Identification and analysis of the most important economic and social impacts of the covid-19 pandemic on tourism sample areas (case study: Sarab Ravansar, Kermanshah province)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

2 Department of Geography, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

3 Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

4 Department of Political Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

10.22059/jhgr.2022.349216.1008545

Abstract

Introduction

The Covid-19 pandemic, the outbreak of which is attributed to Wuhan, China, has had severe effects worldwide on all industries, including the tourism industry. Sample tourism areas are one of the most important spaces that attract tourists and travelers in our country, which are established and managed by the non-governmental sector in order to provide services to tourists. The administrations of 50 exemplary tourism regions, Kermanshah province, as one of the potential provinces, are active in attracting tourists and providing services to them. It is one of the typical tourist areas of Kermanshah province, Sarab Ravansar, which is situated on Mount Shaho due to its beautiful landscape. Also, being in the vicinity of the central communication axis between cities, and a short distance from the border bazaar, this city, welcomes many tourists and travelers throughout the year. During the pandemic, the significant effects of Covid-19 have been accepted by the activists located in the area of this tourist attraction, like other tourist spots. Examining it can, while clarifying the dimensions of the impact of the pandemic on tourism activists, provide the necessary background and platform for future planning in the face of similar crises. Therefore, the central question of the current research is:

-What are the most important socio-economic effects of Covid-19 on the active beneficiaries in the sample tourism area of Sarab Ravansar?



Methodology

In terms of approach, the current research is a quantitative study based on the objective of applied type, and in terms of nature, it is a part of descriptive-analytical studies. In this research, a library method has been exerted in theoretical foundations, and a survey method to collect information related to the studied society. The statistical population of this research includes all households in Ravansar city that engage in service-economic activities in Sarab Ravansar. In this study, to obtain a suitable sample and fit the study's objectives, the available simple random sampling method was used to determine the number of samples of the Cochrane relationship.

The tool for collecting information in this research is a questionnaire that is taken from the studies of Rabiei and Tak Roostai (2020), Afzali and Zare Mehrjardi (2020), Askari Sawadjani et al. 2021, Pazukinejad et al. (2021) and in three parts, it includes questions about the personal and social characteristics of the respondents, including age, gender, education, occupation, etc. The second part includes items in the field of anxiety caused by Covid-19. The third part included items on economic effects, and the fourth part was also on the social effects of Covid-19 on tourism in the studied area. Related software such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used in this study for data analysis.

Results and discussion

Based on the results of the t statistic related to the studied indicators, it was observed that the extracted t coefficient was positive and significant for the indicators of concern about financial issues (t = 5.83), concern about closure, or disruption of activity. related things (t = 5.35), stress caused by thinking about Covid-19 (t = 7.9) and fear of being infected with Covid-19 (t = 3.48). This situation shows that the average of the mentioned indicators among the studied people is greater than the theoretical average (3). Also, the positivity of the two upper and lower limits related to the total index indicates the significance of the difference between the mean of the variable in question and the theoretical mean. On the other hand, based on the obtained results, considering the index of concern about the transmission of the virus to others (t = -3.32), the t coefficient was negative and significant. Therefore, it can be said that the theoretical mean (3) of the mean This index has been larger. In other words, as it was said in the first part, the studied people were not worried about the transmission of the virus by themselves to others.

Based on the results obtained from the structural equation model, the variable of anxiety caused by Covid-19 has a significant effect on the variables in question, so that it has a significant effect on the economic (with an influence coefficient of 0.383) and social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). have been. Also, the variable of economic factors affected by the Covid-19 has also had a significant effect on social factors with a coefficient of 0.137.



1. Conclusion

The social factors examined in this study include the three indicators of business, education and family domains. It showed that the initial results of the investigation of indicators related to social factors affected by Covid-19 were positive and significant, the t coefficient extracted for the indicators of the family domain (t = 4.96), the education domain (t = 3.06) and the business domain and work (t = 4.01). Based on this, it can be said that from the point of view of the studied people, Covid-19 had an effect on social indicators, and this was confirmed based on the structural model. So that the results of the model showed that the anxiety of Covid-19 (the effect of Covid-19) had a significant effect on social factors (with an influence coefficient of 0.509). Although the effect of Covid-19 on social spheres such as economic issues is not clear and direct, and even in some studies it is mentioned that these effects are not well known, but the effects of Covid-19, which include the implementation of quarantine, distancing social issues and even anxiety from Covid-19 have caused the closure or partial closure of many jobs and businesses in the studied area, which has affected family and educational relationships and even social interactions due to their jobs. The result obtained in the field of social effects caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is consistent with the results of Imani Jajermi's study (2019), Abbas et al. (2021), Suliko et al. (2021), Sah et al. (2020).

