Evaluation and comparison of ecological footprint of informal settlements residents with formal and planned areas of Urmia

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Urmia university, urban planning departement

2 Department of Urbanism, School of Urbanism, Architecture and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3 Department of Urbanism, School of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Abstract:
In this research, we tried to compare the environmental impacts of the suburbs and the official neighborhoods of Urmia city using the ecological footprint method. In order to implement the ecological footprint method, a questionnaire was designed with 35 questions that measured the amount of waste consumption and waste generation in all three neighborhoods in 6 main ecological aspects including: "Property, Food Consumption, Clothing, Water, Evaluates energy and transportation. Then ecological footprint and its six dimensions were calculated for the study areas through questionnaire data. The results showed that the ecological footprint of the residents of the informal Kui Laleh neighborhood was in almost all dimensions lower than the Saheli neighborhood and even the Samadzadeh neighborhood of Urmia, so that the ecological footprint of the Saheli residents was approximately 1.505 fold. The subordinate Kui Laleh is also 1.216 times the suburb of Samadzadeh. This means that the inhabitants of the suburbs are more sustainable and optimized in terms of the ecological footprint.
Introduction:
UN estimates show that about 65% of the world's population will be urbanized by the year 2050, reflecting the rapid growth of urbanization (UN, 2017). One of the main causes of the uneven growth of cities is the phenomenon of marginalization, which is caused by the constant migration from the countryside to the cities, which is reflected in various forms such as slum settlement, slum settlement, slum settlement, etc. Social and physical in cities (Bazi et al., 1895: 18). On the other hand, the growth rate of urbanization in developing countries is more than in developed countries. Therefore, the rapid growth of urbanization in developing countries and their poor management and facilities have made marginalization or inferior suburbia one of the major problems in the world (Gholami et al., 2013: 168; Naghdi and Sadeghi, 2006: 213). According to UN estimates, Iran, as one of the developing countries, will be urbanized about 90% of its total population by the year 2050 (UN, 2017). This leads to many problems, including suburbs and informal settlements for many cities in Iran. Unofficial resettlement forms a distinct component of the social and geographical structure of the city. As rural poor migrate to urban centers, the number of people living in informal settlements around the world is expected to reach 1.4 billion by 2020 (Cohen, 2006).
Regional instability is one of the main issues and challenges of the third millennium. One of the most important concerns of the current development process Instability, is the rapid growth of urbanization and its synonymous way of life in the world. The dimensions of urban settlements are becoming more complex day by day and as a result, instability in the urban environment has become apparent (Ziari et al., 2012: 2).
Methodology:
This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Most of the required information was collected through library documents and field surveys and social surveys were used to complete the items. The population of the study consisted of residents of three neighborhoods of Urmia, including 31808 people (11056 informal neighborhoods of Kui Laleh, 8335 low-income neighborhoods of Samadzadeh, 12417 formal Saheli neighborhoods). After selecting all three study areas, the sample size for the Kui Laleh neighborhood was 95 people, Samadzadeh 94 people and Saheli area 95 people. In total, the total sample size was estimated to be 284; simple random sampling was performed in each neighborhood.
Results and discussion:
Comparing the two marginal neighborhoods, we found that the ecological footprint of the Samadzadeh neighborhood was 1.238 times higher than that of the Kui Laleh neighborhood. Considering that the area of the coastal neighborhood is one of the affluent neighborhoods and has a suitable body among the neighborhoods of Urmia city, this result can show the lifestyle of the residents of this neighborhood and the optimal consumption of the residents of the unofficial neighborhood of Kui Laleh (in The use of food, property, assets and transportation relative to the other two neighborhoods should be studied. Finally, it was found that both suburbs of Kui Laleh and Samadzadeh suburbs consume less resources and consequently bring less pollution and waste into the environment, which means that the lower areas and informal settlements in terms of the concept of "place" "Ecological feet" are more stable. This result was obtained while in the science of urban planning, this concept is obvious that: "The growth of informal and marginalized neighborhoods in land that is not intended for urban use is causing the city to become overly sparse and unplanned, resulting in environmental damage." However, since the concept of ecological JAPI is a social approach, the environmental effects of the "inhabitants" of the suburbs have been studied and compared with the official neighborhoods. As a result, residents of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods, contrary to the marginalization phenomenon that naturally leads to environmental damage.
