 0.282, green transportation with beta coefficient of 0.249, Quality Architecture & Urban Design with beta coefficient of 0.240, Connectivity with beta coefficient of 0.027, Mixed-Use & Diversity with beta coefficient of 0.072, Mixed Housing with beta coefficient of 0.069 and Traditional Neighborhood Structure with beta coefficient of 0.064 affect the sense of place in the Haft-Houz neighborhood. Also, the variable "high density" with a beta coefficient of -0.09 has a decreasing effect on the sense of place.The results of this study showed that, other than the component of increasing density, other components and principles of new urbanism have a positive effect on the sense of place in this Haft Houz Neighborhood. New urbanism through walkability, connectivity, Mixed-Use & Diversity, Traditional Neighborhood Structure, Quality Architecture & Urban Design, green transportation, sustainability, Mixed housing and quality of life have increased the sense of place among residents of Haft-Houz neighborhood. Based on this, we can use the principles of new urbanism in planning and urban design in neighborhoods to enhance the sense of place and identity. As the results showed, the principle of quality of life and sustainability had the greatest impact on the sense of place in the Haft-Houz neighborhood. These principles can be prioritized in urban planning. Other principles can be prioritized in terms of their impact.ConclusionAccording to research results, an adjustment can be made in new urbanism. So, instead of increasing the density, we must maintain balance. Because the high density may reduce the interest of residents to the place. Therefore, among the ten Principles of new urbanism, nine principles are acceptable for the planning and development of the Haft-Houz neighborhood. As a result, it can be said that new urbanism has an influence on the development of a sense of place in the Haft-Houz neighborhood in Tehran. This is a result based on the local conditions and views of the residents of Haft-Houz neighborhood in Tehran city. Other research in other neighborhoods may show different results, but the conditions of the neighborhood of Haft-Houz indicate that the neighborhood needs principles of new urbanism, but without high density. Every place should be designed for its own people. These are people who decide what they want and what they do not want. Therefore, people's desires should be decisive in choosing solutions and patterns of architecture and urban planning. In this context, new urbanism is no exception. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79401.html IntroductionRural governance is an approach against the rural government in the system of administration and control of rural affairs and is a process that is formed based on the interaction between organizations and official institutions of rural administration and organizations and problems of civil society and private sector. Good governance as a new concept in management Rural is important because in recent years the country has sought to implement a significant role for people's participation at all levels, including rural, and to create management mechanisms such as rural councils and rural councils. Good governance is one of the new approaches of the General Directorate of Rural Affairs in the transnational, national and local spheres. One of the regional dimensions of governance is local governance or rural management in both dimensions of supervisory management (councils) and executive management (Dehyar), which refers to the quality of rural affairs management. To analyze and evaluate the factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management. In both supervisory and executive oversight, this study seeks to analyze in detail the relationships between what is happening (activities, decisions, and arrangements) and what we expect to achieve (goals and values). There were features that both explained the resources and processes and included the effective result, which can be used to find the unknown and obscure aspects in practice, at which time we can say that good rural governance is a means to one or more goals. It is desirable that it can play an irreplaceable role in the life of rural communities.MethodologyIn this research, first, the required data have been collected, classified and organized, and then the obtained information has been analyzed using descriptive tables, graphs and statistics. In this study, the following statistical methods have been used:1) Methods of statistics Description: In the description of the collected data and information, the methods used are: frequency, mean, standard deviation.2) Inferential statistical methods: In this section, according to the research hypotheses, first from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (to determine whether the data is normal or abnormal) and if normal, Pearson correlation coefficient and paired t-test. , Was used by SPSS statistical software to prove the hypotheses. Library studies were used by Soomehsara Governor's Office regarding the information of the city's rural districts and rural management experts, statistical yearbooks, articles, specialized books, and information available in government organizations, including the Management and Planning Organization. Result and DiscussionEvaluation of performance and effectiveness variables in order to study rural management and good management shows that more than 70% of respondents averaged the amount of donors to the tasks of their organizational structures in relation to villages, 59.3% of respondents use the correct usage Dehyaran averages the available resources of the village, more than 48% of the respondents moderate the role of the effectiveness of Dehyaran's actions and activities and continuous reduction of village expenses by Dehyaran in institutionalizing culture, more than 40% the role of village managers in preserving natural resources And highly evaluated its optimal use. More than 70% of rural investment attraction, participation in paying attention to the deprived, pursuing development projects and informing the people are moderate and high. On the other hand, more than 65% of the people have commented on the opinions and suggestions of the villagers, the opinion of the people in choosing Dehyar and the existence of a long-term financial outlook for the village, contrary to the opinions of many middle and high managers.The results generally show that the presence and follow-up of villagers and other rural managers from the perspective of managers between 40 and 70 percent has a direct impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good management. More than 77% of the respondents moderated their contribution to the tasks of the organizational structures towards the villages, more than 70% of the respondents the effect of continuous reduction of village expenses by villagers in institutionalizing culture, improving the work process of the village and the satisfaction of the villagers was considered moderate and high. The standard deviation of less than one and the opinions of the villagers vary from very low to very high in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. From the perspective of managers in increasing the participation of villagers in good governance management and improving it in the village, more than 55% of the role of managers in encouraging and paying attention to women's participation in the village, attention to the deprived, pursuing development plans and informing the public And more than 50 percent of them have considered the impact of paying attention to the opinions and suggestions of the villagers, the opinion of the people in choosing Dehyar and the existence of a long-term financial outlook for the village. According to Pearson correlation test, there is a significant relationship between the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance and improving management and governance. The relationship between these two variables is direct and the coefficient of t-test. Since the error rate of the relationship is less than 0.05 and according to the coefficient of determination of the relationship, which is considered to be 95% in this research, the research hypothesis is thus confirmed. According to Couple sample test there is a significant relationship between the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance and improving management and governance. ConclusionThe results on the efficiency and effectiveness variables of rural management show that the factors of the amount of villagers' assistance to the tasks of their organizational structures in relation to villages are average, the extent of proper use of rural resources by villagers, Dehyaran has an important role in institutionalizing culture, the role of village managers in maintaining natural resources and its optimal use from the perspective of managers and villagers as effective factors for the efficiency and effectiveness of rural management and good governance. There is a relationship between increasing the efficiency of rural management and good management and improving good management and good management in the study area. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79403.html Evaluation of Creative City Indicators in Creating a Creative Tourism City (Case Study: Khoy) AbstractTourists are looking for new destinations with different targets for leisure time. Creative outlet seeks to Highlighting subcultures in the local community and revitalizing tangible and intangible heritage and educational, emotional, social interaction of tourist as well as his involvement with the place and culture of destination people. In the era of creative tourism, tourists are not only looking for natural and historical artifacts but also for a deeper understanding of destination community. According to genre of life, cultural diversity and historical monuments and artistic works in khoy are increasingly felt in attention of creative tourism in this city. Due to the importance of the issue of creative tourism and the appropriate geographical location of Khoy in relation to the Turkish border and the existence of tourist attractions, Research has been done to achieve this. Creating a creative tourism location requires application of important creative city indicators, such as participation, urban diversity, vitality of urban spaces, efficiency and communication technology. The statistical population of this study includes citizens of dual regions of Khoy and the required sample size of 383 people was determined. . The purpose of this paper is to evaluate indicators of creative city in creating creative urban tourism in Khoy. In this regard, The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose and Obtaining data and information was in the form of documents and field (citizen questionnaire). The results of multivariate research show that there is a significant relationship between creative city indicators and the rate of realization of creative urban tourism But Khoy city does not have necessary indicators to create creative tourism and there are fundamental weaknesses in the various components of the creative city.IntroductionThe creative tourism has spread over the years to many countries, including New Zealand, Austria, Spain, Canada, the United States and Taiwan.This is how UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities describes creative tourism in 2006. Creative tourism is a journey guided to selected and authentic experiences with collaborative learning in the art, cultural heritage or special features of a place and it connects with those who live in these places and build this living culture(Tan & et al, 2013).Creative tourism experiences lead to the development of economic, the social and cultural conditions in the destination that is presented. Creativity allows the tourist destination city to develop innovative products relatively quickly and gives it a competitive advantage over other destinations. Creative products attract entrepreneurs and people from the cultural sector(Robati Anaraki, 2016: 3).Theoretical basesCreative CityCreative cities are able to provide new solutions to their everyday problems. Another concept of creative city focuses on cultural products, That is, the production of cultural goods and services are associated with activities that constitute center of creativity (Rabbani khorasgani, 2011: 161).Creative tourismThe term creative tourism was coined by Richards and Raymond, The idea for a variety of creative forms of tourism originated in a European project called Eurotex. Idea of creative tourism came not only to meet all needs and wants of the tourist, but also to form a wide range of contemporary policy making. Creative tourism is recognized as one of the key development options for a variety of reasons and can serve specific purposes( Babaei hemmati & mousavi, 2014). Pappalepore and et al( 2014), In a study concluded that the important role of creative clusters in development of creative tourism is that the focus of creative industries provides opportunities for consumption and accumulation of cultural capital and factors such as morphology, day-to-day activities, the authenticity of area, unusual atmosphere, and keen mental image support creative tourism.MethodologyThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate indicators of creative city in creating creative urban tourism in Khoy. The method is descriptive analytical and the statistical tests of single - sample t test, variance and multivariate regression analysis were used. Due to the nature of subject and indices studied, documentary research and field studies (questionnaire) were used for data collection. Questions were adjusted based on the 5-item components and the Likert spectrum and the sample size was 383 questionnaires.Results and discussionAccording to the responses of the participants in the research, the participation index with According to the answers of the participants in the research, The participation index with average (1.78), urban diversity index with average (2.23), The vitality index of urban spaces with (2.29), The efficiency and effectiveness index with (2.12) And the the communication technology index is with the average (2.55).From the citizens' point of view, the worst situation was the participation index and the efficiency and effectiveness index of urban spaces. Regarding the participation index, the most criticized was the lack of necessary bedrock for participation (psychological security) and the lack of suggestions and opinions of people and tourists in tourism affairs and the most critical of the efficiency and effectiveness index; There has been a lack of adequate planning by city officials to prevent corruption and crime, lack of green space expansion, and lack of the creativity in creating urban green spaces.Conclusion The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between creative city indices and the degree of realizability of urban creative tourism . Among the studied indicators, the worst situation was the participation index and the efficiency and effectiveness index and the communication technology and vitality index of urban spaces has the highest score among the indicators. . Overall, the average of the creative city of Khoy is lower than average and is in poor condition.Key WordsCreative City; Urban Tourism; Creative Tourism; Evaluation Indicators; Khoy city. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79549.html Extended Abstract -IntroductionBehbahan County is located in the southeast of Khuzestan province and due to suitable climatic conditions and the existence of permanent rivers such as Maroon and Khairabad, Zohreh, as well as having arable and fertile soil, has provided favorable facilities for agricultural development (Statistics Center of Iran, 1397: 42). However, the entrepreneurial situation in the villages of the region is weak. Meanwhile, in the villages of Behbahan County, the number of unemployed people with higher education is very high and about 6370 people (Statistics Center of Iran, 1397: 42). As a result, the opportunities presented in this study in achieving sustainable entrepreneurship in order to create employment and sustainable income for residents and maintain the environment that is endangered due to the extraction of oil and gas products, can provide useful insights in the field. - Methodology The sample size was selected through Cochran's formula, 387 people and was identified using the classification sampling method with the assignment of the optimal share of each village and the people in each village were randomly selected. The dependent variable is the promotion of entrepreneurial opportunities in the region and the independent variable is the role of government in entrepreneurship development, which is measured by 10 items. Convergent validity of the latent variable of the study was also obtained through the mean of extraction variance (0.87) which showed internal consistency and appropriate convergent validity. In order to evaluate the validity of the items, first the variables were identified based on the background and in the next step, the items were adjusted according to the characteristics of the region, and finally the items were modified and finalized based on the opinions of experts and professors. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to evaluate the reliability of the research scales. The results showed that the calculated alpha value for 10 items of government role is 0.73, which is statistically acceptable. Also, in order to analyze the data, one-sample Chi-square tests were used to evaluate items, one-sample t-test was used to evaluate independent and dependent variables, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the average entrepreneurial opportunities. To understand and analyze the results of the questionnaire, the transcendental and translog production function, which is used for polynomial equations whose coefficients are also polynomial, has been used. Finally, through path analysis, which is a kind of statistical analysis of multiple regressions, and by examining the relationships between dependent variables and two or more independent variables, used to evaluate causal models, the extent and importance of causal relationships between variables is estimated.-Results and discussion Using the analysis of the questionnaires completed by the villagers of Behbahan County, the result of evaluating the amount of entrepreneurial opportunities in the region is examined according to the role of the government. The results of one-sample t-test are significant for all studied indicators at a level of confidence above 95% and considering that the observed mean difference is assumed to be positive (3.1), so statistically it can be said that the studied villagers are effective. These indicators have a positive opinion. Also, the level of significance and the distance from line one to one of the t-test statistic close to 2 of all indicators are statistically acceptable. Comparison of evaluation statistics shows the production functions of translog and transcendental. Also, according to the evaluation statistics of multiple determination coefficient and adjusted coefficient of determination, the transcendental model has a better evaluation than explaining the role of government in promoting entrepreneurial opportunities. The residual standard error, which is also one of the important statistics in evaluating production functions, is less in the transcendental model. Therefore, considering the adjusted coefficient of determination of the transcendental model, it can be said that the independent variables of the model are 91% effective in explaining entrepreneurial opportunities. The results of this path analysis approach show that among the items explaining the role of government in promoting entrepreneurship; Indigenous culture and education (68% of the total impact) has a much higher indirect share compared to other items. The new rural management, with a total impact of 67%, also has the largest number of exogenous routes and acts as an important station. This variable indirectly affects the various variables of necessary facilities with sufficient interest, government subsidies and product insurance with significant correlation coefficients. It is necessary to state that in general, culture and education of indigenous peoples, establishment of inputs and support networks, new rural management, necessary facilities with sufficient interest and government subsidies at the rate of effects of 68, 57, 67, 60 and 63, respectively. Percentages had the highest total effect. This means that the government can play its role in promoting entrepreneurial opportunities by playing its role through the mentioned items.-ConclusionThis study shows well the interactions of effective variables in entrepreneurship and the role of government in rural development. At present, the amount of government investment in entrepreneurship, government support measures for entrepreneurs, and the amount of government funding for entrepreneurship opportunities, as well as institutions providing funding from the government, are able to finance the acquisition of entrepreneurial businesses. are not. Therefore, the growth of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas depends on the design and application of new financing management methods such as government support measures for rural entrepreneurship. However, unfortunately, the role of the government in creating jobs and entrepreneurship in the villages of Behbahan is very small. Considering the potential opportunities of Behbahan villages in realizing sustainable entrepreneurship and in order to create employment and income for rural residents, using these opportunities and government support can have a beneficial impact on business creation. And have rural entrepreneurship for the sustainable development of rural areas. Unemployment is one of the main challenges in this region, while these villages have a lot of talent to earn money and create jobs.Keywords: Villages of Behbahan County, promoting entrepreneurship, the role of government https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79667.html Extended Abstract IntroductionCulture is a systematic system of basic beliefs and assumptions, values, etiquettes and patterns of rooted and long-lasting behavior, symbols and artifacts that shape and shape the perceptions, behaviors and relationships of society and make its identity. The weakening and cultural rupture that results from socio-economic developments in different historical periods, including war, migration, and poverty, is a loss that threatens social identity. Culture can be borrowed, developed, and enriched from history, but it is not easy to acquire culture, and its positive or negative effects can be very profound. This confusion caused by the migration and gathering of different ethnic groups, especially in the city of Karaj and its District 6, can be perceived. Different symbols, beliefs, values ​​and norms sometimes lead to conflict and cultural mixing due to management. Inadequate will lead to cultural alienation and identity alienation and distance from the proposition of cultural diversity that can lead to development. The purpose of this study is to identify the identity of the city along with all its mental aspects such as ethnicity and social groups and the cultural diversity associated with it. Karaj, and consequently District 6, with such a variety of cultures, seems to have failed to achieve the desired identity.MethodologyThe present study is a quantitative one based on description and analysis and for practical purpose. This process will first begin with documentary studies examining the indicators and criteria required and developing a theoretical framework. In the next step we will examine and analyze the research position using the questionnaire tool by the citizens. After testing the hypotheses, we will provide the necessary solutions. Documentation and field method will be used for data collection. In the popular questionnaire we will use descriptive and analytical statistics. The type of analysis will depend on the type of data distribution, the population of Karaj District 6, which is about 270,000 people. Statistical sample is 390 according to Cochran formula. The sample is distributed according to the localities of District 6 and is questioned. The face validity of the questionnaire will be confirmed by the opinions of 3 experts and its reliability will be confirmed by Cronbach's alpha.Results and discussionIn the first hypothesis (it seems that the influential cultural factors in architecture play a significant role in the construction of urban identity), the correlation between the influential cultural factors in architecture and identity with the significant level of 0.000 and the severity of the relationship 0.709 indicates a significant relationship between the two variables. Since the significance level of the test is less than 0.05, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between cultural factors influencing architecture and the dependent variable of identity. The relationship is positive and direct and high, ie, with the increase of cultural factors influencing architecture, the level of identity also increases in the sense that changes in the independent variable will cause the dependent variable to fluctuate. The assumption H1 is then confirmed.The second hypothesis examines the relationship between identity constructs and identity effects. According to the total correlation coefficient between identity and identity effects is 0.699 and its significance level is 0.000 which indicates a direct relationship between the two variables. The direction of the relationship is positive, direct and high, since the significance level of the test is less than 0.05, so it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the amount of identity effects and identity, so the hypothesis H1 is confirmed. This hypothesis suggests that identity-building effects were able to directly influence identity variables. That is, with the increase in the effects of identity building, the identity also increases in the sense that changes in the independent variable will cause oscillations in the dependent variable.In order to measure the level of identity with the origin of cultural diversity in Karaj District 6, three dimensions of cultural factors influencing architecture, identity effects and cultural factors influencing traditional and customs were investigated and evaluated. Friedman test was used to analyze and evaluate the data.The results show that the identity status of Karaj District 6 is undesirable.ConclusionOne of the most important achievements of this research is the emphasis on the fact that society is not only summarized in national identity, but also has an ethnic identity that embodies values ​​and norms shared with national identity. Cultural diversity can be merged and intertwined in layers to provide a composite identity and to separate them and make it difficult and perhaps impossible. The peaceful coexistence of ethnic groups in the city of Karaj is important confirmation that one-dimensional, polar and polarized identities have changed in favor of mixed and multi-dimensional identities. All three hypotheses were tested based on the questionnaire data.It seems that influential cultural factors in architecture have an important role in the construction of urban identityIdentification effects seem to play a significant role in the construction of urban identityTraditional cultural factors and customs seem to play a significant role in the construction of urban identity.But according to the Friedman test, the level of independent variables is below the average with respect to the questionnaire data and some strategies need to be considered.At the end of the study, strategies were presented to cope with this situation. Taking advantage of Iranian, Islamic, historical and subjective signs of cultural diversity appropriate to urban spaces, utilizing identity-building effects such as elements, monuments, furniture and signs, helping to promote a sense of belonging with placement. The area of presence in urban spaces with an identity that combines cultural diversity of the region, utilizing the potential of the civic network to improve the identity of the area with the development of a culture of partnership, emphasizes a variety of neighborhoods including proposed strategies. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79682.html In a world where development is one of the main goals in societies, addressing metropolitan issues is one of the main bases for the production and distribution of wealth and added value. Competition is the most important tool for attracting advantages and opportunities correctly. In this study, first a brief review of the history of research and then theories and perspectives on the competitiveness of metropolises, and its "key components" and then its role in regional development of Iran and also the relationship between the components of metropolitan competitiveness on regional development. Been paid. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this issue, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. The research method is survey; The realization of the above goal and accurate knowledge of the dimensions of the problem, in the study group, is the study and analysis of the views of experts. Regional development is the result of the role and impact of competitiveness of the metropolis (Tehran). This research is of applied type and in terms of research method, descriptive and survey class in which the type of questionnaire is researcher type. The statistical population of the research consists of 70 professors and faculty members who use the research data using SPSS and Lisrel software were measured. Accordingly, in the exploratory analysis of the first stage (the question of the role of the metropolis in regional development), the results show that all the required assumptions related to the use of factor analysis have been met. The Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test is an indicator of sample adequacy. Determined the degree of belonging of variables to each other (causal factor) and as a result, their suitability for factor analysis and also determined the suitability of each variable alone. Considering that its value is equal to 0.79. Assessing the reliability of the extractive factors of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development, it is determined that the reliability of the components and the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development is acceptable. Exploratory analysis of the second stage (metropolis role questionnaire in regional development) in which in this stage, all 3 components of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development are examined based on the Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test, and considering that Its value is equal to 0.72, so the judgment about it is reported to be good. Considering the amount of chi-square and the significance level of Bartlett sphericity test (P <0.01 and X2 = 62.15), it is concluded that there is a correlation between the factors. And it is observed that all components have an acceptable correlation with the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. In a world where development is one of the main goals in societies, addressing metropolitan issues is one of the main bases for the production and distribution of wealth and added value. Competition is the most important tool for attracting advantages and opportunities correctly. In this study, first a brief review of the history of research and then theories and perspectives on the competitiveness of metropolises, and its "key components" and then its role in regional development of Iran and also the relationship between the components of metropolitan competitiveness on regional development. Been paid. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this issue, the overall purpose of the research is to investigate the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. The research method is survey; The realization of the above goal and accurate knowledge of the dimensions of the problem, in the study group, is the study and analysis of the views of experts. Regional development is the result of the role and impact of competitiveness of the metropolis (Tehran). This research is of applied type and in terms of research method, descriptive and survey class in which the type of questionnaire is researcher type. The statistical population of the research consists of 70 professors and faculty members who use the research data using SPSS and Lisrel software were measured. Accordingly, in the exploratory analysis of the first stage (the question of the role of the metropolis in regional development), the results show that all the required assumptions related to the use of factor analysis have been met. The Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test is an indicator of sample adequacy. Determined the degree of belonging of variables to each other (causal factor) and as a result, their suitability for factor analysis and also determined the suitability of each variable alone. Considering that its value is equal to 0.79. Assessing the reliability of the extractive factors of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development, it is determined that the reliability of the components and the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development is acceptable. Exploratory analysis of the second stage (metropolis role questionnaire in regional development) in which in this stage, all 3 components of the Tehran metropolis role questionnaire in regional development are examined based on the Kaiser-Meyer and Oaklin test, and considering that Its value is equal to 0.72, so the judgment about it is reported to be good. Considering the amount of chi-square and the significance level of Bartlett sphericity test (P <0.01 and X2 = 62.15), it is concluded that there is a correlation between the factors. And it is observed that all components have an acceptable correlation with the role of Tehran metropolis in regional development. In a world where development is one of the main goals in societies, addressing metropolitan issues is one of the main bases for the production and distribution of wealth and added value. Competition is the most important tool for attracting advantages and opportunities correctly. In this study, first a brief review of the history of research and then theories and perspectives on the competitiveness of metropolises, and its "key components" https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79696.html systemic approach in spatial planning of rural development according to the structural-functional approachDr. Hamid Reza Mohammadi, Associate Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, 09123471445, h_mohammadi@sbu.ac.ir. Dr. Rahmatollah Monshizadeh, Associate Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, 09124358631, r_monshizadeh@yahoo.com. Dr. Bijan Rahmani, Associate Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, 09125167853, bijan.rahmani11@gmail.com. Mohsen Pakparvar, Student of Geography and Rural Planning, Amayesh, 09171171280 pakparvar_mohsen@yahoo.com Extended abstractIntroductionExtended abstractIntroductionMany experts believe that in order to achieve rural development, it is necessary to pay attention to various fields and factors that interact with each other (Ratan, 1997: 6). A system is anything that derives its form and coherence from the current interactions of its components. According to the main subject of geographical studies, namely the human-environmental system, to discover this nature, it is necessary for the researcher to know the environment and human well, to determine the relationship between the two or the role of each in this system (Ajaghloo Ajaghloo, 2016). A review of research conducted in rural development programs shows a lack of attention to the environmental dimension of rural development in the laws of all programs (Fatah Elahi, Vamiri Police Station, 1396, attention to the development of structures and physical manifestations and disregard for goals Functionality, human beings and rural people (Rahimi and Tavassoli, 2012), and the effect of contextual variables of policy-making environment on the nature and structural variables (Omidi, 2012) are the characteristics and policies adopted in rural development. Lack of a comprehensive model for sustainable rural development leads to a reduction in the effectiveness of rural development programs and in addition to the negative population growth rate in these areas has led to migration and issues such as urban slums and declining population active in the strategic sector of agriculture and production. Will have. Therefore, in order to reduce discrimination and economic and social inequalities in rural areas and national-regional and local development, provide a coherent model consisting of interaction and interrelationships between the environment and inside the system, paying attention to the structures and functions of the space system with spatial interfaces and Systematically guided non-space is mandatory. Village, rural development and development planning are all systemic concepts. Therefore, recognizing them and any action to create the desired change in them requires a proper attitude. The central premise of the present study is that the systemic approach with respect to the structural-functional approach is a suitable model for recognizing and developing and sustainable development of rural areas and subsequently creating the desired change in it. MethodologyThe present article is fundamental research in nature and applied research in purpose. Systemic approach provides a methodological framework for research and study on the construction and operation of a system; And allows geographers to construct a new form of geographical comprehensiveness as a methodological tool.Results and discussionIn general, with a review of the projects in rural spatial development and the systemic approach proposed in the present study, the following issues were raised in rural planning. Rural development goals require social justice, facilitating agricultural development along with the expansion of trade and urban industries, and therefore more attention is paid to the economic development of small and medium-sized cities as a link between urban and rural economy can be comprehensive development and balanced distribution. Accelerate interests (Randinley, 1118: 1918). Therefore, paying attention to strengthening the interconnection and interaction between cities and villages is one of the requirements of rural development, which by adopting integrated policies of balanced urban and rural growth and development, as well as economic and social strengthening of small towns to serve the surrounding villages. it's related to. - Paying attention to the system of program production as a functional component that is important based on the form and scope of relationships and how to meet local and regional needs and stimulate motivational factors. Rural planning to achieve the goals of spatial-physical and economic-social organization of rural settlements requires attention to structural-functional approaches in rural areas. Emphasizing the need for a systemic approach using a structural-functional approach and its relationship to spatial planning, the basic discussion is to provide a definition of the position, roles and interrelationships between system components. 1- Rural functions-structures and internal-external links in the field of rural planning and development can be studied in two axes of strategic policies and indicators of rural spatial organization at the village level with economic, social and physical subsystems. It is related to service functions and service distribution. 2- Paying attention to the factors of spatial-functional vacuum of rural services at the land level in the field of rural planning and development can be traced with service range indices and population threshold, and with regional results The village is related. Organizing existing diversity in terms of regional resources, regional needs and capabilities, division of labor between urban and rural sectors are systematically guided through institutional and managerial structures. 3- Popular institutionalization is one of the internal factors and inputs of the system that includes the support of indigenous knowledge. Institutional approach of participation in order to encourage the motivations of the system that stimulates its internal and external functioning by building structural and operational capacity along with changing the planning system to a region leads to comprehensive and balanced improvement of different parts of the village and local institutional development , Provides national and regional. ConclusionRealization of rural development is made possible by a complete set of coherent patterns of capital distribution in the village, organizations, institutions that are accompanied by a series of appropriate external links. A systemic approach in spatial planning that is a related set of various structures and functions with the aim of reducing discrimination and economic and social inequalities in rural areas and national-regional and local development and recognizing the spatial vacuum - mandatory rural service functions Is. A system in spatial planning with a structural-functional approach with a comprehensive understanding of the space organization, provides the basis for local, national and regional institutional development. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79719.html The Zoning quality of life in urban areas based on AZP Algorithm (Case Study: Zanjan City)AbstractToday, the zoning of quality of life in urban areas has become a necessary research tool in contemporary cities to support urban planning and management. In recent decades, with the rapid growth of urbanization and its problems, such as environmental pollution, traffic jams, psychological discomforts, etc., the issue of quality of life have been considered many researchers from psychology, sociology and especially urban planning. Therefore, aims of all urban development plans in the country, increasing the quality of life of citizens. The first step in improving the quality of life in urban areas is to identify and explain the existing situation in urban areas. This paper research method is descriptive-analytical and terms of type it's have practical nature. In this research, zoning of Zanjan city has been studied in terms of quality of life indicators with using of AZP algorithm; therefore, 10 regions were formed that the results of the research indicate a cluster distribution pattern in Zanjan urban areas. Then, to evaluation the distribution pattern of quality of life indicators by using the amount of moron statistics, the distribution pattern of the indicators shows the normal situation; the distribution pattern is neither cluster nor dispersed. Among the 10 area created, there is the best regional status, with an average of 2038 people with access to quality of life indicators and the worst regional situation, with an average of 16 indicators of quality of life .Keywords: Quality of Life, zoning of areas, AZP algorithm, Zanjan cityThe Zoning quality of life in urban areas based on AZP Algorithm (Case Study: Zanjan City)AbstractToday, the zoning of quality of life in urban areas has become a necessary research tool in contemporary cities to support urban planning and management. In recent decades, with the rapid growth of urbanization and its problems, such as environmental pollution, traffic jams, psychological discomforts, etc., the issue of quality of life have been considered many researchers from psychology, sociology and especially urban planning. Therefore, aims of all urban development plans in the country, increasing the quality of life of citizens. The first step in improving the quality of life in urban areas is to identify and explain the existing situation in urban areas. This paper research method is descriptive-analytical and terms of type it's have practical nature. In this research, zoning of Zanjan city has been studied in terms of quality of life indicators with using of AZP algorithm; therefore, 10 regions were formed that the results of the research indicate a cluster distribution pattern in Zanjan urban areas. Then, to evaluation the distribution pattern of quality of life indicators by using the amount of moron statistics, the distribution pattern of the indicators shows the normal situation; the distribution pattern is neither cluster nor dispersed. Among the 10 area created, there is the best regional status, with an average of 2038 people with access to quality of life indicators and the worst regional situation, with an average of 16 indicators of quality of life .Keywords: Quality of Life, zoning of areas, AZP algorithm, Zanjan cityThe Zoning quality of life in urban areas based on AZP Algorithm (Case Study: Zanjan City)AbstractToday, the zoning of quality of life in urban areas has become a necessary research tool in contemporary cities to support urban planning and management. In recent decades, with the rapid growth of urbanization and its problems, such as environmental pollution, traffic jams, psychological discomforts, etc., the issue of quality of life have been considered many researchers from psychology, sociology and especially urban planning. Therefore, aims of all urban development plans in the country, increasing the quality of life of citizens. The first step in improving the quality of life in urban areas is to identify and explain the existing situation in urban areas. This paper research method is descriptive-analytical and terms of type it's have practical nature. In this research, zoning of Zanjan city has been studied in terms of quality of life indicators with using of AZP algorithm; therefore, 10 regions were formed that the results of the research indicate a cluster distribution pattern in Zanjan urban areas. Then, to evaluation the distribution pattern of quality of life indicators by using the amount of moron statistics, the distribution pattern of the indicators shows the normal situation; the distribution pattern is neither cluster nor dispersed. Among the 10 area created, there is the best regional status, with an average of 2038 people with access to quality of life indicators and the worst regional situation, with an average of 16 indicators of quality of life .Keywords: Quality of Life, zoning of areas, AZP algorithm, Zanjan cityThe Zoning quality of life in urban areas based on AZP Algorithm (Case Study: Zanjan City)AbstractToday, the zoning of quality of life in urban areas has become a necessary research tool in contemporary cities to support urban planning and management. In recent decades, with the rapid growth of urbanization and its problems, such as environmental pollution, traffic jams, psychological discomforts, etc., the issue of quality of life have been considered many researchers from psychology, sociology and especially urban planning. Therefore, aims of all urban development plans in the country, increasing the quality of life of citizens. The first step in improving the quality of life in urban areas is to identify and explain the existing situation in urban areas. This paper research method is descriptive-analytical and terms of type it's have practical nature. In this research, zoning of Zanjan city has been studied in terms of quality of life indicators with using of AZP algorithm; therefore, 10 regions were formed that the results of the research indicate a cluster distribution pattern in Zanjan urban areas. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79767.html Explanation the role of neighborhoods in the spatial structure of Ahvaz metropolisExtended AbstractIntroductionThe neighborhood as a residential system, both spontaneously and systematically, has long been a major component of cities. The neighborhood has internal and external dynamics and mechanisms. Whenever the neighborhood space system is in balance, the spatial structure of cities moves towards spatial balance and homogeneity. With this attitude, the present article seeks to identify the state of balance and equilibrium of neighborhoods in the spatial structure of Ahvaz metropolis. Since the metropolis of Ahvaz is associated with rapid urbanization and uncontrolled horizontal development; Therefore, it is necessary to guide and control the development of neighborhoods in the framework of normative development and systematic growth. The units of analysis in this study include 139 neighborhoods in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Required data include demographic data, services, land use maps and urban road network, which are provided in the form of documentary-library and survey.methodologyThis research is explanatory. The data were quantitative and qualitative and were collected by library-documentary and survey method. The source of data, works and scientific sources are basic and primary in urban geography, urban planning and urban neighborhoods as well as statistical data of the population and housing census of 2016 and information related to land use map for the year 1399 in Ahvaz. The last land use map in the metropolis of Ahvaz was available for 1390, which was updated in 1399 with a field survey. To analyze the data, the spatial autocorrelation model including general and local walls, residential building density, population density and per capita determination method were used. The concept of spatial autocorrelation is that the values of the studied attributes are self-correlated and their correlation can be attributed to the spatial-spatial order of the phenomena.Results and discussionThe results of this study show that the pattern of distribution of different land uses in the Ahvaz metropolis has been formed with spatial requirements such as maximum profit and maximum access. The concentration of "service neighborhoods" in the central part of the city reflects these economic and spatial principles. Since the central part of the city has a high population threshold, various transportation facilities and has maximum spatial interconnection; The neighborhoods in this section have attracted various types of services and infrastructure facilities over time and have played an important and effective role in the spatial structure of Ahvaz. Also, in this city, the neighborhood is often used as a collection of residential complexes, neighborhood units, public and private houses, and conventional houses built by the people, which have been formed at different times. According to the above, the general pattern of the spatial structure of the metropolis of Ahvaz according to the functions and spatial structure of the neighborhoods, tends to the center and the development of the central parts of the city. Ahvaz neighborhoods have found their own role and function based on spatial factors, components and processes such as access system, distance from activity centers, spatial centrality and spatial interaction. Thus, the forces of the space system over time have affected the process of "population invasion and sequencing" and as a result, neighborhoods with higher services and facilities are concentrated in places of the city that have easier access to the central part of the city and services. Urban highways have benefited. Meanwhile, economic opportunities and political decisions have fueled various social and economic stratifications in the city of Ahvaz, which has resulted in the formation of different neighborhoods in the city of Ahvaz. The study of the neighborhoods of Ahvaz shows that these neighborhoods, in addition to the spatial and non-spatial requirements and necessities affecting their emergence, have a special spatial structure that forms the foundation of that neighborhood.ConclusionAs a final result of the article, it can be said that the spatial structure of Ahvaz city is unbalanced and unbalanced and the pattern of living in it tends to the central neighborhoods, increasing facilities and services in the central parts and people's desire from the periphery to the central neighborhoods of the city. Is. This issue is mainly understood under the influence of two important factors: one is the pattern of unbalanced distribution of business uses in the city of Ahvaz and the other is the existence of neighborhoods, many of which with the horizontal development of the city without providing infrastructure and facilities. Necessarily, they have been built as organizational houses with the management of relevant institutions and organizations, as well as the housing of low-income (marginal) social groups; So that the neighborhoods in the central part of Ahvaz metropolis have a decisive role in the spatial structure of the city; Because these neighborhoods, while providing various services to their residents, also provide various services and facilities to other neighborhoods in the city, which has played an effective role in the emergence of spatial imbalances in the city structure. Theoretically, the result of the present article indicates the fact that the normative concepts of "service-ten" and "empowering" neighborhoods have the necessary theoretical capacity to justify the formation of an unbalanced structure in the city of Ahvaz. Because according to the criteria of the mentioned neighborhoods, the diversity of neighborhoods in the city of Ahvaz is such that it has produced the current unbalanced structure. Therefore, it seems that giving direction to the development model of the spatial structure of Ahvaz city based on the characteristics of "service-ten" and "empowering" neighborhoods can help to improve the spatial structure of the city; Because over time, this can moderate the tendency to the center and increase the uncontrolled density in the neighborhoods of the central part and extend the functions of the neighborhood to other neighborhoods and neighborhoods of the city of Ahvaz.Keywords: Neighborhood spatial structure, Neighborhood spatial processes, Servicer neighborhood, Enabler neighborhood, Ahvaz metropolis https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79776.html IntroductionSince the twentieth century, the right to housing for society has been recognized in most developed countries as one of the rights of citizens and has gradually become the responsibility of the governments of those societies. However, in developing countries, despite the emphasis on the importance of housing as a basic need and a fundamental right, a significant percentage of urban households are unable to provide it. Thus, having housing is becoming more and more complicated and household conditions are becoming more critical (Short, 2007: 199). Therefore, in order to determine the importance of housing in development and management programs and resource allocation, it is necessary to establish a close relationship with housing goals and policies and general and general goals and policies of social and economic development in urban programs.MethodologyThe present research is qualitative in terms of research, comparative and nature and in terms of purpose, it is developmental and in terms of methodology, it is a content analysis and of qualitative type. In the case-by-case comparison method, several items that can be in the form of macro, medium, and micro units are compared. These cases may have different identities in terms of their scope and variables. Usually, as the number of cases increases, which form large units such as civilizations, their volume and number decrease, but the number of related and hidden variables in these unit’s increases. Because large and large units are prone to cover multiple variables, and vice versa, by limiting the range of units, although their number increases, these cases or units cover fewer variables. Given that the ultimate goal of this research is to compare the structure of housing policy studies with Iran, identify deficiencies, shortcomings and strengths in housing policy and finally provide suggestions for improving the desired structure. To achieve this goal, the structure of Iran's low-income urban housing policy has been compared with four countries: China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. The selection of these countries is based on the issue of low-income urban housing policy structure, which has had successful experience in this field. On the other hand, the selection of these countries by accessing information and statistics from the World Housing site has also been documents, books and articles. It then compares the detailed information of these countries based on the criteria of "macro-policies for collecting and extracting their main idea and comparing them with each other". Therefore, according to the types of comparative methods that have been briefly discussed in the theoretical foundations, a large-scale (large) method has been used for the research.Results and discussionA review of the experiences of Australia, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States in the field of housing and low-income urban housing policy at various national, regional, and local levels shows that the success of the programs at the three levels of It has been achieved through the creation of a local, regional institution and the transfer of power from macro-national decisions to regional and local levels. In the United Kingdom, the government system, by policy-making in programs, examines the role of housing monitoring at various levels; And by giving authority to central and local states in legal programs and housing development policies, their role is considered strategic. In this country, the creation of an intermediate level government (or institution) as a strategic institution with HSMO housing policy and urban planning programs. In China, the implementation of three housing programs (affordable and comfortable housing, the Future Housing Fund and cheap housing rental) showed that China has implemented political will, organizational reform, and organizational capacity at all levels of affordable housing on a large scale. It was made clear that China needs to integrate institutions from central government to local government to meet the housing needs of low- and middle-income families, and housing programs are an integral part of national and local economic policies. Another policy in China is to privatize public housing. This is done by transferring to tenants (. free, or selling and nominal cost). Therefore, housing privatization is a good way to provide affordable housing in some countries, including China. In Australia, much of the planning and decision-making process for urban housing and low-income housing is the responsibility of local governments, and central governments oversee local government affairs by setting macro-policies. In the United States; The state and local planning perspective, with an emphasis on private sector participation and encouragement, is essential as a necessary tool to meet the real needs of the people and not based on the will of the central government. The independence of central and local governments in various sectors, decision-making and decision-making, guarantees accurate problem-solving and the realization of plans and programs. Despite fundamental differences in national, regional, and local planning methods, it is possible for regions to compete for housing development, and from these approaches, the concept of policy-making becomes clear. While the macro-planning structure of Iran practically does not allow the transfer of authority. Power is transferred to the provincial branches of the central government, and this power takes place at a time when, due to the selection of government representatives as hierarchical by the central government directly, the officials of the relevant institutions practically protect the interests of government officials. It leads to regional and local interestsConclusionThe results of this study address the housing policy structure at three levels: national, regional, and local, and how the three issues are addressed with China, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. He compared their similarities and differences in terms of the four dimensions of institutional and local participation in housing policy, the role of government in the structure of housing policy, the attitude of the housing planning system, the relationship between national, regional and local programs. And it examines the structure of the housing planning system. Another result of this study was to seek to understand and explain how it is possible to achieve the development of low-income urban housing. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79844.html Introduction One of the most controversial issues in the development of the natural-heritage-intensive sites is the challenge of conservation and development; on the one hand, development should boost the local economy, on the other hand, it should take care of nature and the environment. One of the most important solutions proposed to preserve human geography and convince local people to continue living in their homeland, is tourism industry. This issue makes the need to build new places and infrastructure more serious. Biophilic architecture and urban planning have been considered as an intelligent response to the impact of the development projects in the context. The purpose of this study is to explain the impacts of the biophilic architecture in the prosperity of tourism and the economic, social and environmental development consequently. The concept is going to be discussed in the framework of the high-performance architecture theory in the historical village of Abyaneh as the case study. In the present study, the ecotourism potentials and capabilities of Abyaneh village have been studied scientifically, along with environmental issues and biocompatible principles, and finally, solutions to move towards sustainable regional development have been presented. Methodology In the research, the survey method is descriptive-analytical, using field studies, and based on the SWOT analytical model and network analysis process (ANP). The statistical population in this study consists of three main groups including local citizens, tourists and authorities. The Cochran's method has been used to determine the population and sample size, which has been selected 130 for people, 100 for tourists and 25 for officials. The results of constructing the SWOT matrix show the accepted strategy and model for reviewing scores and prioritizing them. The set of points and criteria that were considered for the development of tourism in the region has been designed in the form of a questionnaire. This questionnaire was distributed among ordinary people, tourists, as well as officials and managers of organizations responsible for the tourism sector for weighting and prioritizing importance. In the SWOT model, the numerical weighting method is used to achieve the final results. In the mentioned method, the study area is divided into similar sections according to the area and in each section; items such as strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities and their related factors are identified. By weighting each of these factors, the relative position of each part is clarified. Then, according to the obtained scores, each factor is classified and finally, the sum of their means and weights is placed as an indicator for ranking. The weight scores of all external components are summarized in a column, and then according to they have reviewed the overall score of that system. Results and discussion The present study is at four levels that include factors and sub-factors, goals and alternatives. In fact, the goal of the problem is to achieve the most appropriate strategy and criteria for the problem of matrix factors, which include strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats, are included in the subset of matrix factors. After analyzing the results of calculations related to each of the existing strategies, it was found that investing and planning tourism in historical and cultural sites and paying special attention to the specific customs of the region, paying attention to better access to the region and identifying unique attractions. The tourist in terms of the type of buildings, architecture and texture of the region to increase tourism in the region as the first strategy with a value of 0.34 and respectively planning, design, development and equipping the natural potential of the region to create artificial attractions and Man-made in line with the natural attractions of the environment as well as increasing the use of specialized, experienced and trained forces in the ecotourism sector along with tourist areas with a second rank and a value of 0.26 and educating residents on how to deal with tourists, increase facilities, facilities and Accommodation and welfare equipment and efforts to resolve the cultural conflict between tourists and indigenous people with a third rank and a value of 0.20 and protect the environment and prevent undesirable use of natural and historical attractions and their destruction, protect the destruction of vegetation in the region And reducing water and soil pollution in the tourism and total area These specialized and experienced manpower in the staff and increase efficiency in tourism planning management with the fourth rank and a value equal to 0.17 in terms of weight importance and in order to decide the implementation of the mentioned strategies are in the next ranks.ConclusionOne of the most controversial issues in villages with valuable heritage, in the natural context, is the challenge of conservation and development; On the one hand, development should boost the local economy, on the other hand, it should take care of nature and the environment. One of the most important solutions proposed to preserve human geography and convince local people to continue living is the prosperity of the tourism industry; this issue makes the need to build new places and infrastructure more serious. Biocompatible architecture and urban planning have been considered as an intelligent response to the impact of the implementation of development projects in the context of human and natural geography. The purpose of this study is to explain the impact of the trend towards biocompatible architecture in the prosperity of natural tourism and thus the development of economic, social and environmental indicators; the concept that excels in the framework of architectural theory is discussed in the example of the historical village of Abyaneh.The achievements of the research show that the emphasis on the natural potentials and ecotourism capabilities of Abyaneh village in a scientific way, along with the observance of environmental issues and the principles of sustainable development; might be called as the best option to outline the development projects in this area. In other words, to promote the tourism industry, the biophilic development can be recommended that focuses on sustainability, the environment, energy efficiency, water preservation and hidden energy; while increasing the number of tourists. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79892.html Extended abstract -Introduction, In today's world, "cities" are the main focus of events, actions and reactions, and all kinds of relationships, economic, political, cultural, social, and physical relations. Political geographers focus more on the political dimension of urban space, citizens, local government, urban economics, and major cities / world cities. But how the phenomenon of the city is studied from the point of view of the political geographers is a question that the present article deals with analyzing the theories and views of two of the most prominent geographers of politics. The results of this research by descriptive-analytical method show that the phenomenon of the city is studied by political geographers with emphasis on the triple axis of space, politics and economics. For example, according to John Rene Shorth, rather than pointing out a pattern of competition between the world of cities for global domination, it is more accurate to look at a network of cities in which control and economic domination only In a few cities is focused. Also, Peter Taylor prefers to take global cities in line with the fluidity of power between the world's cities and how they interact with both the scale of ideology (government) and the scale of reality (global economy) within the global system. Holistic. Therefore, the city as a modern phenomenon represents the position and role of nation-states in the development of economic and political interactions and relations. Today, by designing new patterns and working strategies for organizing urban space and increasing the political and strategic role of cities, cities have become the focus of studies in political geography.-Methodology, This research is of fundamental and theoretical type and the method of information analysis is also descriptive-analytic based on qualitative methodology. The method of data collection is documentary and library. In this regard, in order to arrive at a clear and consistent conclusion based on rational deduction, it attempts to explain the political geography of the city, especially from the point of view of the famous two political geographers, René Short and Taylor. Therefore, this research, by applying the main variables, such as the phenomenon of city, globalization and politics, seeks to achieve a generalized conclusion about urban geography.-Result and discussion, 1- The city is a social and spatial unit in which politics and power are closely linked. In fact, urban and urban collections are the realm of public policy2- World cities are the connecting points that act as monitoring centers. This oversight of the cluster is dependent on the flow of information and finances and the cultural flow. In addition, world cities are considered as the interface between local and global space3- From the viewpoint of geographers, humans played a significant role in creating a city and its urbanization. From the mid-1960s until the mid-1970s (the period of political geopolitical retrieval), with the spatial-political approach, urban politics was one of the things that attracted the attention of political geographers (such as Richard Moire, Peter Tyler, John Rennes, and so on) They made But from the mid-1990s to the present day, specialized approaches such as urban political geography entered the field of geopolitics, and many geographers worked on providing expert opinions and opinions.4- Considering the importance of the city as a spatial-political phenomenon, it refers to the theory of two renowned political geographers, René Short and Taylor, about the city....5- John Renne Short states that despite the dispersion over the past thirty years, a large share of command functions is still concentrated in just a few cities, and also, instead of drawing a pattern of competition between the world of cities to dominate the world, More precisely, to focus on a network of cities in which economic moni- toring and domination are concentrated only in a few cities, the non-urban location is largely a reflection of poverty.6- Taylor believes that three global, national, and urban scales are important scales in which global economies are pivotal. . In general, the main attraction of Taylor's urban studies is that it overcomes this and will definitely put urban affairs into the development of the era of global capitalism.Conclusion  The philosophy of the "city" in the study of the geopolitical area is due to the interaction of "politics" and "space" in the spatial area of ​​the city, and this mechanism can be expressed in two aspects:1. The city's influence on national, local, regional and international policies.2. The impacts of political decisions of policymakers related to cities, including governmental and non-governmental institutions, on the urban environment. The city is a social and spatial unit in which politics and power are closely linked. In fact, the city and the urban complex; the realm of politics is public.Also, the city can be considered a set of interconnected economic, social and cultural factors, and related to politics and power.In the twenty-first century, cities are the focal points of global power; they control the events on a variety of geographic scales. In this regard, political geographers emphasize on issues such as: the political dimension of urban space, citizens, local government, the organization, and the urban economy and world cities. Taylor and René Short, as two of the most famous contemporary political geographers, have made important comments and analyzes of the city with an emphasis on globalization and economics. Cities are the bedrock of the formation of political and civil institutions, and an integral part of the process of modernization and socio-economic development; it is the main focus of events, actions, reactions, and types of economic, political, cultural, social and physical relations. They can.He states that despite the dispersion over the past thirty years, a large share of the command functions is still concentrated in just a few cities. Taylor believes that three global, national, and urban scales are important scales in which global economies are pivotal. . In general, the main attraction of Taylor's urban studies is that it overcomes this and will definitely put urban affairs into the development of the era of global capitalism. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79931.html Extended Abstract Over the past decade or two, it has often been argued that the center of gravity of power has shifted from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In political-security literature, this development is a kind of geopolitical change. Therefore, both the cause of the change and the consequences of the change can be very important. For example, the reason for the change could be a reduction in the security puzzle in the Atlantic Ocean and, conversely, an intensification of the security puzzle in the Pacific. The consequences of this change can be many, complex and even dangerous. One of the consequences of this change is the formation of two geopolitical axes in the Asian region, which can be said to be almost as important as the eastern and western axes during the Cold War and perhaps even more so. The two axes are Indo-Pacific with a focus on the United States and India and Asia-Pacific with a focus on China and Pakistan. Introduction The question is, what is India's foreign policy orientation in the Indo-Pacific area and what factors influence this orientation? The hypothesis of the paper is that India's foreign policy in Indo-Pacific follows a "counterbalance strategy" and is due in part to the particular sensitivities of the Indo-Pacific region to India's interests.Methodology The present article is considered as a development research in terms of type and purpose. The method of the article is descriptive-analytical. Results and Discussions India has to strike a balance between a range of interests and considerations in the Indo-Pacific area, and doing so has left Indian politicians with a complex dilemma. On the other hand, China's growing growth, with the Belt-Road Initiative actually designing a new regional and international order map, worries New Delhi and pushes it to play a role in Indo-Pacific geopolitical architecture. Has forced. On the other hand, India fears that its entry into alliances and alliances against China will provoke the country's sensitivity and force Beijing to create problems for India. So India is trying to behave in such a way that while creating strategic restrictions for China, it will prevent Jane from confronting India in various forms. The Indo-Pacific idea is essentially an American idea for the discipline and geopolitical architecture of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The origin of this idea is the reduction of threats in the Atlantic Ocean and the increase in threats in the Indo-Pacific area. In other words, the US move from the Atlantic to the Pacific and the Indian Ocean is precisely because the Soviet Union collapsed as a rival to the United States, and China emerged as a new rival challenging the hegemonic position of the United States. The theoretical significance of this geopolitical shift is that no geopolitical change occurs without considering the reduction or increase of power in different parts of the world.In this sense, China's growing power has given it a more prominent role in the world, and in the United States it has been translated as China's attempt to become a hegemonic power and overthrow the hegemonic position. Under such circumstances, hegemonic power has to deal with four types of emerging power: engaging in emerging power through war, limiting emerging power through containment policy, accepting emerging power, and cooperating in the management of world affairs. , Giving in to the shift of power in the international system.Among the four options, the United States appears to be putting an end to emerging power. Security-political axes such as the Washington-Seoul axis, Washington-Tokyo, Washington-Taipei and triangles such as the Washington-Taipei-Tokyo triangle, and Washington-Seoul-Tokyo, and squares such as the United States-Australia-India-Japan It is one of the initiatives that the United States has taken to limit China.There is no doubt that India alone, and within the framework of the alliances and alliances it has made with the United States, is a very important weight in balancing China with the United States within the framework of the China Restriction Project. From this point of view, India, due to its previous differences and pessimism, has the necessary motivation to balance itself with China, and this is pursued both by increasing its power and by allying with others. The "policy of the Indian Ocean", the "policy of action in the East" that has evolved into Indo-Pacific today, and the "policy of cooperation with the United States" can be assessed in exactly this context.Despite the fact that India is very concerned about China's growth, the problem is that India is reluctant to act in a way that provokes China's sensitivity. For this reason, it seems that India intends to act in such a way that it does not suffer the least damage from China while pursuing its goals and plans. That's exactly what the "China Confidence Strategy" is all about. Conclusion Based on this, the term "elusive balance" can be used to describe India's behavior in Indo-Pacific. The term is often used to describe the behavior of countries that want to take advantage of all opportunities with the least threats, even in a complex strategic environment. From this perspective, India has to balance its behavior with the United States in order to maintain the support of this hegemonic power. At the same time, India needs to attract the attention of Southeast and East Asian countries, and one way to do that is to point the finger at a common threat, China. At the same time, New Delhi has tried to maintain a balanced relationship with neighboring countries with its "first-class" policy. And it has, as has been said, pursued a "reassuring strategy for China" towards Beijing. Thus, it seems that New Delhi must be very delicate in order to play a role in the Indo-Pacific area, as if it wants to move on the edge of a razor. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79932.html Introduction:With the development of soft technologies with their value-oriented nature in the context of culture, in the form of creative industries in line with the tourism industry can be a specific goal for development strategies in the context of regional economic planning. The degree of tourism potential in creating development in a region largely depends on the alignment of tacit culture and objective culture of tourism stakeholders in the region, especially decision-makers at different levels of local government. Qazvin is one of the historical and cultural cities of Iran that has the largest number of registered antiquities. Due to the loss of the opportunity of Qazvin tourism pilot by the United Nations Human Settlement Program in 2005, in which tourism was introduced as an important factor of public welfare and income for all segments of the population, and according to statistics It is stated that the increasing and decreasing trend of credits allocated to the tourism sector, the current situation and the impact of tourism on the regional development of Qazvin and its future forecast from the perspective of tourism stakeholders in the region. The main purpose of this study is to identify and study the impact of tourism industry on regional development of Qazvin province (case study of Qazvin city). - What is the sociological analysis of the effects of tourism indicators related to the regional development of Qazvin province (case study of Qazvin city) from the perspective of tourists and stakeholders in the region? And predicting the future of the tourism industry according to the current situation from experts and officials How is it with tourism in the region?Methodology:Descriptive-analytical in three stages, using the SWOT technique to develop a strategy from two groups of tourists to 140 people and stakeholders (tourism-related jobs) 120 people and using the Delphi method in three rounds, officials and experts up to 41 people to advance Forecast of the future of tourism in Qazvin Data collection has been done. According to the Likert scale and gaining a maximum of 5 points in each case with 41 participants, the maximum score of each agent could be 143.5 points and gaining 70% of this point. Results and discussion: The SWOT results of tourists:the top strengths of the region:diversity of historical and natural landscapes of tourism, sense of security and confidence of tourists during the trip, clean climate of the region and its opportunities, ability and potential of the region for tourism development. Recommend to friends, good travel experience due to reasonable costs, weaknesses:poor quality and high cost of accommodation centers, traffic on communication routes within the historical context, lack of proper access to information centers and Tourism guidance as well as threats:Lack of proper use of natural and historical resources in the region in the form of sustainable development, incoherence in tourism management, lack of proper investment in the tourism sector. Stakeholder SWOT results the strengths of the region: people agree to the expansion of tourism, life satisfaction in the region according to the business environment and increase the personal income of residents related to tourism, knowledge and interest of people in reviving history And Opportunity:The Ability and Potential Necessary for the Development of Tourism in the Region, The Originality and Specialness of the Works and Places of the Region and the Presence of Women in the Footsteps of Men in Tourism Jobs Quality in the facilities needed by tourists and is faced with serious threats:lack of systematic planning and planning of tourism, lack of appropriate investments in tourism, inappropriate change of use, including the traditional garden of Qazvin. In the third stage of the analysis using the Delphi technique process in three rounds, the consensus of Delphi panel members, officials and experts related to tourism in the province, predict the future of tourism .In the economic dimension: Reconstruction of tourist places in order to create a hotel and visit historical centers, direct supply and prosperity in the production of handicrafts, impact on increasing newly established urban spaces and impact on the growth of value added in the tourism sector. In the cultural dimension: impact In the prosperity of Saad al-Saltanah and the reconstruction of such historical collections, the impact on the preservation of archeological and historical monuments, the effects of original architecture and historical memory.In the social dimension: the impact on facilitating communication services, the impact on Public transport services. In the environmental dimension: an effect on the attractiveness of the environment of historical places and attractions, the impact on the development of ecotourism, tourism advocates and conservation of the natural environment. In providing and training skilled and experienced manpower at management levels, his work The purpose of the tourism sector is to comply with international tourism laws and international relations between governments in order to improve the standards of the region. Conclusion:The difference between tacit culture and objective culture derived from the goals and values of all stakeholders, including people and managers, has created a conflict of interest. It is closely related to the future of Qazvin tourism industry. decision-makers in terms of the ability to set a goal and achieve it in policy fail and work with very little power. Economic development of tourism depends on coordinating these conflicting interests.Development requires change, and change always happens in the context. In order to make improvements, one must pay attention to the context and create accessories that are both functional and in line with the goals. Principles of Qazvin tourism policy can be used with a recurring problem-based adaptation approach to empower local government and community-based tourism from the component Regional development opportunities are possible. especially in the city and region with a rich historical and cultural background of Qazvin. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79953.html Road traffic accidents are considered as one of the most important causes of human death in all over the world and in our country Iran. The increase of daily travels and traffic volume are the key factors of high number of traffic accidens in Iran. In a road transportation system, human behaviour, road and vehicle are the main contributing factors in traffic accidents. While human errors relating to driver performance are the cause of almost 50 to 95% of crashes, road and environmnal factors in different locations and times of driving may also affect driver performance and increase the risk of a crash. Identification of road hotspots is a geographical decision. GIS offer both spatial and temporal dimensions required for data preparation, spatial analysis, decision making and management of road crashes. The main objective of this research is the spatial analysis of casualty crashes and prioritization the available risk factors that contribute in crash incidence. The stady ares, is a part of Karaj-Chalous road, a main mountainous road connecting Karaj to North of Iran. In doing so, in a GIS contex, a decision tree method is used for crash analysis. The decision tree is a hierarchical knowledge structure that represents a sequence of decision rules. The purpose of the method is to determine which attribute or criterion of attributes provides the best distribution of the actual data set regardless of the value of the given attribute. According to the objective of the research, this research method was conducted in several stages. Firstly, available sources and previouse similar studies were reviewd, and the accident data points were collected. Secondly, the points were corrected based on the collected data source and judtified and implemented in kilometers. Thirdly, information about the slope and climate of the area, the intersections and used points around the study area were collected and the required layers were prepared and standardised. Next, prepared and standardized layers were processed and drawn by the decision tree model and weighted decision tree model. Then the prepared layers were combined and the resulting output probability map of the accidents along the study area was prepared. The results of studies showed that, according to the analysis, the most important effective factor in the occurrence of accidents is: curvature with a coefficient of 0.51. After that, the intersection layer with the coefficient of 0.21, and climate with the coefficient of 0.144 are the second and third factors respectively. Other variables such as density and slope are the next available probabibility factors of crash incidence in the study area. Based on the coefficients, a zoning map of the probability of accidents was prepared. The prepared map shows the high intensity of the probability of a crash in selected points. According to the obtained map, the highest risk area is at the entrance to the road and at points of intersection where the curvature of the road increases. The results of this research and prioritization of the crash risk factors in decreasing the costs of road safety improvement. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79960.html Introduction: Different Islamic movements are active in the political geography of the Islamic world. Despite the differences in their approach to political and social issues, the ultimate goal of all of them is to establish an Islamic government. One of these Islamic movements is the Hizb al-Tahrir, developed in 1952 by Sheikh Taghi al-Din al-Nabhani, a Palestinian scholar. The movement seeking to establish an Islamic state based on the teachings of its founder was quickly disseminated in the Islamic world. From the very beginning of its activity, this Islamic movement has stated its ultimate goal to establish an Islamic state, revive the caliphate, restore Islamic life, and invite the world to Islam. Al-Tahrir states in his draft constitution that the main component of the government is the "caliph" and that he will be elected by a public department (Majles al-Ummeh) and its members will be elected by the people. Since its establishment, al-Tahrir has always sought to influence and dominate the political geography of the Islamic world. One of the places of interest is Central Asia including the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Writing since the early 1990s, he was active in Central Asia and aimed to establish an Islamic state (caliphate). In this study, as a descriptive-analytical research, the data have been gathered from literature and the Internet. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors affecting the intents of the party for territory in the region. In response, it can be attributed to the party's ideology for establishing an Islamic state in Central Asia. Methodology:The main method of empirical sciences, including geography, is the deductive method. The deductive method or deductive reasoning reveals the scientific principles through the process of reasoning, and thus it is a logical method. In fact, logical reasoning supports and reinforces empirical ideas and impressions and synthesizes them by forming a thesis and antithesis. In this method, the methods of creating a rule that is the basis of its validity are examined.Results and Discussions :Central Asia is made up of three parts: West Turkestan, Transoxiana, and much of eastern Iran, strategically located between Europe, China, Russia, and Iran. The region covers the political territory of the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. From the third century, the region became one of the main centers of Islamic culture and civilization. In the mid-nineteenth century, the Russians conquered Central Asia and established the government of Turkestan. During this period, Muslims in the region were able to protect their Islamic rites and continue Islamic believes. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Muslims in the region were looking for an opportunity to improve their position. The war between Russia and Japan took place in 1907 and was the opportunity that Muslims were looking for. As the Russia was defeated by Japan, the Muslims were able to use Russia's internal weakness to improve their position. With the beginning of Soviet rule, the struggle against Islam entered a new phase. But the Muslims' interest in Islamism in the region has made the government's efforts to destroy Islam fruitless. Gorbachev declared religious freedom to reduce the challenges of the Soviet Union, and it was at this time that many current Islamist movements, such as the Hizb al-Tahrir in Central Asia, initiated to form in the early 1990s. They also officially announced their existence. Al-Tahrir, led by Yusuf Sheikh Abdul Qadim Zulum, developed its activities in Central Asia. The movement in Central Asia initially attracted its followers in Uzbekistan, but then Muslims of other states of the region also joined to the movement in the late 1990s. The target community in Central Asia is women, prisoners, students and intellectuals. Feelings of emptiness and lack of clear vision for the future in the eyes of the people of this region especially the youth, their poor economic conditions, the establishment of charities and the support of the poor by the station, existence of Marxist thoughts, weakness of the prevailing government to meet the public requirements and good organization of this movement in the region made it appealing for most people of the region. The Al-Tahrir pursues a different strategy in each state of the Central Asia in accordance with the specific social and political conditions of that country. Al-Tahrir in Uzbekistan seeks to spread its message to the people. In Tajikistan, he is competing with both government forces and other Islamic groups. In Kyrgyzstan, as a country's of relatively free space, it attempts to strengthen its ties with the people. In Kazakhstan, it is organizing forces and refusing to fight the government. Therefore, it can be said that the presence of this party in the region is the struggle for the Islamic awakening, the implementation of the rules and regulations of Islam and the establishment of the Islamic government (caliphate). Conclusion: Central Asia in modern times includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. In the third century, this region used to be one of the main centers of Islamic culture and civilization. The Russians dominated the region and created Turkestan county there in the mid-nineteenth century. In seeking for an opportunity to develop their territory, the leaders of al-Tahrir made attempts to promote their position when the Russia defeated by Japan in 1907. The results have indicated that many Islamism movements, including al-Tahrir, in the region were initiated with the religious freedom thoughts by Gorbachev. It can be concluded that the most important factors in influence and dominance of the al-Tahrir Party in Central Asia are including collapse of Soviet Union, a favorable space with people interested in Islamic believes, and other political, social, and economic conditions. Key Word: Hizb ut-Tahrir, Islamic Movement,Al Nabhani, Central Asia, Islamic Government https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_79961.html IntroductionOne of the vital and valuable capacities of the country is "common resources". By definition, with public use of common resources, the amount is reduced and limited. One of these resources is pastures. In our country, an area of about 52% of the country's area, which is more than 80 million hectares, includes pastures. This valuable capacity is the basis of various businesses including livestock, medicinal plants, fish farming and tourism. Socially, the livelihood of about 916,000 rural and nomadic families depends on the use of pastures. In other words, rangelands are the basis for the formation of businesses and activities of indigenous communities. What plays a role in the prosperity of sustainable exploitation of pastures on the one hand and its protection and restoration is the type of rules of governance and exploitation. Therefore, the question arises as to how, on the one hand, while using these pastures economically and productively, there can be no monopoly, greed and injustice in their use, and while observing inter generational justice, these resources in the form of Stable to continue.Pastures have traditionally been managed by indigenous and local communities in the country. In this way, with the formation of socio-ecologic systems, the natives of each region used their own mechanisms to exploit and revive resources. Apart from the shortcomings and deficiencies observed in these traditional institutions and sub-systems that have been formed over the years, they have also brought benefits to the country. Among other things, they decentralized and non governmental their prosperity, security and regulation. But with social and legal change, there was a shift towards institutional arrangements and rangeland governance. The passage of the Law on the Nationalization of Forests and Rangeland in the 1940s was a turning point that affected the rules of exploitation and left its mark. In this article, by comparing the rules in the rangeland governance system, the cause of the consequences is investigated.MethodologyIn this research, for data analysis, an institutional analysis framework based on the IAD conceptual model is used, which describes the rules that are affected by physical and social conditions at three levels. In this model, rules are classified into three levels: "constitutional rules", "collective choice rules" and "operational rules ".The approach used in this research is of a qualitative type that is used to deeply describe life experiences and understand and interpret their meaning. For this purpose, the semi-structured interview technique with different stakeholders in this section has been used. In a semi-structured interview, the interview questions are pre-defined and all respondents are asked the same questions. But they are free to respond in any way. Library and legal documents have also been used throughout the text to verify the findings. All in all in this assay as an interdisciplinary field we faced with limitations including limited space to express the method, results and details. Discussions and resultsThe method used in the analysis is "thematic analysis" of data collected as a result of interviews and study of anthropological documents and sources. After encoding the data using Maxqda software, 472 open source codes were categorized into 157 basic themes. What shapes the "rules in action" in the rangeland governance system are the physical and social conditions. These two components form the " constitutional rules", "collective selection rules" and "operational rules" at three levels. Relying on themes, a description of the rules of governance and rangeland management in the traditional system and the existing rangeland management system has been provided. One of the most constitutional rules in the exploitation of pastures is the "property right". This right determines what relationship the farmer has with the pasture and how much of the right to exploit, manage and even transfer and sell. Prior to the nationalization of rangelands, the rules of exploitation were such that in addition to the right to access and use the rangelands, the users had the right to transfer their own private rangeland to another; In this system of ownership, the exploiters had a kind of belonging to the natural field and while sustainable exploitation endogenously protected and revived the rangeland.ConclusionAs a result of this article, it was found that the role of local users, especially nomads, has been vital in the traditional rangeland system. The nationalization of rangelands has changed the rules in the rangeland management system and has left undesirable consequences that have resulted from the deprivation of property rights and management of users. Undoubtedly, the need for these changes in the country's rangeland management system and strengthening the internal motivation of farmers to protect, rehabilitate and sustainable use of rangelands, repeal the "Law on Nationalization of Forests and Rangelands" and amend the law on natural resources. What should be the focus of this law is the transfer of the right of choice and management to the beneficiaries, namely the nomadic and rural community, to reduce as much as possible the government's tenure and decision-making, especially at the operational level. To achieve this, it is necessary to consider and apply the popular approach at different levels of rules. This approach has been considered in the macro policies of the country. For example, in the "General Policies of Natural Resources", which specifically addresses the issue of governance and effective use of natural resources with the participation of the people and the strengthening of education in this sector. With the entry of the public sector in the form of cooperative, private and other non-governmental mechanisms of the NGO, which is commensurate with the social and ecologic institution of the country, the total financial and human costs of government to protect and rehabilitate rangelands will be reduced. Designing such a mechanism or institution requires research, refinement, and application of religious, civilizational, and universal teachings. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80075.html Development, which is in various dimensions, including economic, social or cultural, can affect the structures of society and vice versa, social structures. This influence and effectiveness is the reason why planners pay attention to it and its dimensions. Study. One of the manifestations of development is the improvement of employment and the issue of unemployment.Home-based businesses have been very effective in reducing unemployment due to their unique benefits, and the countries that have used them to strengthen these jobs have achieved remarkable positive results. Starting a business with the least initial capital, the possibility of working part-time, the existence of short-term training courses, no need for significant space, etc. are undeniable capabilities that home and family businesses have and require attention Jedi reveals this opportunity Social structure refers to structural features that make it possible to distinguish and distinguish similar actions in different temporal and spatial domains and give them a systematic form. The structure consists of rules and resources that play a role in the reproduction of social systems, ie rules that are formulated in social interaction and determine for social actors how to act socially and achieve goals .Many problems of Isfahan province in the employment sector on the one hand and also considering the unemployment rate of 5.5 percent in rural areas of Isfahan province between 1397 and 1398 on the other hand has caused to get out of this situation to look at home jobs in particular. Be. As a result, it is obvious that any kind of activities related to home-based activities cause economic, social, and cultural changes in rural areas. The creation of this type of business is one of the contemplative consequences of the desired developments. .Due to the importance of the subject, the present study aims to investigate and evaluate the effects of this type of domestic work on the social structure of rural areas of Isfahan province.The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and causal research in nature. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers working in home-based businesses in Isfahan province, which according to the Statistics Center of Iran in November 2016 was 296581 people. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the statistical sample size, based on which the sample size is equal to 384 households were estimated. Then, using probabilistic random sampling method, the questionnaires were distributed among 95 villages of Isfahan province that were randomly selected in 1398. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part was related to the personal characteristics of the respondents including gender, age, level of education, occupation, number of households and income. The second part related to the effects of home-based jobs on the social structure of the respondents was used in the form of a five-level Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5). (Hafeznia, 1389: 74) Formal and content validity of the questionnaire And the experts of the University of Isfahan and after making the necessary corrections were approved in several stages. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha method has been used to assess the validity of the measurement tool.ResultsFindings showed that the statistical population in terms of gender was 16.4% female and 83.6% male. In terms of education, 46.7% of the respondents had literacy, 48.3% had a cycle degree, 4.2% had a diploma and 0.8% had a bachelor's degree. The mean age of the respondents was 47.7 (standard deviation: 9.55) years, the youngest of whom was 20 years old and the oldest of whom was 74 years old. Most of the villagers surveyed in this study are married with a frequency of 91.6% and single at 8.4%. The results of the research show that 32.5% of the respondents stated that they are insured and 67.5% are uninsured.The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load. The factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, a weak relationship is considered and ignored. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if greater than 0.6 it is highly desirable. It can be seen that all the observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table no significant level is reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the five observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as reference variables for social harms, health system, participation and social communication, demographic structure and migration, respectively, so that these variables are hidden without scale and In other words, they should be eliminated without roots and their unit of measurement (Ghasemi, 2010). That is why the initial path diagrams are considered on the arrows related to the paths between these observed variables with the hidden variable corresponding to the values of 1, the AVE criterion represents the average variance shared between each structure with its own indicators. Simply put, AVE (average variance extracted) is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of indices of other structures. The value of this coefficient is from zero to one variable that values higher than 0.5 are accepted (Fornell et al., 1981: 50-39). Convergent validity or extracted mean variance (AVE) for social harm index / 766. The health system index was 0.711, the participation and social relations index was 0.799, the population structure index was 0.526 and the migration reduction index was 0.626. Also, the value of structural reliability coefficient or combined reliability (CR) was from zero to Is a variable that values above 0.7 are accepted, which for the social harm index is / 755. The health system index was 0.737, the participation and communication index was 0.802, the population structure index was 0.514 and the migration reduction index was 0.526, which indicates the appropriateness of these subscales https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80146.html Extended abstractIntroductionWeaknesses of traditional approaches to urban planning, including the inability to cope with the complexity and uncertainty of change, forecast constraints as the main support tools for urban planners and decision makers, the main emphasis on spatial form, short-term planning orientation, lack of comprehensive approach And the holistic view of the urban system, the lack of effective participation and cooperation between stakeholders and the neglect of the vision approach to the future, has led planners and city managers to use new tools in this area.The city of Ilam, as the capital of the province due to the strategic location of the international border of Mehran and the location of this city in transit and transit conditions on one side and the other, urban rural migration, irregular expansion of the city, the annexation of some surrounding villages Within the city limits, the uncontrolled expansion of suburban textures around the city, especially in areas with rugged and sloping topography, the staggering increase in land and housing prices, the growing demand for urban life, witness changes in the performance and appearance of the city. In the near future, it will cause many challenges and issues outside of urban development plans and projects in this city. Therefore, the existence of such conditions requires strategic studies based on the future perspective of the city to identify the most important variables affecting urban development. This research intends to identify and analyze the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city with a futuristic approach and examine the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city, which in fact is the basis for developing scenarios and achieving the desired scenarios. Provide. Therefore, according to the purpose, the main question of this research is what are the possible and desirable scenarios in the development of Ilam city?Theoretical BasesDifferences in the views and diversity of origins and areas of knowledge of those who have considered futurism have led to various definitions of it, and on the other hand, the relatively short life of futurism indicates that this concept is still in its infancy. There is a transition. Since the 1970s, Europeans have paid close attention to the field of futurism, using the term futurism for the field. The first futuristic studies in science, technology, and innovation at the national level date back to 1970.The fact is that the lack of foresight in the urban development system is one of the main factors in the weakness of the urban planning system. Methods of recognizing and constructing the future require dealing with social phenomena and then through the path of planning. The level of analysis of the city as a platform for social action is one of the most important components of foresight that should be reflected in the framework of city plans. Urban planners should provide commitment to the generation by preparing a vision and prioritizing issues, evaluating and formulating social criteria. Future people, recognizing the factors of change and transformation in society and paying attention to the present by thinking about the future, with an active and intelligent approach, design the desired future of the urban system.research methodThe research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information and data of the questionnaire is based on library, documentary and field studies. In the documentary and library studies section to achieve the desired information, from Internet sources, books and the latest Persian and Latin articles have been used. The statistical population is the entire geographical area of Ilam city and the statistical sample includes 50 people from the community of experts in the field of urban planning in the departments of road and urban planning, municipality, governorate (technical office and office of urban affairs), environment. To analyze the data and variables, the modeling process and MIC MAC software, Scenario Wizard were used.findings The results show that the degree of saturation of the matrix is 84.83%, which indicates that the selected factors have a large and scattered effect on each other and in fact the system has been in an unstable state. Out of 2383 evaluable relationships between the variables of this matrix, 426 items have a value of zero (no direct relationship), 1304 relationships have a value of one (low impact), 910 relationships have a value of two (medium impact) and 169 relationships have a value of three (high impact) They were. ConclusionThis futuristic approach identifies and analyzes the most important factors affecting the development of Ilam city and examines the extent and how these factors affect each other and the future situation of Ilam city. The main results of this research have two stages: The first stage is the results related to the variables that determine the development of Ilam city. For this purpose, 53 factors in 6 study sections (economic, social, political, etc.) and in the impact analysis matrix were adjusted and collected for development and planning experts of the city and analyzed with MICMAC software. Finally, from the initial 53 factors, 10 factors were selected as key factors that will play the most important role in the future development of Ilam city, which are: the existence of non-governmental organizations, the need for integrated urban management, management Executive, urban pollution, location of urban land uses in different parts of the city, implementation of a comprehensive and detailed plan, increase of facilities and public services, organization of social activities, citizen participation, urban culture. Among these, key development variables have a special role and place in the scenario development process of Ilam city. Then, by defining the possible situations of each factor in the future progress of this city, 30 possible situations were designed. Then, using the capabilities of Wizard software, 2 strong scenarios, 93 weak scenarios and 17 believable scenarios were extracted. In general, it should be said that the main result of this research shows that the future development of Ilam city continues https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80206.html IntroductionThe rapid growth of population in the world, especially in developing countries, has led to many problems. Issues that, more than anything else, have led to the physical expansion of cities, the decline in the quality of the urban environment, and instability.in 2012, UN-Habitat a new approach to urban development. A holistic and integrated approach to promote welfare and play a public role. This new approach helps cities better manage the city's future in the economic, political, social and environmental spheres. This approach, called urban prosperity,A prosperous city is one that provides productivity, infrastructure, quality of life, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability.On the other hand, in many cities, the degree of social stability of citizens and urban areas depends on the indicators of urban prosperity prevailing in those areas.A sustainable city achieves a dynamic balance between economic, environmental and socio-cultural components.Accordingly, in this study, urban prosperity and social sustainability as well as the effect of urban prosperity on social sustainability in Khorramabad are investigated.MethodologyThe research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. Research data were collected in two ways: documentary and field.The statistical population of the study is the residents of Khorramabad, which was selected as a sample size using Cochran's formula of 364 people by simple random method.Questionnaires were designed according to the number of population among the residents of 24 districts of Khorramabad.Multivariate t-test was used to measure the variables of urban prosperity and social sustainability and multivariate regression test was used to evaluate the effect of urban prosperity indicators on social sustainability in Khorramabad.Results and discussionThe results showed that the indicators of prosperity in the city of Khorramabad are moderate. The value of the test in the research variables is 3 and the average of the infrastructure and environmental sustainability index variable according to Table 3 is more than 3. In this regard, the average index of productivity, quality of life and social inclusion is less than 3. Therefore, according to the significance level, which is less than 0.05, it can be said that the situation of urban prosperity in terms of infrastructure and environmental sustainability indicators is moderately to high. In terms of productivity, inclusion and social inclusion, the status of urban prosperity is evaluated downwards and the mean of the quality of life index variable is less than 3 because the lower limit is negative and the upper limit is positive, so the average value obtained by the test is (3). And there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, it can be said that the situation of quality of life index in Khorramabad is evaluated as moderate. On the other hand, the results of measuring urban sustainability indicators were also evaluated at an average level. Given that the value of the test in the research variables is 3 and the average of the social stability index variable is dependence coefficient, social interaction, social capital status, honesty in social behaviors and participation in local activities according to Table 4, so It can be said that the social stability of these indicators in the city of Khorramabad is assessed as above average. In this regard, the average of the variables of responsibility and civil or institutional trust according to the table is less than 3 because the lower limit is negative and the upper limit is positive, so the average value obtained by the test is equal to (3) and there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, these variables are evaluated as average. Also, the variables of satisfaction with the level of access to services, sense of belonging, interpersonal trust, hours of volunteering, transparency, insurance, social justice and education and research according to the table are less than 3 because the lower and upper limits are both negative. And the significance level is less than 0.05, so the mean obtained is less than the value of test (3) and there is no significant difference between them. Therefore, the status of social stability of these variables in the city of Khorramabad has a low status. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of urban prosperity scores and social stability at the district level indicates the correlation (r = 0.873) between these two concepts. In other words, the areas that had a higher or lower than average score in terms of prosperity, mainly in the field of social sustainability, had the same procedure. Also, based on the results of linear regression, productivity indices with 0.383, quality of life with 0.352, infrastructure 0.297, environmental sustainability 0.204, and social inclusion with 0.186, respectively, have had the greatest effect on social sustainability.ConclusionThe results of the tests show that the concept of urban prosperity, which has been mentioned by the international community, has a challenge in the city of Khorramabad. This challenge arises from at least two cases;1. Low level of score of some indicators from the middle level such as productivity and inclusion and social inclusion;2. Imbalance and harmony between the dimensions (wheel blades) of prosperity.The results showed that the indicators of prosperity in the city of Khorramabad are moderate. On the other hand, the results of measuring urban sustainability indicators were also evaluated at an average level. However, changes in the indicators measured at the area level are tangible. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of urban prosperity scores and social stability at the district level indicates the correlation (r = 0.873) between these two concepts. As in the case of areas with higher or lower than average scores in terms of prosperity, mainly in the field of social sustainability have had the same procedure. Also, based on the results of linear regression, productivity indices with 0.383, quality of life with 0.352, infrastructure 0.297, environmental sustainability 0.204, and social inclusion with 0.186 had the most effect on social sustainability, respectively. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80584.html AbstractIn the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi method and the SWOT technique.In the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi methodIn the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi method and the SWOT technique.In the field of internal issues and issues of any country, if the damage and problems of political, administrative, social, economic, etc. reaches a certain amount and quality, either provides a platform for the entry of a threat or the security threat itself in various fields will be converted. Factors such as disproportionate job opportunities, economic crises and the risk of eliminating opportunities in the comprehensive administrative system, disproportion between costs and incomes, have left individuals and families with constant worries and concerns. On the other hand, disorder, lack of socialization and preference of individual and group interests over national interests among political elites, causes political tension and instability in society, which if not resolved by legal mechanisms, administrative and national security Will be at risk. The structure of the administrative system of any country is the system that regulates all activities to achieve predetermined goals. Today, in terms of Iran's domestic situation and international situation, the need for change in the country's administrative system is felt more than ever. Given that the administrative system depends on the structure and social foundation and cultural, political, social and economic goals of the country and cannot be addressed in the abstract, so considering the impact of the components, especially the political system and the development of political institutions on reform Administrative system, the present article seeks to design and explain it as a formative research using the Delphi method . https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80587.html Extended AbstractIntroduction Urban spaces are one of the most obvious areas of manifestation of identity, culture and civilization of urban society. Due to its prominent role in the economic, physical, social and political structure of the city, the central context of cities has always been in the focus of attention of experts. Following the physical expansion of cities and the prominent role of the car factor, urban communities have gradually witnessed the decline of environmental and spatial qualities in terms of social solidarity and cohesion. In the meantime, the implementation of sidewalks following the strengthening of social life, indigenous identity and human-centered urban realization has always become an effective policy and strategy at the level of urban communities. In this regard, the main purpose of the present study is a comparative study of the feasibility of creating sidewalks in the central part of the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh with the aim of strengthening identity, cohesion and social solidarity in the city and seeks to answer the following questions. Is: What is the level of correlation between the components of road construction and identity strengthening and social cohesion and solidarity? And the central context of which of the monocultural cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh can be implemented with the aim of strengthening social cohesion and identity?MethodologyIn the present study, with a practical purpose, a descriptive-analytical method and using document selection and library methods, the main concepts such as pedestrianism, identity and social cohesion are explained and the main components for specialized evaluation. The research has been extracted. the statistical population and sample size of the present study includes experts, thinkers and specialists in the field of urban sciences and all indigenous citizens of each of the study cities. The sample for the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh is equal to 383 cases. Also, 30 samples as a targeted sample size from the statistical community of urban experts and experts have been used to prioritize research indicators and sub-indicators. Then, using a questionnaire and observation and interview methods with experts and people, the degree of correlation between the main components of the research and the level of desirability and compatibility of selected indicators and sub-indicators of the research and determining the superior option has been determined. In addition, to ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the views of the statistical community were used and the Cronbach's alpha test was calculated to be 0.982. Quantitative data analysis method is derived from Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation and Shannon and Cocoso entropy techniques. The top and final option is selected. In the last stage, in order to facilitate the implementation of the road in the superior option and to achieve favorable conditions in terms of social identity, solidarity and social cohesion among different segments of the people, effective and purposeful suggestions have been presented.Results and Discussions The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov quantitative methods and Pearson correlation show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of implementation and strengthening of identity and social cohesion. Also, a correlation coefficient of 0.965 between the two components of road construction and strengthening urban cohesion and identity indicates a positive and strong correlation. According to the results of Shannon entropy method, sub-indices of improvement of collective spaces and topographic conditions have the highest and lowest level of importance and priority among other sub-indices in the implementation of road construction, respectively. The results of Cocoso method indicate that the central texture of Naqadeh city has more favorable conditions in terms of social and economic indicators and has an unfavorable situation in the characteristic feature of appearance and urban landscape. Meanwhile, in the central part of Qorveh city, the situation of social indicators and the characteristics of urban appearance and landscape are at an inappropriate level. It has also been in a good position compared to others in terms of natural characteristics, use and performance. According to the results and in general terms, the central texture of Naqadeh city with a final coefficient of 4.252 has more favorable conditions than the central texture of Qorveh city with a weight of 1.83 in terms of road construction feasibility. ConclusionAccording to the results of quantitative methods (based on statistical tests) and analysis of research findings, in order to achieve a suitable situation in the city of Naqadeh, purposeful and efficient suggestions have been presented.- Utilization of indigenous elements (elements, fountains, ...) in order to strengthen the social and cultural identity of the city- Creating suitable health spaces according to its ability- Supporting the presence of traditional retailers (vendors) and allocating spaces for their establishment- Appropriate role modeling of officials, managers and urban professionals from the valuable experiences of successful communities- Special attention and emphasis on the allocation of appropriate urban furniture- Reconstruction and renovation of some commercial functions in the area for the construction of commercial complexes- Special attention and emphasis on the urban beautification approach- Efforts to increase the level of mixing of uses- Utilization of stable and compatible environmental conditions- Emphasis on increasing sustainable social interactions between people and related organs and organizations to achieve the desired situation- Utilizing more stable modes of transportation in the study area (such as bicycles) and designing a special route for it- Assigning a separate route for the traffic of special affairs vehicles- Organizing and developing the use of green space and recreation-leisure- Creating and developing arrangements in order to revitalize the study environment around the clock (24-hour city)- Considering the principles of effective planning and design for the disabled and the elderly- And organizing the existing urban infrastructure while paying attention to future developments Keywords: Sidewalk, Identity and Social Cohesion, Central Context, Naqadeh, Qorveh https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80816.html IntroductionCognation and discovering the Logic of Settlement Syntax in the Iran It is effective in creating and developing population centers. However, the discovery of spatial relations and the logic that dominates it can be used in the preparation of the document of the fundamental spatial planning of the land of Iran and the landscapes of Iran. This research is based on the theory of space syntax and aims to Land cognation and discovering the rules of spatial syntax of settlements and with a quantitative-analytical and modeling method, using Python programming and geographic information system (GIS), it has analyzed the pattern of space syntax of urban settlements and space configuration. Space syntax of urban settlements in Iran, using environmental parameters such as; elevation, slope, convex and concave surfaces, land surface temperature (LST), precipitation, relative humidity and urban demographic space have been considered and by combining these parameters, the raster data model and new concepts have been invented and explained. After thresholding and coding the raster data model, the spatial relationships between them are processed and Compound Geomorphic Systems for Iran have been extracted. and then the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed in each of the geomorphic systems and subsystems. The results show that the patterns, context and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran have interacted with geomorphic systems and the analysis of spatial syntax can express the macro-strategies of the residential system in Iran based on the foundations of fundamental spatial planning.The method of space syntax is the basis for understanding the configuration and analysis of environmental structures. In this research, what is considered as a question; The Logic of Settlement Syntax in Iran.Materials and methodsIn this research, the approach of space syntax has been proposed and using quantitative-analytical method, based on environmental parameters, the space syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed; Therefore, in order to achieve the research goals, the following process has been designed:Step one: Determining and recognizing the land of Iran and understanding the subject of research.Step 2: Study the documentary sources.Step 3: Prepare the database.Step 4: Raster Analysis, Modeling the earth and Environmental classification and threshold. In this step, the optimized Natural Breaks (Jenks) algorithm provided by Jenks is used for environmental threshold This method is one of the 7 methods of classifying tolls in the geographic information system (GIS). The natural breaks method is one solution to the failure of maximum breaks to consider natural groupings of data. In natural breaks, graphs are examined visually to determine logical breaks (or, alternatively, clusters) in the data. Stated another way, the purpose of natural breaks is to minimize differences between data values in the same class and to maximize differences between classes. Later we will see that this is also the objective of the optimal method, but with the optimal method, the classification is done using a numerical measure of classification error, whereas with natural breaks, the classification is subjective.Step 5: Estimation of the number and total urban population in the class - codes and presentation of new models and graphic Patterns in the field of space analysis and analysis of the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements in Iran.Results and discussionIn this research, for the recognition and paraphrase of space, geomorphic and climatic elements; Altitude, slope, land curvature, temperature, precipitation and relative humidity have been analyzed as environmental components, selected and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran.Iran is part of a highland called the Iranian Plateau. Mountainous heights and landscapes and the height differences of this area are the most prominent features of the land, the extent of which is impressive not only in terms of nature but also in terms of residential space and it has caused a lot of environmental diversity and environmental differences.therefore; Due to altitude diversity; Which is the main factor in the emergence and development of large- Scale Geomorphic systems of different geomorphological formations and landscapes in the land of Iran, in this study, altitude is considered as an independent variable and other parameters as dependent variables.Generally, the classifications are based on the factors of elevation-slope, elevation-curvature, elevation-temperature, elevation-precipitation and elevation-relative humidity and Iran, based on each of these environmental characteristics, is divided into 4 main systems and a combination of 16 subsystems. Each of these subsystems has certain differences in terms of geomorphic structure and each has an area of Iranian territory.The final result of this spatial analysis; Procurement of formation systems and subsystems with specific geomorphic characteristics in the territory of Iran and preparation of graphic maps and models Curveo-Hypsographic, Gradio-Hypsographic, Thermo-Hypsographic, Meteoro-Hypsographic and Humio-Hypsographic.After preparing a map of the formation systems, steps have been taken to analyze the level of civilization in each of the subsystems, to find out which subsystems in each environmental system have the most urban civilization, Or the power of urbanization of each subsystem. This analysis is based on location, number of urban settlements and the total urban population in each subsystem.ConclusionThe classification system presented in this study, which is done by combining the altitude parameter with 5 other environmental parameters, has presented different Compound Geomorphic Systems. This classification can be applied in various fields of geomorphology and even other natural geography trends. Each of the five proposed systems, which includes 16 other subsystems, will be used in pure geomorphology. To identify, differentiate, and identify Landforms, depending on the type of dominant Geomorphic Systems in each environment, the results can be used in the hierarchical organization of geomorphological research work. Also, for climatic classifications with a geomorphological perspective that climatologists pay less attention to, the results of such research can be useful. The results of this study are widely used in the classification of Compound Geomorphic Systems in various fields of geomorphology and climatology and fields related to human geography and population geography, and in growth and development. The theoretical and practical fields of these sciences will be effective. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80817.html Extended abstractIntroduction In third world and developing countries, of which Iran is one of them, whenever we talk about development and progress, we mainly pay attention to human characteristics and factors, population dispersion and also the rural texture of such abundant countries. These societies, which face many problems due to backwardness and under development, try in various ways to reduce the disorders caused by under development by implementing various development programs and to take steps to improve the living conditions of the people. In recent decades, there have been major problems in the process of modernization and structural transformation in developing societies, resistance to the acceptance of new ideas, innovations, and any new ideas and designs, especially in rural areas, especially in rural areas. They know their cultural and traditional beliefs. In principle, different societies and cultures differ in terms of individual and personality characteristics and areas of acceptance of development programs. One of the most important and central theories in the school of modernization is the theory of the peasant subculture Rogers. Scholars in this field believe that all traditional beliefs must be discarded in order for development to emerge. In the discussion of "rural subculture", Rogers believes that the main obstacles to modernization and development stem from the way of life and culture of the villagers, and elements such as motivations, values and views in the form of peasant subculture. It hinders innovation and acceptance of change in rural communities, and negative and deterrent factors of economic development have been assumed. Looking at the early theories of development, we see that most theorists (Rogers, McClelland, Hagen, Engels, etc.) believe that development is a phenomenon of anti-traditions, beliefs, localism and anti-familyism. Etc. Because it contradicts many tribal ethnic beliefs and traditions, but now, despite development in rural areas, we are witnessing the presence of traditional beliefs and values, and in a sense we can say that development has made traditions more flourishing. Is. The present study aimed to investigate the elements of peasant subculture theory that Rogers considered as obstacles to development. The theory has been tested in Glin village of Sanandaj city in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the social context of the study community, in order to determine whether the elements of the peasant subculture as Rogers has considered in the community The check is valid.MethodologyIn this study, the researcher used qualitative approach techniques to test the Rogers peasant subculture theory for understanding and understanding the peasant view of the village of Galin. In this research, two purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling have been used. In the present study, data were collected through techniques such as in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and focused group discussion. Therefore, in the present study, 344 heads of households in Galin village constitute the statistical population of the study. In the research process, sampling of individuals and interpretation of interviews continued gradually and step by step from heads of households to the stage of theoretical saturation, and this process was interviewed with 35 heads of households and for the gradual process of data collection by the time the theoretical saturation was reached, seven groups of five were formed to conduct focused group discussions, and the researcher would begin the discussion by raising the issues under consideration. The researcher recorded the data on paper during group discussions and interviews, and at the end of each day, the process of interpretation and sampling was done gradually, and the data collection continued until the stage of theoretical saturation.Results and discussionIn the present study, which is based on the elements of the peasant subculture. These elements are: lack of innovation, family orientation, lack of mutual trust in personal relationships, dependence on government, destiny, low level of aspirations and desires, inability to ignore immediate interests to achieve future benefits, limited time perspective, Localism and lack of empathy. According to the research findings, the elements of the peasant subculture in the mentioned society do not correspond to what Rogers and other theorists in this field have proposed. So that only in the component of mutual distrust in personal relationships, the findings show people's dissatisfaction with the current situation due to lack of trust between them. Whereas in the past, despite the underdevelopment of the village, the level of trust among people has been high. In this study, from the heart of the subculture that has been considered as an obstacle to development for years, the idea has been raised that subcultures are not necessarily an obstacle to development. Based on these subcultures, it is possible to create a development that creates a sense of participation and responsibility, and contributes to the development and destiny of the people, and determines their participation in development programs.ConclusionThe present study aims to analyze the elements of peasant subculture theory that Rogers considered as obstacles to development, has been tested in Galin village of Sanandaj city. In this way, a comprehensive understanding of the social context of the study community is obtained, in order to determine whether the elements of the peasant subculture apply to the study community in the way that Rogers has considered. Therefore, in the end, it can be concluded that such existing issues are one of the requirements of rural planning for the cultural development of villages. Because the diversity of different ethnicities and cultures requires its own programs. If the components of rural subculture are reconstructed and rethought by conducting correct studies in accordance with modern needs and current conditions of society, they can act as a stimulus in the process of rural development and participation. And as long as we can hope for the development of the studied society, the endogenous approach to development will be the basis of change and create cultural and social contexts. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80818.html IntroductionThe term "geopolitics" was first coined in 1899 by a Swedish political scientist named Rudolf Kellen. There are many definitions of geopolitics, sometimes it is considered as a science and sometimes it is presented in the form of knowledge and discourse. The Larousse Dictionary mentions geopolitics as a science. While critical geopolitics thinkers believe that geopolitics does not have a separate and pervasive meaning and identity, but is a different cultural and political discourse and way of describing, writing and representing geography and international politics. They believe that geopolitics is a type of power / knowledge that at the beginning of the twentieth century was concerned with the expansion of nations and the security of empires.The World Geography Dictionary believes that geopolitics are policies that Territorial relations and the aspirations of political institutions are taking place. Geopolitical theories with the nature of predicting the events of the future world system, have generally been proposed with the centrality of different geographical locations in the field of global power competition. Our main goal in this research is to study 15 geopolitical theories that have been neglected in the specialized literature of this field in Iran. MethodologyThe present study is of a fundamental and theoretical type that tries to expand the boundaries of general knowledge of this science in Iran by examining the neglected theories of geopolitics. The method of data collection in this research is documentary and library and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. Results and ConclusionSo far, many theories have been studied and analyzed in the specialized geopolitical literature in Iran. However, there are some theories that have not been examined for various reasons, such as the breadth of the global geopolitical literature or the novelty of the theories. Therefore, in the present study, we reviewed and analyzed 12 important theories that were neglected in the Iranian geopolitical literature, and also in the end, we briefly introduced 3 other less cited geopolitical theories. These theories start with Charles Doran's theory in 1971 and continue to Verbowski's theory in 2020. They include: 1. The power cycle (Doran): This theory explains the changing structure of the world power system and reflects the change in structure The system and the rise and fall of a country as a great power. 2. Linkage (Kissinger): This theory connects all the sensitive and troublesome parts of the world to the Soviet Union, and considers the involvement of the United States in any conflict to examine its impact on the superpower balance. 3. The Fall of the Russian Empire (Collins): He proposed a geopolitical theory based on the conditions that determined the emergence and geopolitical collapse of territorial power and correctly predicted the fall of the Soviet Union. 4. Eurasian Chessboard (Brzezinski): This theory likens the land of Eurasia to a chessboard with a major player for the first time in US history. 5. The Last Map (Kaplan): The Kaplan map is divided into rich north and poor south, where the south, especially Africa, is doomed to chaos. In fact, this map will be an immutable display of chaos. 6. Death of Heartland (Trenin): This theory states that the new Russia has lost its former quality as the center of world power (Heartland). So by the end of the heartland, the country must join the West. 7. Systematic geopolitical configuration (Dussouy) In this attractive model, Dussouy introduces 5 spaces, which include three central levels: demographic space, diplomatic-strategic space and economic space. 8. The Maritime Ring (Cohen): He believes that the growth of population, economy and political power along the coast and ports is the main reason for the geographical change (continentalism towards navigation) that creates a Maritime ring. Cohen tests this theory in the United States and says that the maritome ring is the center of gravity of American commerce. 9. Role Realignment Theory (Lahneman): This theory, which is influenced by the Charles's cycle of power, states that with the rise or fall of nations in power cycles, power gaps in maps appear due to an inherent stagnation in the planning of roles and responsibilities. For Lahneman, role-power gaps are defined using four roles: structural, declarative, operational, and attributive. 10. The end of geopolitics and the beginning of geopolinomics (Kazi): This theory is based on the work of Demco and Wood and believes that in the 21st century, power rivalry is based on geopolnomical components such as energy corridors, modern Silk Roads and ports, Thus we are witnessing the end of traditional geopolitical patterns that have been replaced by global geopolinomics. 11. Heartland Fascination (Ristick and Malinson): This theory takes an unscientific and unrealistic view of geopolitics and argues that geopolitics and heartland fascination are very dangerous to international relations because of the instrumental approach in the actors' think tank. In addition to being unscientific, this theory ignores the pacifist geopolitical dimension (geopacific) and its applied dimension based on humanistic geopolitics. 12. The framework of network geopolitical metaphors (Verbovszky): The purpose of using metaphor in this theory is to provide a framework and vocabulary for understanding some political changes. It is a metaphorical framework, the geopolitics of a network based on a new balance of power, with the play of strategic actors, strategic disruptors, digital militants and strategic citizens. Three other lesser-cited geopolitical theories include: 1. Hierarchical regional grouping (Chrone): This theory presented ten regional groupings and believed that the Pacific would become the arena of future confrontation for the Soviet Union, the United States, and China. 2. Key regions (Silak): Silak 25 centuries ago believed that any country that dominates the three key and strategic regions, namely Bahrain, Oman and Yemen, will rule the world. 3. The Arabian Peninsula, the axis of world power (Schreiber): The focus of this theory was the Arabian Peninsula, which believed that any country that dominates the peninsula would dominate the entire continent of Europe, and that any country that dominates the continent of Europe would rule the world. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80831.html The thermal island phenomenon is the excess heat on the surface of the earth and the atmosphere of urban areas compared to its suburbs. Thermal island by changing the pattern of local winds, enhancing the growth of clouds and fog, increasing lightning and affecting rainfall, lowers the urban air and causes discomfort and discomfort to city dwellers and by affecting human health, the possibility of asthma and various diseases Increases other respiration. Therefore, this research has been done with the nature of developmental-applied and descriptive-analytical and the purpose of simulation and calculation of the maximum intensity of urban heat islands (UHImax) according to urban geometry conditions in Valiasr and Shanb Ghazan alleys of Tabriz.The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and has a developmental-applied nature. In this study, the required data were obtained through library, documentary and field studies. In this research, Landsat satellite imagery of 8 OLI and TIRS sensors in 163 and row 34 for the years 13/01/2019 and 12/08/2019 has been used. The method of this research is based on Oke numerical-theoretical equation. To do this, first the geometry of the desired areas according to a radius of 20 meters in Valiasr alley and 15 meters in the Ghazan slope from the axis of the passages to separate blocks and then the ratio of width of the passages and height of the building (H / W) in GIS software Finally, based on Oke equation, UHImax was calculated and simulated. In this study, in order to calculate the height-width ratio (H / W), first using ARCGIS10.5 software, the central axis of the passages was determined and then to determine the average height of buildings effective in thermal island changes, a radius of 20 meters left and right of the passages for Valiasr alley and a radius of 15 meters was considered for Shanb Ghazan area (the choice of radii depended on the width of the passages). After selecting the appropriate radius for both areas, the blocks were extracted and separated. According to the number of building floors (1 to 5) for Shanb Ghazan area and (1 to 11) for Valiasr alley and the average height of each block, the amount of homogeneity or heterogeneity of each block was determined. According to the passages, the blocks of the studied areas were divided into 10 different blocks from A to J. After selecting the appropriate radius of the building block in each axis, the height of the buildings was classified into three categories: low, medium and high. Then, using the H / W ratio, the intensity of the thermal island in each block was calculated. Also, in order to estimate the effect of the width of the passages and the height of the building on the changes in the intensity of the thermal island of Tabriz, a multiple regression model was used. Finally, after calculating the intensity of the thermal island in Valiasr and Shanb Ghazan alleys, the intensity of the thermal islands in both regions were compared and compared with the Earth surface temperature (LST) map obtained from the Landsat 8 satellite TIRS sensor.The results showed that the increase in population and construction in Tabriz metropolis has caused an increase in temperature. The results obtained from both areas showed that the physical and geometric conditions of Tabriz have a great impact on increasing the thermal island of the city, so that the taller the buildings and the smaller the width of the passages, the intensity of the thermal island The more and vice versa, the lower the intensity of the thermal island. As the width of the passages decreases, the pattern of local winds changes and they can rarely circulate freely in the passages, directing the heat out of the environment and adjusting the temperature there. Narrow passages absorb heat during the day and keep it in the urban environment for hours after sunset. These narrow passages, like deep and narrow valleys, reduce the long wavelength of radiation from the narrow width of the street and keep the heat at the surface of the passages, which increases the intensity of the thermal island. As the results showed, in Valiasr alley, among 10 blocks, block D with 1.9 degrees and block H with 8.2 degrees Celsius has the lowest and highest values of thermal island intensity. In Shanb Ghazan region, among the blocks, block G with 0.8 degrees has the lowest and block B with 6.8 degrees has the highest heat island intensity. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that according to the width of the passages and the height of the buildings in Valiasr alley and Shanb Ghazan area, blocks D and G have the most standard configuration and blocks H and B have the most standard configuration in these areas. The final results showed that although the height of the building has a significant role in increasing the intensity of the thermal island, but based on the estimation of the multivariate regression model, the effect of the width of the passages in Valiasr alley with 0.91 is much greater than the height of the building with 0.6 and Shanb Ghazan area with 0.92 much more than the height of the building with 0.5 is involved in changes in the intensity of the thermal island. Also, the comparison of the variables of width of passages and height of buildings in the studied areas showed that the width of passages in Valiasr alley had the least effect compared to Shanb Ghazan area and the height of buildings was the opposite. The results of surface temperature in the study areas also showed that Valiasr alley has the highest and lowest temperatures in winter and summer, respectively, while the surface temperature in both winter and summer in Shanb Ghazan region did not differ much. And the surface temperature in this area is low. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80862.html Abstract:Natural attractions, including gardens, have great potential for attracting tourists. The connection and proximity of these attractions with historical attractions, which are mainly inside the gardens, doubles their importance. Kerman province, which is one of the provinces located in the arid regions of Iran, has many gardens. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of gardens in Kerman County to attract tourists using Pralong model and the tourism grade of each garden is obtained from the average of four indicators: "Physical beauty", "Scientific", "Historical-cultural" and "Socio-economic" which are scored in five different levels. Library, documentary and survey methods have been used in data collection. In order to accurately evaluate and score during the research process while surveying the region, tourism activists in the province as well as professors of the Tourism Planning and Management Department were used and four gardens of Shazdeh Mahan, Beyromabad, Harandy Garden Museum and Fathabad were selected for this research. The results show that in terms of tourism standard, Shazdeh Garden has a first rank with a score of 0.7. According to the statistics of the "Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism" and the Pralong model, in attracting tourists, Shazdeh Garden is in the first place and Fathabad Garden, Harandy Garden Museum and Beyromabad Garden are in the next ranks. In terms of beauty, Shazdeh Garden has gained the most points due to the presence of old trees, water flow and beautiful building. In terms of scientific value, Harandy Garden Museum has gained the first rank in the ranking with a score of 0.69, one of the reasons for which is the existence of an archaeological museum (valuable works are kept in it). In general, based on the research model in the four studied gardens, the score of historical-cultural value (0.75) and aesthetic value (0.74) is much higher than the score of socio-economic values (0.52) and scientific (0.55) which shows the beauty of the studied gardens and also their historical value.Materials and Methods:The present study has been carried out with the aim of application-development and based on field evaluations and also the study of historical documents and by applying one of the common models in the evaluation of geotourism potentials of the regions (Pralong method). The reason for choosing the Pralong model in the forthcoming paper among other similar methods is that this model has a marvelous performance in attracting tourists due to considering different aspects and capabilities of tourism sites. Accordingly, first, through library studies, by reviewing the sources and documents related to the subject and area under study, the required information and data have been collected. Then, by examining topographic maps and field visits, the gardens and the location of the studied geomorphosites were identified and displayed by ArcGIS 10.8 software. It is worth mentioning that the tourism grade of each garden has been obtained from the average of four indicators: "Physical beauty", "Scientific", "Historical-cultural" and "Socio-economic" which are scored in five different levels.Discussion and Results:Identifying the studied areas is the first step that has been considered in this section and after that, based on the opinions of tourism activists in Kerman province and also professors of tourism planning and management, valuation has been done using the relevant model. To determine the tourism value of Kerman province, the average of four criteria of physical beauty, scientific, cultural-historical and socio-economic has been used. Each of the values scored according to its own criteria in five different levels and finally the grade of that value obtained from the average score of the criteria of that value. According to the result, Beyromabad Garden has the lowest score, the main reason is that the garden is not open to the public and the highest score is given to Shazdeh Garden, which shows its beauty and importance at the international level. And its inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage has added to its importance. According to the experts, the ranking of gardens in Kerman province is as follows: 1) Shazdeh Mahan Garden;2) Fathabad Garden;3) Harandy Garden Museum;4) Beyromabad Garden.Conclusion:According to experts and Pralong model, in general, Shazdeh Garden is in the first place and Fathabad Garden, Harandy Garden Museum and Beyromabad Garden are in the next ranks of tourism destinations. In terms of beauty, Shazdeh Garden has gained the most points due to the presence of old trees, water flow and superb buildings. In terms of the scientific value of the garden, Harandy Garden Museum with a score of 0.69 has gained the first rank in prioritization, which is due to the existence of the archaeological museum, which has many valuable historical monuments. The results of this research show that Shazdeh Garden has a higher score than the other three gardens, which has a high value in terms of "tourism" as well as "utilization". Beyromabad Garden also has the lowest score, because it is not possible for tourists to visit this garden at the moment. Conforming to the four studied gardens, the score of historical-cultural value (0.75) and the value of physical beauty (0.74) is much higher than the score of socio-economic (0.52) and scientific values (0.55) which shows the beauty of the studied gardens and also their historical value. Examining the researches that have been done on this subject before, we find that in the past, the purpose of building Persian gardens was to produce happiness and joy, and the use of most of these gardens has been recreational. So far, researchers have made interesting comparative comparisons of gardens and described the role of gardens in Persian culture, but none of them specifically address the gardens of the arid areas and the four gardens mentioned in this paper, located in Kerman province. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_80900.html IntroductionWith the growth of industries and economies after the Industrial Revolution, many new problems such as traffic, crowded public spaces and intense daily activities emerged in metropolises. As a result, a tendency to live nighttime lives formed among major groups of citizens with the aim of getting away from daytime work restrictions, expanding leisure time, improving urban nightscapes, developing night economies and providing nighttime social and recreational activities (Kavousi, 2015; Ayatollah, 2015). Considering the modern structure of life and the new models of time spending, many urban planners and sociologists now believe that people are looking for an artificial “day” during the night so that they can get access to and perform relaxing activities (Karim et al., 2013). In fact, the concept of night city seeks to provide economic and social solutions for proper use of resources and opportunities and improving quality of life (Roberts and Eldridge , 2012). Therefore, urban spaces must have the necessary capabilities and potentials to be used by citizens at all hours of the day (Moayedi, 2013).MethodologyThe methodology of the research is quantitative. The required data were collected via field study, library research and distribution of questionnaires at 10 different sites in Hamadan City. A total number of 384 questionnaires were distributed at the selected sites based on the number obtained by Cochran’s formula and the population of Hamedan which stands at 554,406. These sites were identified and selected based on remote sensing data collected by the Strava satellite. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was used to ensure the adequacy of the sample size. A KMO value higher than 0.7 means factor analysis can be performed with confidence. Then the skewness test was used to check the normality of the obtained data. Since the basis of factor analysis is the correlation between the test questions, the Bartlett test of sphericity was used to evaluate the correlation between the variables. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is one of the most widely used methods in many scientific fields including urban planning for refining or producing the latent dimensions of data. Varimax rotation in EFA was used for data analysis. Results and discussionMany studies carried around the globe about nightlife have focused on certain aspects such as presence of various social groups such as artists, students and tourists in urban spaces. Because of Iran’s sociocultural characteristics and norms, however, nightlife in Iranian cities mostly revolves around the presence of families in urban spaces, especially near religious and historical sites. In fact, most nighttime celebrations and events in Iran take place at religious and historical sites (0.730). As such, nightlife in Iran is defined based on the presence of family members, relatives, children, women and elderly citizens alongside one another. Therefore, paying due attention to the appearance and landscape of authentic religious buildings has an important role in promoting nightlife. As can be seen in Table 5, this component has the factor loading of 0.728. This shows that social and environmental security plays an importance role in the presence of Iranian families in urban spaces (0.713). The results showed that security is one of the main factors deemed important by the middle-aged and senior groups. The results also showed that factors such as environmental quality, favorable climate (0.716), access (0.857) as well as spatial and functional diversity (0.752) play an important role in the realization of 24-hour urban spaces. The role of economic stimuli in nightlife is highly important as well.ConclusionCertain characteristics such as the possibility of holding ceremonies in urban spaces, commercial facilities, low-cost land uses, favorable climatic conditions, environmental favorability ,suitable distance from houses, availability of parking lots, general supervision, responsive and permanently-available management, beautiful environments and landscapes, uniform cultural quality and finally the inclusiveness of urban space are the most important factors for creation of a lively nightlife and formation of economic and recreational activities from the viewpoint of the users of urban public spaces. Based on the results of this research, recreational and economic activities play an important role in the realization of a lively nightlife as urban citizens demand fulfillment of these needs in line with their welfare, security and comfort. This finding conforms to that of a study by Roberts (2004), who suggests that promotion and proper management of nighttime activities, prosperity of night economies and provision of social security are among the most important components of nightlife. Alexander(2008) mentions four requirements for promotion of nightlife and its integrated management: proper distribution of active nighttime spaces all over the city, allocation of appropriate activities to nighttime spaces, equipping nighttime spaces with suitable services and provision of security in nighttime spaces. In their study about the role of security in the vitality of nightlife, Alimoradi et al. (2016) propose that increasing sense of security requires increasing the combination of compatible land uses, providing suitable furniture, improving visual and physical permeability, using proper lighting and cheerful colors as well as implementing designs suitable for nighttime activities. It is possible to achieve these qualities in a defined framework by making a series of plans in the spatial-functional structure of public spaces, setting a series of regulations and using different forces in these spaces. These qualities allow cities to not only provide their residents with a dynamic and active daily life but to offer high-quality nightlife to urban citizens. Pakzad et al. (2012) have emphasizes the role of nightlife in improving the performance of urban spaces. This study showed that lighting can improve the appearance and landscape of urban spaces and thus increase the presence of citizens in these spaces. This finding conforms to the results of a study carried out by Samani et al. (2012) who suggest that urban lighting significantly contributes to the liveliness and security of urban spaces. Golkar (2006) believes that the mental image of an urban space during nighttime can become stronger and more vivid than its image during daytime with the help of lighting and thus create a more coherent mentality of the city for citizens. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81176.html IntroductionAchieving sustainable development is not possible without the active participation of women in all areas. Therefore, women in general and rural women in particular must be empowered in various fields, including economic and social, in order to be able to better play their role in society. To this end, empowerment must go beyond the mental framework and become a supportive environment based on a sense of responsibility, so that rural women have the opportunity to cooperate and participate in a desirable way.The realization of these things will not be possible except through groups, organizations and empowerment programs. Therefore, in this study, an attempt is made to study and analyze the role of these organizations in empowering rural women in the study area. Preliminary exploratory studies have shown that rural women in the region have a lot of potential economic and social potential, especially in starting a business, but they face many problems and obstacles that have prevented the realization of these capabilities.The Bashgah keshavarzan Javan is a formal non-governmental organization active in the study area. This institution has been formed by using various educational, cultural, artistic,. functions in the field of entrepreneurship and development of the agricultural sector with specific goals. The goals of this organization are to provide opportunities for youth participation as farmers of tomorrow, to achieve the goals of agricultural and rural development, to lay the groundwork for the flourishing and dynamism of mental capacity, personality, knowledge and skills of rural youth to improve better lives in It is a village. Therefore, the main question of the research is what is the relationship between the activities of NGO "BkJ" and the empowerment of rural women members in the villages of Roshtkhar County?MethodologyThe studied geographical area is the villages of Roshtkhar County of Khorasan Razavi province, which is located in the south of Torbat-e Heydarieh county. Its center is the city of Rashtkhar and is located 165 km south of Mashhad. The research method of this research is causal-comparative and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study includes rural women in working ages (15-64) and a member of the NGO (BKJ) , living in 10 villages of Rashtkhar city. The total number of female members is 800. With the Cochran's formula and an error of 0.06%, the sample size of 200 people was obtained, the number of which was determined in proportion in the studied villages. In order to have the effect of this NGO in empowering female members, 200 non-female women have been considered as a control group.Using the researcher-made questionnaire and designing open and closed questions appropriate to the type of question, the required field information was collected. 25 indicators were used to measure the effects of NGO on women's social empowerment and 15 indicators were used for economic empowerment. Cronbach's alpha test tool was used to validate the questionnaires and ensure reliability.Results and discussionThe statistical population of the study is women members of NGO (BKJ) in 10 villages of this city. , has been studied. The results showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between age and empowerment of women in both groups and with increasing age, their empowerment decreases. between the level of education of members and their social and economic empowerment, a significant positive relationship was obtained with correlation coefficient (0.123) and (0.161), respectively. And because female members have a higher level of education, they have more social and economic empowerment.he result of the role of of NGO BKJ on increasing the economic empowerment of members, T-test of two independent groups showed that out of 15 economic indicators, 9 indicators are significant and women members of NGO have higher economic empowerment But about the other 6 indicators, which include "increase in control and planning of their income and family", "access to credit, loans and facilities", "access to production resources", "increase market awareness", "increase access to "Multiple markets" and "Increasing employment in agricultural activities with earnings", no significant difference was found between the two groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that NGO BKJ has not been able to achieve full success in the field of economic empowerment of women and this process is still ongoing and they need facilities and financial support, market awareness and increased production skills.To assess the role of the NGO BKJ on increasing the social empowerment of female members, 25 indicators were considered. Although the significance level of t-test in 9 indicators, there was no significant difference between the opinions of the two groups, but in 16 indicators, there is a significant relationship and positive effect. NGO proves the social empowerment of women. Regarding the indicators of "participation rate in the working group", "participation rate in rural elections" and "increasing communication with other families", between the two groups, the average to high average and the difference between the means is a sign of no significant relationship. here is no significant difference between "Awareness of social and legal rights", "Awareness of laws and regulations" and "Awareness of the benefits of participation in society" and both groups of rural women have low awareness and therefore NGO has not been able to social empowerment in The above indicators are successful. Therefore, full empowerment is done through a process in which the NGO BKJ is still halfway through.ConclusionComparing the two groups of female members and non-members of NGO with t-test and significance level, a significant difference between the opinions of the two groups was proved; The average empowerment indicators of women members of NGOs are higher than non-members, which is the result of the educational activities and skills enhancement of NGOs. Despite the positive effects of NGO, but some problems such as lack of understanding and definition of this NGOs among villagers and rural women, people's lack of trust and view of the exterior of this NGOs and the failure of some NGOs, is a warning sign to diminish them. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81598.html Potential assessment of geotourism development in peripheral areasCities in arid regions (Case study: New Ivankei city)IntroductionTourism is one of the sectors that has grown dramatically in the global economic arena in recent years, so that tourism in many countries is considered as the main source of economic recovery and economic growth. Economists believe that tourism is one of the most promising industries that the Third World can use its capabilities to replace other industries and development. One of the new study basins in tourism studies is based on the recognition of geomorphous cultures. Geotourism is one of the pillars of tourism that emphasizes the prospects, forms and processes that create them. In fact, geotourism, a tourism that preserves and improves the geographic identity of a site, which includes not only the environment, but also the cultural heritage and aesthetics of the place, and most importantly the welfare of the local population. Despite the importance of geotourism and its great impact on the socio-economic development of the regions, but the necessary progress has not been made in this area and in many regions, including the central regions of the country, there are no comprehensive plans for the development of this industry. Each region has different talents and attractions according to its geographical environment. One of the areas that has high potential for the development of the geotourism industry is the new city of Ivanki in the west of Semnan province. Due to its geographical location and connection, the new city of Ivanki can have important functions to create sustainable employment and urban development in the future, including the tourist function. Ivanki new city from the south to important geosites including Dasht-e Kavir, from the west and east to the geosites of mines and Salt Mountain. It also leads to the geosites of mountainous areas from the north, including valleys, gorges, waterfalls and springs, but no action has been taken to develop the region's geotourism industry. Due to the importance of the issue, in this research, the potential of geotourism development around the new city of Ivanki will be assessed.Materials and methodsThis research is based on descriptive-analytical methods. Research data are based on library studies and interviews. Research tools include ARCGIS (for mapping) and SPSS (for calculating the value of geosites). In this research, first, using library studies and interviews, geosites of the region have been identified and then they have been evaluated using Comanescu, Kubalikova and indigenous methods. The Comanescu method uses the criteria of management and use, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and economic. The Kubalikova method emphasizes scientific and intrinsic values, educational, economic, conservation and other values. In this study, in addition to the Comanescu and Kubalikova models, the geosites of the area have been evaluated using an integrated model and intervening in the environmental conditions of the study area. In fact, in order to comprehensively study the geosites of the region, according to the status of the studied geosites and also modeling different models, a native model has been prepared to evaluate the geosites and using it, the studied geosites have been evaluated. . In this model, the desired values are divided into two categories of intrinsic values and complementary values. Due to the fact that the scoring method is different in the three methods used and each method has more emphasis on specific criteria, the results obtained from the three methods are not the same. Therefore, in this study, in order to determine the final value of geosites, the final score of each geosite in each method has been obtained as a percentage of the total, and finally, by obtaining the average percentage of all three methods, the final value of each geosite has been calculated.Discussion and resultsThe location of the new city of Ivanki has made this area prone to the development of the geotourism industry. In this study, in order to potentially assess the geotourism status of the region, 40 potential geosites of the region were identified and then evaluated using the methods of Comanescu, Kubalikova and local methods. The results obtained through the Comanescu method indicate that among the geosites of the region, the geography of the Vashi Strait has the highest score with a total of 89 points and after that, the geosites of salt mines and Kavir National Park have the highest points with 83 and 76 points, respectively. According to the results obtained from the Kubalikova method, the geography of the Vashi Strait has the highest score with a total of 10.25 points, followed by the geosites of the salt mines and Kavir National Park with 9.75 and 9 points, respectively. Based on the results obtained from the native method, the salt mines geosite has the highest score with a total of 42 points, followed by the salt tunnel and Vashi Strait geosites with 41 and 39 points, respectively.ConclusionIn this research, 3 methods have been used to evaluate geosites. Given that there are differences between the results obtained, Therefore, in order to determine the final value of geosites, the final score of each geosite in each method is obtained as a percentage of the total, and finally, by obtaining the average percentage of all three methods, the final value of each geosite is calculated. According to the results, among the geosites of the region, the geography of Vashi Strait with an average of 79.6 points, has the highest score, and after this geosite, the tunnels of salt tunnels and salt mines with 78.1 and 72.6 points, respectively. , Have the highest average score. The sum of the obtained results indicates that the study area has the necessary conditions for the development of the geotourism industry. In fact, the location of the new city of Ivanki at the distance of geosites in mountainous and desert areas has caused this city to have the necessary potential as one of the tourist centers.Keywords: Geotourism, Kamensko model, Kubalikova model, Ivanki new city https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81639.html Extended AbstractIntroduction: The city as a multidimensional and dynamic system always faces complex and wide-ranging challenges. These complexities have led planners to seek new approaches to urban planning. Sustainable development has been one of the most important concerns of researchers in recent decades, as it encompasses all aspects and aspects of human life. Sustainable development has been one of the most important concerns of researchers in recent decades, as it encompasses all aspects of human life. Today, the need to pay attention to sustainable development is one of the things that everyone agrees on. New cities [today] face many physical, economic and social problems due to lack of sustainable development indicators. Accordingly, the term development is intended to promote the quality and quality of life of individuals and to improve the general well-being and sustainability of society and refers to the continuation of this process throughout the generations. Accordingly, the term development refers to the promotion of the quality and quality of life of individuals and to the general well-being and sustainability of society, and refers to the continuation of this process throughout the generations. Considering the increasing growth of Bushehr port in recent years and the increasing urban problems in various dimensions and the necessity of adopting sustainable urban development approaches for its future planning, this study seeks to use the strategic planning to To prioritize the development drivers of Bushehr.Methodology: This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and using survey method (questionnaire) in the form of urban development strategies and is considered as a practical application. The statistical population of the study consisted of 30 experts from the field of urban planning. Fuzzy system has been used for weighting strategies.Results and Discussion: According to the findings obtained separately for the two districts of Bushehr, it was found that prioritizing the sub-indices in District One is such that connecting and integrating the two parts of the city with a weight of 0.0777, empowering the poor with Weight 0.0269, Sustainable Revenue Weight 0.067, Spatial Justice Weight 0.061, Historical Textures Improvement 0.0456, Justice Weight 0.0455, Tourism Development and Renovation of Worn Textures With the weight of 0.02453 the highest weight and priority respectively. Democracy with a weight of 0.0117, development of environmental NGOs with a weight of 0.0168, citizenship promotion with a weight of 0.01607 and optimization of energy consumption with a weight of 0.0144 are top priority. And. Also, prioritizing development strategies in the form of key indicators and as development proposals, respectively, spatial physical organization with a weight of 0.224, urban viability of 0.188, strengthening of the urban economy with a weight of 0.178. Good urban governance with a weight of 0.153, urban environment with a weight of 0.134 and sustainable urban access with a weight of 0.102 were the highest weighted and prioritized, respectively. On the other hand, in Bushehr District 2, sub-indices are prioritized in such a way: informal accommodation with a weight of 0.082, passive defense with a weight of 0.068, interconnection and integration of two parts of the city with a weight 0.0266, social welfare with the weight of 0.0257, spatial justice with the weight of 0.0255, stable income with the weight of 0.0254 and participation with the weight of 0.050 are the highest rank and priority. Also, housing development with a weight of 0.0167, urban development with a weight of 0.0164, development of environmental NGOs with a weight of 0.0153 and energy consumption optimization with a weight of 0.0152 were the lowest. Also, in prioritizing development priorities in zone 2, the final score was spatial physical organization strategies with a weight of 0.225, urban viability with a weight of 0.192, strengthening of the urban economy with a weight of 0.165, good urban governance with a weight. 0.153, 0.137 urban environment and 0.102 sustainable urban access, respectively, were the most weighted and prioritized. This comparison shows that respondents in urban development strategies in the two areas of Bushehr are similar. However, given the different circumstances, there is only a slight disagreement in prioritizing the sub-indicators. This is due to the formation of dysfunctional textures and informal settlements without the supervision of urban management and consequently the settling of poor and socioeconomic strata in parts of Zone 2 as well as in parts of the region in the nuclear power plant area. But overall this prioritization based on collective wisdom can serve as a guide and document for the sustainable development of Bushehr for decision makers, especially urban management. The results of the research show that in two areas of Bushehr, the priorities of development strategies are the same, and strategies are: physical-space organization, sustainable urban access, urban economic strengthening, good urban governance, urban biomass and Urban environment is considered as the priorities of sustainable development proponents of Bushehr city, respectively. Of course, there is a slight difference in the ranking of sub-indices between the two urban areas.Conclusion: This comparison shows that respondents in urban development strategies in the two areas of Bushehr are similar. However, given the different circumstances, there is only a slight disagreement in prioritizing the sub-indicators. This is due to the formation of dysfunctional textures and informal settlements without the supervision of urban management and consequently the settling of poor and socioeconomic strata in parts of Zone 2 as well as in parts of the region in the nuclear power plant area. Is. But overall this prioritization based on collective wisdom can serve as a guide and document for the sustainable development of Bushehr for decision makers, especially urban management. Regarding the way of prioritizing key proponents, physical and economic dimensions are prioritized and prioritized and environmental issues rank lower.Key words: Bushehr Port, Urban Strategic Planning, Sustainable Urban Development, Index, Fuzzy Logic. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81669.html IntroductionBased on the literature analysis and the subject's background, two approaches of "technology-oriented rationalism and communication" have always been proposed in developing and transforming planning in countries' management systems. Of course, in the management system of developing countries [such as Iran], the rationalist approach has always prevailed (Healy, 1997). In other words, the "communication approach" that has been in the world management literature since the late twentieth century to pay attention to community-based approaches, as well as improving the dimensions of social capital such as social awareness, social organization, social cohesion, social trust, and social participation. It is taken into consideration; And therefore, in leading countries, it has had positive effects on the process of the spatial evolution of their settlements (Hewings et al., 2018 .(However, with a centralized and "government-oriented" political system in developing countries, little attention has been paid to the approach. No connection. On this basis, a system of thought and approach based on rationalism, which was based more on the growth-oriented view of the economy; And has paid little attention to the social aspects of development and transformation such as social capital in the managerial attitude(Passarella et al., 2018). Numerous challenges have arisen in the spatial evolution of rural settlements in such countries )Joshi, Halseth, & Kanerva, 2016.(Following such a challenge in the process of improving the social capital of villagers and the spatial evolution of rural settlements in developing countries and Iran, therefore, the improvement of social capital characteristics is affected by the role of local management and in line with the improvement of spatial developments in rural settlements is a question that can be answered within the regions and regions of each country. Accordingly, with an in-depth approach, this study tries to address the challenges of improving the social capital of villagers influenced by the local government's approach to spatial developments in rural settlements in the study area. Methodology The present study investigates the effects of local management's approach on improving social capital in Esfahan's spatial changes. Therefore, in terms of the research method's primary purpose and attitude, it is quantitative research in the category of survey research and the nature of the data. The study's statistical population included 42 villages inhabited by the Esfahandeh ward (Jiroft census, 2016). This study determined the random sample size for completing the questionnaire at the village level randomly selected 30 villages in two groups. Then, random sample households were selected within the chosen villages based on the rural household size (P.P.S) method. In this regard, calculated the sample size calculated for the villagers based on the "Cochran" formula (Sarai, 1393), with a 95% confidence level and an estimated variance of 0.25 (0.5 * 0.5) and a possible probability of 5%, The number of 344 households. Since the number of sample questionnaires in several villages did not meet the quorum required to complete the questionnaire due to the rural household size ratio (P.P.S) method, the number of household questionnaires increased to 370 households. The analysis of demographic characteristics and aggregation of questions to enter the model and the analysis of structures and relationships expressed in the theoretical framework was performed using graphic software. Finally, for the present study, Cronbach's alpha value was 0.926. Therefore, the alpha value obtained in this study is reliable because it is close to 1. Results and discussionThe goodness-of-fit index for structural equations all indicates an unfavorable fit. Thus, based on the view of the villagers and its reflection in the path analysis model, the current approach of local management to improve the dimensions of social capital and as a result of spatial changes has paid little attention and this issue has led to improving the dimensions of spatial changes in rural settlements. Do not take; Therefore, the change of local management approach to community-based approach and strengthening the dimensions of social capital with the aim of people's participation in implementing spatial transformation programs is felt. In this regard, the effects of local management's approach on improving the villagers' social capital have caused the changes in the environmental-ecological, social, economic, physical-infrastructural dimensions of the residential space in the study area to below. On this basis, the results obtained are inconsistent with the findings of Shafiei Sabet & Mirvahidi, 2018. That he has reached this conclusion in his research in Rey and Pakdasht region; the improvement of the empowerment dimension largely influences rural development through the planning approach. In a way that with a community-based approach in programs and programs, the participation of villagers in the process of spatial transformation is improved.ConclusionLocal management planning has not been possible with the existing approach; Villagers as one of the factors and pillars of power among other areas interfering in the process of local management planning in rural settlements and in the process of decision-making, decision-making, implementation, monitoring and control of transformation plans and projects.According to the results obtained in this study, change and reform the approach to the process of rural management system in Iran and the study area by selecting appropriate social and economic policies of the government and using appropriate methods to improve the social capital of villagers in the process of rural local planning and management is emphasized. An approach in which the previous view with expertise from top to bottom replaces local initiatives and by delegating authority and responsibility to local management, local potentials and capacity of villagers and recognizing villagers alongside all actors and stakeholders involved in the management process By improving the dimensions of social capital of the villagers productively and effectively, it provided the ground for positive spatial changes in rural settlements. KeywordsLocal management, approaches, social cohesion and trust, spatial transformation, Esfahan section, Jiroft https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81710.html Clarifying the influential factors for ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh (November 2020)Extended AbstractIntroduction:With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the sporadic conflicts between Republic of Armenia and Republic of Azerbaijan turned into a total war which resulted in the occupation of seven other regions than Nagorno-Karabakh by Armenia. the Republic of Azerbaijan, relying on the principle of territorial integrity of the countries, emphasizes the belonging of Nagorno-Karabakh to this country; But Armenia and the Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh reject the position of the Republic of Azerbaijan and insist that 80% of the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh are Armenians. they believe that this region should be independent. Several negotiations and mediation of some countries to resolve this crisis peacefully were not successful. The fiercest clashes began on September 27, 2020 when Azerbaijan took military action to reclaim its lost lands. The war lasted for 44 days until November 10, when the two countries accepted Russia brokered peace deal. The main question of the article is what factors caused Azerbaijan and Armenia to accept the ceasefire and agree to its implementation. The purpose of this article is to explain the factors influencing the ceasefire agreement in Nagorno-Karabakh using the theory of decision-making in international relations.Methodology:This research is a theoretical study. The methodology of research has a descriptive-analytical nature relying on political geography and geopolitical approach. According to the type of research, data collection and analysis are based on library and documentary methods and using valid and important internal and external written works (including books, articles, reports, etc.) and online resources (websites and online articles).Results and discussion:Using new military tactics, the Azerbaijani army made up for the weakness in dominating mountainous areas and liberating the occupied territories, and thereby changed the geography of the conflict. To prevent the concentration of Armenian forces, without entering the central part of Nagorno-Karabakh, the Republic of Azerbaijan established a large warfront from north to south with the extensive use of advanced drones made by Israel and Turkey. The southern axis of Azerbaijani army moved to the south of Karabakh and reclaimed many regions from Armenian forces. The recapture of the strategic city of Shusha by Azerbaijan forced the Armenian side to accept the Russia brokered peace deal. One of the most important and influential factors for the military and political failures of Armenia in this war is the destruction and weakening of its strategic relations with Russia during last two years. Armenian PM's tendency towards US, and his expectation for US intervention and support in this conflict, weakened Yerevan's relations with Moscow. And finally, due to the lack of support from White House, Mr. Pashinyan was forced to sign a peace agreement with Azerbaijan which had very serious consequences for him.Political inexperience, lack of accurate environmental, intelligence and security assessment by the government of Nikol Pashinyan, as well as dismissal of experienced military commanders and heads of the National Security Service caused the government and the army to be unaware of the growing capability of the missile and drone system of Azerbaijan. As a result, the Armenian intelligence, security and military systems did not have a comprehensive and realistic assessment of the outbreak of a full-scale war in Nagorno-Karabakh and could not identify the extent and depth of such a pervasive threat. The arrest and trial of prominent political and military figures with the aim of combating economic and political corruption led to the perception in an important part of Armenian and foreign public opinion that the main goal of the anti-corruption campaign was to eliminate political opponents and it is a settlement of previous political grudges.These disputes provided an opportunity for the Azerbaijanis to exploit and defeat the Armenians militarily in the recent Nagorno-Karabakh war. Territorial extent, social (population) and especially military and economic factors are among the most influential geopolitical factors that led to the acceptance of a ceasefire between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Azerbaijan is superior to Armenia in several factors such as population and vastness, annual income, oil production, exports, military budget, professional military personnel and number of military equipment. The imbalance in the effective geopolitical factors (military, territorial and economic) in the Nagorno-Karabakh war led to superiority of Azerbaijan and induced the feeling of further defeats in Armenian if the war continued. So that the Armenian military resources and army were no longer fully efficient, and the army insisted on accepting the ceasefire. in his interpretation of the Collective Security Treaty, Putin effectively gave the green light to Baku that as long as the war in Nagorno-Karabakh and the seven occupied cities around it continues, Russia will not intervene in the war. They were the main winners of the recent dispute. The five-year ceasefire agreement means that up to the next five years, if either party acts against Moscow's interests, circumstances may change to its detriment. Russia liberated Nagorno-Karabakh from the control of Armenian as well as Azerbaijani by establishing a ceasefire and a government under Moscow's supervision. Although Russia did not support Armenia, it did not allow the whole of Nagorno-Karabakh to belong to Baku so that it would not end in favor of only Azerbaijan and Turkey. Russia waited for the Azerbaijan’s attack to reach its peak, then intervened to impose an agreement that its own special forces would guarantee. Russia is convinced that in the event of an emergency, only Moscow can guarantee Armenia’s security and bring Yerevan closer to Moscow again. This would be in Russia's long-term and strategic interests in the South Caucasus.Conclusion:Results indicate that changes in the geography of conflict and military tactics, Armenia’s miscalculations, lack of geopolitical balance and Russian intervention have led to the ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh.Keywords:South Caucasus, Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia, Azerbaijan, November 2020 ceasefire https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_81711.html Structural-Functional Reconstruction of Traditional Markets in Iranian Cities with a Futuristic Approach (Case Study: Zanjan Historical Bazaar)AbstractOne of the identity and historical-cultural bases of Iranian cities is the bazaar and its constituent elements. Today, however, traditional markets have not been able to meet the needs of citizens and the formation of new commercial spaces due to the requirements of modern living conditions has led to a structural-functional decline of the market and its related elements, including houses. Therefore, parts of the market space, including the houses, which did not meet the needs of today's people, have fallen out of favor and have been marginalized.The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to study and strategically apply the structure and function of Zanjan historical market houses based on the current economic-cultural needs and identity of the urban community. Data collection was done through field and library studies. The statistical population includes 985 people and 273 people were selected by Cochran sampling. For data analysis, one-sample T test and interactive interaction analysis approach were used with the help of SPSS and Scenario Wizard software.Findings showed that the situation of market house regeneration index based on structural-functional conditions is equal to 2.96 and score (t = -0.074) and among market houses, Malek house with the average of 3.46 has obtained the highest score. . As a result, this house has a better condition for revitalization and regeneration than other houses. Also, the most important strategy for the reconstruction and restoration of structural-functional houses in Zanjan Bazaar in order to repair and recreate the architecture and design of houses should be based on the components of the exterior (design and architecture of the exterior); Proportion (appropriateness of the use of greenhouses with the function of the market and the house); Lighting quality; And a sense of place. Therefore, in order to recreate houses, increase and develop mixed uses; Creating diversity; And it is necessary to strengthen and expand the active edges.Keywords: regeneration, Hall, Traditional Market, Zanjan CityStructural-Functional Reconstruction of Traditional Markets in Iranian Cities with a Futuristic Approach (Case Study: Zanjan Historical Bazaar)AbstractOne of the identity and historical-cultural bases of Iranian cities is the bazaar and its constituent elements. Today, however, traditional markets have not been able to meet the needs of citizens and the formation of new commercial spaces due to the requirements of modern living conditions has led to a structural-functional decline of the market and its related elements, including houses. Therefore, parts of the market space, including the houses, which did not meet the needs of today's people, have fallen out of favor and have been marginalized.The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to study and strategically apply the structure and function of Zanjan historical market houses based on the current economic-cultural needs and identity of the urban community. Data collection was done through field and library studies. The statistical population includes 985 people and 273 people were selected by Cochran sampling. For data analysis, one-sample T test and interactive interaction analysis approach were used with the help of SPSS and Scenario Wizard software.Findings showed that the situation of market house regeneration index based on structural-functional conditions is equal to 2.96 and score (t = -0.074) and among market houses, Malek house with the average of 3.46 has obtained the highest score. . As a result, this house has a better condition for revitalization and regeneration than other houses. Also, the most important strategy for the reconstruction and restoration of structural-functional houses in Zanjan Bazaar in order to repair and recreate the architecture and design of houses should be based on the components of the exterior (design and architecture of the exterior); Proportion (appropriateness of the use of greenhouses with the function of the market and the house); Lighting quality; And a sense of place. Therefore, in order to recreate houses, increase and develop mixed uses; Creating diversity; And it is necessary to strengthen and expand the active edges.Keywords: regeneration, Hall, Traditional Market, Zanjan CityStructural-Functional Reconstruction of Traditional Markets in Iranian Cities with a Futuristic Approach (Case Study: Zanjan Historical Bazaar)AbstractOne of the identity and historical-cultural bases of Iranian cities is the bazaar and its constituent elements. Today, however, traditional markets have not been able to meet the needs of citizens and the formation of new commercial spaces due to the requirements of modern living conditions has led to a structural-functional decline of the market and its related elements, including houses. Therefore, parts of the market space, including the houses, which did not meet the needs of today's people, have fallen out of favor and have been marginalized.The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to study and strategically apply the structure and function of Zanjan historical market houses based on the current economic-cultural needs and identity of the urban community. Data collection was done through field and library studies. The statistical population includes 985 people and 273 people were selected by Cochran sampling. For data analysis, one-sample T test and interactive interaction analysis approach were used with the help of SPSS and Scenario Wizard software.Findings showed that the situation of market house regeneration index based on structural-functional conditions is equal to 2.96 and score (t = -0.074) and among market houses, Malek house with the average of 3.46 has obtained the highest score. . As a result, this house has a better condition for revitalization and regeneration than other houses. Also, the most important strategy for the reconstruction and restoration of structural-functional houses in Zanjan Bazaar in order to repair and recreate the architecture and design of houses should be based on the components of the exterior (design and architecture of the exterior); Proportion (appropriateness of the use of greenhouses with the function of the market and the house); Lighting quality; And a sense of place. Therefore, in order to recreate houses, increase and develop mixed uses; Creating diversity; And it is necessary to strengthen and expand the active edges.Keywords: regeneration, Hall, https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82000.html Introduction: As a whole, the world is experiencing an increase in the intensity and abundance of natural hazards, which it is a major threat to all regions. Basically, natural hazards can be recognized as a potential hazard because of the combination of disasters, vulnerability conditions and inadequate measures to mitigate the negative consequences. In fact, the natural hazard is an unexpected event that disrupts the normal functioning of a society and generally leading to loss of life, livelihoods and damage to the infrastructure of communities. Therefore, take preventive measures and preparedness for these events can greatly reduce costs. For this reason, Emphasis on risk management and to take preventive measures today is one of the most fundamental approaches in the crisis management literature. But the realization of this process, especially in rural communities and the attract of local communities to take precautionary measures, is overshadowed by many factors and obstacles, that the level of local communities' expectations of the government for crisis management and its effects is one of the most important. In communities where the government participates in all levels of risk planning and accountability and the local government has the primary responsibility for emergency response to the hazard, most people believe that "the government must take responsibility of coping with the problems due the risks". Likewise, they expect the government to be prepared and responsive to natural hazards. There is widespread agreement among economists that expectations influence people's behavior and actions. So that even if residents are aware of the environmental risk, they may believe that government planning and preparation is sufficient for risk management. So they do not feel the need to take home preparedness measures.Methodology: the present study analyzes the impact of expectations from the government on the extent of local community interest to take precautionary measures against natural hazards. A descriptive - survey method and a questionnaire were used for this purpose. In this study, the level of analysis is rural and its unit of analysis are rural households. Fazl has been selected as the study area, which is one of the districts of Neyshabur County in Khorasan Razavi province. At first, 15 villages were selected for field study through Formula N0 and then, sample villages were selected based on the location of the villages in the hazardous areas. Research indicators and variables have been compiled according to the theoretical foundations and review of previous studies. Variable of expectations level of local communities about intervention and the role of government in the risk process have been measured the following two types of structural and non-structural approaches and variable of propensity to take preventive measures by local communities have been measured the following economic, social, skill-individual and physical-environmental dimensions. One-sample t-test, Pearson correlation, linear regression test, and one-way ANOVA were used to measure the purpose and data analysis. The present study has applied nature and is a descriptive-analytical research. Results and discussion: According to the results, in the study area the