The Rhythm of Consumption Space in the Tourism of the Urban Peripheral Mountains: A case study Gavazang and Amand Zanjan Mountains

Extended Abstract
Introduction
According to the definition of the World Tourism Organization, mountain tourism is a type of tourism activity in a specific and limited geographical space such as hills or mountains with distinctive features and characteristics of a landscape, topography, climate, biodiversity (plants and animals), and a specific local community. This tourism includes a wide range of activities related to human leisure, which need to be done in open spaces and in order to communicate with nature. This type of tourism is the backbone of natural and cultural heritage, creating a special tourist experience. The nearby mountains or city suburbs are always popular with citizens due to their easy access, and they spend part of their free time in various dimensions such as recreation, physical and mental health, sports, outdoor dining, etc. Mountains close to large and medium cities have always been of great interest in terms of tourism due to the large presence of citizens and have involved urban management; studying the rhythm of tourism in the Urban Peripheral mountains, which explains the horizontal complexity of the use of space by understanding the type and pattern of mountain space consumption by users (tourist citizens) and aims to plan the geographical management of mountain tourism in various environmental, economic and cultural dimensions. This research has done a comparative study of the rhythm of two mountain complexes, Kavazang and Amand, located in the north of Zanjan city, and has explained the horizontal complexity of space consumption. The background of the temporal and spatial cycle is related to various factors such as the type of use and presence of the tourist, time and climate, socio-occupational and economic class and class, mental inclination and tendencies, reasons and aspects, subjective and objective loyalty of the tourist, attitude environmental factors of tourists and many other factors are determined and investigated.
 
Methodology
The current research is a mixed qualitative-quantitative study with comparative construction based on a descriptive-analytical method, with an exploratory nature and rhythm analysis method. The statistical population studied was urban tourists in the mountains studied. The research variables are four indicators of the type of tourism (family, group, or individual), time cycle, available services, and the tourist's willingness, which includes 29 items.
 
Results and discussion
The coefficient of sustainability and repeatability of mountain tourism is higher in the group tourism community. It is estimated that the path coefficient (R2) of the studied rhythms is above 90% of the coverage level of the variables. The rhythm of tourism in the morning and evening scales of the summer and winter patterns in the studied mountains is relatively compatible with the time conditions of sunrise and sunset in different months of the year. The continuity and sustainability of non-family group tourists in all months of the year, especially the cold months of the studied mountains, is above 50%. With the change of seasons, the temporary movement of tourists from one mountain to another is formed, and the change of weather seasons leads to the movement of group tourists (especially non-family group tourists). The association and mental memory of the tourist community from the studied mountains are different but similar. Tourists disagree with the development of facilities and welfare services in the mountains, which have pristine natural scenery, and the preservation of natural attractions with minimal human intervention. Sports and health are the main reasons for non-family group tourists to use mountain space, and recreation and entertainment are the most important reasons for using mountain space from the perspective of family and casual tourists. The method of using space for non-family and individual group tourists is mainly on foot, respecting the health of the mountain environment. For non-family groups and occasional tourists, it is a combination of riding (vehicle) and walking, with the possibility of developing infrastructure services. Non-human and natural elements such as rivers, springs, trees, plants, medicinal vehicles, snow, snow tubing, natural paths, and fresh air are the most interesting mental associations of Amand mountain tourists, and natural elements of slopes, stones, along with manufactured elements such as amusement parks, graves, amusement park, restaurant, asphalt road, city view, tea house, and dam are the most important mental associations of Gavzang Mountain. Despite the proximity of the Gavazang and Amand mountains, the tourism coordinates of the mentioned mountains are different due to manufactured and natural attractions, and the type of tourism and the dominant tourism community are also different.
 
Conclusion
Mountain tourism is one of the types of tourism based on the structure of health, sports, recreation, and travel, and it has a rhythmic pattern. This type of tourism has a horizontal rhythm system due to its dominant dependence on the daily time structure, in which different tourism communities have their structural rhythm. This is important in the urban  Peripheral mountains due to the type of reception of tourists within the city and the local-regional performance; it provides different interpretation results. The results of this research on the tourism of two peripheral mountains to Zanjan city showed that mountain tourism has a stable rhythm and mountain tourists gradually develop a sense of spatial belonging to the mountains due to the weather conditions and the way of using its space (walking, climbing and breathing, etc.) and find a positive mental association of the touristic space. 
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
 
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
ABSTRACT
The keywords used in studies of the harmony of different geographical dimensions are the type, method, and time of space. The study of this consumption in urban tourism with the scale of tourism in the urban peripheral mountains explains the horizontal complexity of how space is used. This research has investigated the rhythm of tourism in the mountains along the urban periphery of Zanjan city with a mixed qualitative method with comparative construction based on descriptive-analytical method and with exploratory nature and rhythm analysis method. The method of data collection was a library and non-continuous long-term field presence based on the tools of observation, interview, and questionnaire completion. Part of the collected data has been analyzed interpretatively, and the other part is analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics in the rhythm system. According to the indicators of the time cycle, loyalty, services, and the type of tourism community, it was concluded that mountain group tourism has a stable rhythm compared to individual tourism and has a higher loyalty coefficient. At the same time, the results of the study showed that despite the location of the two studied mountains in the vicinity of the city, the mountains with more natural nature (Amand) have the coefficient of permanence and positive mental associations compared to the mountains with more manufactured services (Gavazang). Therefore, preserving the natural dimensions of the mountain for group tourists and minimal intervention of manufactured elements in the natural environment of the mountain creates a more stable rhythmic performance.