نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری برنامه ریزی محیط زیست دانشگاه تهران، پردیس البرز، تهران، ایران
2 استاد تمام دانشکدة محیط زیست دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدة محیط زیست، تهران، ایران
3 دانشیار دانشکدة محیط زیست دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدة محیط زیست، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract:
In recent years, planning efforts have focused on environmental issues, such as how to direct and manage development to minimize the damage to the environment. Decisions made at the planning stage, irrespective of the natural and physical environment, can move against the needs of proper land planning and planning. National planning should focus on the spatial tasks of each area, commensurate with its ecological potential and the allocation of physical development factors. Therefore, in designing strategies and policies for urban planning departments, one should consider the ecological potential of development and design the optimal model for it. Nowadays, research in the world of environmental modeling is of great importance. Environmental models represent the obvious aspects of complex and changing environments. In Iran, too, since the validity of ecological models has not been studied for urban development using GIS and landscape, despite decades of use, so with the advancement of technology, it is necessary to develop ecological modeling first. Complete the city and then conform to the landscape and its metrics.
Introduction
It is a city that has an identity in terms of its role and appearance in environmental planning and its location in space is quite evident. It is therefore considered to be an ecological structure that is governed by a system. The task of environmental planners is to study and analyze the ecological structure in the form of a set of components that interact with each other in an environmental system, in the form of organizing forms and populations, so that the urban complex is in the process of development and evolution. Due to its spatial context, its historical context manifests itself as an ecosystem in which these relationships manifest themselves. Therefore, urbanization and urban development can undoubtedly be one of the deepest aspects of modern civilization, one of the most important factors in environmental change, and this is the reason that the ever-increasing need for land for natural resources and products and products is growing. It causes food. But overcrowding has resulted in the concentration of activities and abundance of construction, the physical growth and expansion of urban hubs and the destruction of natural ecosystems. Although urban development in industrialized countries has been slow in the last centuries, it has intensified in developing countries after World War II, and these cities are expanding more rapidly than industrialized cities. As cities are growing in all dimensions, the growth of metropolis in developing countries is more than in developed countries.
From an environmental point of view, the best location for a type of land use (urban, rural, industrial, conservation, agricultural, etc.) is the place where the least burden and pressure is put on the environment. Environmental assessment is a tool to help achieve sustainable development. The most important purpose of an environmental assessment is to ensure compliance with the policies and objectives set forth in the plans and activities of a plan or project in accordance with government environmental standards, criteria, laws and regulations Monvari, 2001). There are numerous methods to evaluate all of which attempt to standardize human use of nature on the basis of sustainable development. Common evaluation methods in the world are based on identifying the environmental resources that affect a region's power and suitability for given uses, integrating information, and ultimately using fitness models to determine the best use or uses. Land use models are useful tools for understanding land use process and supporting land planning and policy making (Verburg et al., 1999) and modeling is a valuable and useful method for understanding a process (Costanza and Ruth, 1998). ). In Iran, land evaluation and classification is done by comparing the ecological characteristics of environmental units and ecological models. The models presented for Iran are a general guide and, depending on the study site, the identified data and the purpose of the land use, it is appropriate to construct a specific model for the subject under evaluation in the framework of the Iranian Ecological Models and evaluate with the help of the model. Specifically reach the end (Makhdoom, 1999).
Methodology
In this research, it has been tried to make changes in Shiraz city and its range based on land use changes between three time periods and two periods of 2010 and 2015 and second period 2015 and 2019 based on satellite images extracted from Landsat series. After studying the changes and extraction and comparing them, three periods of Landscape changes of the study area and its changes in different skips have been studied and finally modeling of Shiraz city development with regard to ecological conservation and optimal development of the area has been discussed.
Results and discussion
As mentioned, one of the land uses that has been very important for human habitation since long ago is urban land use (Moharramnejad, 2004). In Iran, an ecological model with three classes of power has been proposed to evaluate the ecological potential of urban development land use. This model includes basic information such as climate, geographic direction, sea level, slope percentage, texture and soil type, soil drainage conditions, soil depth, soil structure, vegetation density, geology, water quantity, Grounding power and quality (land classification) are used to carry out urban development land use. In this research, it is intended to test the degree of validity of existing ecological models and to improve the statistical-mathematical relationship. This survey will be a milestone in environmental planning and land use planning in Iran and will begin the fourth stage of environmental assessment, namely the use of GIS.
Conclusion
It can be said that the implementation of the environmental case analysis process is highly dependent on the case analysis information. But in general, the study-analytical process showed the lack of spatial expansion in zones which in the present conditions strongly witnessed unplanned development without a city plan. Physically located, 38 percent of the area is suitable, while only 23 percent of the city's area is in an appropriate physical development area in terms of environmental hazards and ecological zones.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
36. A case Study Tehran Metropolis, Iran. Landscape & Environment, Vol. 8, No. 1, PP. 10-19.
37. A. Elliott, Jennifer, 1999, An introduction to sustainable development. Second edition. Routledge.
38. Azizi, Mohammad Mehdi, 1993, The Rapid Urban Spread of a Crisis, Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Development and New Cities, Vol. 2, , Isfahan: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.
39. Azizpour, Malake, 1995, Physical Environmental Assessment and Physical Development in Tabriz, Tarbiat Modarres University, Doctoral dissertation on Geography and Urban Planning, Tehran.
40. Bahram Soltani, Bahram, 1992, A Collection of Topics and Methods of Urban Development.
41. Bonyadi, Nasser, 1992, The Historical Evolution of Shiraz Urban Structure and Its Urban Spaces, Abadi Journal, No. 11, Research and Urban Development Center, Tehran.
42. Braman, S. K.; Latimer, J. G.; Oetting, R. D.; McQueen, R. D.; Eckberg, T. B. and Prinster, M., 2000, Management strategy, shade, and landscape composition effects on urban landscape plant quality and arthropod abundance. J Econ Entomol, Vol. 93, No. 5, PP. 1464-1472.
43. Byehamta Tusi, Safian and Fakhran, S., 2013, Evaluation of Isfahan Central Landscape Pattern Using Gradient Analysis. The First International Conference on Landscape Ecology.
44. Castells, Manuel, 1975, The quotation urban, Paris: Blackwell.
45. Cheng, J., 2003. Modelling Spatial and Temporal Urban Growth. Ph.D Thesis. International institute for geo-information science and earth observation (ITC). The Netherlands.
46. Costanza, R. and Ruth, M., 1998, Using dynamic modeling to scope environmental problems and build consensus. Environmental Management, Vol. 22, PP. 183-195.
47. Coppin, P.; Jonckheere, I.; Nackaerts, K. and Muys, B., 2004, Digital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: a review, Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, PP. 1565-1596.
48. Daniel, B. Botkinet al., 2003, Environmental Science. University of California press. 4th edition. John Wwiley & Sons, INC.
49. Dewan, A.M. and Yamaguchi, Y., 2009, Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization, Applied Geography, Vol. 29, PP. 390-401.
50. E. Manoli, P. K.; Arampatzis, G. and Assimacopoulos, D., 2005, Comprehensive Water Mangement Scenarios for Strategic Planning. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, Rhodes island, Greece.
51. Ermer, K.; Mohrmann, R. and Sukopp, H., 1994, Band 12 des Handbuches ‘‘Umweltschutz – Grundlagen und Praxis’’. Verlag, Bonn: Economica.
52. Estman, R.J., 2001, Idrisi32, Release 2. Tutorial. Clark University, USA. 237 PP.
53. Eastman, R. J., 2006., Guide to GIS and Image processing. Clark University, USA. 328 PP.
54. Eastman, R. J. and Jiang, H., 1996, Fuzzy measures in multi-Criteria evaluation. Proceeding of Second International Symposium on spatial accuracy assessment in natural resources and environmental studies. Fort Collins, Colorado, 527-534.
55. Eastman, R. J.; Jin, W.; Kyem, P. A. K. and Toledano, J., 1995, Raster procedures for multi-criteria/multi-objective decisions. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. Vol. 61, No. 5, PP. 539-547.
56. Etingoff, K., 2016, Urban Ecology, Strategies for Green Infrastructure and Land Use, Apple Academic Press.
57. Ewing, R., 1997, Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable?, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 1, No. 63, PP. 107-126.
58. Fan, Q. and Ding, S., 2016, Landscape pattern changes at a county scale: A case study in Fengqiu,Henan Province, China from 1990 to 2013. Catena, Vol. 137, PP. 152-160.
59. Farina, A., 2006, Principles and methods in landscape ecology Toward a Science of Landscape Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3329-X
60. Fisher, W. B., 1968, THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF IRAN IN EIGHT VOLUMES; Volume I. CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
61. Fars Housing and Urban Development Organization, 1991, Shiraz Historical and Cultural Zone Design, Raghani Jahan Pars Consulting Engineers, Shiraz.
62. Forman, R. T. T. and Godron, M., 1986, Landscape ecology. New York: Wiley.
63. Francis, R. A.; Millington, J. D. A. and Chadwick, M. A., 2016, Urban landscape ecology :science, policy and practice. London; New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
64. Gallin, Aurthur, 1986, The urban pattern, London/ New York.
65. Garnier, Beaujeu and Chabot, Gorges, 1963, Trait de geography urban. A. Colin, paris.
66. Geneletti, D., 2004, A GIS-based decision support system to identify nature conservation priorities in an alpine valley. Land Use Policy, Vol. 21, PP. 149-160.
67. Geo-Kommunikation, L. G. F., 2000-2002, Lexikon der Geowissenschaften. Band 5 2000-2002. Berlin: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin.
68. Giri, C. P., 2012, Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover: Principles and Applications, CRC-Press.
69. Gupta, Aviji, 1998, Ecological and development in the third world. Second edition.
70. Habibi, Mohsen, 1996, From Shar to Shahr, Tehran: University of Tehran Publications.
71. Haghjoo, Mohammad Reza, 1999, Feasibility Study of Spatial Development of Large Cities by Environmental Case Analysis Techniques Case Study, Shahid Beheshti University, MA Thesis in Urban Planning.
72. Hartter, J.; Lucas, Ch.; Gaughan, A.E. and Aranda, L.L., 2008, Detecting tropical dry forest succession in a shifting cultivation mosaic of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Applied Geography, Vol. 28, PP. 134-149.
73. Houte, T. and Hubert-Moy, L., 2006, Modeling and projecting land use and land cover change with a Cellular Automata in considering landscape trajectories: an improvement for simulation of plausible future states. EARsel eProceedings, Vol. 5, No. 1, PP. 63-76.
74. Howat, M., et al, 2006, The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 86, PP. 286-302.
75. Hosseini Fasaei, Mirza Hassan, 1995, Farsnameh Naseri, Shiraz: Navid Shiraz Publications.
76. Jenks, M.; Burton, E. and Williams, K., 2000, Achieving Sustainable urban Form, E & F Spon: London.
77. Johnson, E. A. J., 1998, The organization of space in developing press, Contries, Combridge, Harvard university.
78. Johnson, R.D. and Kasischke, E.S., 1998, Change vector analysis: a technique for the multi-spectral monitoring of land cover and condition, Int. j, remote sensing, Vol. 3, PP. 411-426.
79. Kok, K., Verburg, P., Veldkamp, T., 2007, Integrated Assessment of the land system: The future of land use. Land use Policy, Vol. 24, PP. 517-520.
80. Lee, D., 1994, Retrospective on large scale models, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 60, No. 1, PP. 35-44.
81. Lu, D. and Weng, Q., 2007, A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance, International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 5, PP. 823-870.
82. Liang, Sh.; Member, S.; Fang H. and Chen, M., 2001, Atmospheric Correction of Landsat ETM+ Land Surface Imagery—Part I: Methods. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, Vol. 39, PP. 2490-2498.
83. Lu, D.; Mausel, P.; Brondizio, E. and Moran, E., 2004, Change detection techniques, INT. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, PP. 2365-2407.
84. Makhdoom, M., 2004, Environmental Assessment and Planning with GIS. Tehran: University of Tehran.
85. Merlin, P., 2000, Methods quantitative and space urban, Publisher: University of Paris.
86. NASA., 2016, Landsat 8 (L8) Data Users Handbook. Retrieved from USA.
87. Netzband, M.; Stefanov, W. L. and Redman, C., 2007, Applied Remote Sensing for Urban Planning, Governance and Sustainability. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
88. Organani, M.; Serajian, M. and Homayouni, S., 2009, Sub-pixel detection of urban area changes by spectral composition analysis. Paper presented at the Geomatics, Tehran.
89. Park, S.; Jeon, S.; Kim, Sh. and Choi, Ch., 2011, Prediction and comparison of urban growth by land suitability index mapping using GIS and RS in South Korea. Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 99, PP. 104-114.
90. Physical Plans of Population Areas Located in the South of Tehran Conservation Area, 1997, General Directorate of Urban Planning of Tehran Municipality Volume 3 of Strategic Planning.
91. Rashed, T. and Jürgens, C., 2010, Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas, Springer.
92. Richards, J. A., 2004, Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis. Berlin: Springer- Verlag.
93. Ridd, M.K, Liu, J., 1998. A Comparison of Four Algorithms for Change Detection in an Urban Environment, Remote Sens. Environ, Vol. 63, PP. 95-100.
94. Sakieh, Y. and Salmanmahiny, A., 2016, Performance assessment of geospatial simulation models of land-use change--a landscape metric-based approach. Environ Monit Assess, Vol. 188, No. 3, PP. 169. doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5179-5.
95. Sakieh, Y.; Salmanmahiny, A.; Jafarnezhad, J.; Mehri, A.; Kamyab, H. and Galdavi, S., 2015, Evaluating the strategy of decentralized urban land-use planning in a developing region. Land Use Policy, Vol. 48, PP. 534-551. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.004
96. Schneider, L. and Pontius Jr, R.G., 2001, Modeling land-use change: the case of the Ipswich watershed, Massachusetts, USA. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. Vol. 85, PP. 83-94.
97. Seedgar, Mohammad Reza, 1998, Investigation and Identification of the Main City Construction (Shiraz Case), Doctoral dissertation on Urban Planning, University of Tehran.
98. Shahraki, S. Z.; Seifolddini, F. and Pourahmad, A., 2012, Urban Sprawl and Fertile Agricultural Lands in Iranian Cities — Case Study: Tehran and Karaj. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Vol. 6, No. 2, PP. 204-210.
99. Shetty, P. J.; Sudhira, H.S.; Shetty, P.J.; Gowda, S. and Gururaja, K.V., 2012, Effect of Landscape Metrics onVaried Spatial Extents of Bangalore, India. Asian Journal of Geoinformatics, Vol. 12, No. 1, PP. 1-11.
)