tendency to preventive measures in all economic, social, skill-individual and physical-environmental dimensions is lower than the average level. The level of expectations of the sample communities from the government against risk indicates that these expectations are very high in both structural and non-structural sectors as well as before, during and after the risks. The results of the Pearson correlation test indicate that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of rural expectations of government and the reluctance of local communities to take precautionary measures against natural hazards. On the other hand, the results of the regression test also confirm the variable impact of rural expectations of the government on the reluctance of local communities to take precautionary measures against natural hazards. Based on the results, Willingness to take preventive measures are more prevalent among villagers whose their preferential reaction to risk is based on the documentation and archive of their experience.Conclusion: In general, the emphasis on preventive measures before the occurrence of hazards and to take the process of risk management by local communities is one of the priorities of many governments in the process of risk management. In the meantime, the reliance on the government, or the high level of expectations of the people from government on risk management measures, has led to a significantly decrease in their reluctance and participation in preventive measures. Perhaps this level of expectation from the government about risk management can be largely attributed to the inaccurate timely management of the risk management process by government agencies and crisis management authorities, So that if the costs of rebuilding and repairing the damage are shifted to participatory preventive measures, Increasing the readiness of local communities to deal with the effects of hazards and mitigating the damages, Their level of expectations and views on government duties and the scope of these tasks were made clearer. However, one should not neglect the small villagers' financial ability to preventive measures and the status of supervisory levers. Encouraging people to take precautionary measures and be prepared for natural hazards, existence strict rules for people who have built their homes in hazardous areas, Raising public awareness of preventive measures and preparedness for natural hazards, forming voluntary and mobilizing groups from local communities and training them in emergencies to respond quickly, create funds by local people to raise funds for emergencies, these include suggestions to increase the willingness of local communities to take preventive measures In line reduce public dependence on government action. According to the results, in the study area the tendency to preventive measures in all economic, social, skill-individual and physical-environmental dimensions is lower than the average level.the present study analyzes the impact of expectations from the government on the extent of local community interest to take precautionary measures against natural hazards https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82261.html Title: Rethinking and Regenerating of the Value of Nature in the Iranian Ecological CultureExtended Abstract,IntroductionToday, the majority of thinkers in Western scientific and cultural communities acknowledge that many of these crises originate from the exploitative treatment of the natural environment and have come to the conclusion that humans must stop viewing nature as a commodity or property to exploit and trade. Likewise, we Iranians need to rethink our views of nature based on our own cultural roots and context. Going back to the roots of our own ecological culture, which in fact emphasizes harmony with nature and respecting nature, can be an effective way to prevent and overcome the looming environmental crises of our part of the world. The traditional Iranian ecological culture does not view humans and nature as two separate entities. In this culture, there is no dichotomy of man and nature, but a cohesive biological entity or living organism that is defined based on the structural and functional interactions of its elements. Examining the lived experience of Iranian society in its own geographical context and the place of nature in its ecological culture may provide some insight as to how to return the harmony between humans and nature to today’s Iranian society.MethodologyThis research was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved examining religious, scientific, and philosophical texts and documents related to Iranian culture in the framework of a historical review to clarify the place of nature in the scientific, philosophical and religious thought of Iranian society throughout history. In this phase, the place of nature in Zoroastrianism as well as Islam and in the eyes of well-known scientific and philosophical minds of Iranian culture, including Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā, Farabi, Biruni, and Avicenna were studied. The second phase of the research, then conducting 30 semi-structured interviews with experts and thinkers in the fields of environment, sociology, urban planning, natural resources, anthropology, and sustainable development to explore the current views of Iranian society on nature and the environment and the strategies that can be adopted to regenerate our ecological culture. The comments made in these interviews were subjected to a qualitative and conceptual analysis, which was conducted manually with the help of MAXQDA software, and the results were used to identify and analyze central themes and key topics related to the subject.Results and discussion In the ecological culture of Iran, nature is attributed with several characteristics. The first of these characteristics is wholeness. In the traditional worldview, both philosophical and religious, nature is a cohesive whole of which human is a part. The second characteristic attributed to nature is order. In essence, this characteristic represents other characteristics, namely purposefulness and goal-directedness (teleology), with an emphasis on the argument that the creator of the natural order has decided its ultimate goal. In this view, nature itself is the manifestation of the creator and its presence. According to Biruni, “Nature not only possesses a creative power that constructs the manifestations but also has a definite order and plan”. Biruni believes that “the existence of order and purpose in nature implies that there is no place for over and under indulgence in the divine system”. Also, in indigenous and traditional Iranian culture, nature is a living being. Avicenna has used the Persian term for nature to refer to the principles that preserve the world order. Regardless of the variety of meanings that can be interpreted from this, the goal and purpose of Avicenna’s natural philosophy is to know this nature. In Farabi’s utopia, the biological social system is based on hierarchical order, lawfulness, and purposefulness; attributes that he believes govern the whole world and originates from the creator of this world. Farabi’s views on utopia resemble contemporary views on sustainable cities and societies.The comments made in response to the question that “how Iranians have adapted to their environment and what is the key theme of this part of their culture” showed that the ecological culture and philosophy of Iranians is based on a value-oriented and moral view of nature and the idea of unity of humans and nature, which has been influenced by the teachings of Zoroastrianism and Islam. Because of the belief in the unity of existence and the unity in plurality, nature is given a status of sanctity and moral value, which has had a major impact on how people treat nature and the formation of their ecological culture. Understanding the limitations of the natural environment within the geographical borders of Iranian culture was another central theme detected in relation to ecological culture.There was a degree of inconsistency in the views of environmental experts regarding the responsibility of government and nation to improve and preserve environmental sustainability. Most interviewees emphasized the importance of individual members of the society taking greater responsibility for maintaining environmental sustainability and their critical role in this area.ConclusionThroughout history, the Iranian ecological culture has contributed to the thriving of this civilization by helping people adapt to and live in harmony with the nature of this realm. This contribution is exemplified throughout the diverse geographical and cultural landscape of this realm in the systems of irrigation and agriculture, gardens, architecture, urban planning, etc. Understanding this valuable cultural heritage and regenerating it in today’s society can be an effective strategy to tackle Iran’s many environmental problems, preserve its nature, protect the rights of future generations to its natural resources, and move toward ecologically sustainable development in this country. The use of up-to-date knowledge and technologies in the framework of the ecological culture-based development model appears to be the solution to achieve ecologically sustainable development in Iran.Key words: Iranian Eco culture, Ethical, religious view, rethinking and recreating https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82288.html IntroductionIn order to minimize the undesirable effects of unsteady growth of Urmia and to apply the smart-growth model for this city, recognizing the characteristics of different areas and their inequality in planning, is the basis of the work. Therefore, proper planning should be done to eliminate these inequalities and transform the optimal situation. Areas need to be categorized in terms of "development" in order to plan for whether or not they are developed. In measuring smart growth indices, there are different types of statistical methods and techniques. Using quantitative criteria and methods to classify the neighbourhoods and urban areas of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices not only recognizes the differences between areas, but also these criteria for determining the types. The services needed and the adjustment of inequality between areas of the city. The present study tries to study the spatial distribution of urban smart growth components in the five urban areas of Urmia and based on the obtained scores, the rate of urban smart growth indices in three levels of smart, semi-intelligent and less intelligent. Therefore, the following objectives were considered for the study: Identification of Smart Areas of Urmia, Prioritizing Urban Areas of Urmia for Future Planning in line with Urban Smart Growth Pattern and Identifying Homogeneous Neighborhoods of Urmia in terms of Urban Smart Growth Indicators.MethodologyThe approach of the research method in this study is of applied type and it is descriptive-analytical and correlational. Spatial statistics tests were used to model the spatial pattern of smart neighbourhood distribution. To identify the spatial pattern of intelligent living spaces and finally to identify the desired zones. First, library studies were used to identify smart city indices from different sources and databases. Accordingly, six main indices (intelligent dynamics, intelligent people, intelligent living, intelligent environments, intelligent governance, and smart economics) with 91 items were used. The field was determined. Regarding the research subject, random sampling was used in order to obtain the maximum accuracy coefficient in obtaining samples with a high degree of characteristics of the statistical population and the results of which can be generalized to the whole population. According to Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample population. Simple random stratified sampling and distribution of samples for 30 neighbourhoods were done based on proportional allocation. Questionnaires were collected based on field method through direct interviews with residents of five districts. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software. The reliability of the research is significant since the reliability of the questionnaire was assigned to each of the answers 1 to 5 with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.785. In order to complete the questionnaire, a questionnaire was distributed in each of the five urban areas. According to the objectives of the study, Shannon entropy (as a multi-criteria decision-making method) was used to evaluate and rank Urmia metropolitan areas in terms of smart growth indices. Regression analysis (Pearson function and linear regression) were used in SPSS software.Results and discussionTo achieve definitive ranking in terms of smart growth indices, all 91 variables were computed using Shannon entropy model and results were slightly different. In terms of integrated indices of Region 3, with an entropy value of 1 was ranked first. The region was also ranked first in smart living indicators. The last rank came in the 4th place with an entropy value of 0 which was in the last place in relation to the smart governance index. Overall, Region 3 was ranked as one of the most prosperous regions in terms of smart growth indices with economic and social structure, good accessibility, favourable environment, dynamic economy, proper urban infrastructure, proportional distribution of land uses and construction density. The mean of the integrated indices is 0.39 and the standard deviation is 0.39. Area one has the highest score above average and other areas are below average. Using the inequality coefficient, the coefficient of equilibrium in urban smart growth indices between urban areas for these indicators was calculated and a value of 1.01 was obtained, indicating heterogeneity and divergence between urban areas in terms of intelligence indicators. This inequality is affected by the inadequate distribution of facilities and services throughout the city. According to the calculated entropy and inequality coefficient, there are differences and inequality between the neighbourhoods of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices. In other words, this paper investigates and ranks the neighbourhoods of the five urban areas of Urmia for urban smart growth index using Shannon entropy model. The results of the ranking show that the neighbourhoods of Urmia city achieved different scores and scores in each of the indicators of a smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart dynamics, and smart environment. This indicates significant inequality and differences in some indicators. The highest inequality between the indicators of smart governance and the lowest inequality between the indicators of intelligent life. All six indices (91 items) were combined and then tested for composite rank. Then the entropy of each index was calculated and classified using three clusters using cluster analysis. According to the consolidated results, smart growth index in neighbourhood 8 Shahrivar with entropy value 0.799 located in region 3 is in the first rank among smart neighbourhoods. The neighbourhoods of the school, Isarah, Imamate and Ayatollah Dastgheib are in second to fifth place, respectively. The last rank of this ranking is for the Kohnavard neighbourhood with an entropy value of 0.16 located in District 2 of Urmia.ConclusionCombined regression fitting shows that smart living variables have the greatest impact on predicting and developing the spatial structure of smart growth in urban neighbourhoods so that one unit change in the deviation of smart living indices will cause 0.680 units to change in integrated growth indices. The results emphasize the need for attention and prioritization of the Kohnavard neighbourhood in Zone 2 in future development and planning. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82289.html Extended AbstractToday, with the development of statistical and computer methods in geographical studies, the use of various indicators in various fields is the most common method in the classification of tourism services. The purpose of this study is to level the access space to tourism services in Bushehr using GIS and fuzzy logic. In this study, expert opinions in the field of tourism and urban services were used to prioritize and weight ten indicators related to tourism services in the coastal city of Bushehr with the help of hierarchical analysis in Expert Choice software. After fuzzy information layers using fuzzy community function and applying output weights to each of the information layers in ArcGIS software, after combining the related maps, the final leveling map of access to Bushehr tourism services was created using fuzzy logic operators. The generated map shows that the access level is in the very suitable range, 19.1% and the suitable range is 23.56% of the area, and for the medium, unsuitable and very unsuitable access areas, 26.84%, 19.69% and 10.81% of the covers area, respectively. Introduction Among the service industries, the tourism industry is one of the leading and growing sectors in the international arena. The tourism industry has been growing in recent decades and has had a huge impact on the economies of countries. The general concept of access is easy to understand, accessibility in the city is related to distance and time. The distance factor is reflected in the cost of travel, fuel consumption or physical energy, and the like. The longer the distance, the longer it takes to reach the destination and, as a result, the higher the costs. Increasing both factors (distance and time) means poor access and decreasing both means good access. Therefore, increasing accessibility and reducing distance and time is another basic principle of urban planning. Proper access to tourism services is one of the most important parameters that play an important and decisive role in the social welfare of tourists and the field of tourism in general. Given that access to services is the link between the two elements of demand (tourists) and supply (supply centers), efficient and desirable tourism services and its optimal and appropriate distribution for tourists and other users, significantly contribute to the balance of other tourism functions. Therefore, with the help of spatial planning as one of the powerful tools in the field of allocating resources to priority spaces and places, it is possible to determine the best places for tourism services in the best way.Methodology To explain the literature and background of the research subject, library studies were conducted, and to collect information, according to the nature of the research, field methods were used and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. Besides, various maps and images of Google Earth were used to prepare base maps and extract information based on geographical locations and area characteristics. Accordingly, the importance of indicators based on different sources in determining the location of tourism services and opinions were investigated and after collecting a questionnaire, the results were extracted. To determine the relative weight and rank of each factor, the data were analyzed with hierarchical analysis by Expert Choice software. Then each of the information layers was made fuzzy in the ArcGIS software environment and was placed in the range 0 to 1. In the next step, by combining the AHP and fuzzy models, all fuzzy layers were prepared based on the linear function of the fuzzy set in the weights obtained from the multiplicative hierarchical analysis model as weighted fuzzy layers. Then, among the fuzzy operators, the fuzzy community operator was used and applied on the fuzzy layers and the overlapping of the information layers was done and the final map of access to tourism services in the coastal city of Bushehr was specified in five floors.Results and Discussion In this system, considered a spatial distribution from the perspective of tourism services and according to 10 criteria and in the form of production of spatial distribution roles of each of these criteria.To evaluate the spatial distribution in Bushehr tourism system, after determining the levels of importance and fuzzification of information layers with Fuzzy overly command in ArcGIS environment, 10 layers of information integrated using fuzzy logic, ten layers of information integrated using fuzzy logic, the final fuzzy map of the levels of access to municipal services was determined with the help of the Raster calculator command and the weight applied to them. In the final map, the level of access to tourism services is divided into very appropriate, appropriate, normal, inappropriate, and very inappropriate categories.Conclusion The study of access maps based on the spatial distribution factor in Bushehr tourism system indicates that the southern regions of Bushehr, in addition to coastal criteria, there is a lack of appropriate spatial distribution for tourism and development activities in other criteria, including the economic and infrastructure sectors. The final map obtained from the combination of all the benchmark layers produced shows that the access level in the most suitable range includes 19.1% of the area and for level 2 (suitable), 23.56% of the area of the study area and for medium access zones, inappropriate and very inappropriate cover 26.84%, 19.69% and 10.81% of the region, respectively, which shows that the areas inclined to the south and south of Bushehr have a very poor level of access. What is certain is that the current situation indicates a lack of symmetrical distribution of urban services in the southern part and the second urban area compared to the northern part of the city (urban 1st district).Keywords:Tourism services, Bushehr city, Geographic information system, Hierarchical analysis, Fuzzy logic https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82335.html In geography, more than any other science, one can see a kind of closeness and interdependence between the individual destinies of geographers, their theories and ideas. It is not without reason that the history of geographical theories is also known as the history of theorists or, in the words of John Kirtland Wright, the "history of geography, the history of geographical ideas", because geographers compete as a group in the context of history. They rise and with this collective and historical competition, not only do they not reduce the scientific nature of geography, but they also give it identity and realization. On the other hand, from the educational and research dimension, it is important to know that one of the intellectual occupations of geographers to strengthen and develop reasoning and creativity among themselves is to get acquainted with the philosophical thoughts of the world's great geographers from the past to the present. A review of the historical background of Wilbur Zelinsky's character and ideas and the "reading" of a geographical epistemological view of his works and thoughts are a factor in clarifying the context of his views and beliefs; Questions like Who was Zelinsky? Where are they rooted and in what world? As a human being, what kind of lived spaces and intellectual changes did he experience? What conditions and factors led to Zelinsky's intellectual and political revival in the field of geography? Can he really be classified as a member of the Berkeley School of Geography philosophically and methodologically? what methodological basis for reading the text of his works and life will lead to justifiable reasons for our arguments? Since the methodology in the present research is descriptive-analytical. Using a qualitative approach and interpretive paradigm in the method of library and content analysis, an attempt has been made to answer the questions and to integrate the subject of Zelinsky's thought, in order to see his social, political and intellectual changes from the late 1940s philosophical-geographical view observed and read epistemologically, and the trends and changes of paradigm and attitude, the identity of the discipline and the research practice until the last years of his life from the perspective of idea historiography and biography in geography be reviewed and critiqued. No thinker can be excluded from the influence of the environment, history and culture of the land in which he grows up; In other words, in the history of the idea, the course of idea is in history. In the history of the idea, different schools have started from the beginning of that school to its current state, and its subject is always thought, and it should be added that a researcher with fixed elements of personality, transformation and intellectual changes, the philosophical system. and if the biographer is not a familiar geographer, he does not understand all the details and subtleties in the text, and in some cases, despite his best efforts, he may err in understanding and conveying the author's intent. Therefore, in this article, the following parts were discussed. Wilbur Zelinsky believed that If geographers do not dare to neglect history, the researcher of history and other social and human sciences must reciprocate the spatial factor in the full description of their endeavor. Zelinsky, without ignoring the importance of quantitative aspects in his geographical studies, in his discussions and arguments, gives priority and importance to the qualitative and long-lasting aspects of phenomena; that is, he sought a level of understanding beyond the raw mechanistic models that had long dominated American geography and the social sciences. Observing the logical form of explanation in geography, points out that How we should go about studying phenomena? And what should we study and why? And then concludes that in most disciplines, the connection between the questions that a discipline asks and its explanatory form is extremely important. Now, with these explanations, referring to Zelinsky's works, the connection between the questions he asks from a geographical point of view and its explanatory form is very thought-provoking. Even his attention to the explanatory form in geographical research by other geographers shows his intellectual precision. In geographical analysis and sensitivity to form observance. Without historical roots in a particular culture, one may become a credible researcher and expert, but one cannot be a thinker in a historical and cultural vacuum; There is no doubt that in the labyrinth of words we see some revelations and concepts which are inherent features of the author, especially the concepts that are resonant and instructive, can be clearly seen in Zelinsky's works and writings. Concepts such as " The Geographer as Voyeur " to understand the world and fieldwork from a geographer's Stereoscope View on the combination of masculine and feminine gaze in geographical analysis, " Heterolocalism " in expressing the nature of the ethnic landscape The United States and etc. The idea history and biography are historically linked and interrelated, which must be historically, methodologically, and analytically necessary for serious geographical intellectual work and the acquisition of a valid scientific history of our field; If we look at geography as a historicity science, whose past is considered as its introduction and ladder today, then the history of geography should be considered as this science and a part of its current character, and the rebellion of researchers and practitioners in this field are, of course, a duty in the science of geography. In the present paper, such a process has been discussed in order to obtain the collective and historical identity of this science by choosing one of the prominent geographers named Wilbur Zelinsky, on the basis of which an attempt has been made to find some philosophical schools of geography that let us enter into the development of Zlinsky's scientific personality, and the second reason for this is that Zlinsky, with a long life span of nearly a century, witnessed the true changes of man and the world, and before that geographical knowledge that dealt with the scientific personality. he has been very insightful in a research work. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82388.html Identify and analyze the role of micro-credit funds in Progress and development in Rural (Case study: Razan and Famenin City)Extended abstractIntroduction Lack of capital in rural areas Which due to the low level of income as a result of household savings is low as one of the challenges in rural development is considered . this situation in addition to possibility of increasing capacity of production sectors and use of new technologies in the production process in these areas has limited. It causes social problems such as Rural migration to cities, hidden and overt unemployment, and declining living standards and household welfare have also declined. One of the change factors in rural spaces .financial facility with different mechanisms and goals the rural environment has entered and rural life in various dimensions has affected .Micro credits as one of rights villagers and useful tool for planners . Which can background builder for balance and greater equality between urban and rural communities and iltimately stimulate national development . Credits as a powerful tool to help poor people to invest and breaking the cycle of poverty through Improve income and savings . Studies show granting microcredit to rural poor has been able to promote production and Provide tools for sustainable livelihoods and increase their income .Rural credit funds are among the financial and credit resources that in addition to creating, maintaining and strengthening the spirit of participation, cooperation and assistance among the villagers, They also play an important role in meeting the essential needs of members and meeting the financial and investment needs of production. This study to investigate the tendency of villagers to rural credit funds was conducted. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is identify and analyze the role of micro-credit funds in Progress and development of villages.MethodologyThis research is applied and in terms of method is descriptive-analytical. To collect information, two documentary and field methods (questionnaire tools) have been used . In the questionnaire method, the questionnaires are distributed in proportion to the number of households in the sample villages. According to 4609 households living in ten villages( Villages more than 200 households with younger crowd population ) Using the Cochran method )at error level of 0/5) 360 questionnaires were determined But because of the similarities that the villages have in terms of natural and human characteristics For example, 50 to 75 percent of household choices. Which modifying and homogenizing 250 questionnaires among the heads of households in the sample villages was completed .The Questionnaire has been compiled from several different sectors of economic, productivity, social, participation, employment, educational and cultural to measure the effective dimensions in creating micro-credit funds in the form of Likert scale. The Villagers were asked to answer five questions in the form of a five-part Likert scale from very low (1) to very high (5). To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) and inferential statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) were used . The Questionnaire has been compiled from several different sectors of economic, productivity, social, participation, employment, educational and cultural to measure the effective dimensions in creating micro-credit funds in the form of Likert scale. The Villagers were asked to answer five questions in the form of a five-part Likert scale from very low (1) to very high (5). To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) and inferential statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) were used .Results and discussionThe results of analysis the questionnaires and output of Statistical tests used indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between education and the creation of micro-credit fund at the level of 95%. Salova (2013), Avenio-Vitor et al. (2012), Fawadi et al. (2011) in their research this result confirmed. Also, the results of Spearman test show that the most influential factor for creating a micro-credit fund is the dimension social and participation. These results with the results of Zarei and Mirbagheri (1392) and Mehr Ali Tabar (1395) . Which shows that among the five dimensions of rural development, the most impact of funds is on the social dimension of rural development Multiple regression results show social dimension and participation 43% of the changes explain the dimensions affecting the creation of a microcredit fund. These results with the findings of Shahrokhi Sardo et al(1395)., Mohammadi et al. (1397), Lee Gan and Ho (2011) and Lian and Bayer (2016) are consistent. Which shows that families with favorable conditions tend to benefit from the credit and participate in creating the fund Among the various of dimensions economic,productivity, Social ,participation and cultural, educationa ,social dimension with a coefficient 0.617 has the highest correlation for the creation of micro-credit funds .Conclusion Findings indicate that respondents' tendency towards financial and credit funds showed the relatively high tendency of villagers to such financial and credit funds. So that the majority of respondents to saving important and the need to establish a rural credit fund approved . Based on the above results, it is suggested that since the economic situation of the studied villages is at a low level, the villagers should be encouraged to create a fund and from these loans to create new businesses, as a partnership. According to the functional characteristics in the success of the fund, creativity and innovation should be developed as a basis for the growth and prosperity of the fund in the economic and social field and should be a priority in sustainable rural development programs. Finally, the government can any assistance to rural development in the form of credit implement .Key word: Micro Credit Fund , Development of villages , Razan , Famenin . https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82466.html One of the most important events of the twentieth century was undoubtedly the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which opened a new phase of multidimensional interaction for both successor states and other countries involved in this historical evolution. The post-Soviet countries are confronted with the consequences and legacies of their historical past that have profound implications for the convergence of regional countries. Russia and other post-Soviet countries have inherited similar institutions from the past, including state institutions, political, social and security mentalities, political culture, the style of government-society relations. The newly independent states were trying to solve their domestic problems with the support of foreign powers, but the initial enthusiasm for integration with the Western countries subsided. Similar problems emerged in countries with similar cultural and ethnic structures. It can be argued that the trend toward convergent policies has taken a long time. Shared values and norms and similar mentalities can help Eurasian convergence. In this paper, the concept of social and cultural integration in Eurasia in the post-Soviet era with regard to the soft power of Russia in the Eurasian region is examined by examining the factors of religion, language, media and education to show the social and cultural integration in Eurasia at the level What has been going on within the region and beyond since 1992? It is hypothesized that social and cultural integration in Eurasia, influenced by Russia's soft power, has a clear perspective on political and economic liberalization and the decline of authoritarianism elsewhere in the region and the process of globalization.In this article, Russia is considered a hegemonic power in the post-Soviet space. Developments in the post-Soviet period show that Russia is unwilling to back down from its role as a regulatory player in Central Eurasian affairs. Russia's post-collapse foreign policy is based on a combination of pragmatism and a commitment to the traditional desire to have a plan for a great power. The position of Central Eurasia in Russian foreign policy has not changed. Russia seeks to excel in Eurasian integration, including cultural and social integration. When Putin came to power, he put bilateral relations with countries in the region on the agenda. Although the organization has not been successful in terms of member convergence, favorable areas for convergence among its members are notable, including the Russian Monroe religion, the presence of racists in the former Soviet republics, and the region's energy and military dependence on Russia. The monopoly economies of these countries, which have made each other dependent on exports and imports, make Russian the second language of most of the republics that survived the collapse of the Soviet Union, maintain border security, and cooperate in the fight against fundamentalism and drug trafficking. In this article, after a brief look at the fate of national cultures in the world era and culture, the impact on regional convergence under the cultural and social treatment of the Soviet era and the soft power of Russia in the Yeltsin and Putin eras. Then check the usability of the software including Russian language, religion and education system. The method of writing this article is descriptive-analytical and with boron collecting data from authoritative scientific sources: books, scientific-research articles and licensed websites.In this regard each country achieves the preservation and strengthening of its national, ethnic and religious identity through the better cultural integration of the regions. Thus, cultural convergence is not only a threat to preserve and strengthen the identity of the nations of the region, but also confronts external and threatening factors of national identities, such as extremist currents. While the nations of Central Asia and the Caucasus have many historical, cultural, religious and religious ties, due to negligence, incompetence and unfounded aspirations, today some cultural ties originate. Disagreements have become like disputes over cultural and literary luminaries. The following conditions are necessary to create regional cultural convergence:- Understand the importance of the issue of extremism as a serious threat and common challenge, by all countries in the region- Lack of baseless and destructive synergistic superiorityExplain key and common cultural values among the countries of the region- Group cohesion of the countries of the region and having the spirit of collective work, interaction and cultural synergy- Active participation of all countries in the region in designing and implementing a roadmap to counter extremist currents and consensus of member countries on this solutionAdequate preparation and flexibility for quick decisions and the use of new, creative and innovative approaches, methods and tools against extremism. The cultural system was formed in 1920-1930 and continued until 1980 despite some changes. In the mid-1980s, Gorbachev made major changes in Soviet culture with the performance of Glasnost and Perestroika, which eased ideological and media pressure on the media and administrative control of the country's educational and cultural institutions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin undertook fundamental economic reforms and encouraged integration with the Western world. First, steps were taken to regain control of Russia in the region. However, the Russian elite sought to expand Russian-Western relations. From 1993 onwards, Russian elites began to emphasize the importance of post-Soviet geography and soft power policies in the region. These efforts were initially made by Yevgeny Primakov and the Eurasianists, but the policies implemented for convergence were not successful. With the advent of the Putin era, Russia began to develop soft power tools by pursuing policies to maximize its interests in the post-Soviet space. In the post-Soviet space, Russia strengthened its position in Central Eurasia as part of a policy of soft power. This ability is based on two important tools: language and education. Russia began to develop multilateral and bilateral relations, in a preventive manner, with the former Soviet republics. Russia is developing its soft power capabilities, but many of its problems have not yet been resolved so that it can be considered a powerful soft power. . Both soft power and hard power policies are implemented in parallel with creating a favorable environment for the Russian Federation in post-Soviet geography. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82502.html IntroductionAddressing basic human needs and responding to them is a strategy that is determined by the community itself and is created through cross-sectoral collaborations. These needs encompass different dimensions of individuals' individual, psychological, social and biological needs. Because of their basic function, villages provide for many of the individual and collective needs of the rural community, they are characterized by a dynamic and permanent change in social, economic, physical and spatial dimensions. Such activities require spaces that motivate and bring people together to achieve social solidarity through "face-to-face dialogue and relationships" (Roumiani et al., 2019: 136).Theoretical The importance of tourist attraction spaces in the world is not only due to recreational-economic values, but also due to its environmental importance, which tourists, including women, pay particular attention to (Hosseini et al., 2013: 52-53). Thus, in the academic field, the study of the status of women in tourism has recently received the attention of scholars; it has opened the ground for extensive research in the world. Following the importance of the above topic, the present study investigates the views of tourist women from tourism destination of Sharghi Rudpi Village of Sari County with the aim of considering their attitude in tourist attraction spaces. Tourists, including women, because tourist women, often referring to family-based or group-based tourism destinations, have relatively different views and beliefs about the factors that underlie development, have long welcomed this area. They have tourism.Research MethodologyThis study aimed to analyze women's attitudes and expectations about rural tourism attractions. The type of research is therefore applied and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. In conducting the research, firstly, information on the subject and area was collected from books, documents, journals, baseline maps, and statistics and then required data through field studies including observation, questionnaires, demographic characteristics and characteristics of women tourists. it placed. Therefore, in order to examine women's attitudes and expectations of Rural Tourism Attraction Areas from three criteria (pleasure, comfort and protection as described in Table (1)), design and compile a Likert spectrum questionnaire (very low1, 5 = very high) design and have been evaluated. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the experts were first provided with validity, the validity of the research instrument was measured, and the final indices and items were extracted. The questionnaire developed at this stage was pre-tested in the study area. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation, variance) and inferential statistics (Friedman's sample t test) were used for data analysis. The peasants, who were considered for each period of 2018-2019, determined the statistical population of this study. So that the villagers mentioned the inflow rate of all the tourists, of which one third of the tourists were reserved for women. Therefore, the sample size was determined using Cochran formula with error of 0.07. The sample size of this method was calculated 195 questionnaires and in some villages was increased to 10 samples due to the small sample size, to determine a total of 208 questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha method in SPSS software was used to evaluate the validity (with access to various internal and external sources) and its reliability in compiling and compiling the questionnaire. The results are listed as 0.885 for attitude and expectation indexes, respectively.ConclusionIn recent decades, the development of tourism activities in tourist attraction spaces - one of the important factors in the transformation of rural settlements - has attracted a great deal of attention, especially from women tourists. These activities have led to profound and fundamental changes in the provision of various socio-economic, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions in the areas of tourism attraction in rural areas.At the same time, focusing on the quality of tourism attractions and their livelihoods, the continuity of rural life and its dubious desire to attend and visit the attractions of inter-rural life alternatives. In the current study, indicators and criteria of attitude and expectations of female tourists were identified and then the status of indicators in the villages was evaluated. Past studies and theoretical foundations have been used to accurately identify women's attitudes and expectations from tourism-focused spaces, and a set of 13 (sports; environmental landscape; local events; healthcare; communication and reflection; facilities; equipment; commercial; Visual locations; adverse weather conditions; safety, security, and information) the indicator is obtained as a theoretical framework for research. The findings of the study showed that the protective variables group with a mean rating of 2.37, the comfort group with a mean of 2.18 and the pleasure group with a mean of 1.45 had the highest attention to women needs. Tourism is very important in public spaces and it is necessary to provide the opportunity to strengthen these spaces in rural areas. The results of single sample t test showed that there is a significant level for all indices. In the visual quality indices with mean of 4.39 and adverse weather conditions with 4.38 had the highest mean. However, the average of the surveyed indicators is very high from the perspective of tourism women and expect to meet the basic needs of tourists such as accommodation, resorts, awareness and information and security in rural tourism attractions.Azani Mehri and Zal, Hoda (2011), Women's Tourism, Opportunities and bottlenecks from the Islamic perspective, Journal of Geographical Information (Sepehr) Volume 20, No. 78, pp. 69-64.Afarakht, Hassan, Rahnamaie, Mohammad Tafi, Tahmasebi, Asghar and Aiman Gheshlagh, Siavash (2016), Analysis of Spatial Inequalities in Tourism Resources Development (Case Study, Ardabil Province), Journal of Tourism and Development, Fifth Year, No. 7, Pages 128-107.Tavaji, Masood and Safarabadi, Azam (2011), Urban Tourism Management with Emphasis on Planning Attractive Urban Spaces, Case Study of Kermanshah,Jahanbin, Reza (2016), Investigation and Analysis of Tourism Development Factors from the Viewpoint of Women Tourists in Dare Shahr City, Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, Fifth Year, No. 19, pp. 88-75.Hababi, Leila & Nikpour, Amer (2017), Occupation of Nice Women Attitudes to Formation of Tourism-Leisure Spaces for Women, Case Study: Amol Women Park, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, Vol. 6, No. 21, p. 115-96. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82503.html Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades, Power and its measurement methods have been one of the inexhaustible concerns of most experts in the fields of political geography and geopolitics, international relations, political science, etc. Doing plenty of research and studies to assess the status of national power represents the interest of researchers in this topic and its importance. Understanding of the nation power of country and its position relative to other countries, Political leaders helps to have a proper strategy to maximize their goals and realize the benefits. The main factors shaping of national power is Located in different areas and a range of spiritual and material are included.MethodologyIn this paper we used the exploring technique as the one of the integrated research methods. Data has been gathered using the library and documentary methods, surfing the internet for national and international scientific databases such as FAO. The Delphi method (classic) to select strategic products of food of Iran (using The expert panel consisted of 33 patients during three surveys), the promethee and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for ranking countries in the geopolitics of food and Software of Excel and GIS for data analysis and drawing maps are used. Result and discussionBased on the consensus of experts in research, the results show that wheat is the most Iran's strategic products of food followed by rice, barley, meat, oil, Maize and sugar. This seven-product were selected as Iran’s strategic products of food from the perspective of experts. The findings of this study indicate that the main exporting countries of strategic products of food are powers in the geopolitics of food and 15 powerful are America, France, Argentina, Germany, Australia, Brazil, India, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Canada, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Russia, and Italy respectively. Based on the average data from 1992 to 2011 from FAO, Iran has had the ranks of fifteenth in export of strategic products of food between countries not only doesn’t have a good Sphere of influence in geopolitics of food that a vulnerable country is known. Based on the average data from 1992 to 2011 from FAO, Iran has had the ranks of fifteenth, thirteenth, fifteenth and forty-fifth respectively in production, consumption, import and export of wheat. Also, the rank of Iran in wheat producing with 1.8 (tons/hectares) is thirty-second among the all countries. The results of the ARIMA model shows that Iran would be a small importer of wheat till 2021 at least. Based on the results, the most important exporters of wheat from 1992 to 2011 have been: USA, Canada, France, Australia, Argentina, Russia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and England respectively. Hence, according to the results of Analytic hierarchy process and five factors including Political stability, Transportation advantages, Stability in the production and export, Economic relations with Iran and Political relations with Iran and their variables, the best countries for importing of wheat to Iran are respectively Russia, Kazakhstan, Germany, France, Ukraine, England, Argentina, USA, Australia, and Canada. ConclusionAccording to our aims in this research (i.e. measuring and ranking national power in the international geopolitical food), findings show that Iran is a dependent country in the international geopolitical food. It is obvious that the geopolitical dependency influence on the national power of country negatively. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to balance import and export in order to adjust or overcome the dependency.Key word: Food, Strategic Products of Food, National Power, Geopolitics of FoodExtended AbstractIntroductionIn recent decades, Power and its measurement methods have been one of the inexhaustible concerns of most experts in the fields of political geography and geopolitics, international relations, political science, etc. Doing plenty of research and studies to assess the status of national power represents the interest of researchers in this topic and its importance. Understanding of the nation power of country and its position relative to other countries, Political leaders helps to have a proper strategy to maximize their goals and realize the benefits. The main factors shaping of national power is Located in different areas and a range of spiritual and material are included.MethodologyIn this paper we used the exploring technique as the one of the integrated research methods. Data has been gathered using the library and documentary methods, surfing the internet for national and international scientific databases such as FAO. The Delphi method (classic) to select strategic products of food of Iran (using The expert panel consisted of 33 patients during three surveys), the promethee and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for ranking countries in the geopolitics of food and Software of Excel and GIS for data analysis and drawing maps are used. Result and discussionBased on the consensus of experts in research, the results show that wheat is the most Iran's strategic products of food followed by rice, barley, meat, oil, Maize and sugar. This seven-product were selected as Iran’s strategic products of food from the perspective of experts. The findings of this study indicate that the main exporting countries of strategic products of food are powers in the geopolitics of food and 15 powerful are America, France, Argentina, Germany, Australia, Brazil, India, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Canada, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Russia, and Italy respectively. Based on the average data from 1992 to 2011 from FAO, Iran has had the ranks of fifteenth in export of strategic products of food between countries not only doesn’t have a good Sphere of influence in geopolitics of food that a vulnerable country is known. Based on the average data from 1992 to 2011 from FAO, Iran has had the ranks of fifteenth, thirteenth, fifteenth and forty-fifth respectively in production, consumption, import and export of wheat. Also, the rank of Iran in wheat producing with 1.8 (tons/hectares) is thirty-second among the all countries. The results of the ARIMA model shows that Iran would be a small importer of wheat till 2021 at least. Based on the results, the most important exporters of wheat from 1992 to 2011 have been: USA, Canada, Key word: Food, Strategic Products of Food, National Power, Geopolitics of Food https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82544.html Currently, the issue of a sense of belonging is one of the important axes in increasing the participation of villagers and improving the planning process in these areas. The feeling of belonging to the village reflects the positive mental feeling of people towards living in these areas. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of the feeling of spatial belonging in four dimensions (emotional, behavioral, cognitive and functional belonging) in the process of villagers' participation in the preparation, implementation and maintenance of the master plan. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection is library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study included the villages of Chir, Glabersafli, Chesb and Sarmasaghloo. Morgan table was used to determine the statistical sample. The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was equal to 384 samples and the questionnaires were completed using a simple random sampling method. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, chi-square agreement table, Kruskal-Wallis and route analysis model) were used to analyze the collected data. In the master plan, it is related to the components of functional belonging and cognitive belonging. Analysis of inferential findings of t-test also shows that based on the level of desirability of the test (3) and the level of significance of the status of the four dimensions, the feeling of spatial belonging in the desired situation is evaluated. The highest level of desirability is related to cognitive belonging to facilities. Currently, the issue of a sense of belonging is one of the important axes in increasing the participation of villagers and improving the planning process in these areas. The feeling of belonging to the village reflects the positive mental feeling of people towards living in these areas. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of the feeling of spatial belonging in four dimensions (emotional, behavioral, cognitive and functional belonging) in the process of villagers' participation in the preparation, implementation and maintenance of the master plan. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection is library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study included the villages of Chir, Glabersafli, Chesb and Sarmasaghloo. Morgan table was used to determine the statistical sample. The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was equal to 384 samples and the questionnaires were completed using a simple random sampling method. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, chi-square agreement table, Kruskal-Wallis and route analysis model) were used to analyze the collected data. In the master plan, it is related to the components of functional belonging and cognitive belonging. Analysis of inferential findings of t-test also shows that based on the level of desirability of the test (3) and the level of significance of the status of the four dimensions, the feeling of spatial belonging in the desired situation is evaluated. The highest level of desirability is related to cognitive belonging to facilities. Currently, the issue of a sense of belonging is one of the important axes in increasing the participation of villagers and improving the planning process in these areas. The feeling of belonging to the village reflects the positive mental feeling of people towards living in these areas. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of the feeling of spatial belonging in four dimensions (emotional, behavioral, cognitive and functional belonging) in the process of villagers' participation in the preparation, implementation and maintenance of the master plan. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection is library and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study included the villages of Chir, Glabersafli, Chesb and Sarmasaghloo. Morgan table was used to determine the statistical sample. The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was equal to 384 samples and the questionnaires were completed using a simple random sampling method. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, chi-square agreement table, Kruskal-Wallis and route analysis model) were used to analyze the collected data. In the master plan, it is related to the components of functional belonging and cognitive belonging. Analysis of inferential findings of t-test also shows that based on the level of desirability of the test (3) and the level of significance of the status of the four dimensions, the feeling of spatial belonging in the desired situation is evaluated. The highest level of desirability is related to cognitive belonging to facilities. Morgan table was used to determine the statistical sample. The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was equal to 384 samples and the questionnaires were completed using a simple random sampling method. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, chi-square agreement table, Kruskal-Wallis and route analysis model) were used to analyze the collected data. In the master plan, it is related to the components of functional belonging and cognitive belonging. Analysis of inferential findings of t-test also shows that based on the level of desirability of the test (3) and the level of significance of the status of the four dimensions, the feeling of spatial belonging in the desired situation is evaluated. The highest level of desirability is related to cognitive belonging to facilities. Morgan table was used to determine the statistical sample. The number of samples required to complete the questionnaire was equal to 384 samples and the questionnaires were completed using a simple random sampling method. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, chi-square agreement table, Kruskal-Wallis and route analysis model) were used to analyze the collected data. In the master plan, it is related to the components of functional belonging and cognitive belonging.inferential findings of t-test also shows that based on the level of desirability of the test (3) and the level of significance of the status of the four dimensions, the feeling of spatial belonging in the desired situation is evaluated. The highest level of desirability is related to cognitive belonging to facilities. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82645.html IntroductionAnalysis of the spatial structure to recognize the potentials of the metropolitan region, to create competitive regions and more importantly, recognition of hidden or improperly used resources of regions, for economic development and to take advantage of the cooperative advantages of cities to develop economic synergy is crucial. Tehran metropolitan region, like other developing metropolitan regions, faces distinctive challenges such as imbalance, lack of integration, functional cohesion and an unbalanced distribution of the system of activity and housing. But the policy-making process in the field of regional development is affected by economic conditions (rent) and regardless of the space economy in the context of development policies and programs, it has caused this region, despite all the many potentials, to not have a desirable performance in comparison with these potentials. The concentration of economic resources and forces for the metropolitan region, along with economic benefits, has had diverse consequences of environmental (environmental pollution), social and economic (slum, increased housing and household living costs, class conflict and increased Gini coefficient) which we see its spatial reflection in the formation of rent, information and economic rent spaces in the context of the location of economic activities. On the other hand, the lack of attention to the potentials of economic synergy has caused Tehran to become a place with a high concentration of industries and the role of economic factors in the formation of a dynamic place for production becomes less important. However, the high concentration of enterprises, the economies of scale and accumulation are low, and the economics of networking is very low.MethodologyThe ontology of research is based on critical rationalism. In this ontology, the view of the object is abstract - concrete and deals with the analysis of the problem on three levels: real, actual and empirical. At the real level, it deals with causal forces in creating the spatial structure of the metropolitan region. At the actual level of the mechanisms affecting the spatial structure and at the empirical level, the spatial representation of currents and forces is evaluated. The epistemology of research is based on reason and experience with inductive, deductive and post-exploratory approaches. Research methodology is mixed (quantitative-qualitative). The method is the utilization of procedures for measuring spatial structure and analysis of flows and connections, as well as methods for measuring the degree of diversity and specialization have been used.Results and discussionIn the morphological dimension, the spatial distribution of the population system indicates that the metropolitan region has a weak tendency to become morphological polycentric over time. In the functional dimension, network power, dominance and symmetry were evaluated based on the flow of travel production. According to the amount of entropy that shows the power of the network, the tendency of the metropolitan area is towards functional polycentric. In addition to the Dii measure that shows dominance in relationships and its value is from zero to infinity. It indicates that in terms of travel production (movement of people) Tehran and Karaj are significantly different from other cities. In other words, these two cities have complete control over the network of relations. But in terms of symmetry, the spatial structure of the metropolitan region is not polycentric. The study of the flow of goods between the cities of the metropolitan region shows that in 2006 the main flows of communication between the cities of the metropolitan region were with Tehran and relations with each other at the level of medium-sized cities have been weak. But in 2016, also the formation of two-side relations between some cities with Tehran (Firoozkooh, Bumhan, Robat Karim, Eshtehard, Karaj and Hashtgerd), witnessed a tendency to form horizontal relations between other cities (Karaj-Eshtehard, Hashtgerd-Karaj, Shahriyar-Eshtehard, Shahriyar-Karaj, Pakdasht-Karaj, Firoozkooh-Damavand, Qarchak-Meshkin Dasht). Therefore, it can be said that the vertical and hierarchical relations of the flow of goods, between the cities of the metropolitan region and Tehran, have a very weak tendency from vertical relations to horizontal relations. The study of economic indicators shows that the degree of specialization of the cities of the metropolitan area is increasing. Although Tehran's level of specialization has decreased, it still has the highest level of specialization. However, this diversity has decreased during this period. On the other hand, Savojbolagh, Rey, Baharestan, Karaj, Quds, Mallard and Eshtehard cities had the highest level of diversity in production structure during the period of -75 to 95.ConclusionThe results show that the spatial structure in the morphological dimension is a monocentric spatial structure that tends to become polycentric. In the functional dimension, the study of spatial interactions shows that the relations between the cities of the region have very little tendency towards networking but in terms of dominance, Tehran and Karaj still dominate these relations. On the other hand, the study of network symmetry also indicates asymmetry inflows. In addition, the study of the flow of goods in the metropolitan region shows that the vertical relations between cities and the metropolis of Tehran are still maintained and other cities have been added to this relationship over time. But the new point in these relations is the formation of two-side commodity relations between some cities and the metropolis of Tehran and the tendency to form a horizontal relationship between some cities in the metropolitan region. The role of cities such as Hashtgerd, Eshtehard, Shahriyar and Firoozkooh, and secondarily the cities such as Robat Karim, Hassanabad, Varamin, Pakdasht and Damavand, shows the tendency to create weak functional centres in the metropolitan region. Therefore, it can be said that the spatial structure of Tehran metropolitan region has a weak tendency towards the spatial structure with the ability to support synergistic relations between cities in the metropolitan region.KeywordsSpatial Structure, Metropolitan Region, Economic Synergy https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82646.html introductionSecurity is the prerequisite for a healthy society and the feeling of security is the basis for the development of human societies, and the prosperity of a community in the group of maintaining and maintaining security and the feeling of security resulting from it; Therefore, establishing security in the urban structure and citizens' sense of security is of increasing importance. There are some urban spaces that provide the ground for disturbing order and security. Space and mass are closely related; Therefore, human behavior in space and different places in relation to the sense of security with a specific shape and geometry, as well as with the function embedded in it, is different and in many cases, space; Human motivation in the occurrence of certain behaviors is essential to create security in that place and space. Creating quiet spaces away from social unrest with a sense of security to the people and also increasing the quality of urban spaces by paying attention to the basic needs of urban life is considered as one of the benefits of urban space. In many cases, the type of physical space design, the role that a particular place takes on, and the social dimensions of an area lead to spaces becoming safe or, conversely, unsafe. In other words, urban spaces with their characteristics are somehow a trigger for the crime. Apart from the social and cultural effects of planning and design, safe urban environments on patterns of citizenship behavior and improving the environmental quality of urban spaces, reducing urban crime and crime are independent and important issues.MethodologyThe purpose of this study is to determine the causal relationship between the independent variable of feeling of security and the dependent variable of the quality of urban spaces.The research method in this research is correlational and within the framework of analytical methods.The method of data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire.Indicators and factors evaluated in the research were extracted with an emphasis on measurability and measurability by reviewing the relevant texts.For this purpose,the number of extracted factors and indicators were documented in accordance with the study area.Pearson correlation test and linear regression were performed to investigate the relationship between the feeling of security and the quality of urban spaces in the area of the central sidewalk.And with SmartPLS software,the model fits the calculation model and the structural analytical model in the research on the variables was presented.To calculate the reliability and validity (mean of extracted variance of AVE),the factors of the questionnaires were performed among 365 people referring to the central pedestrian urban spaces studied and urban planning and social science experts.The sample population was selected as a cluster between experts and citizens and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.899.This area is located in the center of the city,which has become a central sidewalk in recent years.In this regard,research was conducted to determine whether citizens and visitors feel safe in this urban space or feel safe.In their opinion,it depends on what factors.This stage of sampling is measured in one step.The indicators and dimensions used in the research have a multidimensional structure.Results and discussionWalking alone at night,women traveling alone at night,traveling in their own cars on the streets around the square,sending children to school for long distances are acceptable to residents and staff.Social disorder sense of security with correlation coefficient P=0.74;From the point of view of the visitors to the square and the merchant,acknowledging that since the study complex has become a sidewalk,the rate of burglary,the rate of extortion and extortion of citizens in this place,the rate of harassment of people in this space,the rate of drug use And the public presence of addicts,car theft in the square itself has been eliminated and has been reduced in the surrounding areas.Therefore,according to the components analyzed the sense of security, it can be said that the greater the sense of security P=0/871 and the degree of correlation of its indicators The rate of conversion of urban spaces into urban spaces with a sense of security, including; Holding religious and cultural activities and ceremonies, entertainment and service activities, the level of communication between people, how women and children are present in this space, access to various types of public transportation, distribution of bus and taxi stations, access for pedestrians and cyclists, etc. It also increases in proportion to the feeling of security in this urban space.ConclusionIn general, the results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the feeling of security and the quality of urban spaces. Therefore, it can be concluded that urban spaces according to the existing social conditions; That is, the formation of spaces, the function of spaces, can affect the level of security. Creating calm spaces away from social unrest and also increasing the quality of the environment by paying attention to the basic needs of urban life is considered as the desirability of urban space. The results show that the more people are present in the form of social support and monitoring in urban spaces, the more citizens feel safe. Considering the effect of citizens 'presence on the feeling of security, it can be concluded that maintaining the security of the city is the main task of urban spaces and open and public (public) areas of a city in case of citizens' traffic and supervision on the central sidewalk. Descriptive findings related to independent variables indicate that respondents rated the risk of trust and social disorder at a high level. In relation to the social support variable; Most respondents had no hope of helping others in an emergency and considered their help and assistance in the community to be low. Respondents also assess the incidence of delinquency in the central sidewalk environment at a low level.Keywords: the feeling of security, trust, urban space, central sidewalk, Hamedan, SEM. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82701.html Strategic planning of health tourism development in Kurdistan province with emphasis on attracting health tourists in Kurdistan Region of IraqIntroductionKurdistan province is one of the provinces of the country that can become an important center of health tourism in Iran due to its proximity to Iraq and Kurdistan of Iraq. Existence of numerous resources, such as the large number of patients in Kurdistan of Iraq, tourist attractions and climate of Kurdistan, low cost of medical services, equipping a number of medical centers in the province with modern medical equipment, the province's capacity for medicinal plants and the province's pristine nature. Nature therapy, cultural and linguistic homogeneity with Kurdistan of Iraq, and the training of physicians by Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences have enhanced the province's capabilities in the field of health tourism. Kurdistan, with 227 km of border with Iraq, as well as the three border cities of Baneh, Marivan and Sarvabad, has a good potential for the development of medical tourism, but nevertheless, the revenues of this province from the health tourism sector are still low and in fact despite the potential. Many of these types of tourism have not been able to play an effective role in the economic and social sustainability of the province. In this regard, the two main research questions that must be asked during the strategic planning process as follows: 1- What are the most important internal and external factors and processes affecting the development of health tourism in Kurdistan province by attracting health tourists to the Iraqi Kurdistan region? 2- What are the most effective strategies and favorable perspectives for the development of health tourism in Kurdistan province by attracting health tourists to the Kurdistan region? MethodologyThe present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of type and a combination of documentary-survey method in terms of data collection. In order to achieve the objectives of the research and, in fact, to plan the development of health tourism in Kurdistan province by attracting health tourists from the Kurdistan of Iraq, it was necessary to form a specialized or Delphi team in the present study. In this regard, an attempt was made to form a team consisting of experts, managers and officials, local experts. In quantitative method, in the present study in the form of using Hierarchical analysis process (AHP) to determine the most desirable strategies for the development of health tourism in Kurdistan province by attracting tourists to the Kurdistan region in combination with SWOT technique in the process of strategic planning.Results and discussion Findings indicate that the low cost of treatment in the province, ethnic and cultural affinity, extensive socio-economic ties, the existence of ancient traditional medicine and numerous medicinal plants with healing properties and having pristine nature and numerous mineral water springs, capability Unique to other trans-provincial competitors, such as the cities of Tehran, Kermanshah, Tabriz, Urmia and even Turkey are among the strengths of tourism in the region, which if the necessary conditions and infrastructure are provided, can Help the sustainable attraction of health tourists from Iraq.Also, the study of the weaknesses identified as the main obstacles to the development of health tourism in Kurdistan province in order to attract health tourists from the Kurdistan region of Iraq shows that the health tourism system in Kurdistan province to attract tourists from the Iraqi Kurdistan region with several challenges. In both main dimensions of supply and demand and in various components, which are necessary to develop health tourism in the province. On the other hand, opportunities and threats affecting the health tourism status of Kurdistan province, had a range of performance and impact from local to national and transnational level to understand the importance of the impact of the tourism situation of destinations from trans-regional conditions and its consideration and management .In order to determine the most important strategies for the development of health tourism in Kurdistan province, it was determined that among the opportunities; The reason for the persistence of the exchange rate difference, among the forces, is the presence of Kowsar Hospital and private hospitals and clinics (completion of Aria Private Hospital), among the threats; The reason for the existence and emergence of powerful competitors active in the health tourism market of Kurdistan of Iraq (Tehran, Kermanshah, Tabriz, Orumieh) and among the weaknesses, the cause of weakness in management, planning and monitoring in the development of health tourism in Kurdistan, with Having the highest relative weight has the greatest impact on the four strategies adopted. These identified cases had the greatest impact and importance among their factors so that they can be confidently mentioned as key drivers or very influential factors in the development and expansion of health tourism in Kurdistan province.Conclusion:The final result of the research as a future perspective for the development of health tourism in Kurdistan province By attracting tourists from the Kurdistan region of Iraq in the future, it should become a reliable and privileged center in the field of health tourism for the market of Iraq Kurdistan in the next 10 years.A center that has the power to compete with other competitors outside the province in attracting health tourists from the Iraqi Kurdistan region. The current communication with the rival centers is coordinated and the health tourists of Kurdistan region are purposefully directed from this province to other neighboring centers if the tourist needs and interests. In this perspective, the basic principle of diversification of health tourism products was laid in order to increase the length of stay and spending of tourists. This perspective emphasizes the use of rural areas with tourism potential and health tourism in the province, and in order to achieve the principle of balance to distribute the benefits of tourism for comprehensive support, these rural areas, as a support And sub-centers that support the main centers were considered https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82738.html Although the development consists of wide-ranging dimensions of social, political, economic, humanitarian and ecological; economic development has been placed in a higher position in politics and policy making. Considering the international dynamic development in era of new information and technology and most importantly globalization, the role of international interactions and management of such relations have been strongly increased in order to pursue the realization of the goals of economic development. Therefore, the process of localization of indicators of international economic interactions in economic development can play an effective role in realization of goals of economic development in Islamic Republic of Iran. Thus, the main question of this article consists of two key parts. Firstly, what are the indicators of international interactions and economic development? And secondly, how is the effectual process of the indicators of international interactions on economic development? Methodology In order to provide scientific answer to main questions raised above, this article began with searching through library and documentary texts to find facts and data related with indicators of international interaction and economic development as well as investigating most effective economic factors affecting interactions among different countries in the world. To combine library data with experimental data, the article investigated experiences of some successful developing countries and collected information and evidence of their success in terms of economic development. After grouping all secondary data, extracted through library and documentary studies, and drawing a table of frequency, it moved to the second phase of preparing a questionnaire based on more frequently focused data and indicator which was then distributed among the intellectuals of the chosen society of this study.The questionnaire was distributed among 42 intellectuals and researchers active in different areas related to international relations, policy making, economic development, and foreign relations including experts of organization for trade development, ministry of foreign affairs, international chamber of commerce, and university professors. As the result, we could successfully collect the indicators of economic development as well as international interactions known as dependent and independent factors. Results and discussionAs per our studies, indicators of international indicators consist of four main indicators as follows:interactions with regional and international countries; interactions with state-owned regional and international institutions such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Trade organization (WTO), World Bank (WB), …; interactions with non-governmental actors such as multinational or transnational companies; establishing regional and international treaties and actively participating such treaties and agreements.Within our studies, we also encountered with popular economic indicators which are mainly affecting the international interactions, grouped as follows: - Economic stability and openness; Trade liberalization; open doors policy; removal of tariffs; extrovert approach to the international trade, stable macro-economic plans, providing a healthy and reliable environment for competition among commercial private actors and investors, reform enforcement in economic infrastructures, prohibition of economic competition among political parties, - Attracting foreign investment (directly, i.e. allowing investors ownership when participating in an investment or economic activities and indirectly; such as purchase of securities) which needs infrastructural reforms and improvement of the political and economic basis in order to set stability of the regulatory rules related with the investment in the economy (such as taxes, tariffs and business rules and regulations); the political and economic stability: reduced in the inflation rate, exchange rate instability, violence, crime, bribery and extortion; encouragement of transparency in investment guidelines and information for domestic and foreign investors in order to reduce corruption; reduced in the transfers’ costs and increased in profitability; increased in the number of investment agreements with developed countries; the Government's downsizing and the reduction of the State exclusive property on the industries, development of institutions, - Export development; conduct of extrovert- oriented business model; improvement of the information and technical know- how and improvement of the infrastructure of the R&D, information and technological infrastructure, especially in the industrial and agricultural sector; establishment of the relationship between the domestic and international markets and pavement of the way to facilitate the competition conditions in the local and international markets, supporting the private sector to cut the dependency on the single-produce economy and facilitate the way for import/export of a diversity of goods; the increase of mutual or multilateral agreements; the development of free trade zones and the implementation of the free trade’s principles as well as providing the conditions for full employment; applying incentive policies to encourage diversification of exporting goodsAnd finally, countries’ concern and desire for economic development is to put the country and citizens in below condition: - Improvement of the life quality of the citizens; i.e. life expectancy, job security (the unemployment rate), freedom of expression, - Noticeable increase in production, income level and the power purchase parity - Poverty reduction - Transformation of society in terms of politics, economy and culture. After collection and examination of such criteria (by the chosen society), we moved on to the second phase; i.e. the study of the effectual process of indicators of international interactions on economic development in I.R. of Iran and performed content and statistical analysis of the data using methods of data analysis through conceptual explanatory statistics as well as path analysis and regression (SPSS). ConclusionFindings confirmed our hypothesis and showed that economic development is considerably under the influence of parameters of international interactions, among which interactions with the regional and international countries was found as most effective factor and interactions with non-governmental actors, holding regional/international treaties, and interactions with state-owned regional/ international institutions placed in next layers accordingly. Consequently, localization of above indicators is effective on the management of international interactions with players of the international system which is eventually helpful in achievement of the country’s mission of economic development. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82834.html Extended Abstract1- IntroductionFollowing the expansion of cities and increasing the separation of the city from nature, several problems such as air pollution, reduced social life in relation to nature, incompatibility of nature with the body of the city and waste of natural resources have plagued cities, especially metropolises. A new approach to biophilic urban planning, considering the relationship between the city and citizens with nature as a basic principle in planning, has been presented in order to solve the above problems. The purpose of this article is to provide a multidimensional framework for measuring the biophilic urban planning approach on a large scale and to analyze and rank the fifteen regions of Isfahan metropolis based on this approach. Because the Isfahan metropolis in recent years has faced a significant increase in population and related environmental problems. Considering the potentials such as environmental capacities such as Zayandehrood river, green spaces and vegetation in this city, by applying the biophilic urban planning approach, many problems can be overcome and sustainable development can be provided. Therefore, in line with the above goal, first biophilic urban planning measures have been extracted by referring to theoretical foundations and then the situation of fifteen regions of Isfahan metropolis has been analyzed based on these measures. Finally, while discussing the results, suggestions for improvement of the regions of Isfahan metropolis based on the biophilic urban planning approach have been presented.2- MethodologyThe present descriptive-analytical study has a mixed paradigm due to the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative method used in this research is survey type and the qualitative method is case study. Also, this research is a part of applied research in terms of purpose. The required information has been collected in order to describe and analyze the indicators by library and field methods. In addition, methods of spatial analysis (network analysis, Euclidean distance analysis and density analysis) and remote sensing have been used to analyze the data. After describing and analyzing each measure, the regions were classified separately for each measure according to the natural break classification method, and the regions were assigned points based on a five-point Likert scale. In the next step, the swara method was used to weigh the components and measures. The swara method or the stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis method was first proposed in 2010 by Keršulienė, Zavadskas and Turskis. This method is one of the newest methods of weighting the components and measures, which is superior to other weighting methods in terms of accuracy in evaluating the views of experts regarding the importance of criteria. In order to weight based on the Swara method, through the method of qualitative sampling of known cases, 30 experts were selected and then the components and the measures of each component were weighted based on their views. In the next step, according to the weight of the measures of each component, the ranking map of each component was prepared by coding the Python plugin in GIS software and finally, according to the weight of the components and the overlap of the ranking maps of each component through the mentioned coding, the ranking of the regions was done based on the biophilic urban planning approach.3- Results and DiscussionThe fifteen regions of Isfahan metropolis are classified into five ranks in terms of biophilic urban planning infrastructure and conditions:- Very deprived regions: Including regions 14 and 15 which are in a very unfavorable situation in terms of biophilic potentials and infrastructure and biophilic urban planning to increase the welfare and health of residents for these regions is the first priority.- Deprived regions: Regions 7, 11 and 12 are at this rank. These regions are unfavorable in terms of biophilic and planning for these regions is the second priority.- Semi-successful regions: Regions 2, 4, 5, 8 and 13 are in relatively good condition in terms of biophilic and planning for these regions is the third priority.- Successful regions: Regions 6 and 10 are at this rank. These regions are in a good position in terms of biophilic and are the fourth priority of planning.- Very successful regions: Regions 1, 3 and 9 are in a very good position in terms of biophilic potentials and infrastructure compared to other regions, and planning for these regions is the last priority.4- ConclusionsIn this article, in order to analyze and rank the fifteen regions of Isfahan metropolis by using the biophilic urban planning approach, after reviewing the theoretical foundations of the subject and considering the case study, biophilic urban planning measures in the form of five components of social life, economic dynamics, green transportation, Environmental sustainability and efficient urban management were extracted and analyzed in regions. The results show the difference of fifteen regions in terms of potentials and conditions of biophilic urban planning in five ranks. so that in the central and western regions, especially regions 1, 3 and 9, the main conditions and infrastructures of biophilic urban planning are accumulated and also regions 14 and 15 are at the most deprived rank.Among the most important improvement measures in order to implement the biophilic urban planning approach in the metropolis of Isfahan, we can mention preventing the change of landuse of green spaces and gardens, rehabilitating rivers and creeks, enabling citizens to participate in nature conservation through environmental education and applying their perspectives in planning, establishment of continuous cycling and pedestrian routes, improvement the state of public transportation through the implementation of the remaining metro lines and establishment routes and bus stops in regions with poor service levels, providing financial incentives for environmentally sensitive executive programs, supporting nature-related NGOs, managing wastewater treatment and preventing it from entering rivers and creeks and improve urban agriculture. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82858.html IntroductionCompetitiveness is one of the most important concerns of business and activity in a dynamic and competitive environment. In recent years, competition has been proposed as an economic concept affecting the sustainable development of the tourism and travel industry (Balan et al., 2009). Experience has shown that wherever tourism is developed without a clear plan and strategy, numerous environmental and social problems arise and in the long time, the problems of tourism outweigh the benefits. According to UNESCO, Iran is ranked tenth in the world in terms of tourist attractions, due to its ancient civilization and many historical monuments and cultural-natural attractions. Despite the boom in tourism in recent years, Iran has not yet found its proper place in the international tourism sector, while there are different and diverse areas to compete in tourism and development of tourism in this country (Aliakbari et al., 2015). Jolfa has many valuable historical and cultural attractions and due to its geographical location can be a transit route for thousands of Asian and European tourists. Julfa region has the potential capability to compete with other tourism hubs in the country. So, it is important to identify the factors that lead to increasing the advantages and improving the position of this tourist destination. Undoubtedly, identifying such factors will lead to identifying priorities for tourism development and future planning in the region. One of the methods used in strategic planning is the Meta-SWOT method. Meta-SWOT is an inward-looking strategic planning approach that helps us to compete with competitors in the future by identifying and evaluating our competition with others and by identifying the resources and capabilities of the environment and change our economic borders or common markets with competitors in our favor (Ajza Shokoohi et al., 2018). This study examines and evaluates the regional competitiveness in tourism development planning with land-use planning approach in Jolfa. Aras free zone (Jolfa) is compared with 6 other free zones (Kish, Qeshm, Chabahar, Arvand, Anzali and Makoo) in terms of tourism development and competitiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and prioritize the factors affecting the competitiveness of destinations in Jolfa. MethodologyThis research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the subject. In the present study, the data and information were obtained through documentary and library studies and field methods (questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population for completing the questionnaire and conducting interviews are tourism experts and specialists and the snowball sampling method has been used. The Meta-SWOT model has been used to analyze information and present the tourism development strategies in Jolfa. The study area is Jolfa, which is located in northwestern Iran and adjacent to Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan. In this study, six free trade zones of Kish, Qeshm, Chabahar, Anzali, Arvand and Makoo have been considered as competitors of Aras free zone (Jolfa). Results and discussionTo assess regional competitiveness in tourism development planning, resources and competitors must be evaluated. First, the goals of tourism development should be identified and then and then prioritize these goals. Prioritization has been done in three levels of high, medium and low priority using Delphi method. Finally, 15 goals have been set, which according to experts, 7 goals are high priority, 5 goals are medium priority and 3 goals are low priority. The second step is to identify effective resources and capabilities in assessing regional competitiveness. Since these resources and attractions are not of equal weight and importance, they should be weighted. In order to weight the factors in this research, the Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) has been used. The most important influential factors are: the potential of the region for tourism, security and the existence of border markets, historical monuments and climatic diversity. In the third stage, the competitive dimensions between the regions are identified and at the end, a competitive map is created. In the fourth step, a resource-based perspective is used to evaluate resources and capabilities. Accordingly, resources and capabilities are evaluated and measured in terms of value, rarity, imitation and irreplaceability (VRIO) in a 5-point range. In the next stage, environmental factors affecting regional competitiveness in tourism development planning of Jolfa are discussed. PETSEL analysis is used for this purpose. In this regard, the out-of-control environmental factors in Jolfa tourism development planning are evaluated according to the opinion of experts with emphasis on four criteria (weight, impact, increase probability and degree of urgency). In the strategic fit assessment step, the impact of resources and facilities on external factors is evaluated with the help of a survey of experts and specialists in the Delphi method and in the form of binary comparisons. The purpose of this step is to identify the extent to which goals are supported by resources and capabilities. The seventh and final step is to draw a strategic plan based on previous inputs and comparisons. According to the results, among the key factors, private sector investment factor, the existence of coherent and integrated planning based on the future, constant support and supervision of officials and the region's potential for tourism, are most in line with tourism development goals. ConclusionThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the regional competitiveness for tourism development planning in Jolfa. In this regard, using the Meta-SWOT technique, first the factors affecting the development of Jolfa tourism were identified. In the next step, rival cities and areas were identified and compared with Jolfa. The results of this study show that the most important factors in the development of tourism in Jolfa are: having a coherent, integrated and future-based planning; Permanent support and supervision of officials in preparing, implementing and ... tourism plans and programs; Existence of border markets in the region; Employing educated and specialized manpower and paying attention to local customs.Keywords: Competitiveness, Strategic Planning, Tourism, Meta-SWOT, Jolfa. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_82865.html Political modernization and development are aimed at achieving goals that can reduce the gap between political institutions and other institutions in the economy and society, and thus pave the way for progress, development and public welfare.The issue of political development is one of the topics that has deeply attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and has been at the center of intellectual interests of social and political science thinkers. This issue is especially important for the intellectual elites of developing countries, because in such countries, the process of development and underdevelopment is the main challenge of society. It also had political, economic, and social dimensions and was referred to as "progress," but theories of development were largely proposed after World War II.Political development is a phenomenon that can not be denied its impact on the socio-political life of the world today, especially in developing societies. Various factors play a role in the process of political development, among which political institutions play an important role. Political development requires the existence of institutions that contribute to political developmentPolitical development implies the efficiency of the political system. The political system, which has the capacity and ability to resolve individual and social differences and contradictions, accept the political participation of citizens, freedom and fundamental change in a society, has reached political development. On the other hand, political development can be considered synonymous with the growth and flourishing of democracy. What is considered in this article is the function of political-civil institutions and its role in the political development of the country. It means examining the relationship between political-civic institutions and political development according to the opinions of experts and specialists who have been questioned in line with this research. Studies of experts and scholars include high-ranking employees, university professors, teachers and members of political parties and organizations. The main question of this research is what role do political-civil institutions play in the political development of the country? It is hypothesized that in order to achieve political development, political-civic institutions should be established or strengthened. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of political-civic institutions on the political development of the country. And the expansion of public media and a wide network of communications and the multiplicity and competition of political political parties and institutions have a greater impact on the political development of the country than other factors.Political modernization and development are aimed at achieving goals that can reduce the gap between political institutions and other institutions in the economy and society, and thus pave the way for progress, development and public welfare.The issue of political development is one of the topics that has deeply attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and has been at the center of intellectual interests of social and political science thinkers. This issue is especially important for the intellectual elites of developing countries, because in such countries, the process of development and underdevelopment is the main challenge of society. It also had political, economic, and social dimensions and was referred to as "progress," but theories of development were largely proposed after World War II.Political development is a phenomenon that can not be denied its impact on the socio-political life of the world today, especially in developing societies. Various factors play a role in the process of political development, among which political institutions play an important role. Political development requires the existence of institutions that contribute to political development. These institutions, known as civil-political institutions, include political parties, associations, and non-governmental organizations, political participation, and the press.Political development implies the efficiency of the political system. The political system, which has the capacity and ability to resolve individual and social differences and contradictions, accept the political participation of citizens, freedom and fundamental change in a society, has reached political development. On the other hand, political development can be considered synonymous with the growth and flourishing of democracy. What is considered in this article is the function of political-civil institutions and its role in the political development of the country. It means examining the relationship between political-civic institutions and political development according to the opinions of experts and specialists who have been questioned in line with this research. Studies of experts and scholars include high-ranking employees, university professors, teachers and members of political parties and organizations. The main question of this research is what role do political-civil institutions play in the political development of the country? It is hypothesized that in order to achieve political development, political-civic institutions should be established or strengthened. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of political-civic institutions on the political development of the country. And the expansion of public media and a wide network of communications and the multiplicity and competition of political political parties and institutions have a greater impact on the political development of the country than other factors.Political modernization and development are aimed at achieving goals that can reduce the gap between political institutions and other institutions in the economy and society, and thus pave the way for progress, development and public welfare.The issue of political development is one of the topics that has deeply attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades and has been at the center of intellectual interests of social and political science thinkers. This issue is especially important for the intellectual elites of developing countries, because in such countries, the process of development and underdevelopment is the main challenge of society. It also had political, economic, and social dimensions and was referred to as "progress," but theories of development were largely proposed after World War II.s. https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_83131.html Extended abstractIntroductionIdentifying and explaining the factors affecting the resilience of tourism business owners is essential for optimal management and planning to strengthen the adaptive capacity of activities against sudden changes. The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the resilience of businesses related to the tourism sector in the face of the Covid 19 virus outbreak crisis in Babolsar Township. The crisis of the outbreak of Covid 19 virus in Iran, which started in late February 2020 and continues to this day, has caused negative effects on the tourism economy, including businesses related to this sector. In this regard, the coastal city of Babolsar and the coastal villages of this township, which are located along the coastline, in recent decades with the development of tourism, many businesses have been formed in this area in this area. These businesses are affected so that businesses related to this sector such as accommodation and hospitality services, transportation, leisure services, business and the like as a result of reducing the number of tourists and temporary closure of this type of business The work of the government to control this crisis is in jeopardy. Therefore, in order to reduce the risks and challenges ahead, the discussion of tourism business resilience in the face of this crisis is a very important and key issue, so recognizing and explaining the level of resilience of tourism businesses in the study area and Each of the factors affecting it is very important and necessary in order for tourism businesses to adapt to this crisis and also return businesses to their original state and improve them. In this regard, officials and implementers based on the findings of this study can formulate and implement appropriate policies, strategies and laws and regulations to improve the level of resilience to this crisis. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of this discussion, this study tries to answer the following question: What is the level of resilience of tourism businesses in the study area against the Covid 19 virus outbreak crisis and what factors are affected?MethodThis research is based on the nature of application and in terms of descriptive-analytical survey method. The data collection tool of each item was a questionnaire. The required variables of this study were selected from the study area using the study of valid scientific sources and field study. In this study, the questions related to the questionnaire variables were adjusted from very high to very low using a 5-point Likert scale. The analysis unit in this research is the business owners related to the tourism sector in Babolsar city. Also, based on the Cochran sampling formula, the sample size of 200 business owners related to the tourism sector was determined and the sampling method in this study was simple random sampling. The collected data were analyzed by one-sample t-test, independent t-test, regression and path analysis.Resultsin order to influence each of the independent variables on the level of business resilience as a dependent variable, multiple regression model and path analysis were used. The results of regression model show that the multiple correlation coefficient of the resilience level of tourism businesses with independent variables is equal to 0.75, which is a direct correlation with high intensity. Thus, this indicates the correlation of independent variables of dependence on the tourism sector. Value identity is related to business, social capital, human capital and the component of economic factors with the dependent variable level of business resilience. Also, the coefficient of determination is 0.62 and indicates that 0.62% of the changes in the level of business resilience in the coastal city and villages of Babolsar can be explained through the above five independent variables. The amount of variance calculated in this model is equal to 52.03 and its significance level is less than one percent. Also, among the components, the economic component has the most positive effect on the level of resilience, with a beta of 0.411 and the component of dependence on the tourism sector has the most negative effect on the level of resilience with a beta of -0.106. Also, the impact of management factors and government policies on the resilience of tourism businesses has not been significant. In this regard, although the government has provided support to tourism business owners in rural and urban areas, business owners have not considered such support sufficient. Also, some decisions have been taken to support the tourism business at the provincial and national levels, which have not yet been implemented.Discussion. In general, among the variables affecting the level of resilience, after the variable of economic factors, the variable of social capital has the most impact on the level of resilience of businesses and among the indirectly influential variables, the variable of social capital has the most impact through Economic factors in improving the level of resilience. In this regard, the results of this study are consistent with the results of studies by Chaohari et al. (2018) and Aldrich (2011). On the other hand, the component of dependence on the tourism sector, directly and indirectly, has had a significant inverse effect on the resilience of businesses. According to the results of this model, as the dependence of business owners on the tourism sector increases, the level of vulnerability of businesses related to this sector increases and as a result, the level of resilience of business owners to the crisis decreases. Dependence on the tourism sector has had a significant inverse direct effect on the level of resilience and indirectly through a significant inverse effect on economic factors, the level of resilience of businesses related to the tourism sector in the cities and villages of the region The study has played a role. Accordingly, the results of this study are consistent with the findings of Dahles and Socilovati (2015) and Lasso and Dahles (2015). https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_83239.html IntroductionThe city is a manifestation of political economy and spatial reflection of the difference in socioeconomic characteristics that is manifested in the physical structure. One of the major challenges of urban management today is the issue of poverty, which is considered to be the greatest human tragedy. A closer look at the urban poverty challenge shows that poverty has a multifaceted nature and structure and therefore requires a proper analysis of the structures. The spatial extent of poverty includes the different forms, titles and causes of its formation in cities. Although areas of poverty have been addressed by local and global communities due to their adverse consequences, despite efforts to improve the quality of housing in areas of poverty, spatial analysis of urban poverty structures in addressing the issues of these areas has been neglected. Ahwaz metropolis is one of the cities that face problematic, worn, inefficient and heterogeneous spaces inside and on the outskirts. In this article, according to the necessity of spatial analysis of urban poverty structures, the target areas are to create an information layer and prepare the ground for the preparation and implementation of poverty alleviation programs and improving the quality of housing in the poverty areas of Ahvaz metropolis. The main question is about the general state of poverty and its structures in the dilapidated and dysfunctional contexts of the Ahwaz metropolis. Methodology:The present research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of nature it uses descriptive-analytical and survey method. The typology of spatial areas of poverty in the metropolis of Ahwaz and the recognition of worn and dysfunctional tissues through operational translation and application of old and new criteria of worn and dysfunctional tissues, in the form of theoretical foundations led to the development of research rules. A total of 49 urban poverty structures were ope rationalized in the form of three components: social, economic and physical-environmental. To determine the sample size through Cochran's formula and Morgan table, 457 researcher-made questionnaires were considered. The sample size in each neighborhood was determined by the method of optimal allocation and the questionnaires were distributed in a systematic random method in 11 identified poverty zones of the target, for field perception of the general poverty situation among the heads of living households. The collected data after integration in each neighborhood were spatially analyzed in SPSS software by comparing the final results of Z-Score and SAR techniques for poverty zones. The zoning map of worn and inefficient tissues of Ahwaz metropolis and the bar chart of worn and inefficient tissues were drawn by ArcGIS10.8 and Excel software, respectively. Result and discussionResults show Identify area of poverty and spatial analysis of its urban poverty structures is effective at all scales and fields for planning and empowering the inhabitants of weak areas and preventing the consequences of poverty. 42 neighborhoods with inefficient texture in Ahwaz metropolitan were identified and classified as urban poverty domains in 5 deferment types. Finally, the fifth species of urban spatial poverty domains (urban worn-out and inefficient texture) including 11 neighborhoods between them were recognized as target areas. Public indicators of poverty or urban poverty structures in the form of three social, economic, physical- environmental factors through 457 in target areas show that Amere is in first place and Sekhereyeh, Koye Alavi and Hasir Abad jointly are in second place. Eain2, Aliabad, Sayahi, Malasheyeeh, Manba Abb, Koye Karoon and Koye Allesafi are in third to ninth place of final ranking of public situation of poverty based on spatial analysis of urban poverty structures. It seems that the issue of urban poverty areas of Ahwaz Metropolitan is a function of the growth trend of poverty in the whole country. Unemployment difficulties, limited use of Production capacities, weak economic bases and lack of deserving optimal allocation of resources, facilities and services in the city, has led to inconsistency of space in the neighborhoods of Ahwaz and the appearance of poverty zones. ConclusionIn this article, since the geography perspective is the basis for social, economic, physical, environmental and so on development, and the complexity of issues of poverty zones, avoids from prescribing radical strategies and we believe the solution is appropriate measures for doing sustainable regeneration communities and each kind of poverty reduction programs and reform its poverty structures. Urban managers and Planners should refer to the approach of sustainable regeneration of neighborhoods with community-oriented, holistic, comprehensive, strategic and integrated features. As the largest surgery in worn-out and inefficient textures which causes injection and circulates of huge capitals and investment in the neighborhood and raise and improves the quality of life in them. At present, no complete action has been taken to regeneration in Ahwaz. Major Measures done including: Preparation comparative scheme, for Manba Abb and Koyekaron neighborhoods, which includes the construction of a retaining wall and solving some legal problems related to land ownership, to facilitate, the use of bank credit, securing, setting up facilitation offices, and defining the space, commercial and green, as well as forecasts for the relocation and resettlement of 811 households are resided in danger zones. To reduce urban poverty, we first need accurate knowledge, accurate measurement, documentary and realistic analysis. Such cognition requires the definition, invention, and application of appropriate indicators, indicators, and methods that are consistent with the existing realities of urban development. The application of these indicators should be done with the aim of promoting economic, social, physical-environmental and improving living conditions and individual and public security and help increase the authority and ability of citizens to achieve real development. "The priority of intervention and reconstruction in dilapidated and inefficient neighborhoods of Ahwaz metropolis is also with the neighborhoods that have the lowest ranks and have the worst general poverty situation in terms of study indicators." https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_83298.html Extended AbstractIntroductionChina is arguably the biggest phenomenon of the 21st century. A country that has overcome the other countries of the world in the amount of production of various industrial products, in the evolution of its territorial development, in the construction of infrastructures and super-projects in speed and breadth. China is now the first trading partner of more than 130 countries. In the Middle East, although some countries may be pro-Western and ally of the United States, they do have extensive trade with China. At present, the Middle East, and especially the Persian Gulf, is being considered by China and it is trying to enter this region in the form of a "belt and road initiative". Iran, as a strategic country in the Middle East, Asia and the world, is one of the most important geographical areas of interest to China.After the Cold War, with the defeat of bipolar and ideological rivalries, economic relations developed. The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century were the decades of the emergence of new economic powers in Asia. One of these powers was China, which achieved a major leap in its economy with extensive reforms since 1979 and the expansion of its relations with the West and the attraction of investment from developed countries. In the first two decades of the 21st century, no country has received as much attention from the world's superpower, the United States, as China; Because it has been the biggest challenge to American economic power. Therefore, China's containment policies have always been on the agenda of the United States and the West. To counter US-centered Western actions, China has taken extensive steps to partner with emerging economies such as the BRICS, the Eurasian Bank, and the Belt and Road Initiative, the latest of which is a global geo-economic mechanism. This super-project has annexes in the form of bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements, such as the comprehensive cooperation agreement (25 years) between Iran and China, which is considered in this article.MethodologyThis research has been done by analytical-descriptive method. Documentary and library studies and searches in international scientific databases as well as reputable websites have been used to collect information. The research question is as follows: According to the document of the Comprehensive Cooperation Program (25 years) between Iran and China, what are the most important geopolitical opportunities for Iran in this document?Results and DiscussionTaking advantage of the comparative advantages and bilateral Geo-economic capacities and creating economic and territorial ties between the two countries will lead to the development of interdependence, which will create a network of Geo-economic links and increase the interests of Iran and major Asian countries, especially China. It also reduces the effect of sanctions pressures and geopolitical isolation, which, of course, depends on strict adherence to the principles of negotiation, concessions, balancing between economic rivals and Iran's withdrawal from current pressures. Therefore, Geo-economic contexts such as the Belt and Road Initiative in the form of subcontracts such as the 25-year Iran-China Cooperation Agreement, create interdependence between Iran and China and other countries involved in this super project, which automatically has a geo-economic structure with a high level of complex interdependence. It creates governments and companies and institutions involved in it and increases the cost of sanctions and geo-economic isolation of Iran to Western competitors.China, with its large and expanding economy, is the world's second largest economy after the United States, and given the significant growth of this emerging economic power, it is expected to become the number one economic power in the coming decades during the 25-year agreement with Iran. The world is transformed. Naturally, a relationship with a country with such an economic volume is important and has positive results. A comprehensive cooperation agreement with the economic power, which bears the title of the world's factory and has a strong level of technology and manpower, can lead to economic mobilization in Iran and strengthen energy and communication infrastructure and other clauses in the agreement. The geo-economic link between the two world and regional powers in the two dimensions of economy, technology, energy and access can lead to interdependence between the two countries, which will affect both Iran's economic development and its geopolitical consequences.The 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement between Iran and China is aimed at developing China's "Belt and Road Initiative". The initiative of the belt and the road and the adaptation of its land and sea routes to Iran's Geo-economic position have made this country an important element in the overall plan of the project, which makes the Chinese project dependent on Iran. In the long run, this will create interdependence between Iran and China, which will have positive consequences for Iran, including Iran's exit from Geo-economic-geopolitical isolation and the reduction of the effects of Western sanctions in the long run. Iran's involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative and its implementation in the process of a 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement will complicate Iran's economy and geo-economy with China, as well as other countries in this major Eurasian project.ConclusionTaking all the circumstances into consideration, the current situation of economic pressure and sanctions and Geo-economic isolation of Iran, the implementation of agreements such as the 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement with China has a good perspective, which is based on mutual geo-economic and geopolitical realities. It also welcomed the Asian economic powers and placed Iran in a position above the chin and gain concessions to attract foreign capital and develop infrastructure and increase employment and national welfare and thus increase the geopolitical weight. But at the same time, with accurate calculation and monitoring of threats, emerging threats to the Geo-economic and geopolitical position of the country should be prevented.Keywords: Iran, China, Geo economics, Interdependence Theory, Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.