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

اداره کل میراث فرهنگی گردشگری و صنایع‌دستی استان کرمانشاه. (1401). مناطق نمونه گردشگری، موجود در سایت:
https://kermanshah.mcth.ir.
افضلی، زینب و زارع‌مهرجردی، محمدرضا. (1400). بررسی تأثیر کرونا بر افول کسب‌وکار تعاونی‌های کشاورزی. فصلنامه مدیریت کسب‌وکارهای بین‌المللی، 4(3)، 103-91.                                                        https://doi.org/10.22034/JIBA.2021.45467.1681
ایمانی جاجرمی، حسین. (1399). پیامدهای اجتماعی شیوع ویروس کرونا در جامعه ایران. فصلنامه ارزیابی تأثیرات اجتماعی، 1(2)، 103-88.
پازوکی نژاد، زهرا؛ خوش‌فر، غلامرضا و بیشمی، بهار. (1400) تحلیل کیفی آسیب‌های همه‌گیری کووید ۱۹ بر اقامتگاه‌های بومگردی استان مازندران. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های روستایی، 13(1)، 16-1.                        https://doi.org/10.22059/JRUR.2022.328401.1662
جوان امانی، ودود و اکبری، حمید (1400). بررسی وضعیت رقابت‌پذیری گردشگری ایران در دوران کرونا با استفاده از روش تحلیل ساختاری (جامعه میزبان: ساکنین شهر رامسر). فصلنامه جغرافیایی فضای گردشگری، 10(39)، 52-35.
https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22518827.1400.10.39.3.9
داوری، علی و رضازاده، آرش. (1393). مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی.
ربیعی، حسین و تک روستا، مریم (1400). بررسی و تبیین تأثیرات کرونا بر اقتصاد مناطق روستایی، نمونه موردی: روستای اشکور علیا. فصلنامه آمایش سیاسی فضا، 3(3)، 162-148.                                       https://dorl.net/dor/ 20.1001.1.26455145.2021.3.3.2.9
ریاحی، وحید؛ سلطان‌آبادی، ملیحه و مؤمنی، حسن. (1400). سنجش فعالیت کارگروه‌های روستایی در مقابله با همه‌گیری ویروس کرونا (مورد: نواحی روستایی شهرستان خوشاب). پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 54(4)، 1452-1435.
 https://doi.org/10.22059/jhgr.2021.308288.1008157 
سیجانیوندی، شادیه؛ منصوری، کمال و امامی، الهام. (1400). تأثیر بحران ویروس کرونا بر صنعت گردشگری و هتلداری و ارائه راه‌حل‌ها. همایش ملی مدیریت کسب‌وکار در شرایط بحران و عدم اطمینان، ۱۵ و ۱۶ تیر ۱۴۰۰، دانشگاه کردستان.
عسگری سوادجانی، علیرضا؛ رضایی، محمدرضا و سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله. (1400). تحلیل تأثیر پاندمی کووید 19 بر تخریب خلاق گردشگری از دیدگاه ساکنان مطالعه موردی: بافت تاریخی شهر یزد. مجله گردشگری شهری، 8(1)، 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.22059/JUT.2021.307823.819
علیزاده‌فرد، سوسن و صفارینیا، مجید. (1398). پیش‌بینی سلامت روان بر اساس اضطراب و همبستگی اجتماعی ناشی از بیماری کرونا. پژوهش‌های روانشناسی اجتماعی، 9(36)، 141-129.
فرزانه سادات زارنجی، ژیلا؛ حسن یزدانی، محمد و جامی، مریم. (1400). مقایسه تطبیقی محلات غیررسمی شهر اردبیل بر اساس آسیب‌های اجتمـاعی در دوران پاندمی کووید 19 با تأکید بـر امنیـت اجتمـاعی. پژوهشـنامه نظـم و امنیـت انتظـامی، 14(54)، 184-157.
https://doi.org/10.22034/osra.2021 
قنبری، یوسف؛ کماسی، حسین؛ جمینی، داود و آریان‌پور، آزاد. (1391). شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی جاذبه‌های گردشگری شهرستان روانسر بر اساس پتانسیل جذب گردشگر. جغرافیا و پایداری محیط، 2(3)، 86-65.
مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی. (1383). آیین‌نامه اجرایی نحوه تشکیل و اداره مناطق نمونه گردشگری،
https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/124733.
مسائلی، ارشک؛ رضائی، ناصر؛ درفشی، خه بات و باسخا، مهدی. (1400). اثرات همه‌گیری کرونا بر اشتغال نیروی کار در صنایع مرتبط با گردشگری ایران. مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، 16 (56)، 308-279.                        https://doi.org/10.22054/tms.2021.59352.2512
موحد، علی و کرمانیان، سید حامد. (1399). تحلیلی بر تأثیر بحران ویروس کووید ۱۹ بر صنعت گردشگری با تکیه بر معاهده سندای. پژوهش گردشگری، ۲ (۱)، ۸۳-۵۶.
 
