Spatial analysis of strategic centers in Neishabour using an interactive approach

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Passive Defense Department, Malik Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Educational Management, Research Sciences Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In the last 5,000 years, there have been 14,000 wars in the world that have left more than 4 billion dead, so much so that even sociologists have considered war as a social reality. Since 1945, there have been only two weeks without war. The study of world wars shows that cities have always been one of the first targets of enemies in air, missile and ground attacks due to the existence of population centers, vital facilities and infrastructure. In other words, in the wars of the contemporary period, cities and citizens are affected by attacks for various reasons, which cause a lot of casualties and damage. Therefore, even in countries that have not been involved in war so far and have only observed this ominous phenomenon, attention to passive defense measures in the field of architecture and urban planning has been significant.

According to reports and research, in the wars of the last three decades (including the Iraq-Iran war, the Iraq invasion to Kuwait, the 1991 Allied war against Iraq, the NATO war against the former Yugoslavia, 2003 US-British war against Iraq, The 33-day war of Israel in 2006 against the Lebanese people, Hezbollah, etc.), population centers and facilities and infrastructure in the sectors of water, electricity, energy, transportation, emergency services, defense of cities were the most important targets that have been subjected to the most severe military attacks.

This is an applied research by quantitative method. In this study, in order to achieve the goal of determining the degree of dependence of urban areas, interaction analysis and official scoring criteria announced by the passive defense organization have been used.

In this regard, to determine the degree of interaction of zones, four criteria of physical, cyber, geographical and logical interaction have been used according to the degree of their dependence on other assets and the results are defined in the form of points for each asset.

In terms of physical interaction, the assets of Neishabour Crisis Management Center and Medical Emergency, combined cycle power plant and electrical substations, hospitals and medical centers are in the first category in terms of physical interaction, respectively. The interaction of these assets is above 50. The assets of the Red Crescent, blood transfusion, air emergency base and Neishabour municipality are in the second category, respectively. The physical interaction of these assets is above 40. The assets of the oil pipelines and Telecommunications company and Bar dam are also in the third category with an interaction above 30. The results of spatial analysis of physical interaction showed that the largest pole of physical interaction is located in the southwest of the city. The main reason for the formation of this pole is the location of the electrical substation on Kashmar Road and the railway station in the southwestern part of the city. Due to the location of the electrical substation next to the Tavanir sports complex in the central area of the city, this area had the highest amount of physical interaction after the southwest pole.

interaction after the southwest pole.

In terms of cyber interaction, among these assets, combined cycle power plants and electrical substations had the highest dependence on the relevant information flow, respectively. Assets such as the Bar dam, TBS stations and the oil pipelines and Telecommunications Company were in the next category. The spatial distribution of this interaction indicated that there are three main nodes (east, south and southwest) in the city. Among these nodes, the eastern node has the highest rate of cyber interaction. The main centers of the east, south and southwest nodes are the Infrastructure Communications Company, the electricity substation located on Kashmar Road and the electricity substation next to Tavanir Sports Complex, respectively.

In terms of geographical interaction, it can be said that most of the assets of Neishabour are less than 5 kilometer away from each other and in general 19 assets (more than half of them) are in the category of very short distance. 13 assets with a distance of 6 to 7 kilometer are in the category of assets with a short distance as the second largest category in terms of the number of assets. 4 assets also had a distance between 7 and 8 kilometer and were in the category of assets with a medium distance. The 6 assets had a distance of 8 to 15 kilometer and were classified as long distance assets. 4 assets were also in the category of very long distance assets. The results of spatial analysis of this type of interaction indicated that the geographical interaction of assets located in the central part of the city was higher. It can be said that there are two main poles of geographical interaction in the city of Neishabour. The larger pole is located in the central part of Neishabour. The smaller pole is located in the southeastern part of the city and was surrounded by highly interactive assets. In the field of logical interaction, the assets related to water and electricity and health care infrastructures of Neishabour have the highest level of logical interaction with interaction rate of 4, respectively. The interaction rate of other assets is equal to 3. Railway assets also have no logical interaction due to the lack of other assets in the transport infrastructure. The results of spatial analysis showed that the western, southeastern and central parts of the city had the highest rate of logical interaction, respectively. The adjacent range of these three poles was in the category with high logical interaction. Most parts of the city were in the category of moderate interaction. The southwestern part of the city also had the lowest rate of interaction.

According to the findings of the physical interaction, it can be concluded that in the event of an attack on the southwest of the city, many urban centers and facilities will dysfunction. Because most of them have a high functional dependence on the strategic centers located in this part of the city; but in general, the distribution of these strategic centers in the city is appropriate.

Keywords


  1. اخباری، محمد و احمدی مقدم، محمدعلی. (1393). بررسی پدافند غیرعامل در مدیریت شهری. فصلنامه ژئوپلیتیک، 10 (34)، ۳۶-۶۹.
  2. جوزی خمسلویی، علی و جواهران، هدی. (1392). تحلیلی بر نقش پدافند غیرعامل در امنیت راهبردی کلان‌شهرها. فصلنامه سپهر، 22 (87)، ۸۷-۹۲.
  3. حاتمی نژاد، حسین و عظیم زاده ایرانی، اشرف. (1394). ساماندهی محلات شهری بر مبنای الزامات پدافند غیرعامل (مطالعه موردی: محلات ناحیه شش منطقه دو شهر تهران). فصلنامه سپهر، 24 (96)، 91 –
  4. حسینی، سید تیمور. (1398). بررسی میزان تأثیر اقدامات پدافند غیرعامل در عملیات دفاع شهری در شهر تهران (در زمان بمباران شهر تهران). فصلنامه مطالعات دفاعی استراتژیک، 17 (77)، 29-48.
  5. رحمانی فضلی، عبدالرضا؛ سعیدی راد، مجید و امینی، سما. (1395). ارزیابی ایمنی فضاهای روستا- شهری با تأکید بر شاخص‌های پدافند غیرعامل (نمونه موردی: روستا- شهر اشترینان). فصلنامه آمایش محیط، 9 (34)، ۱۰۹-۱۳۰.
  6. زرقانی، سید هادی و اعظمی، هادی. (1390). تحلیل ملاحظات نظامی- امنیتی در آمایش و مکان گزینی مراکز و استقرارگاه‌های نظامی با تأکید بر استان خراسان رضوی. فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی و آمایش فضا، 15 (2)، 141-161.
  7. سازمان پدافند غیرعامل کشور. (1398). دفاع از شهرها با الگوی پدافند غیرعامل. مجموعه مقالات وب‌سایت سازمان پدافند غیرعامل کشور.
  8. سازمان پدافند غیرعامل کشور. (1399). تفسیر شرح خدمات چگونگی انجام طرح‌های پدافند غیرعامل شهری.
  9. ستاره، علی‌اکبر. (1390). مدیریت ریسک در پدافند غیرعامل. چاپ اول، تهران: نشر دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر.
  10. سعدآبادی، علی‌اصغر و رحیمی‌راد، زهره. (1399). تحلیل و بررسی سند الگوی اسلامی – ایرانی پیشرفت از منظر علم و فناوری با رویکرد غیرعامل. فصلنامه مطالعات امنیت اقتصادی، 1 (1)، 65-92.
  11. عبداللهی، مجید؛ حسینی، بشیر و احمدی توانا، بهمن. (1393). ارائه مدل تحلیل اندرکنشی در مدیریت ریسک شهری جهت ارزیابی میزان حساسیت زیرساخت‌ها و پهنه‌های شهری. دومین کنفرانس ملی مدیریت بحران و HSE در شریان‌های حیاتی، صنایع و مدیریت شهری، تهران، دانشگاه تهران.
  12. فاطمی، مهران؛ رضایی، حجت و مویدفر، سعیده. (1400). تحلیل اکتشافی عوامل موثر بر احساس ناامنی در فضاهای سبز شهری (نمونه موردی: پارک‌های ناحیه‌ای شهر یزد). فصلنامه پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 53 (4)، 1191-1208.
  13. کاظمی، شهربانو و تبریزی، نازنین. (1394). ارزیابی ایمنی فضای شهری با تأکید بر شاخص‌های پدافند غیرعامل (نمونه موردی: شهر آمل). فصلنامه مطالعات برنامه‌ریزی شهری،3 (9)، ۱۱-۲۶.
  14. کاملی، محسن؛ مطوف، شریف و حسینی، سید باقر. (1395). الزامات معمارانه پدافند غیرعامل در طراحی ایستگاه‌های مترو با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی. فصلنامه مهندسی تونل و فضاهای زیرزمینی، 5 (2)، ۸۱-۹۱.
  15. محمدی حمیدی، سمیه؛ نظم‌فر، حسین و یاپنگ غراوی، محمد. (1399). تحلیل و بررسی امنیت اجتماعی در مناطق شهری با مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری (مطالعه موردی: شهر اردبیل). فصلنامه پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 52 (4)، 1197-1216.
  16. ملکی، کیومرث؛ علی‌اکبری، اسماعیل؛ پاهکیده، اقبال و پورخداداد، بهناز. (1395). مراکز تهدیدپذیر استان کرمانشاه و ملاحظات پدافند غیرعامل با رویکردی بر نظریه پنج حلقه واردن. فصلنامه جغرافیای انتظامی، 4(13)، 147-168.
  17. منافی، سمیه و سرایی، محمدحسین. (1400). ارزیابی مدیریت یکپارچه بحران با رویکرد زیرساخت اطلاعات فضایی. فصلنامه اقتصاد و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، 2(1)، ۱۰-۱۸.
  18. Alexander, D. (2002). Principles of Emergency Planning and Management. Oxford: University Press.
  19. Chatterjee, P., & Stević, Z. (2019). A two-phase fuzzy AHP - fuzzy TOPSIS model for supplier evaluation in manufacturing environment. Journal of Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications, 2 (1), 21–32.
  20. Gibson, G. (1997). An introduction to seismology. Disaster Prevention and Management, 6 (5), 10-25.
  21. Hokstad, O., Per, L., Utne, F., Ingrid, B., Vatn, G., & Jørn, E. (2012). Risk and Interdependencies in Critical Infrastructures; A Guideline for Analysis. Springer-Verlag London.
  22. Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P., & Kelly, T.K. (2001). Identifying, Understanding and Analyzing Critical Infrastructure Interdependences. Control System, IEEF.
  23. Abdollahi, M., Hosseini, B., & Ahmadi Tavana, B. (2014). Presenting an interactive analysis model in urban risk management to assess the sensitivity of infrastructure and urban areas. Proceedings of 2nd National Conference on Crisis Management and HSE in Vital Arteries, Industries and Urban Management, Tehran, University of Tehran. [in Persian].
  24. Akhbari, M., & Ahmadi Moghadam, M. A. (2014). Passive defense in urban management. Journal of Geopolitics, 10 (34), 36-69. [in Persian].
  25. Country's passive defense organization. (2019). Defending cities with a passive defense model. Collection of articles on the website of the country's passive defense organization. [in Persian].
  26. Country's passive defense organization. (2020). Interpretation of task descriptions of how to carry out passive urban defense plans. [in Persian].
  27. Fatemi, M., Rezaie, H., & Moayedfar, S. (2021). Exploratory analysis of factors affecting insecurity in urban green spaces (Case study: Yazd regional parks). Human Geography Research, 53(4), 1191-1208. [in Persian].
  28. Hatami nejad, H., & Azimzadeh Irany, A. (2015). Organizing urban neighborhoods based on the passive defense requirements (Case study: 6th District neighborhoods of Tehran’s region 2). Journal of Sepehr, 24 (96), 91-112. [in Persian].
  29. Hosseyni, S. T. (2019). Identify opportunities and threats of the Islamic awakening and prioritize them, with an emphasis on dialogue, Imam Khamenei. Journal of Scientific Research of Strategic defence Studies, 17 (77), 29-48. [in Persian].
  30. Jozi Khamselooei, A., & Javaheran, H. (2013). An analysis of the role passive defense plays in strategic security of metropolises. Journal of Sepehr, 22(87), 87-92. [in Persian].
  31. Kameli, M., Matuf, S., & Hosseini, S. B. (2017). Requirements of passive defense in metro station using the Delphi technique. Journal of Tunnel and underground spaces engineering, 5 (2), 81-91. [in Persian].
  32. Kazemi, S., & Tabrizi, N. (2015). Assessing the safety of urban space with emphasis on passive defense indicators (Case study: Amol city). Journal of Urban structure and function studies, 3 (9), 11-26. [in Persian].
  33. Maleki, K., Ali Akbari, I., Pahkideh, I., & Pourkhodadad, B. (2016). Threatened centers of Kermanshah province and passive defense considerations with an approach of the Wardan's five-ring theory. Journal of Disciplinary Geography, 4 (13), 147-168. [in Persian].
  34. Manafi, S., & Saraei. M. H. (2021). Assess integrated crisis management with a spatial data infrastructure approach. Journal of Urban economics and planning, 2 (1), 10-18. [in Persian].
  35. Mohammadi Hamidi, S., Nazmfar, H., & Mohammadi Yapang Gharavi, M. (2020). An analysis of social security in urban areas by structural equation modeling (Case study: Ardabil city). Human Geography Research, 52(4), 1197-1216. [in Persian].
  36. Rahmani Fazli, A., Saeedi Rad, M., & Amini, S. (2016). Assessing the safety of rurban areas with emphasis on passive defense indexes (Case study: Oshtorinan rurban). Journal of Environmental Based Territorial Planning, 9 (34), 109-130. [in Persian].
  37. Saad Abadi, A. A., & Rahimi Rad, Z. (2019). Analysis and review of the Islamic-Iranian model document of progress from the perspective of science and technology with a passive approach. Journal of Economic Security Studies, 1 (1), 65-92. [in Persian].
  38. Setareh, A. K. (2011). Risk Management in Passive Defense. First Edition, Tehran: Malek Ashtar University of Technology Publishing. [in Persian].
  39. Zarghani, S. H., & Azami, H. (2011). Analysis of military-security considerations in preparation of military centers and camps with emphasis on Khorasan Razavi province. MJSP Journal, 15 (2), 141-161. [in Persian].
  40.