Conclusion:
The results showed that in spite of the suburbia phenomenon which is inherently causing environmental damage, the inhabitants of these neighborhoods are more environmentally sustainable than other urban neighborhoods. It should be noted, however, that this conclusion should not lead to the impression that the lower the neighborhood and the poorer the neighborhood will impose less ecological footprint on the land. Rather, it can be said that the city's official neighborhoods often lead to environmental instability And in this regard, a green and eco-friendly model is needed to improve the pattern of consumption and reduce the ecological footprint of residents, to improve the quality of life, especially for residents of suburban areas. In addition, the ecological footprint of these three completely different neighborhoods (physically and economically) revealed that the impact of urban neighborhoods on the environment is multifaceted and a better understanding of the social and biological characteristics of informal settlements in addition to physical characteristics. (Which often takes into account the physical properties) can be valuable for making decisions in informal and suburban planning.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. بردی آنامرادنژاد، رحیم؛ ملکشاهی، غلامرضا و محمدی، عبدالحمید، 1393، ارزیابی نقش سکونتگاه‏های غیررسمی در گسیختگی فضایی ساختار شهری (مطالعة موردی: شهر گنبدکاووس)، فصل‏نامة علمی- پژوهشی برنامهریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)، س ۴، ش 4، پیاپی 15، صص 65-86.
  2. بزی، خدارحم؛ کیانی، اکبر و صفرزایی، عبدالغنی، 1395، بررسی علل شکل‏گیری و راهکار مقابله حاشیه‏نشینی شهر زابل با تأکید بر توانمندسازی، فصل‏نامة علمی‏- پژوهشی مطالعات شهری، ش 21، صص 17-28.
  3. پوراحمد، احمد و حیدری، رقیه، 1395، بررسی آلودگی‏های زیست‏محیطی در کشورهای جهان اسلام، فصل‏نامة پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام، س ۶، ش ۱، صص 143-170.
  4. تقی‏زاده دیوا، سیدعلی و روشناس، ساسان، 1398، کاربرد روش جای پای اکولوژیک در ارزیابی پایداری زیست‏محیطی مطالعه موردی: شهرستان گرگان، مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، س 9، ش 33، صص 157-170.
  5. تیموری، ایرج؛ سالاروندیان، فاطمه و زیاری، کرامت‏اله، 1393، ردپای اکولوژیکی گاز دی‏اکسیدکربن سوخت‏های فسیلی شهر شیراز، فصل‏نامة تحقیقات جغرافیایی، ش 1، 29، صص 193-204.
  6. تیموری، ایرج و محمدی‏فر، امیر، 1394، بررسی روند تغییرات ردپای اکولوژیکی سوخت‏های فسیلی استان‏های کشور 1378-1388، آمار، ش 14، صص 40-46.
  7. جمعه‏پور، محمود؛ حاتمی‏نژاد، حسن و سارا شهانواز، 1392، بررسی وضعیت توسعة پایدار شهرستان رشت با استفاده از روش جای پای اکولوژیک، مجلة پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، ش 3، صص 191-208.
  8. حبیبی، کیومرث و رحیمی کاکه‏جوب، آرمان، 1394، کاربست شاخص جاپای بوم‏شناختی در سنجش پایداری شهری از منظر عوامل اجتماعی- اقتصادی، مطالعة موردی: محلة قطارچیان شهر سنندج، مجلة علمی جغرافیایی فضا، ش 16.
  9. خاک‏پور، برات‏علی؛ رهنما، محمدعلی و دماوندی، هادی، 1393، کاربرد روش جای پای اکولوژیکی در ارزیابی پایداری توسعة شهری نمونة موردی: شهر ساری، اولین کنفرانس ملی جغرافیا، گردشگری، منابع طبیعی، و توسعة پایدار، تهران: مؤسسة ایرانیان، قطب علمی برنامه‏ریزی و توسعة پایدار گردشگری شهر تهران.
  10. زیاری و دیگران، 1391، اولویت‏بخشی به ایمن‏سازی بافت فرسودة کلان‏شهر کرج با استفاده از مدل ارزیابی چندمعیاری، پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، س 44، ش 79، صص، 1-14.
  11. شاهینی‏فر، مصطفی و حبیبی، میرسالار، 1395، کاربرد روش ردپای اکولوژیک در ارزیابی جغرافیایی ناحیه‏ای (مطالعة موردی: شهرستان کرمانشاه)، آمایش محیط، ش 32، صص 41-62.
  12. شیعه، اسماعیل؛ حبیبی، کیومرث و کمالی‏نسب، حامد، 1389، فرایند شکل‏گیری و گسترش سکونتگاه‏های غیررسمی نمونة موردی: محلة سهرابیة کرج، مجلة مسکن و محیط روستا، ش 133، صص 39 -48.
  13. طرازکار، محمدحسین؛ قربانیان، عفت و بخشوده، محمد، 1396، اثر رشد اقتصادی بر پایداری محیط زیست در ایران: کاربرد شاخص ردپای بوم‏شناختی، فصل‏نامة اقتصاد محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی، س 2، ش 3، صص 51-70.
  14. عابدینی ، اصغر؛ مصیب‏زاده، علی و شکرانی، مهسا، 1394، بررسی نحوۀ گسترش فیزیکی شهر ارومیه با استفاده از مدل‏های کمی، مجلة پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دورة 47، ش 3، صص 411-422.
  15. غلامی، روح‏الله؛ کفشگری، محسن؛ سیفی، و شهبازی، نجفعلی، 1392، عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی حاشیه‏نشینی در ایران (مطالعة موردی کلان‏شهر تهران)، فصل‏نامة آفاق امنیت، س 5، ش 20، صص 167-186.
  16. قرخلو، مهدی؛ حاتمی‏نژاد، حسین؛ باغوند، اکبر و یلوه، مصطفی، 1392، ارزیابی پایداری توسعة شهری با روش جای پای اکولوژیکی (نمونة موردی: شهر کرمانشاه)، پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، دورة 45، ش 2، صص 105-120.
  17. نقدی، اسدالله و صادقی، رسول، 1385، حاشیه‏نشینی چالشی فراروی توسعة پایدار شهری، فصل‏نامة علمی- پژوهشی رفاه اجتماعی، س 5، ش 20.
  18. نقدی، اسداله و زارع، صادق، 1391، حاشیه‏نشینی به‏مثابة آپاندیسیت شهری، فصل‏نامة برنامهریزی منطقهای، ش 5، صص 65-81..
  19. هادی‏زاده بزاز، مریم، 1384، حاشیهنشینی و راهکارهای ساماندهی آن در جهان، چ 2، تهران: آذر برزین.
  20. Berdy Anamradinejad, Rahim; Malekshahi, Gholamreza and Mohammadi, Abdolhamid, 2014, Evaluation of the Role of Informal Settlements in Spatial Disruption of Urban Structure (Case Study: Gonbadkavus City), Journal of Spatial Planning Research (Geography), Vol. 4, No. 4, PP. 65-86.
  21. Bazzi, Khodarahm; Kiani, Akbar and Safarzai, Abdol Ghani, 2016, Investigating the Causes of Formation and Approaches to Coping with Zabol City Marginalization with Emphasis on Empowerment, Journal of Urban Studies, No. 21, PP. 17-28.
  22. Pour Ahmad, Ahmad and Heidari, Roqieh, 2016, Environmental Pollution in Islamic World Countries, Quarterly Journal of Islamic World Political Studies, Sixth year, No. 1, PP. 143-170.
  23. Taghizadeh Diva, Seyed Ali and Raveshnas, Sasan, 2019, Application of Ecological Footprint Method in Environmental Sustainability Assessment Case Study: Gorgan City, Journal of Geographical Space Preparation, Ninth Year, No. 33, PP. 157-170.
  24. Teymouri, Iraj; Salarvandian, Fatemeh and Ziari, Keramatollah, 2014, Ecological footprint of carbon dioxide gas in fossil fuels of Shiraz, Geographical Research Quarterly, No. 1, 29, PP. 193-204.
  25. Teymouri, Iraj and Mohammadi Far, Amir, 2015, Investigating the Trends of Ecological Footprints of Fossil Fuels in the Provinces of Iran, 1999-2008, Statistics, No. 14, PP. 40-46.
  26. Jome Pour, M.; Hatami Nejad, H. and Shahanaaz, S., 2013, Study of the sustainable development of Rasht city using ecological footprint method, Journal of Human Geography Research, No. 3, PP. 191-208. (In Persian)
  27. Habibi, Kiumars and Rahimi Kake Jubb, Arman, 2015, Application of Ecosystem Index in Assessing Urban Sustainability in terms of Socio-Economic Factors. Case Study: Qatarchi Neighborhood, Sanandaj, Geographical Space Magazine, No. 16. (In Persian)
  28. Khakpour, Baratali; Rahnama, Mohammad Ali and Damavandi, Hadi, 2014, Application of Ecological Footprint Method in Sustainability Assessment of Urban Development Case Study: Sari City, First National Conference on Geography, Tourism, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Tehran, Iranian Institute, Scientific Center for Tourism Planning and Sustainable Development of Tehran.
  29. Ziyari and et al., 2012, Prioritizing immunization of worn-out tissue of Karaj metropolitan area using multicriteria evaluation model, Human Geography Research, Forty-fourth year, No. 79, PP. 1-14.
  30. Shahinifar, Mostafa and Habibi, Mirsalar, 2015, Application of ecological footprint method in assessing regional geographic stability. Case study: (Kermanshah County), Environmental Education Quarterly, No. 32. (In Persian)
  31. Tarazkar, Mohammad Hossein; Ghorbanian, Effat and Bakhshoodeh, Mohammad, 2017, The Impact of Economic Growth on Environmental Sustainability in Iran: Application of Ecological Footprint Index, Journal of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, Second Year, No. 3, PP. 51-70 .
  32. Abedini, Asgar; Mosaybzadeh, Ali and Shokrani, Mahsa, 2015, Evaluation of Physical Development of Urmia City Using Quantitative Models, Journal of Human Geography Research, Vol. 47, No. 3, PP. 411-422.
  33. Gholami, Rouholah; Kafshgari, Mohsen; Seifi, and Shahbazi, Najafali, 2013, Economic and Social Factors of Marginalization in Iran (Case Study of Tehran Metropolis), Afaq Security Journal, Fifth Year, No. 20, PP. 167-186.
  34. Ghorokhloo, Mahdi; Hatami Nejad, Hossein; Baghvand, Akbar and Yalve, Mostafa, 2013, Estimation of Urban Development Sustainability by Ecological Footprint Method Case Study: Kermanshah, Journal of Human Geography Research, No. 2, PP. 105-120. (In Persian)
  35. Naghdi, Asadollah and Sadeghi, Rasoul, 2006, The Sedation, Challenges for the Development of Sustainable Development, Journal of Social Welfare Research, Vol. 5, No. 20. (In Persian)
  36. Naghdi, Asadollah and Zare, Sadegh, 2012, Landslide as Urban Appendicitis, Quarterly Journal of Regional Planning, No. 5, PP. 65-81. (In Persian)
  37. Hadi Zadeh Bazzaz, Maryam, 2005, Marginalization and Its Arrangement Strategies in the World, Second Edition, Tehran, Azar Borzin Publications.
  38. Cohen, B., 2006, Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability, Technology in Society, 28, 63-80.
  39. Conway, T.; Dalton, C.; Loo, J. and Benakoun, L., 2008, Developing ecological footprint scenarios on university campuses: A case study of the University of Mississauga, International Journal of Higher Education, 9(1), 4-20.
  40. Cornelia, P.G., 2014, True cost economics: ecological footprint, Procedia Econ, Fin, 8, 550-555.
  41. Dovey, K. and King, R., 2011, Forms of informality: Morphology and visibility of informal settlements, Built Environment, 37(1), 11-29.
  42. Grove, M., 2009, Cities: Managing densely settled social-ecological systems. In S. Chapin, III, G. P. Kofinas, & C. Folke (Eds.), Principles of ecosystem stewardship: Resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world, (PP. 281-294). New York: Springer.
  43. Haque, M. and Roper, C., 2005, Ecological footprints: Measuring and reducing student's consumption of the Earth's resources, North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture Journal, 49(1), 57-61.
  44. Jorgenson, A.; Rice, J. and Clark, B., 2010, Cities, slums, and energy consumption in less developed countries, 1990 to 2005, Organization & Environment, 23(2), 189-
  45. Poonam, P. Devi; Lowry, John H. and Weber, Eberhard, 2017, Global environmental impact of informal settlements and perceptions of local environmental threats: An empirical case study in Suva, Fiji, Journal of the Habitat International, 69, 58-67.
  46. Rashid, A.; Irum, A.; Malik, I. A.; Ashraf, A.; Rungqiong, L.; Guijian, L.; Ullah, H.; Ubaid ali, M. and Yousaf, B., 2017, Ecological footprint of Rawalpind; pakistan’s first footprint analysis from urbanization perspective, Journal of cleaner production.
  47. UNESCO, 2010, What we use and what we have: Ecological footprint and ecological capacity [cited 2016 Nov 1] Available from: http://unesco.org/education/
  48. United Nations, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2017 Revision.
  49. Wackernagel, M. and Yount, J.D., 2000, Footprints for Sustainability: the Next Steps, Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 2, No. 1, PP. 23-44.
  50. Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W., 1996, Our ecological footprint, Gabriola BC and Philadelphia PA: New Society Publishers.
  51. Zurong, D. and Jing, L., 2010, Ecological Footprint and Reflections on Green Development of Hangzhou. Energy Procedia, Vol. 5, PP. 118-124.