References
Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P.T., & Raza, S. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 100033, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033.
Afzali, Z., & Zare Nehrjerdi, M. (2021). Investigating the Impact of Corona on the Decline of Agricultural Cooperatives Business. Journal of International Business Administration, 4(3), 91-103. doi: 10.22034/jiba.2021.45467.1681 [In Persian]
Alizadeh Fard, S., & Saffarinia, M. (2020). The prediction of mental health based on the anxiety and the social cohesion that caused by Coronavirus. Quarterly Social Psychology Research, 9(36), 129-141. [In Persian]
Al-Mughairi, H.M.S., Bhaskar, P., & Alazri, A.K.H. (2021). The economic and social impact of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality industry: A case study from Oman. Journal of Public Affairs, e2786. DOI: 10.1002/pa.2786.
Asgari savadjani, A., Rezaei, M., & Sojasi Qeidari, S. (2021). Analysis of the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Creative Destruction of Tourism in the from the Perspective of Residents Case Study: Historical Texture of City Yazd. Journal of Urban Tourism, 8(1), 1-13. doi: 10.22059/jut.2021.307823.819[In Persian]
Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R.A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020). How does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. No. w26949. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020.
Davari, A., & Rezazadeh, A. (2014). Structural equation modeling. Academic Jihad Publications. [In Persian]
Drăcea, L.A., Mărăcine, D., Girip, M., & Oprea, L.A. (2021). COVID-19 Impact on National Tourism: Romania’s Case Study. International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management (IJSEM), 10(4), DOI: 10.4018/IJSEM.2021100103.
Duro, J.A., Perez-Laborda, A., & Fernandez, M. (2022). Territorial tourism resilience in the COVID-19 summer. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3, 100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100039.
Farzaneh Sadat Zaranji, Z., yazdani, M., & Jami, M. (2021) Comparative comparison of informal neighborhoods of Ardabil city based on social harms during the Covid pandemic 19 With emphasis on social security. Quarterly of Order & Security Guards, 14(54), 157-184. doi: 10.22034/osra.2021.95548 [In Persian]
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Kermanshah Province. (2022). Sample tourism areas. Available at https://kermanshah.mcth.ir. [In Persian]
Ghanbari, Y., Komasi, H., Jamini, D., & Arianpour, A. (2012). Identifying and Prioritizing Tourism Attractions in Ravansar Based on Tourist Attracting Potentials. Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 2(2), 65-86. [In Persian]
Ghann, P. (2021). The Effect of COVID-19 on Tourism: A Comparative Statistical Study. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 10(1), 458.
Golets, A., Farias, J., Pilati, R., & Costa, H. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and tourism: The impact of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02282-6.
Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. M. (2004). A beginner’s guide to partial least squares analysis. Understanding Statistics, 3(4), 283–297.
Henseler, J., Ringle, CM., Sinkovics, R.R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-139. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Imani Jaajarmi, H. (2020). Social Impacts of the Spread of Coronavirus in Iranian Society. Social Impact Assessment, 1(2), 88-103. [In Persian]
Jagdale, D.V., & Ganatra, H. (2021). Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Tourism Industry of India. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), Paper No. 110442, posted 03 Nov 2021 03:49 UTC.
Javan Amani, V., & Akbari, H. (2021). The Competitiveness Status of Iranian Tourism during COVID-19 using Structural Analysis Method (Host community: Ramsar Residents). Geographical Journal of Tourism Space, 10(39), 35-52. [In Persian]
Koçak, E., Dogru, T., Shehzad, K., & Bulut, U. (2022). The economic implications of the COVID-19 outbreak on tourism industry: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Tourism Economics, 29(3) 742-758. DOI: 10.1177/13548166211067188.
Masaeli, A., Rezaei, N., Derafshi, K., & Basakha, M. (2021). Effects of Corona Epidemic on Labor Employment in Iran's Tourism-Related Industries. Tourism Management Studies, 16(56), 279-308. doi: 10.22054/tms.2021.59352.2512 [In Persian]
