Drought management in rural areas with emphasis on resilience approach, studied in Kangavar city

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Geography Department

2 Faculty of Geography

Abstract

Drought is one of the natural phenomena and is considered as an important part of climatic conditions. Several studies have shown that Iran is one of the countries vulnerable to natural disasters in terms of geographical and climatic conditions. Thirty-one point seven percent of its total area is at risk of natural disasters and 70 percent of its population is in areas at risk of natural disasters and hazards, including drought with an average annual rainfall of 250 mm. The city of Kangavar is no exception and according to the SPI index at different time scales has an average of 44% of the days of the year experiencing drought. Therefore, what's important is how to deal with it. That’s to say, given the fact that it has enormous effects, some measures have been taken so far. This means that drought management practices are an important step in reducing the extent of damage and controlling its effects. The dominant approach to managing it in most parts of the world is still passive, meaning it responds after the drought has appeared. This approach is commonly known as crisis management. In this approach, providing government assistance to the disadvantaged without empowering them leads to reduced self-reliance and increased dependence on the government. Extensive literature review of drought in Iran shows that most studies in the field of drought have focused on assessment, monitoring and forecasting as well as economic, social and environmental impacts and less attention has been paid to drought risk management and disaster management. Considering the consequences and effects of the drought on the physical dimension and limited attention to its social dimensions, it has been mistakenly turned to physical and technological solutions rather than managerial, social and human activities in order to challenge this phenomenon. One approach which has recently been introduced in management literature is the concept of resilience, a concept that has attracted much attention by researchers and policymakers over the last decade, so it seems that the resilience approach has the potential to be combined with the disaster management approach. In disaster management (drought management), the combination of previous approaches with the resilience approach can provide the capacity for optimal management of the disasters. Based on this approach the notion of local rural areas pursuing social-economic development autonomously of outside influences (whether globalisation, external trade or governmental action) may be an ideal but it is not a practical proposition in contemporary Europe. Within this context, resilience thinking offers two key contributions for rural studies (and specifically the rural development literature). Firstly, resilience offers alternative analytical methods and insights for rural studies. For example, drawing on the emerging regional resilience literature, applying an evolutionary analytical perspective sheds new light on exploring the role of path dependencies in place development,
and also indentifying ‘locked-in’ development trajectories based on entrenched interests and institutional apathy. Similarly, the evolutionary approach draws our attention not only to sudden shocks and disturbances within localities but also to ‘slow-burn. A second lesson for rural development from applying a resilience framework is to more fully embed environmental and ecological considerations into rural policy, practices and behaviour. This has two dimensions. The first relates to encouraging a shift towards environmentally sensitive rural lifestyles and consumption patterns This approach emphasizes the capacities, participation, empowerment and learning of the rural community to deal with disasters. The present study has been conducted in terms of applied purpose and quantitatively and seeks to investigate the relationship between community capitasl and resilience through the mediation of disaster management variables in the face of drought. The required data in this research have been collected using library and field methods. The statistical population of this study are the villagers of Khazal, Ghazineh, Kermajan, Fash and Goodin. Survey data were also collected using a questionnaire from 494 villagers as well as about 30 in-depth interviews. The first objective of the study was to assess the drought situation and its consequences in the region. The results obtained from SPI index at different time scales showed that on average 44% of the days of the year experienced drought, with consequences such as low environmental impact. Depths of underground waters, soil erosion, soil salinization, pest and disease and social consequences include mistrust of officials, settlers entering the village, migration and aging of the village face, rising marriage age, as well as economic consequences including livestock sales. Unemployment has driven up agricultural and livestock spending, and so on. Another objective of this study was to study the mechanism of drought management in the region using the Lisrel Structural Studies method. The results showed that most of the indices were reported as desirable and the model fitted well with the data indicating that the items were in agreement with the theoretical construct. Therefore, each component of standard factor loadings, t-statistic and coefficients of determination in different tables and then their respective factor analysis diagrams were presented separately. Finally, due to the nature of the data used for regression and path analysis and give the hidden relationships between independent and dependent variables, it was not possible to use focal analysis method. In order to evaluate the status of community capital before and after the measures performed, paired t-test was used, which showed a significant difference. The results showed that human, financial and political capital had the least impact on drought preparedness and cultural capital. In terms of reduction, financial
Also, in order to investigate the relationship and effect of variables, structural equations were used, which using t-test, the relationships between variables are known to be significant and community capital, mediating the disaster management cycle, explains 50% of resilience changes. In this way, social capital has the least impact and physical capital has the most impact on resilience.
Keywords: Community Capital, Disaster Management Cycle, Resilience, Kangavar County, Structural Equations

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. امیرسالاری میمنی، فرشید؛ کازرونی، حنیف؛ حسنلو، حامد و علی‏رمایی، رامیار، 1398، بررسی تجربیات موفق بین‏المللی در زمینة مدیریت خشک‏سالی، محیط زیست و مهندسی آب، دورة 5، ش 4.
  2. پورطاهری، مهدی، رکن­الدین افتخاری، عبدالرضا، و کاظمی، نسرین(1392)، نقش رویکرد مدیریت ریسک خشکسالی در کاهش آسیب­پذیری اقتصادی-اجتماعی کشاورزان روستایی(از دیدگاه مسئولان و کارشناسان) مطالعه موردی: دهستان سولدوز، آذربایجان غربی، پژوهش­های روستایی، دوره 4، شماره 1.
  3. شرفی، لیدا، زرفشانی، کیومرث(1389)، سنجش آسیب­پذیری اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشاورزان در برابر خشکسالی(مطالعه موردی: گندم کاران شهرستان­های کرمانشاه، صحنه و روانسر)، پژوهش­های روستایی، دوره 1، شماره 4.
  4. -شکور، علی، شرفی، حجت الله، نخعی، خاطره و جعفری، مهتاب(1395)، رتبه­بندی خشک­سالی روستا­ها با رویکرد ادراک محیطی از نظر ساکنان روستایی مطالعه موردی: روستاهای شهرستان جیرفت، برنامه­ریزی منطقه­ای، شماره 23
  5. شیخ­دره­نی، فرشته(1396)، بررسی میزان تاب­آوری اقتصادی و نهادی شهر اهواز در برابر زلزله(مورد مطالعه: محله­های امانیه و کیانپارس)، پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، دانشکده علوم زمین و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه­ریزی شهری.
  6. خزانه­داری، لیلی، زابل­عباسی، فاطمه، قندهاری، شهرزاد، کوهی، منصوره، ملبوسی، شراره(1388)،دورنمایی از خشک­سالی ایران طی سی سال آینده، جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه­ای، دوره7، شماره 12.
  7. خزایی، پروانه(1394)، اثر آبیاری نواری سطحی و بارانی روی بهروه­وری آب و عملکرد گندم در شهرستان کنگاور، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه کردستان، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه مهندسی آب.
  8. قاسمی­نژاد، سعیده، سلطانی، سعید، سفیانیان، علیرضا(1393)، ارزیابی ریسک خشکسالی استان اصفهان، علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی- علوم آب و خاک، شماره68.
  9. غلامی، مصیب و علی‏بیگی، امیرحسین، 1393، شناسایی روش‏های بومی مدیریت خشک‏سالی، مطالعة موردی: شهرستان سرپل ذهاب، پژوهش های روستایی، دورة 5، ش 3، صص 611- 638.
  10. کیانی سلمی، صدیقه و امینی فسخودی، عباس، 1396، تبیین عوامل اجتماعی خشک‏سالی و شناسایی آثار آن، فصل‏نامه برنامه‏ریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)، س 7، ش 4.
  11. مریدنژاد، علی؛ مظاهری، مهدی؛ محمدولی سامانی، جمال(1390)، بررسی عوامل خشکسالی های اخیر کشور- با تاکید بر پیامدها و الزامات مدیریت کارآمد، مرکز پژوهش های مجلس شورای اسلامی، شماره، 12224.
  12. مردانی­نژاد، فریده(1396)، برنامه­ریزی شهر تاب­آور با تاکید بر تاب­آوری اجتماعی-اکولوژیکیف مورد مطالعه: بحران آب شهر اصفهان، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، دانشکده معماری، گروه شهرسازی.
  13. ملکی، علیرضا، ترکمانی، محمدجواد(1394)، مدیریت خشکسالی برای استفاده بهینه از منابع آب استان خراسان شمالی، تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی، دوره 7، شماره 1(پیاپی25).

14. Ashraf, M. and Routray, J. K., 2013, Perception and understanding of drought and coping strategies of farming households in north-west Balochistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, No.5, PP. 49-60.

15. Buurman, J.; Mens, M. J. and Dahm, R. J., 2017, Strategies for urban drought risk management: a comparison of 10 large cities.International Journal of Water Resources Development, Vol. 33, No. 1, PP. 31-50.

16. Begum, R. A.; Sarkar, M. S. K.; Jaafar, A. H. and Pereira, J. J., 2014, Toward conceptual frameworks for linking disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, No. 10, PP. 362-373.

17. Carrao, H.; Naumann, G. and Barbosa, P., 2016, Mapping global patterns of drought risk: An empirical framework based on sub-national estimates of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, No. 39, PP. 108-124.

18. Cutter, S. L.; Burton, C. G. and Emrich, C. T., 2010, Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions.Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, Vol. 7, No. 1.

19. Cutter, S. L., 2016, The landscape of disaster resilience indicators in the USA. Natural hazards, Vol. 80, No. 2, PP. 741-758.

20. Kim, H.; Park, J.; Yoo, J. and Kim, T. W., 2015, Assessment of drought hazard, vulnerability, and risk: a case study for administrative districts in South Korea. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, PP. 28-35.

21. He, B.; Wu, J.; Lü, A.; Cui, X.; Zhou, L.; Liu, M. and Zhao, L., 2013, Quantitative assessment and spatial characteristic analysis of agricultural drought risk in China. Natural hazards, Vol. 66, No. 2.

22. Keshavarz, M.; Karami, E. and Vanclay, F., 2013, The social experience of drought in rural Iran. Land Use Policy, Vol. 30, No. 1, PP. 120-129.

23. Klein, R. J.; Nicholls, R. J. and Thomalla, F., 2003, Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, Vol. 5, No. 1, PP. 35-45.

24. Lucini, B., 2014, Disaster Resilience from a Sociological Perspective. Exploring three Italian earthquake as models for disaster resilience planning. Springer.

25. Manyena, B.; O'Brien, G.; O'Keefe, P. and Rose, J., 2011, Disaster resilience: a bounce back or bounce forward ability?. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, Vol. 16, No. 5, PP. 417-424.

26. Meerow, S.; Newell, J. P. and Stults, M., 2016, Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and urban planning, No.147, PP. 38-49.

27. Matyas, D. and Pelling, M., 2015, Positioning resilience for 2015: the role of resistance, incremental adjustment and transformation in disaster risk management policy. Disasters, Vol. 39, No. s1.

28. Norris, F. H.; Stevens, S. P.; Pfefferbaum, B.; Wyche, K. F. and Pfefferbaum, R. L., 2008, Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American journal of community psychology, Vol. 41, No. 1-2, PP. 127-150.

29. Sönmez, F. K.; KÖmÜscÜ, A. Ü.; Erkan, A. and Turgu, E., 2005, An analysis of spatial and temporal dimension of drought vulnerability in Turkey using the standardized precipitation index. Natural Hazards, Vol. 35, No. 2, PP. 243-264.

30. Senge, P., 1992, systems thinking and organizational learning: acting locally and globally in the organization of the future. Europan journal of operational Research, Vol. 59, issue 1, PP. 137-150.

31. UNISDR., 2003, Drought: Living with Risk—An Integrated Approach to Reducing Societal Vulnerability to Drought. Secretariat, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/resource/drought-living-risk-integrated-approach-reducing-societal-vulnerability-drought-0

32. Wilhite, D. A., 1993, The enigma of drought. In Drought assessment, management, and planning: Theory and case studies (pp. 3-15). Springer US.

33. Wilhite, D. A.; Sivakumar, M. V. K. and Wood, D. A., 2000, Early warning systems for drought preparedness and drought management. In Proceedings of an Expert Group Meeting held in Lisbon, Portugal (Vol. 57).

34. Wilhite, D. A.; Hayes, M. J. and  Knutson, C. L., 2005, Drought preparedness planning: Building institutional capacity.Drought and water crises: Science, technology, and management issues, PP. 93-135.

Human Geography Research
Volume 53, Issue 2
July 2021
Pages 717-732

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 14 September 2020
  • Revise Date: 12 January 2021
  • Accept Date: 12 January 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics