Explanatory, geopolitical model of Iran and Pakistan relations

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Extended Abstract
1. Introduction:
Knowing surrounding environment and geopolitical analysis of neighbor countries are from the most important factors that to set and spread bilateral relations, they should be taken. Seems Pakistan in spite of 987 km of joint border with Iran, is a threatening and stressful entity. Therefore; the clearest sources of stress and threat of Iranian - Pakistani relations include cases like: government – based threats from ISI, shia – fighting in frame of ideological problems, consequences due to insecurity of borders, support of Taliban in Afghanistan and extreme support of Pakistan from Saudi Arabia. Other than it, there are subject that at present, are not taken into account as a serious stress. But they are able to affect relations of both countries in close future. cases such as uncontrolled nuclear program of this country in spite of various group of fundamentalist and extremist, border stress ( water borders ) like marine border of Gwadar and rights to water of border rivers whose regime were not determined, negative competition of both countries in central Asia are from these classes of subjects.

2. Methodology:
This research is taken into account as descriptive - analytical based on nature and method. Required information has been gathered in document method and by referring to valid sources like books, papers and documentary reports.

3. Results and discussion:
3.1. The most important challenges of domestic environment of Pakistan:
1-1.army: largest and strongest and the most effective establishment of power in Pakistan is army of this country
1.2. Political parties: political parties are taken into account from important centers of power in Pakistan.
1.3. Islamist organizations and groups: Pakistani Islamic groups are divided into both categories, formal and informal. “Jamaat-e-Islami ” and “ Jamiat ulama-e-Islami ”, “Jamiat Ahl-e-Hadith” , and “Tehrik-e-Jafaria of Pakistan ” are formal groups, jihad and pugnacious groups such as “Harkat ul-Mujahedeen (HUM), Lashkar-e-Toiba (LT) , Jaushe - Mohamad (J M), Mojahdin -e- Badr(MB), in confrontation with India and groups like Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ) and Sepah - Sahabeh (SS) are from category of informal group.
1.4 economical problems: close to 24 % of 176 – million population of Pakistan live under line of poverty.
1.5. damages due to natural events: for example, on effect of a flood that occurred in 2010 , in addition to many destructions , inflation reached from 9 / 2 % to 11 / 2 % and Gross Domestic Production with a reduction process , reached from 4 / 1 to 3 / 2 .

3.2. Main sources of stress and threat in Iranian – Pakistani relations:
2.1.government - based threats: one of important aspects of threat from Pakistan is wide support of army and ISI of this country for radicalism and extreme groups in the region, contact with neighbors like India , Iran and Afghanistan .

2.2. religious extremism and ideological stresses: most of anti - shia fundamentalist and extremist groups in Pakistan that are affected by thoughts of deobandi school ( sub continental ) and Wahhabism( Arabian ), have ever taken many actions against shias and Iran .

2.3. border challenges ( soil borders ): probably tending to informal exchanges, drug traffic, human traffic and illegal traffics of Pakistani and Afghani citizens, fuel and goods traffic , activities of terroristic groups and the wicked are from border challenges of Iran and Pakistan.

2.4. challenge of water borders ( marine border of Gwadar): some of capabilities of border rivers like water withdrawal of both parties from these rivers in spite of problems of water in future may provide source of stress and dispute of Iran and Pakistan in local and regional scale in both sides of border.

2.5. Nuclear threats: Christenson and Norris believe that Pakistan in 2009 has had 70 to 90 nuclear warheads that this rate in 2011 has reached to 90 to 110. Main concern for Iran relates to extreme and unsafe environment of Pakistan and danger of probable achievement of dangerous groups and regimes to this technology.

2.6. Variable of central Asia: although Pakistan and countries of central Asia emphasize economical dimension of mutual relations, this country in central Asia mostly pursue its special ideological goals. Communication of some of Pakistani extreme groups with movements and groups of central Asia like Hizb al-Nusrat , Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Hizb ut-Tahrir-e-Islami can be a threat for Iran.

2.7. Variable of Saudi Arabia: threat aspect of wide relations of Pakistan and Arabia for Iran is for this reason that Arabia has most portions in equipment, organization and reinforcement of Pakistani extremist groups. Informal statistics indicates that there are about 20000 religious schools in Pakistan that 1, 549, 244 students are studying in these schools. Saudi Arabia undertakes most portions in equipment of these schools.

2.8. Variable of Afghanistan: support of Pakistani government and social forces from Taliban is one of basic threats for Iran from Pakistan. Also, cultivation and transit of drug and competition of both countries in Afghanistan to more influence in central Asia are taken into account as other important challenges of Iran in confrontation with Pakistan in scene of changes of Afghanistan.

4. Conclusion:
existence of 987 km of joint border of Iran with Pakistan in light of convergent tribal background with Pakistan ( Balochis ) , facilitates activity of opposed and dissentient groups with Iranian regime more . As terroristic and opposed groups are completely affected by thoughts of Wahhabism, The same heterogeneities and inharmonies have emerged other stressful subjects like tribal problems, and border problems. Except this contrast, they have emerged other regional subjects like Pakistani support from Taliban in Afghanistan, wide relations with Saudi Arabia and other negative competitions (in central Asia) of both countries. Not producing a result project of peace pipeline is typically affected by these differences of views. In short, in view of frequency in sources of stress and threat, any prediction in improving relations of both countries faces with difficulty.

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. اطاعت، جواد و ابراهیم احمدی، 1394، تحلیل ژئوپلیتیکی روابط پاکستان و همسایگان: تنش‌ها و تهدیدها، فصلنامة تحقیقات سیاسی و بین‌المللی‌، دورة هفتم، شمارة 24، صص 51- 75.

2. احمدی، ابراهیم، 1394، ژئوپلیتیک همگرایی و واگرایی منطقه‌ای، مطالعة موردی: ایران و پاکستان، پایان‌نامة کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران.
3. احمدی، حمید و آرش بیدالله­خانی، 1391، طالبان پاکستان: علل پیدایش، ماهیت و چالش‌های امنیتی، فصلنامة سیاست، دورۀ چهل‌‌و‌دوم، شمارۀ 1، صص 21- 37.
4. اخباری، محمد و محمدحسین نامی، 1389، جغرافیای مرز، با تأکید بر مرزهای ایران، چاپ اول، انتشارات سازمان جغرافیایی نیروهای مسلح، تهران.
5. امامی، حسام‌الدین ، 1378، افغانستان و ظهور طالبان، چاپ اول، انتشارات شاب، تهران.
6. پیشگاهی فرد، زهرا و مهدی میرزاده کوهشاهی، 1390، تبیین موانع مدیریت بهینه مرزهای ایران و پاکستان، فصلنامة راهبرد دفاعی، سال نهم، شمارۀ 35، صص 108- 141.
7. پیشگاهی­فرد، زهرا و امیر قدسی، 1387، بررسی و تحلیل ویژگی‌های ژئوپلیتیکی پاکستان، و نقش آن در روابط با سایر کشورها، فصلنامة پژوهش‌های جغرافیایی، شمارۀ 63، صص 81- 99.
8. جمالی، جواد،1390، افراطی‌گری در پاکستان، چاپ اول، انتشارات اندیشه‌سازان نور، تهران.
9. جوادی ارجمند، محمدجعفر ، بید‌الله­خانی، آرش و پیمان رضایی­زاده، 1391، تحلیل ژئو‌استراتژیکی روابط ایران و پاکستان با تأکید بر عامل امنیتی، مطالعات شبه‌قاره‌، سال چهارم، شمارة 12، صص 51- 76.
10. حافظ­نیا، محمدرضا، 1385، اصول و مفاهیم ژئوپلیتیک، چاپ اول، انتشارات پاپلی، مشهد.
11. خلیلی، محسن، حیدری، جهانگیر و هادی صیادی، 1392، پیوند ژنگان ژئوپلیتیک و سیاست خارجی، (نمونه­پژوهی: ایران و پاکستان)، فصلنامة مطالعات شبه‌قاره ، سال پنجم، شمارة 17، صص 95- 126.
12. خوش‌آمدی ، حسین، 1387، نقش شیعیان در پاکستان، چاپ اول، دفتر مطالعات وزارت امور خارجه، تهران.
13. دهشیار، حسین، 1386، ستون‌های دوگانة بی‌ثباتی در پاکستان، ماهنامة اطلاعات سیاسی- اقتصادی، سال بیست­و‌یکم، شمارة 239 و 240، صص 4- 15.
14. رحیمی، حسن، 1392، نظریه‌های ژئوپلیتیکی، چاپ اول، نشر انتخاب، تهران.
15. سجادپور، کاظم و مائده کریمی قهرودی، 1390، رقابت هسته‌ای هند و پاکستان و پیامدهای آن برای امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، فصلنامة مطالعات راهبردی، سال چهاردهم، شمارة 4، صص 227- 258.
16. شفیعی، نوذر و غلامرضا قلیچ خان، 1389، تبیین رادیکالیسم بر روابط ایران و پاکستان، فصلنامة مطالعات راهبردی جهان اسلام، سال یازدهم، شمارة 42، صص 1- 11.
17. علویان، مرتضی و ولی کوزه‌گر‌کالچی، 1388، سیاست جمهوری اسلامی ایران در آسیای مرکزی، بسترهای همگرایی و زمینه‌های واگرایی، فصلنامة علوم سیاسی، سال دوم، شمارة 46، صص 63- 92.
18. عزتی، عزت‌الله و هادی ویسی، 1385، تحلیل ژئوپلیتیک و ژئواکونومی خط لولة گاز ایران- هند، فصلنامة ژئوپلیتیک، سال دوم، شمارة 2، صص 27- 45.
19. غفوری، محمود و محمد داوند، 1394، ارزیابی و تحلیل تهدیدات اسلام‌گرایی افراطی در پاکستان علیه امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران با تأکید بر نقش انقلاب اسلامی، مجلة سیاست دفاعی، سال بیست‌­و‌سوم، شمارة 91، صص 41- 71.
20. غفوری، محمود و محمد داوند، 1393، تحلیل تهدیدهای دولت و جامعۀ پاکستان علیه امنیت ملّی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، فصلنامة مطالعات شبه‌قاره ، سال ششم، شمارة 18، صص 89- 116.
21. فرمانیان، مهدی، 1389، آشنایی با فرق اهل تسنن، چاپ دوم، مرکز مدیریت حوزة علمیه، قم.
22. فرزین­نیا، زیبا، 1385، پویایی پیچیده روابط پاکستان با چین، فصلنامة سیاست خارجی، سال بیستم، شمارة 2 و 3، صص 517- 555.
23. کوشکی، محمدصادق و سید‌محمود حسینی، 1393، چشم‌اندازی بر درگیری‌های قومی در پاکستان، مطالعۀ موردی: شهر کراچی، فصلنامة تحقیقات سیاسی و بین‌المللی ، دورة ششم، شمارة 20، صص 60- 92.

24. کوزه‌گر‌کالچی، ولی،1390، فراز و نشیب‌های روابط ایران و پاکستان: از رقابت تا همکاری، پژوهشکدة تحقیقات راهبردی، 29 مردادماه.

25. کریمی­پور، یدالله، 1379، مقدمه‌ای بر ایران و همسایگان (منابع تنش و تهدید)، چاپ اول، انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی تربیت‌معلم‌، تهران.
26. محمدی، حمیدرضا و ابراهیم احمدی، 1394الف، ژئوپلیتیک ایران و پاکستان (زمینه‌های همگرایی و واگرایی منطقه‌ای)، چاپ اول، نشر انتخاب، تهران.
27. محمدی، حمیدرضا و ابراهیم احمدی، 1394ب، واگرایی در روابط ایران و پاکستان با تأکید بر افراطی‌گری مذهبی، فصلنامة مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام، سال چهارم، شمارة 14، صص 143- 168.
28. موسوی عیلزاده، سید‌مهدی، 1392، مکتب دیوبندی و جنبش‌های جماعت تبلیغ، چاپ اول، انتشارات یاد اندیشه، قم.
29. مجتهد‌زاده، پیروز، 1391، فلسفه و کارکرد ژئوپلیتیک (مفاهیم و نظریه‌ها در عصر فضای مجازی)، چاپ اول، انتشارات سمت، تهران.
30. موسوی، سید‌حامد، 1390، دین و سیاست در پاکستان، چاپ اول، نشر تنزیل، تهران.
31. محمدی، ناصر، 1385، جغرافیای کشورهای همجوار، پاکستان، چاپ اول، انتشارات سازمان جغرافیایی نیروهای مسلح، تهران.
32. نصیری، حسین، 1387، بررسی موقعیت ایران و کشورهای رقیب در مبادلات جهانی- منطقه‌ای (با تأکید بر توسعة محور شرق)، فصلنامة سیاست، دورۀ سی­و‌هشتم، شمارة 3، صص 349- 377.
33. واعظی، محمود، 1390، ایران و تهدیدات ناشی از بی‌ثباتی در افغانستان و پاکستان، مجلۀ کانون‌های بحران در آسیا، مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک، صص 15- 45.
34. هادیان، ناصر و حنیفه ریگی، 1392، تأثیر اشغال نظامی افغانستان بر روابط پاکستان با قبایل آن با تأکید بر ملی‌گرایی قوم بلوچ (2011- 2014 فصلنامة روابط خارجی، سال پنجم، شمارة 3، صص 7- 40.
 
35. Ahmadi, E., 2015, Geopolitical Analysis, Convergence and Divergence of Regional, Case Study: Iran and Pakistan, Sc Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. (In Persian)
36. Ahmad, A, 2015, Gwadar: Potential and Prospects, Seminar on Gwadar by PICSS and FPCCI, January 29, 2015.
37. Ahmadi, H. & Bidolahkhani, A., 2013, Pakistani Taliban; Advent Causes, Nature and Security Challenges, Policy Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1, PP. 21–37. (In Persian)
38. Akhbari, M. & Nami, M.‌H. 2010, Geography of the Border, with the Emphasis on Iran's Borders, Publication of Geographical Organization of the Armed forces, Tehran. (In Persian)
39. Alavian, M. & Kouzehgar- kaleji, V., 2009, Iranian Policy in Central Asia; The Qualification of Convergence and of the Divergence Orientation, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 46, PP. 63– 92. (In Persian)
40. Abbas, H., 2004, Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, Then Army, and America's War Terror, M.E., Sharpe.
41. Emami, H., 1999, Afghanistan and the Advent of the Taliban, Shaab Published, Tehran. (In Persian)
42. Bhutta, Z., 2015, IP pipeline: Sanctions had not Halted Work on Project, says expert, Available on: the expressTRIBUNE, at:tribune.com.pk/.../ip-pipeline-sanctions-had-not-halted
43. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2014.
44. Baqal, H., 2012, Extremism and Fundamentalism: Linkages to Terrorism Pakistan’s Perspective, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 1 No. 6, PP. 242–248.
45. Booz Allen Hamilton Companies, 2010, Addressing Geopolitical Challenges, the Smart Power Approach, Government Business Council, Booz, Allen, Hamilton.

46. Claude, R, & Pierre, G., 2012, Pakistan's Twin Interrelated Challenges: Economic Development and Security, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 66, No. 2, PP. 139–154

47. D’Souza, S. M., 2009, Afghanistan in South Asia: Regional Cooperation or Competition,‌ South Asian Survey, Vol.‌16, No. 1, PP. 23–42.
48.Daheshyar, H., 2007, Twin Pillars of Instability in Pakistan, Political_Economic information, Vol. 20, No. 239 and 240, PP. 4 –13. (In Persian)
49. Etaat, j. & Ahmadi, E., 2015, Analysis of the Relations Geopolitical Pakistan and Neighbors: The Sources of Tension and the Threat, Political and International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 24, PP. 51–75. (In Persian)
50. Ezzati, E. & Veysi., 2006, Geopolitics and Geoeconomy Analysis of Iran-India Gas Pipeline, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 2, PP. 27–45. (In Persian)
51. Farmaniyan, M., 2010, Acquaintance to the Sunni Sect, Management Center
Seminary, Qom. (In Persian)
52. Foreign Policy Research Department, 2008, IP Pipeline, Department of Asian Studies, December 10. (In Persian)
53. Fair, C., 2004, Militant Recruitment in Pakistan: Implications for Al Qaeda and Other Organizations, Studies in / Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 27, Issue 6, PP. 459 – 504
54.Farzinniya, Z., 2006, The Complex Dynamics of Pakistan's Relations with China, Foreign Policy Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 2-3, PP. 517–555. (In Persian)
55. Feickert, A. & Kronstadt, K. A., 2003, Missile Proliferation and the Strategic Balance in South Asia, Congressional Research Service, Order Code RL32115, October 17.
56. Ghafouri, M. & Davand, M., 2015, Assessment and Analysis of the Radical Islamism in Pakistan against the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran with Emphasis on the Role of Islamic Revolution, Defense Policy Journal, Vol. 23, No. 91, PP. 71–91. (In Persian)
57. Ghafouri, M. & Davand, M., 2014, Analyzing Pakistan’s Government and Society Threats against Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Subcontinent Studies Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 18, PP. 89–116. (In Persian)
58. Goff, K., 2014, The Shared Geopolitical Challenges of Germany and Japan, Republishing by the Manila Times of Geopolitical Diary, http://manilatimes.net/the-shared-geopolitical-challenges-of-germany-andjapan/72282/
59. Hadyan, N. & Rigi, H., 2013, The Impact of Military Occupation of Afghanistan upon Pakistan's Relations With the Tribes With an Emphasis on Ethnic Baluch Nationalism ‌ (20112014), Foreign Relations Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 3, PP. 7–40. (In Persian)
60. Human Development Report, 2014, Pakistan, HDI Values and Rank Changes in the 2014 Human Development Report.
61. Hussain, Z., 2007, Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, London, New York: I. B. Tauris.
62. Hafezniya, M. R., 2006, The Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics, Papoli Publications, Mashhad. (In Persian)
63. Javadi‌- Arjmand, M. J., Bydallah Khani, A. & Rezaizadeh, P., 2012, Geostrategic Analysis of Iran-Pakistan Relations with Focus on Security Factor, Subcontinent Studies Quarterly, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Vol. 4, No. 12, PP. 51–76. (In Persian)
64. Jamal, A., 2012, Malik Mohammad IShaq: Founder of Lashkar e-Jhangvi, Militant Leadership Monitor, Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp. 113.
65. Jamali, J., 2011, Extreme Casting in Pakistan, Andishe Sazan Noor Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
66. Javaid, U., 2009, Significance of Dialogue Process for Peaceful Coexistence between Pakistan and India, Jornal Political of Studies, Vol. 5, PP. 23–35.
67. Johnson, T. H. & Mason, M. C., 2008, No Sign until the Burst of Fire; Understanding the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier, International Security, Vol. 32, No. 4, PP. 31–77.
68. Khalili, M., Heydari, J. & Sayadi., 2014, The Relationship of the Geopolitical Genome and the Foreign Policy, Case Study: Pakistan and Iran, Subcontinent Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 17, PP. 95–126. (In Persian)
69. Koushki, M. S. & Hosseini, S. M., 2014, Perspective on Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan, Case Study: Karachi City, Political and International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 20, PP. 60–92. (In Persian)
70. Kouzehgar-Kaleji, V., 2012, Ups and Downs in Iran-Pakistan Ties Iranian, Review of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 4, PP. 141–178. (In Persian)
