اثرات معماری و طراحی فضای عمومی شهر بر احساس امنیت شهروندان مطالعه موردی: پارک بانوان شهر بم

ABSTRACT
Security in any place depends on various conditions. In this study, its types are stated, and considering the importance of security for humans, the necessity of its investigation is determined. This study has examined the dimensions of women's security in urban parks with a new perspective and method. This research has applied and used review-documentary (library) methods to collect information and descriptive and analytical methods for analysis. Field data was collected among women in the park by distributing questionnaires. According to the Cochran method, the statistical population was 228,241 women in Bam city, and the sample size was 384. Based on the results, the level of impact, features, and architectures used in the women's park to create tranquility (design of the physical space of the park, internal condition and green space, welfare facilities, social and public facilities, access to the park) and their relationship with women's security has been investigated with regard to multiple regression. To show the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, the absolute value of the beta coefficient was used, and the larger the number obtained, the stronger the relationship between the two variables. Also, based on statistical information to determine the relationship between various parameters on the security of women in the Bam city park, the multiple correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination, the adjusted coefficient of determination, and the standard error of estimation were obtained as 0.712, 0.507, 0.401, and 0.892, respectively. Standardized beta coefficients (regardless of their sign) are used to compare the effects of variables. Considering that the significance level is below 0.05, all variables have a significant relationship with women's security. Considering the beta column coefficients, the park's physical space design, with a value of 0.359, and welfare facilities, with 0.281, have the most significant impact on security.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Security is the first, most obvious, and essential basic need of humans and human societies. Security has various dimensions, including psychological, physical, economic-living, social-legal, political, cultural, etc. Among the urban places that are widely used by urban dwellers due to today's apartment life in cities are urban parks. People, especially women, use these places as areas to spend their leisure time, enjoy nature, and perform physical activities. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of architecture and public space design on the sense of security of citizens of Bam city. It also pursued more specific goals, including investigating the impact of the visual and morphological dimensions of architecture and public space design, the impact of the functional dimensions of architecture and public space design, and the impact of the perceptual and social dimensions of architecture and public space design on the sense of security of citizens of Bam city.
 
Methodology
This research was conducted to investigate women's safety by collecting information, describing the research topic and conducted in the Women's Park in Bam city, Kerman province. To conduct the research, descriptive method and questionnaire were used to collect information from people visiting the Women's Park at different ages. From the perspective of the implementation approach, it is a field-survey research (correlation type) that examines the relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research.
A documentary review method was used to collect information for the subject and purpose of this study. In this study, observations were made at different times of the day and night by visiting the Women's Park in Bam city, and according to the type of people selected to complete the questionnaire, the questionnaires were distributed and collected as soon as possible. After carefully reviewing the questionnaires and eliminating incomplete questionnaires, 384 questionnaires were prepared for scoring and classification. To collect data related to the hypotheses and research variables, a standard questionnaire (Kanter Urban Space Design Questionnaire 2017) and Pour Ahmad's Urban Security Feeling Questionnaire (2017) were used, which examines the effect and relationship of independent variables on dependent variables.
 
Results and discussion
Several cases can be mentioned when examining the descriptive findings of the study. Based on the answers provided in the questionnaire, out of the total number of respondents, 250 were married, and 134 were single, accounting for 65.1% and 34.89%, respectively. The largest age group of users was 25-35 years and 35-40 years, accounting for 48.18% and 24.74%, respectively. Accordingly, most users of the park were women. In terms of literacy and education, the highest percentage was university, high school, and diploma, followed by elementary school, with percentages of 37.76, 22.6, and 18.75, respectively. In terms of employment, the respondents' occupations generally included self-employed, student (studying), housewife, and job seeker, with percentages of 51.04, 24.74, 12.76, and 11.46, respectively.
The park environment has various characteristics that should be examined in terms of physical architecture and social and public space of the architecture provided in the construction of the park. Factors that create fear in the park from the perspective of the public and physical space of the park have been examined, including other indicators, such as the dark space inside the park, verbal harassment from various people, attacks or violence from stray people, entry of strangers at various times of the night, and finally, the harassment of homeless and sleeping rough people have caused and created fear in the public and physical space of the Women's Park in Bam city.
sAccording to the coefficients of the beta column, the design of the park's physical space and amenities have the greatest impact on security. Next, in the discussion section, along with the final analysis of the theoretical and field findings and the relationship between these two parts, the process of proving the hypotheses proposed in this research has been discussed.
 
Conclusion
According to the results obtained, it was determined that the impact of each of the physical design features and architectures used in the Women's Park to create peace (design of the physical space of the park, internal conditions and green space, welfare facilities, social and public facilities and access to the park) and their relationship with women's security in the Women's Park in Bam city is according to multiple regression. Finally, it was determined that the greater the absolute value of the column related to the beta coefficient (the standardized value of the coefficients that indicates the amount of change in the dependent variable for a change of one standard deviation in the independent variable), the stronger the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable.
Based on what has been stated, it can be briefly stated that, given that women constitute half of society's active population, they also need to be present in public spaces to carry out social activities, rest, have fun, spend leisure time, establish social relationships, meet friends and acquaintances, etc.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.