Movahed A., & Kermanian, S.H. (2020). An Analysis of the Impact of the Covid 19 Virus Crisis on the Tourism Industry Based on the Sendai Agreement. Tourism Research, 2 (1), 56-83. URL: http://tr.richt.ir/article-7-495-fa.html [In Persian]
Mulder, N. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Latin America and the Caribbean, and options for a sustainable and resilient recovery. International Trade series, No. 157 (LC/TS.2020/147), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
Panthhe, K.P., & Kokate, C.N. (2021). Impact of covid-19 on tourism sector in Nepal.Sustainability, Agri. Food and Environmental Research, 9(1), 107-126, http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-V0N0-art2366.
Pashkus, V., Pashkus, N., & Asadulaev, A. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry and Ways to Ensure High Competitiveness of the Territory in the Global Tourism Market after the Pandemic. SHS Web of Conferences 92, 010, https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219201041.
Pazokinejad, Z., Khoshfar, G., & Beishami, B. (2022). Pathology of Covid 19 Epidemic and Mazandaran Ecotourism Resorts; A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Rural Research, 13(1), 6-21. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2022.328401.1662 [In Persian]
Rabiee, H., & Takrosta, M. (2021). Investigating and Explaining the Effects of Corona on the Economy of Rural Areas, Case Study: Upper Eshkevar Village. Political Organizing of Space, 3 (3),148-162. [In Persian]
Research Center of the Islamic Council. (2013). Executive regulations on the formation and administration of tourism sample areas. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/124733 [In Persian]
Riahi, V., Soltanabadi, M., & Momeni, H. (2021). Assessing the Activity of Rural Working Groups Against Corona Virus Epidemic (Case study: Rural district of Khoshab county). Human Geography Research, 4(45), 1435-1452 . doi: 10.22059/jhgr.2021.308288.1008157 [In Persian]
Sah, R., Sigdel, S., Ozaki, A., Kotera, Y., Bhandari, D., Regmi, P., Rabaan, A.A., Mehta, R., Adhikari, M., Roy, N., Dhama, K., Tanimoto, T., Rodriguez-Morales, A.J., & Dhakal, R. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Nepal. Journal of Travel Medicine, 1–3. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa105.
Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015
Sijaniyundi, Sh., Mansouri, K., & Emami, E. (2021). The impact of the corona virus crisis on the tourism and hotel industry and providing solutions. National Conference on Business Management in Crisis and Uncertainty, 15 and 16 July 2021, University of Kurdistan. [In Persian]
Simarangkir, O R., Tawang, F., Irwan, I., Utami, P B., Nani, N., & Kodiran, T. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Marine Tourism, Derawan Island, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 934 (2021) 012040, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/934/1/012040.
Sobaih, A.E.E., Elshaer, I., Hasanein, A.M., & Abdelaziz, A. (2021). Responses to COVID-19: The role of performance in the relationship between small hospitality enterprises’ resilience and sustainable tourism development. International Journal of Hospitality Management 94, 102824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102824.
Soliku, O., Kyiire, B., Mahama, A., & Kubio, C. (2021). Tourism amid COVID-19 pandemic: impacts and implications for building resilience in the eco-tourism sector in Ghana's Savannah region. Heliyon 7, e07892, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07892.
Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004). A global goodness-off it index for PLS structural equation modeling. Proceedings of the XLII SIS Scientific Meeting, Vol. Contributed Papers, CLEUP, Padova, pp. 739–742.
Workie, E., Joby, M., Nyika, J., & Ramadas, S. (2020). Deciphering the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food security, agriculture, and livelihoods: A review of the evidence from developing countries. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2: 100014. doi:10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100014.
Human Geography Research
Volume 56, Issue 1
March 2024
Pages 79-95

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 30 September 2022
  • Revise Date: 01 December 2022
  • Accept Date: 17 December 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics