Investigating the effects of Bandar Anzali free trade-industrial zone on improving the rural development index Case study: Villages in Rural District of Licharaki-Hasan Rud

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran.

10.22059/jhgr.2022.329166.1008363

Abstract

Extended Abstract
Introduction
The idea of ​​establishing and launching free zones in Iran was formed in the early 1951s. In February 1971, a law was passed by which the government was allowed to exempt all stores of specified islands of the Persian Gulf from the payment of duties and taxes, customs, commercial profit, monopoly, various duties, and the right to register an order for all goods which are used for consumption, use, and sale. With the occurrence of the revolution and the cultural and social alterations that followed, in February 1980, the Revolutionary Council finally designated Kish Island as the first free trade zone. In 1989, according to the law of the First Development Plan, the government was permitted to establish free trade-industrial zones in three border points of the country. After that, the government proclaimed Qeshm Island and Chabahar Port as the country's free zones. The Islamic Parliament established Aras as a Free Zone on October 24, 2003, in order to accelerate the implementation of infrastructure, development, prosperity, economic growth and development, investment and increase the public income, create healthy and productive occupation, active presence in global and regional markets, production and export of Industrial and alterant goods and services. Arvand Free Zone officially started its activity on July 25, 2004. Anzali Free Trade-Industrial Zone is one of the free zones of Iran, which was established in 2005 due to the economic plans of this country.
 
Methodology
This study is applied and descriptive-analytical based on field studies. The statistical population of the current study is the rural households of 5 villages in the Rural District of Licharaki-Hasan Rud, which has over 2500 households and a population equal to 7596. Considering a 5% error level, the required number of samples was determined to be 312 according to Cochran's formula. The questions in this study were set on a Likert scale in five grades (very low, low, medium, high, and very high). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the research components equals 83%. The questionnaire data were analyzed and evaluated using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential tests. Moreover, the required maps were designed in ArcGIS software. Bandar Anzali County is in Gilan Province; it has a longitude of 49 degrees and 28 minutes, a latitude of 37 degrees and 28 minutes, and a height above sea level minus 26 meters. Anzali Port is connected to the Caspian Sea from the north to Someh Sara County from the south, Rasht County from the east, and Rezvanshahr County from the west. This city is in a plain area in a narrow strip along the Caspian coast and has a temperate and humid climate. Part of the natural environment of this county is the Caspian Sea (40 km of Coastal strip), and another essential part is the valuable ecosystem of Anzali Lagoon. The area of Anzali County is 275 square kilometers, of which the share of the urban area is 49.31 square kilometers. Due to the population concentration, Anzali County is one of the densest cities in Iran. Bandar Anzali County has a central district, two rural districts called Licharaki-Hasan rud and Chahar-Farizeh and 32 villages, and its center is Bandar Anzali. Its population is 139015 people, of which 118564 live in cities and 20459 in villages. There are 7 villages in Licharaki Rural District and 25 villages in Chahar-Farizeh Rural District.
 
Results and discussion
Free trade-industrial zones should be considered as a bridge between national and international economies. On the one hand, it strengthens the basis of export expansion by attracting foreign direct investment. On the other hand, it converts the proportional advantages of the economy into an actual one via potential resources and talents. The purpose of designating and developing free zones is to increase and develop exports, create jobs, attract domestic and foreign investors and transfer technology, increase public revenues, increase tourism, improve the country's economic position and benefit from a competitive economy. The results of the Chi-square correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between economic, social, and physical indexes with the establishment of a free zone indicate a significant relationship up to a 99% confidence level. Friedman's results also demonstrate a significant difference between the studied indexes, and the values ​​assigned to each indicate their importance. Furthermore, Wilcoxon and McNemar's tests are exerted to compare the studied indicators before and after the establishment of the free zone, which illustrates a significant difference of 99%.
 
