Analysis of key drivers affecting the development of creative tourism with a futuristic approach Case study: Golestan province

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction

Tourism development planning, which is one of the most complex components and a source of global laws, is basically one of the most important economic, occupational, social development programs and increasing the level of public welfare in any country. This is especially important in the sense that the tourism industry is essentially a complex system of other occupations, and with its growth and decline, it occupies many other occupations. For this reason, considering the future economic world, this issue has become one of the most important concerns of countries in the world with a focus on tourism economics. Therefore, we consider this industry and its future as one of the major challenges for the future of the human economy in various universities and governments. It should be noted that in a world full of change and environment full of change and full of uncertainties, it is only by applying this futuristic approach that it is possible to understand a system by looking to the future and determining key factors in the future development of industries such as tourism. For this purpose, in this research, it has been tried to identify and analyze the key drivers affecting creative tourism by emphasizing futures studies by using the future research approach and in a systematic way. Finally, by analyzing and identifying these key factors, coherent and integrated planning to create the development of this industry in the study area.

Methodology

The purpose of this study is developmental research in terms of exploratory analytical nature and based on survey and field methods. Theoretical information is collected through a documentary, library method. Also, the required information to identify the dimensions and components of both environmental and Delphi scanning techniques were used and collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews with managers and trustees of organizations and experts in the field of tourism issues. For the purpose of future creative tourism research in Golestan province, 38 initial indicators were examined and then using MICMAC tool, the key drivers affecting the development of creative tourism in Golestan province were investigated.

Results and discussion

After determining the extent of direct and indirect impact of the components on each other and on the future trend of the system, finally out of a total of 38 initial factors influencing 15 factors were selected as key drivers affecting the future trend of the system. Are repeated directly and indirectly. 15 variables include: priority of natural resources conservation, infrastructure and welfare services, ethnic and cultural diversity, transport network and accesses, social security, climate diversity and unique ecosystems, advertising and Information, economic efficiency, tourism brand, recreation, participation of non-governmental organizations, incentive policies, Political relations with neighboring countries, development of locally owned activities and creative architecture and design as key drivers of creative tourism with a futuristic approach In the province, they were obtained so that the proposed components in indirect impact have been repeated with a slight shift in indirect impact.

Conclusion

According to the managers and trustees of organizations and experts in the field of tourism, the results indicate that the priority of preserving natural resources more than any other component is able to play a role in the development of creative tourism in Golestan province. In general, preserving environmental values, especially environments with more fragility, is essential in creative tourism. Because these areas with their rich cultural and natural heritage, with their distinctive spatial layout, offer unique experiences, entertainment and motivations, they attract creative people who have a great impact on the development of creative tourism. On the other hand, the quality of these creative environments, which is measured by visitor satisfaction, is mainly related to the quality of facilities, infrastructure and welfare services. This component in this study is considered as the second key effective drivers in the development of creative tourism in Golestan province, which is in line with the findings of researchers, so that facilities and facilities as the second condition to ensure the success of tourism development policy in general and creative tourism They are specifically mentioned.

Finally, suggestions can be made to take advantage of the existing potentials in the region for the development of creative tourism in Golestan province;

-Development of different branches of tourism with emphasis on creative tourism in the province with transnational (international) performance supported by natural attractions and valuable historical and cultural contexts, beautiful and unique and valuable attractions of aquatic and wetland ecosystems, mountainous and mountainous landscapes, mountainous landscapes, Golestan National and ... such as the development of desert tourism, with emphasis on familiarity with the culture and life of the Illyrians in the Turkmen Sahara (Turkmen and Kurdish nomads), the development of sports (maritime) tourism and holding seasonal maritime festivals in coastal areas of the province

- Equipping the necessary infrastructure for the development of creative tourism with emphasis on the use of information technology and the use of media and advertising to introduce the attractions and potentials of the province and organize the construction of roadsides

- Utilizing elites, expert professors, thoughtful managers, researchers and students as well as handicraft, visual and theatrical artists of the province as a creative class to present new and operational ideas as well as holding local and indigenous festivals and events in different seasons. The year to fight against the seasonality of tourist arrival in the province as a creative process can provide the necessary grounds for the development of creative tourism in the province.