71. Kerr, P. & Nikitin, B., 2013, Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues, Congressional Research Service, RL34248, March 19, 2013, Availabale: www.crs.gov.
72. Kristensen, H. M. & Robert, S.‌N. 2015, Nuclear Notebook: Pakistan's Nuclear Forces, Available on:http://thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook-pakistans-nuclearforces.
73. Khoshamadi, H., 2008, The Shiites Role in Pakistan, the Ministry Studies of Foreign Affairs, Tehran. (In Persian)
74. Karimpour, Y., 2000, The Introduction's on Iran and Neighbors (Sources of Tension and Threat), Tarbiyat Moalem University, Tehran. (In Persian)
75. Mohammadi, H.‌R. & Ahmadi, E., 2015a, Iran and Pakistan Geopolitics (The Regional Convergence and Divergence Fields), Entekhab Publication,Tehran.(In Persian)
76. Mohammadi, H. R. & Ahmadi, E., 2015b, Divergence between Iran and Pakistan, with an Emphasis on Ethnic and Religious Extremism, Political Studies of the Islamic World Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2, PP. 143–169. (In Persian)
77. Moussavi Alizadeh, S. M., 2013, Deobandi School and Structure of the Tablighi Jamaat, YaadeAndisheh Publication, Qom.(In Persian)
78. Mojtahed-zadeh, P., 2013, Geopolitics Philosophy and Application (Concepts and Theories in the Age of Virtual Space), Samt Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
79. Mousavi, S. H., 2011, Religion and Politics in Pakistan, Tanzil Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
80. Mohammadi, N., 2006, Neighboring Countries Geography, Pakistan, Armed Forces Organization Geographical Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
81. Nassiri, H., 2009, Check the Position of Iran and Competitor Countries in the World Exchange Regional (With Emphasis on the Development of the East), Politics Quarterly, College of Law and Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 3, PP. 349–377. (In Persian)
82. Neill, A., 2009, Afghanistan /Iran/Pakistan Cross-Border Security Symposium,
Royal United Services Institute, London.
83. Norling, N. & Swanstrm, N., 2007, The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Trade and the Roles of Iran, India and Pakistan, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 3, No. 26, PP. 429–444.
84. Pant, H. & Super, J. M., 2013, Balancing Rivals: India's Tightrope between Iran and the United States, Asia Policy Vol. 1, No. 5, PP. 69–88.
85. Pishgahifard, Z. & Mirzadeh-Kouhshahi, M., 2011, Explanation of Effective Factors on Crisis- Creation and Management of Iran and Pakistan Borders, Defense Strategies Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 36, PP. 108–141. (In Persian)
86. Pishgahifard, Z. & QudsI, A., 2008, Geopolitical Analysis of Pakistan and Its Effects on Its Relation with Other Countries, Geographical Research Quarterly,  No. 63, PP. 81–99. (In Persian)
87. Rahimi, H., 2013, Theories of Geopolitical, Eentekhab Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
88. Rashid, A., 2008, Descent into Chaos: How the War against Islamic Extremism is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, Penguin Group, London.
89. Singh Roy, M., 2015, International North-South Transport Corridor: Re-energizing India’s Gateway to Eurasia, Institute for Defense Studies and Analyze, PP. 1–8.
90. South Asian Terrorism Portal,2012, Lashkar-e Jhangvi, Availableon: http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/ countries/‌pakistan/terroristoutfits/lej
91. Sajjadpour, K. & Karimi Ghahroudi, M., 2011, Nuclear Rivalry between India and Pakistan and Its Implications for the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 40, PP. 227–258. (In Persian)
92.Shafie, N. & Ghelichkhani, Gh. R., 2010, Explaining the Impact of Islamic Radicalism in Pakistan-Iran Relations, Strategic Studies of the Islamic World Quarterly Vol. 11, No. 42, PP. 1–33. (In Persian)
93. Vaezi, M., 2012, Iran and Fulmination Due to the Instability in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Journal of Tension Centers in Asia, Center for Strategic Research, Tehran, PP. 15_45. (In Persian)
94. Yousof, K., Bhutta, G. and Zafar, Z., 2015,Good Tidings: Iran Deal Brightens IP Gas Pipeline Prospects, Available: The Express TRIBUNE (July 15, 2015), Available on: Published: July 15, 2015tribune.com.pk/.../good-tidings-Iran-deal-brightens-ip-g