Conclusion
A free trade zone is a specific territory often located inside or near a port, where free trade with other parts of the world is permitted, and goods can be exported or imported without paying customs duties and taxes. Therefore, free zones are a way to enter global trade and facilitate economic activity in the world. In this regard, surrounding villages are affected by the activities of the free zones. Their performances significantly impact the region's sustainable economic and socio-cultural development. After establishing the free zone, most of the economic, social, and physical indicators of the villages in the study area were improved despite some limitations. Accordingly, the quality of villagers' lives has improved.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

ابراهیم‌زاده، عیسی و آقاسی‌زاده، عبدالله. (1390). تأثیر منطقه آزاد چابهار بر توسعه گردشگری و حوزه نفوذ آن. فصلنامه جغرافیا و توسعه، 21، 26-5. Doi.10.22111/gdij.2011.578
اکبری بالنگاه، فرشاد؛ میرحیدری لنگرودی، سید علیرضا. (1399). مطالعه تطبیقی ماهیت سرقفلی و حق کسب و پیشه و تجارت با رویکردی بر مناطق آزاد تجاری و صنعتی. فصلنامه حقوق خصوصی احرار، 2، 66-44.
http://law.ahrar.ac.ir/Article/16076
پریزادی، طاهر و میرزازاده، حجت. (1396). توسعه منطقه‌ای در ایران با رویکرد عدالت توزیعی. نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، 50، 198-180. ‎ Doi. 20.1001.1.22287736.1397.18.50.6.1
پناهی، سامان. (1397). اظهارنظر کارشناسی درباره لایحه ایجاد هفت منطقه آزاد تجاری صنعتی و دوازده منطقه ویژه اقتصادی. گزارش کارشناسی مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی، شماره 96، 22-1.
جمال‌پور، فاطمه. (1391). تحلیل اثرات اقتصادی مناطق آزاد بر روستاهای پیرامون. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، استاد راهنما رکن‌الدین افتخاری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
جمعه‌پور، محمود. (1401). بازاندیشی و بازآفرینی جایگاه طبیعت در فرهنگ زیست‌بوم ایرانی – اسلامی. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 54 (3)، 887-867. Doi.20.1001.1.20086296.1401.54.3.5.0
حبیبی، سونا و صالحی، صادق. (1399). شناخت مسائل و زمینه‌های بروز مشکلات محیط‌زیستی، کاربرد نظریه داده بنیاد مناطق روستایی غرب گیلان. فصلنامه توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی، 5، 97-84. Doi.10.52547/SDGE.3.4.73
حاجی‌نژاد، علی؛ قادری، جعفر؛ خاتمی، سیده سمیه و یونسی، غلامرضا. (1393). بررسی وضعیت، شناسایی مزیت نسبی و تدوین برنامه استراتژیک توسعه اشتغال با استفاده از مدل‌های تغییر سهم، ضریب مکانی و سوات، موردمطالعه شهرستان بیرجند. نشریه مجلس و راهبرد، 21 (79)، 35-5.
حیدری‌ساربان، وکیل. (1398). بررسی نقش منطقه آزاد تجاری در بهبود شاخص‌های اقتصادی، موردی شهرستان ماکو. فصلنامه روستا و توسعه، 22، 133-111. Doi.10.30490/rvt.2019.91776
خواجه‌شاهکویی، علیرضا؛ نجفی‌کانی، علی‌اکبر و وصال، زینب. (1394). بررسی عوامل موثر بر آگاهی‌های زیست‌محیطی روستاییان، مطالعه موردی: دهستان جاغرق شهرستان بینالود، 9، 96- 85. Doi.10.22059/jrur.2015.54235
دربان آستانه، علیرضا؛ توکلی، نغمه و مصطفی، تلخاب. (1394). بررسی نقش منطقه ویژه اقتصادی سلفچگان. مجله جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، 20، 124-111. Doi.20.1001.1.22516735.1394.5.20.9.8
 دهقان، علیرضا؛ خرمایی، فرهاد؛ غنیمت، الناز و طباطبایی، محمود. (1398). نقش فناوری اطاعات و ارتباطات در توسعه اکوتوریسم پایدار. فصلنامه توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی، 2، 53-32. Doi.10.52547/sdge.2.3.87