- Holding training courses in the field of creative product production such as local clothing, jewelry, handicrafts, music, local food and food, etc. and informing through social media, as well as setting up various tours in the province to attract creative tourists and Provide them with accommodation in rural areas and ecotourism homes to gain a distinctive and unique experience through participation in activities, interaction with fellow travelers, collaboration with other visitors, resident communities and managers / promoters, in turn in development Creative tourism can be effective.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. استان‌شناسی گلستان (کتاب درسی). (1394). وزارت آموزش‌وپرورش، سازمان پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی. تهران: شرکت چاپ و نشر کتاب‌های درسی ایران.
  2. الداغی، زهرا؛ ابراهیمی، عبدالحمید و دیده خانی، حسین. (1399). تدوین سناریوهای توسعه منطقه گردشگری استان گلستان، با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی. فصلنامه جغرافیا و توسعه، 18(58)، 74-59.
  3. بذرافشان دریاسری، مهرناز؛ مفتاح‌هلقی، مهدی؛ قربانی، خلیل و قهرمان، نوذر. (1394). مطالعه تطبیقی پهنه‌های اقلیمی استان گلستان تحت سناریوهای مختلف تغییر اقلیم. نشریه پژوهش‌های حفاظت آب و خاک، 22(5)، 202-187.
  4. بسته نگار، مهرنوش. (1395). نماد رنگ در برند گردشگری خلاق شهرهای ایران. فصلنامه هنر و تمدن شرق، 4(11)، 28-21.
  5. بیرانوندزاده، مریم؛ درویشی، هدایت الله و نجفی، اسماعیل. (1400). آینده‌پژوهی وضعیت گردشگری ورزشی طبیعت‌محور در استان لرستان. جغرافیا و روابط انسانی، 2(12)، 120- 109.
  6. پوراحمد، احمد و احمدی فرد، نرگس. (1397). بررسی نقش گردشگری خلاق در بازآفرینی بافت تاریخی (مطالعه موردی: منطقه 12 شهر تهران). پژوهش‌های جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری، 6(1)، 90-75.
  7. تقوایی، مسعود؛ شفقی، سیروس و قادری، محمدرضا. (1395). بررسی عوامل مؤثر در تعادل‌بخشی به عرصه فضایی استان گیلان. آمایش سرزمین، 8(1)، 105-83.
  8. تقوایی، مسعود و حسینی‌خواه، حسین. (1396). برنامه‌ریزی توسعه صنعت گردشگری مبتنی بر روش آینده‌پژوهی و سناریونویسی (مطالعه موردی: شهر یاسوج). برنامه‌ریزی و توسعه گردشگری، 6(23)، 30-8.
  9. تقوایی، مسعود؛ شفقی، سیروس و قادری، محمدرضا. (1398). شناسایی عوامل کلیدی مؤثر در ایجاد نابرابری‌های منطقه‌ای استان گلستان. آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، 9(31)، 140-125.
  10. تقی زاده، هوشنگ و تاری غفاری. (1391). الگوی گرافیکی روش تحقیق در علوم انسانی. تهران: نشرحفیظ.
  11. ده ده‌زاده سیلابی، پروین و احمدی فرد، نرگس. (1398). تعیین پیشران‌های کلیدی مؤثر بر توسعه گردشگری با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان‌های استان مازندران). جغرافیا و پایداری محیط، 9(1)، 89-73.
  12. رباطی انارکی، عاطفه. (1395). برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی گردشگری خلاق (نمونه موردی: شهر نایین). استاد راهنما: محمود محمدی و احمد شاهیوندی، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی.
  13. رحیمی‌فرد، قاسم؛ قربانی، رسول؛ بابایی اقدم، فریدون و حیدری چیانه، رحیم. (1400). ارزیابی شاخص‌های شهر خلاق در ایجاد گردشگری خلاق شهری (مطالعه موردی: خوی). پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 53(4)، 1522-1509.
  14. زالی، نادر. (1388). آینده‌نگاری توسعه منطقه‌ای با رویکرد برنامه‌ریزی سناریو مبنا، نمونه موردی: استان آذربایجان شرقی. استاد راهنما: محمدرضا پورمحمدی، رسول قربانی، کریم حسین زاده دلیر، رساله دکتری تخصصی، رشته جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه تبریز.
  15. زنگنه شهرکی، سعید؛ فتوحی مهربانی، باقر؛ پوراکرمی، محمد و سلیمان‌زاده، محمدرضا. (1395). تحلیل قابلیت‌ها و جایگاه شهر تهران از نظر تحقق مفهوم شهر خلاق در مقایسه با سایر شهرهای دنیا. مجله جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری، 3(2)، 85-69.
  16. سیف، علی‌اکبر. (1389). روانشناسی پرورشی نوین، روانشناسی یادگیری و آموزش. چاپ اول، تهران: نشر دوران.
  17. علی‌اکبری، اسماعیل؛ مرصوصی، نفیسه و جلال‌آبادی، لیلا. (1399). تدوین سناریوهای مؤثر بر آینده گردشگری پایدار شهر کرمان با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی. فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، 15(50)، 60-35.
  18. قادری، رضا؛ هادیانی، زهره؛ محمدی، کاوه و ابوبکری، طاهره. (1390). استراتژی برنامه‌ریزی‌های منطقه‌ای گردشگری با استفاده از تکنیک SWOT (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان پیرانشهر). برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، 1(3)، 43- 27.
  19. محمدی، مصطفی و میرتقیان رودسری، سیّد محمد. (1397). دیدگاه عرضه‌کنندگان خدمات گردشگری به نقش رسانه‌های اجتماعی در مقصد گردشگری. مطالعات رسانه‌های نوین، 4(16)، 262-235.
  20. مشکینی، ابوالفضل؛ علی‌پور، سمیه و حاجی‌زاده، مریم. (1399). تبیین سطوح خلاقیت شهری در نظام شهری کلان‌شهرها (مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر کرج). پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، 52(2)، 400-385.
  21. مقیمی، ابوالفضل. (1393). معرفت‌شناسی آینده‌پژوهی در رویکردهای نظری به برنامه‌ریزی شهری، معماری و صنعت ساختمان. مدیریت شهری، 5(38)، 104-75.
  22. مومنی، منصور و فعال قیومی، علی. (1391). تحلیل‌های آماری با استفاده از SPSS. تهران: انتشارات نو.
  23. مهدی، علی. (1400). آینده‌پژوهی، درس‌نامه تخصصی کاربردی، ویژه کارکنان دولت. تهران: مرکز آموزش مدیریت دولتی.
  24. میرکتولی، جعفر و مصدق، راضیه. (1389). بررسی وضعیت گردشگری روستایی و نقش آن در رونق صنایع‌دستی پژوهش موردی: دهستان استرآباد جنوبی. مطالعات پژوهش‌های شهری و منطقه‌ای، 2(7)، 154-137.
  25. ناظمی، امیر. (1386). آینده‌نگاری منطقه‌ای به‌مثابه آمایش سرزمین. تهران: اندیشکده آتی نگار.
  26. نصر، طاهره. (1398). شناسایی عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر گردشگری در کلان‌شهر شیراز با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی. فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی شهری، 10(37)، 66- 55.
  27. نظم‌فر حسین و علی‌بخشی، آمنه. (1400). آینده‌پژوهی برنامه‌ریزی توسعه گردشگری (نمونه موردی: استان اردبیل). نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، 21(63)، 79-59.
  28. نعیمی مجد، محبوبه و نعیمی مجد، آرزو. (1398). آینده‌پژوهی گردشگری پایدار، رهیافتی نو در اقتصاد مقاومتی (موردمطالعه: کارشناسان صنعت گردشگری و هتلداری). فصلنامه آینده‌پژوهی مدیریت، 30(1)، 212-200.
  29. نوش‌آبادی، امیراشنویی و محمدابرهیمی، مهشید. (1400). تعیین پیشران‌های کلیدی مؤثر بر زیست‌پذیری شهری با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی (مطالعه موردی: شهر کاشان). جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی، 25(76)، 41-27.
  30. واحدپور، غلامعباس و جعفری، مهتاب. (1390). راهبردهای مدیریت و توسعه پایدار زیرساخت‌های گردشگری ایران با تأکید بر مدل SOWT. فصلنامه برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، 1(1)، 97-83.
  31. وارثی، حمیدرضا. مسعود تقوایی و احمد شاهیوندی. (1390). تحلیلی بر وضعیت زیرساخت‌های گردشگری در شهر اصفهان (با تأکید بر هتل‌ها). جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، 22(1)، 112-91.
  32. Al-Daghi, Z., Ebrahimi, A., & Dedekhani, H. (2020). Development of development scenarios for the tourism region of Golestan province, with a futures research approach. Journal of Geography and Development, 18(58), 74-59. [in Persian].
  33. Aliakbari, E., pourahmad, A., & jalalabadi, Leila. (2018). Identifying the Effective thrusters on the Future of Tourism Status of Kerman City with Futuristic Approach. Tourism and Development, 7(14), 156-178. [in Persian].
  34. Aliakbari, E., Marsousi, N., & Jalalabadi, L. (2020). Compilation and Priority Assessment of Scenarios Affecting the Future of Sustainable Tourism in Kerman with the Futures studies Approach. Tourism Management Studies, 15(50), 35-60. [in Persian].
  35. Amorim Varum, C., Melo, C., Alvarenga, A., & Soeiro de arvalho, P. (2011). Scenarios and possible futures forhospitality and tourism. Foresight, 13(1), 19-35.
  36. Awedyk, M., & Niezgoda, A. (2016). New opportunities for future tourism after 25 years of political & socio economic transformation foresight in Poland’s tourism planning. Journal of Tourism Futures, 2(2), 137-154.
  37. Bacsi, Z. )2020. (Creative Regions and Sustainable Tourism. Research Journal of Economics, 4(2), 1-38.
  38. Baixinho, A., Santos, C., Couto, G., de Albergaria, I.S., da Silva, L.S., Medeiros, P.D., & Neves Simas, R.M. (2020). Creative Tourism on Islands: A Review of the Literature. Sustainability, 12, 3-13.
  39. Balslev Thi Phi, G., & Clausen, H. (2020). Fostering innovation competencies in tourism higher education via design-based and value-based learning, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure. Sport & Tourism Education, 29, 116-124.
  40. Bazrafshan, M., meftahhalaghi, M., ghorbani, K., & Qahreman, N. (2016). Comparative study of climatic regions of Golestan province under different climate change scenarios. Water and Soil Conservation, 22(5), 187-202. [in Persian].
  41. BroshiChen, O., & Yoel, M. (2021). A wasted invitation to innovate? Creativity and innovation in tourism crisis management: A QC&IM approach, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46,  272-283.
  42. Dadazade- Silabi, , & Ahmadifard, N. (2019).  Determine the Key Factors of Tourism Development Based on Future Research Approach (Case Study: Mazandaran Province). Geography and Sustainability of Environment, 9(1), 73-89. [in Persian]
  43. Derbyshire, J. (2016). The implications, challenges and benefits of a complexity-orientated Futures Studies.  Futures Journal,  77, 45-55 .
  44. Enger, A., Sandvik, K., & Iversen, E.K. (2015). Developing scenarios for the Norwegian travel industry 2025. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1(1), 6-18.
  45. Evans, G. (2003). Hard branding the culture city: From Prado to Prada. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27, 417–440.
  46. Florida,R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class. Basic Books. New York: NY.
  47. Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary Genius: An Iquiry into its Laws and Consequences. London: Macmillan/ Fontana.
  48. Ghaderi, R., Hadiani, Z., Mohammadi, K., Abu Bakri, T. (2011). Regional Tourism Planning Strategy Using SWOT Technique (Case Study: Piranshahr County). Regional Planning, 1 (3), 43-27. [in Persian].
  49. Healy, J., Nicholas, Hill, J., Barnett, A., & Chin, A. (2020). A global review of elasmobranch tourism activities, management and risk. Marine Policy Journal, 118, 103964.
  50. Hettne, B. (2002). Current Trends and Future Options in Development Studies. In Vandana Desai and Robert B. Potter (Eds), The companion to Development Studies, New York: Oxford University Press, 10 (37), 7-12.
  51. Jacobs, J. (1969). The economy of cities, London: Jonathan Cape.
  52. Jamal, T., & Robinson, M. (2009). Tourism Studies, second edition, London.
  53. Jiang, Y., Qian, Q., Zhang, Xi., & Chen, Y. (2019). The Formation of Government-Oriented Creative Community and Its Driving Mechanisms: A Case Study of the 39 Space Art Creative Community in Foshan, China. Sustainabilit, 11(625), 11030625.
  54. Know the province Golestan {Textbook}. (2015). Ministry of Education, Educational Research and Planning Organization. Tehran: Iran Textbook Publishing Company. [in Persian]
  55. Lee, J., & Lee, H. (2015). Deriving Strategic Priority of Policies for Creative Tourism Industry in Korea using AHP. Procedia Computer Science, 55, 479 – 484.
  56. Lukoseviciute, , & Panagopoulos, Th. (2021). Management priorities from tourists’ perspectives and beach quality assessment as tools to support sustainable coastal tourism. Ocean & Coastal Management, 208, 105646 .
  57. Maccannell, D. (1999). The Tourist: A New Theory of The Leisure Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  58. Mahdi, A. (2021). Futurology, specialized-applied textbook for government employees. Public Management Training Center, Tehran. [in Persian].

  59.  

    1.  A, Alipour, S., & Hajizadeh, M. (2020).  Explaining the Levels of Urban Creativity in the Metropolitan Cities (Case study: Karaj metropolis). Human Geography research quarterly, 52(2), 358-400. [in Persian]
    2. Miles, I., & Keenan, M. (2002). Practical Guide to Reginal Foresight in the UK. European Communities, Lunembourg.
    3. Mirkatoli, J., & Mossadegh, R. (2010). A Survey of Rural Tourism and Its Role in the Prosperity of Handicrafts) Case Study: South Astarabad County. Urban and Regional Research Studies, 2(7), 154-137. [in Persian]

    40)   Moghimi, A. (2014). Epistemology of futurology in theoretical approaches to urban planning, architecture and construction industry. urban management, 5 (38), 104-75. [in Persian].

    • Mohammadi, Mostafa and Seyed Mohammad Mirtaghian Rudsari. 2018. Perspectives of tourism service providers on the role of social media in tourism destinations. New Media Studies, 4(16), 262-235. [in Persian]
    • Momeni, M., Faal Qayyumi, A. (2012). Statistical Analysis Using SPSS. Tehran: New Publications. [in Persian].
    • naeimi majd, M., & naeimi majd, A. (2019). Sustainable Tourism Future Studies, New Approach in Resilient Economy (Case Study: Experts in tourism and hotel industry). Future Studies Management, 30(116), 200-212. [in Persian].
    • Nasr, T. (2019). Identification of Key Factors Affecting on the Shiraz City Tourism with a Future Studies Approach. Urban Planning, 10(37), 55-66. [in Persian].
    • Nazemi, A. (2007). Regional Futurism as Land Management. Tehran:Ati Negar Institute. [in Persian].
    • Nazmfar, H., & Ali Bakhshi, A. (2021). Futurology of Tourism Development Planning (Case Study: Ardabil Province). Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 21(63), 79-59. [in Persian].
    • Nooshabadi, A.O., & mohammad ebrahimi, M. (2021). Determining key drivers affecting urban livability with a futuristic approach (Case study: Kashan). Geography and Planning, 25(76), 27-41. [in Persian].
    • Orlando, , Ortega, L., & Defeo, O. (2021). Perspectives for sandy beach management in the Anthropocene: Satellite information, tourism seasonality, and expert recommendations, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 262, 107597.
    • Paskova, , Wall, G., , Zejda, D., &  Zelenka, J. (2021). Tourism carrying capacity reconceptualization: Modelling and management of destinations. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management,  21, 100638.
    • Postma, A. (2015). Investigating scenario planning–a European tourism perspective. Urnal of Tourism Furures, 1(1), 46-52.

    51)   Pourahmad, A., & Ahmadifard, N. (2018). Role of Creative Tourism in Regeneration of Historical Texture (Case Study: District 12 of Tehran). Geography and Urban Planning Research, 6(1), 75-90. [in Persian]

    55)   Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism: The State, of the Art. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1225-1253

    56)   Robati Anaraky, A. (2017). Creative Tourism Strategic Planning (Case Study: City of Nain). Supervisors: Mahmoud Mohammadi and Ahmad Shahivandi, M.A. Thesis urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism Department of Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan. [in Persian]

    62)   Taghizadeh, H., & Ghaffari, T. (2012). Graphic model of research method in humanities. Tehran: Hafiz publication. [in Persian].

    63)   Taghvaei, M., Hosseinekhah, H. (2018).Tourism Development Planning Based on Futures Studies and Scenario Case Study: Yasouj, Tourism Planning and development, 6(23), 8-30. [in Persian].

    64)   Taghvaei, M., Shafaghi, S., & Ghaderi, M.R. (2016). A Study of Effection Factors on the Balance of The Realm of Space, Province of Gilan. Town and Country Planning, 8(1), 83-105. [in Persian]

    65)   Taghvaei, M., Shafaghi, S., & Ghaderi, M.R. (2019). Identify the key factors effective in creating regional disparities in Golestan Province. Geographical Planning of Space Quarterly, 9(31), 125-140. [in Persian].

    67)   Tan, S.K., Luh, D-B., & Kung, Sh-F. (2014). A taxonomy of creative tourists in creative tourism. Tourism Management,  42, 248-259 .

    68)   Tan, S-K., Kung, Sh-F., & Luh, D-B. (2013). A MODEL OF ‘CREATIVE EXPERIENCE’ IN CREATIVE TOURISM, Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 153-174.

    • Turok, I. (2009). The distinctive city: Pitfalls in the pursuit of differential advantage. Environment and Planning A, 41, 13–30.
    • (2005). technology foresight manual: Organization and methods. Retreived from http://www.unido.org.

    71)   Vahedpour, Gh., & Jafari, M. (2011). Strategies for Management and Sustainable Development of Iran's Tourism Infrastructure with Emphasis on the SOWT Model. Regional Planning Quarterly, 1(1), 97-83. [in Persian].

    • van der Steen, M., van Twist, M.J.W., Mark, van der Vlist, M., & Demkes, R. (2011). Integrating futures studies with organizational development: Design options for the scenario project ‘RWS2020’. Futures Journal, 43(3), 337-347.
    • Van Winden, W., Van den Berg, L., & Pol, P. (2007) European cities in the knowledge economy: towards a typology, Urban Studies, 44(3), 525-549.
    • Varesi, H.R., Tghvaei, M., Shahivandi, A. (2011). An Analysis of Status of Tourism Infrastructures in Isfahan (With Emphasis Putting on Hotels). Geography and Environmental Planning, 4(4), 91-112. [in Persian].

    75)   Zali, N. (2009). Regional Development Futurism with Scenario-Based Planning Approach, Case Study: East Azerbaijan Province. Supervisor: Mohammad Reza Pourmohammadi, Rasoul Ghorbani, Karim Hosseinzadeh Dalir, PhD Thesis, Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz. [in Persian]

    76)   Zanganeh Shahraki, S., Fotuhi Mehrabani, B., Pourakarami, M., & Soleimanzadeh, M.R. (2016). Analysis of capabilities and position of Tehran in terms of realizing the concept of creative city in comparison with other cities in the world. Journal of Geography and Urban Development, 3(2), 85-69. [in Persian].

    Zhang, Y., Yang, H., & Wang, G.  (2021). Monitoring and management of high-end tourism in protected areas b ased on 3D sensor image collection. Displays Journal, 70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2021.102089.Baste Negar, M. (2015). Color symbol in the creative tourism brand of Iranian cities. Journal of Oriental Art and Civilization, 4 (11), 21-28. [in Persian].Berbekova, , Muzaffer, U., & George,A. (2021). A thematic analysis of crisis management in tourism: A theoretical perspective. Tourism Management, 86, 104342.Bhaskara, I., & Viachaslau, F. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and organisational learning for disaster planning and management: A perspective of tourism businesses from a destination prone to consecutive disasters. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 364-375.Biranvandzadeh, M., Hedayatullah, D., & Najafi, E. (2021). Future study of nature-based sports tourism in Lorestan province. Geography and Human Relations, 2(12), 120-109. [in Persian].Carlisle, Sh., Johansen, A., & Kunc, M. (2015). Strategic foresight for (coastal) urban tourism market complexity: Thecase of Bournemouth. Tourism Management journal, 54, 81-95.Chan, Ch-Sh., Chang, T. C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Investigating Creative Experiences and Environmental Perception of Creative Tourism: The Case of PMQ (Police Married Quarters) in Hong Kong, Journal of China Tourism Research, 10, 1812Coates, JF. (1985). Foresight in Federal Government Policymaking. Futures Research Quarterly Summer, 3 (7), 29-53.Davenport, J., Davenport, J.L. (2006). The impact of tourism and personal leisure transporton coastal environments: A review. Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, 67(1-2), 280-292.Della Lucia, M., & Trunfio, M. (2018). The role of the private actor in cultural regeneration: Hybridizing cultural heritage with creativity in the city. Cities, 82, 35–44.