 دهمرده، نظر؛ علی‌احمدی، ندا و قادری، عباسعلی. (1398). ارزیابی و اولویت‌بندی مناطق آزاد کشور و تأثیر آن بر توسعه اقتصادی این مناطق. فصلنامه سیاست‌های راهبردی و کلان، 5، 123-109.Doi. 10.32598/JMSP.7.1.108
 سعدی، محمدرضا و موسوی، میرحسین. (1392). بررسی عوامل و سیاست‌های موثر بر اشتغال نیروی کار. فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌نامه اقتصادی (رویکرد ایرانی-اسلامی)، 13(49)، 198-177.
 شریفی‌نیا، زهرا. (1399). تحلیل موانع مشارکت مردم محلی در توسعه روستایی، موردی دهستان بیشه‌سر بخش مرکزی قائمشهر. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 52 (3)، 1151-1131. Doi.10.22059/jhgr.2020.299549.1008097
سیدنقوی، میرعلی و بابایی، علی (1392)، ارزیابی سیاست‌های توسعه اقتصادی روستایی از دیدگاه منطقه‌ای با نگاهی بر سیاست‌های دولت در ایران. پژوهش‌های روستایی، 4 (3)، 479-451. Doi.10.22059/jrur.2013.36490
صادقلو، طاهره. (1399). تحلیل سبک مدیریت محلی در مناطق روستایی و تأثیر آن بر میزان مشارکت‌پذیری روستاییان، موردی: روستاهای دهستان زرین‌گل شهرستان علی‌آبادکتول. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 52(3)، 870-851
Doi.10.22059/jhgr.2019.239103.1007516
شفیعی رودپشتی، میثم؛ بهرامی، فرشته و کرمی‌زاده شوهانی، فاطمه. (1398). ارائه الگوی رقابت‌پذیری در مناطق آزاد تجاری. فصلنامه کاوش‌های مدیریت بازرگانی، 2، 210-184. Doi.10.22034/jbar.2019.1555
عسگری، علی و جعفری، تینا. (1395). ارزیابی آثار اعطای معافیت مالیاتی در مناطق آزاد تجاری ایران، موردی، منطقه آزاد قشم. فصلنامه اقتصاد مالی، 37، 70-43. Doi.20.1001.1.25383833.1395.10.37.3.5
عظیمی، میکاییل. (1393). تمرکز منطقه‌ای و رشد کلان اقتصادی. مجله اقتصاد و توسعه منطقه‌ای، 20 (7)، 29-2. https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.v21i7.21385
 عیسوی، مینا. (1394). تبیین اثرات اقتصادی منطقه آزاد تجاری بندر انزلی در توسعه روستایی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، استاد راهنما: سیدحسن مطیعی لنگرودی. دانشگاه تهران.
 فرجی‌سبکبار، حسنعلی؛ ملایی، نادر و هاجری، بهرام. (1394). تحلیل فضایی الگوهای اشتغال در بخش‌های عمده فعالیت نواحی روستایی ایران. فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، 24 (1)، 14-1.
کلانتری، خلیل. (1396). مدل‌های کمی در برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، شهری و روستایی. تهران: فرهنگ صبا.
 لطیفی، غلامرضا و قائم پور، محمدعلی. (1395). تأثیر مناطق ویژه اقتصادی بر رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی مناطق شهری و روستایی. فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی، 27، 232-197. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2016.5943
نجفی‌کانی، علی‌اکبر. (1398). چالش‌ها و تنگناهای توسعه اقتصادی در نواحی روستایی، موردی: روستاهای بخش داشلی‌برون شهرستان گنبد. فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، 29، ، 168-151.
نجفی کانی، علی‌اکبر؛ صحنه، بهمن و اخلاقی، محسن. (1397). نقش مدیریت ریسک فعالیت‌های کشاورزی در بهبود شاخص‌های اقتصادی خانوارهای روستایی، موردی روستاهای شهرستان گرگان. فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، 31، 76-61.
Doi.20.1001.1.22516735.1397.8.31.5.7
نجفی‌کانی، علی‌اکبر. (1400). واکاوی موانع گسترش کشت هیدروپونیک در توسعه اقتصادی روستایی. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های روستایی، 4 ، 847-833. Doi.10.22059/jrur.2021.328535.1664
 
References
Akbari Balangah, F., & Mirheydari Langrudi, S.A. (2020). A comparative study of the nature of right of business and the right to business and trade with an approach to commercial and industrial free zones. Ahrar Private Law Research Journal, 2, 44-66. (In Persian)
Askari, A., & Jafari, T., (2016). The influence of law tax exemption on export-processing zone performances in Iran (Case study: Qeshm Free Zone). Financial Economics, 10(37), 43-70. Doi.20.1001.1.25383833.1395.10.37.3.5 (In Persian)
Azimi, M. (2014). Regional Centralization and Macroeconomic Growth in Iran. Journal of economics and regional development, 20 (7), 2-29. https://doi.org/10.22067/erd.v21i7.21385 (In Persian)
Altman, M. (2015). Cooperative Organizations as an Engine of Equitable Rural Economic Development. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, 3, 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2015.02.001
Apparao, D., Garnevska, E., & Shadbolt, N. (2019). Examining commitment, heterogeneity and social capital within the membership base of agricultural co-operatives A conceptual framework. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management,  7 (1), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2019.03.003
Dahmarde, N., Aliahmadi, N., & Ghaderi, A., (2019). Evaluating and Prioritizing the Free Trade Zones of the Country and Their Impact on the Economic Development of These Regions. The Macro and Strategic Policies, 7 (25), 108-123. Doi.10.32598/JMSP.7.1.108 (In Persian)
Darban Astaneh, A., Tavakoli nagmeh, M., & Talkhab, A., (2016). Review of Socioeconomics Impacts of Special Economic Zones (Case study: Salafchegan Special Economic Zone in Qom Province). Journal of Regional Planning, 5(20), 111-124. Doi.20.1001.1.22516735.1394.5.20.9.8
 (In Persian)
Dehghan, A., Khormaei, F., Ghanimat, E., & Tabatabaee, S.M. (2018). Development of sustainable rural ecotourism whit emphasis on ICT in Qeshm Island. Sustainable Development and Geographic Environment, 2(3), 32-53. Doi.10.52547/sdge.2.3.87 (In Persian)
Faraji Sabokbar, A., Molaei, N., & Hajari, B., (2015). Spatial analysis of employment patterns in major sectors of activity in rural areas of Iran. Space Economy and Rural Development, 4, (1), 1-14. (In Persian)
Habibi, S., & Salehi, S., (2020). Understanding environmental concerns and contexts: Application of grounded theory in rural areas of the West of Gilan. Sustainable Development and Geographic Environment, 3(4), 84-97. Doi.10.52547/SDGE.3.4.73 (In Persian)
Hajinejad, A., Ghaderi, J., Khatami, S.S., & Unosi, Gh., (2014). An Assessment on comparative Advantage and strategic programming regarding in terms of shift-share and location-quotient and SWOT models (Case study: Birjand County). Islamic Council Research Center and strategy, 21 (79), 5-35. (In Persian)
Heydari Sarban, V. (2019). A Survey on Role of Free Trade Zones in Improving the Economic Indexes of Rural Areas: A Case Study of Makou County of Iran. Journal f village and development, 22(1), 111-133. Doi.10.30490/rvt.2019.91776 (In Persian)
Ibrahimzadeh I., & Aghasizadeh, A. (2011). The effect of Chabahar free zone on tourism development of its under-influence area. Geography and Development, 9(21), 5-26. Doi.10.22111/gdij.2011.578 (In Persian)
Isavi, M. (2015). Explaining the economic effects of Bandar Anzali Free Trade Zone in rural development. Master's thesis, supervisor Seyed Hasan Motiee Langroodi, Tehran University. (In Persian)
Jamalpoor, F. (2012). Analysis of the economic effects of free zones on the development of surrounding villages. Master's thesis, supervisor Roknodin Eftekhari, Tarbiat Modares University. (In Persian)
Jomehpour, M. (2022). Rethinking and Regenerating of the Value of Nature in the Iranian Ecological Culture. Human Geography Research, 54(3), 867-887. Doi.20.1001.1.20086296.1401.54.3.5.0 (In Persian)
Kalantari, Kh. (2017). Quantitative models in planning (Regional, Urban and Rural). Tehran: Farhang Saba. (In Persian)
Latifi, Gh., & Ghaempour, M.A. (2015). Impact of free trade zones on welfare and social development of urban and rural areas (case study: Salafchegan free trade zone). Social Development and Welfare Planning, 27, 197-232. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjsd.2016.5943 (In Persian)
Molaey Hashjin, N., & Alinaghipour, M., (2020). On thEvaluation of Development Levels by Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques in the Parts of Guilan Province. Human Geography Research Quarterly, 52(1), 75-87. Doi.10.22059/jhgr.2018.233904.1007465 (In Persian)
Mingie, Ji., Mimi, Li., & Brian, K. (2015). Determination of the Effects of Free Zone in Gaziantep. The Impacts of China new free trade zone on Hong Kong tourism. Journal ofDestination Marketing, 4, 203-205. DOI:10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.08.001
Najafi Kani, A. (2019). Challenges and bottlenecks of economic development in rural areas, case study: the villages of Dashli Borun district of Gonbad County. Journal of space economy and rural development, 29, 151-168. (In Persian)
Najafi Kani, A. (2022). Investigating the Barriers to the Development of Hydroponic Farming in the Development of the Rural Economy (Case Study: Central District of Gorgan County). Journal of Rural Research, 12(4), 833-847. Doi.10.22059/jrur.2021.328535.1664 (In Persian)
Najafi Kani, A.A., Sahneh, B., & Akhlaghi, M. (2018). The role of agricultural activities risk management in improvement of economic indexes in the rural families Case study: City of Gorgan. Regional Planning, 8(31), 61-76. (In Persian)
Panahi, S., (2018). The bill to establish seven free commercial industrial zones and twelve special economic zones. Islamic Council Research Center, 96, 1-22. Doi.20.1001.1.22516735.1397.8.31.5.7 (In Persian)
Sadeghlo, T. (2020). Analysis of local management style and its impact on the participation of villagers in rural areas (Case study: rural area of Zarin gol Dehestan). Human Geography Research Quarterly, 52(3), 851-870. Doi.10.22059/jhgr.2019.239103.1007516 (In Persian)
Sadi, M.R., & Mousavi, M.H. (2013). An Investigation of Factors and Policies Affecting Labor Force Employment in Iranian Economy. Economics Research, 13(49), 177-198. (In Persian)
Seyed Naghavi, M., & Babaee, A., (2013). “An Evaluation of Rural Economic Development Policies; a Regional Approach by Looking at Iran's Governmental Policies. Journal of Rural research, 4(3), 451-479. Doi.10.22059/jrur.2013.36490 (In Persian)
Shafiee Roodposhti, M., Bahrami, F., & Karimizadeh, F., (2019). Presenting the Pattern of Competition in Free Trade Zones. Journal of Business Administration Researches, 11(21), 184-210. Doi.10.22034/jbar.2019.1555 (In Persian)
Sharifinia, Z. (2020). Analyzing the causes of barriers to local people's participation in rural development Case: Bisheh village in central part of Ghaemshahr district. Human Geography Research Quarterly, 52 (3), 1131-1151. Doi.10.22059/jhgr.2020.299549.1008097 (In Persian)
Salvia, R., & Quaranta, G. (2017), Place-Based Rural Development and Resilience: A Lesson from a Small Community. Sustainability , 6, 1-15.
Rong-Her, Ch., Taih-Cherng, L., Chia-Yi, L,. Bing-Yan, & Hou-Chang Sh. (2011). An Evaluation of free Trade Port Zone in Taiwan. The Asian Journal of AShipping and Logistics, 27(3), 423-445.
UNDP, (2017). Capacity Development. Technical Advisory Paper 2, United Nations Development Program, New York. https://www.undp.org/publications/capacity-development-undp-primer
Watanabe, M., Jinji, N., & Kurihara, M. (2009), Is the Development of the agro-processing industry pro-Poor? The Case of Thailand. Journal of Asian Economics, 20 (4), 443-455.
Yeh, c.h., & kuo, Y.L. (2003). Evaluating passenger services of Asia-Pacific international airports. Transportations Research part E, 39, 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1366-5545(02)00017-0
Human Geography Research
Volume 55, Issue 4
January 2024
Pages 93-111

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 20 August 2021
  • Revise Date: 29 October 2022
  • Accept Date: 05 November 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics