بررسی آثار طرح تجهیز، نوسازی و یکپارچه‌سازی اراضی بر امنیت غذایی (مطالعۀ موردی: دهستان میان‌‌دربند شهرستان کرمانشاه)

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد توسعۀ روستایی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه

2 دانشیار دانشکدۀ کشاورزی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه

3 استادیار دانشکدۀ کشاورزی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه

چکیده

کشاورزی یکی از عوامل مؤثر و انکارناپذیر در امنیت غذایی است. توسعۀ کشاورزی در قالب اجرای طرح‌های افزایش بهره‌برداری از منابع آب و خاک، یکی از سیاست‌های مهم دولت در بخش کشاورزی است. پروژۀ سد گاوشان در منطقۀ میان‌دربند شهرستان کرمانشاه، از جملۀ این طرح‌هاست که یکی از اهداف آن، تأمین آب مورد نیاز اراضی کشاورزان و بهبودبخشیدن به معیشت خانوار روستایی است. از این‌رو، هدف مطالعۀ کیفی حاضر، سنجش و بررسی آثار طرح تجهیز، نوسازی و یکپارچه‌سازی اراضی منطقۀ میان‌دربند بر امنیت غذایی ساکنان آن است. طرح تحقیق، مطالعۀ چندموردی و از نوع مقایسۀ قبل و بعد از پروژه است. داده‌ها نیز از طریق رهیافت ارزیابی مشارکتی روستایی و با استفاده از تکنیک‌هایی مانند نقشه‌های اجتماعی، نقشه‌های منابع و همچنین تقویم فصلی جمع‌آوری شده است. واحد سنجش در این مطالعه، پنج روستای جلوگیرۀ سفلی، صفی‌آباد، سراب شله، خوشینان سفلی (ده کور) و کلاه کبود وسطی از دهستان میان‌دربند است. داده‌ها از طریق تحلیل محتوای ارتباطی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. به‌منظور مشخص‌‌کردن شرایط علی حاکم بر این پروژه، از روش نقشه‌های ذهنی بهره گرفته شد. مطابق نتایج، این پروژه بر امنیت غذایی بهره‌برداران تأثیر گذاشته است. همچنین این مطالعه، دستاوردهایی برای سیاست‌گذاران و برنامه‌‌ریزان مدیریت منابع آب به‌‌همراه دارد. علاوه‌‌براین می‌توان آن را مبنایی برای سنجش ریسک در پروژه‌های آتی درنظر گرفت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Impacts of Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation Project on Rural Food Security in Miandarband Region

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fariba Jahan Ramezan 1
  • Kiyumars Zarafshani 2
  • Farahnaz Rostami 3
1 MSc in Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Iran
2 Associate Professor of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Food security over the past decade was one of the main objectives of rural development policies in many countries. Agricultural policies such as productive improvement, conservation and utilization of water and land resources are being considered in the heart of development projects. Among these initiatives to achieve improved quality of infrastructure, environment and welfare is the land consolidation and land rehabilitation plans. In the otherwise small farm landholdings couples with scattered plots have created a major challenge for agricultural development in Iran. Land fragmentation provides an appropriate strategy to overcome current problems in Iranian farming systems. Thus, agriculture is the major source of food security in the world. For food security to ensure, agricultural policies such as water management, land improvement projects and land consolidation should be included in the heart of development projects. Studies show that land consolidation and land rehabilitation affects food security of rural households. However, most land improvement projects are implemented with limited attention to participation of stakeholders. Thus, these projects have low satisfaction level among the rural population. During the past decade, there has been increasing demand for water management strategies across rural areas of Iran. In line with development programs, dam construction and water saving strategies in Iran have attracted the attention of many development practitioners. However, the impact of these projects on rural livelihood is not understood. Recently, the Gavshon Dam Project has been implemented by both the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Regional Water Company. The purpose of this project was to provide irrigation water to water users (irrigated farmers) and to enhance the livelihood of farmer households. However, during the past 5 years since the beginning of the project, impact evaluation had not been conducted by the stakeholders. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative research was to assess the impact of land improvement project on rural food security in Miandarband region.
Methodology
Qualitative research paradigm was selected because of impact evaluation. In other words, impact evaluations are best determined with qualitative research methods so that direct and indirect impacts are determined. The research method was based on multi-case study through a pre-port design. Data was collected using participatory rural appraisal methodology such as social and resource mapping as well as seasonal calendar. Triangulation techniques have been used to validate and test for trustworthiness of the findings. For example, in-depth interviews and focus group discussion has been also used to collect further data. The unit of analysis comprised of five villages including Jelogiresofla, Safiabad, Sarabshela, Khoshneshinanesofla, and Kolakaboodevosta. These villages have been selected because they have experienced before and after land improvement projects. From each village eight farmers were selected through a purposeful sampling. A total of 40 farmers lived in the region before and after the project have participated in the study. Data have also been analyzed using relational content analysis. In order to get a clear picture of causal condition, mind mapping has been used for further analysis of the qualitative data.
 
Results and Discussion
The results of this study revealed that the project has impacted food security of farm households. Moreover, rural households were able to have access to diverse food material and gained more purchasing power. The results of this study have implications for agricultural policymakers and the regional water company in the province. First, agricultural policymakers can use the result of this study as a risk assessment tool in the future land improvement projects. For example, future land consolidation projects in the province may be implemented with minimum risk since the result of this study shows positive impact in food security of farm households. Second, regional water company have gained experience in launching water management schemes with Agricultural Jihad Organization. Future studies should concentrate on more participatory land improvement projects in Kermanshah province. This would enhance livelihood strategies of farmers and empower farmer households. Moreover, participatory water management schemes allows for collective actions among the stakeholders. The results of the research have also indicated that the Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans have left impacts on food security of farmers in these regions. In physical access to food, results have revealed that after Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans, access to financial resources and access to a variety of food is increased. An attempt by access to market, the Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans have not been changed in these regions.
 
Conclusion
In this subject Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans changed food consumption pattern from dairy and beef cattle to consumption of vegetables, such as tomatoes, eggplant, etc. because of increasing irrigated farms. In other words, there was a significant improvement in food security as an attempt for physical and economic access in this region by Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans. Anderson (2006) maintained that land modernization project in Australia have caused improvement in the food security of farmers. Other researchers have achieved similar conclusions. For example, the studies of Sedara and co-worker (2002) in Cambodia and Aksykn et al (2008) in China revealed that, proper use of water and soil resources makes adequate access to food and food security. On the other hand, these results were also confirmed by other studies including Rivera and Qamar (2003), Sallaku (2010), Kruger and Medlin (2007), and Anderson (2006). Similar results of these studies can demonstrate that Land Consolidation and Land Rehabilitation plans will increase the agricultural productivity and economic state of farmers. Because of this situation food security will be increased. In terms of research methodology, this study contributes to current literature on qualitative research paradigm. Participatory rural appraisal proves to be effective in that farmers are greatly considered and the researcher played the role of facilitator. This in turn empowered the poor and marginalized population in the region. This study had its limitations in that some farmers were reluctant to participate in the study. Further research is needed to discover different methods of motivating passive farmers to participate more effectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Food security
  • Land Consolidation
  • Land improvement
  • Participatory rural appraisal
  • Water management schemes

مراجع

  1. ادیب حاج باقری، محسن، پرویزی، سرور و صلصالی، مهوش، 1389، روش‌های تحقیق کیفی، نشر علوم پزشکی (بشری)، چاپ اول.
  2. پیاب، مولود، درستی مطلق، احمد رضا، اشراقیان، محمد رضا، سیاسی، فریدون و کریمی، تینا، 1391، رابطه ناامنی غذایی با برخی عوامل اجتماعی – اقتصادی و تغذیه‌ای در مادران دارای کودک دبستانی شهرستان ری در سال 1389، مجله علوم تغذیه و صنایع غذایی ایران، سال هفتم، شماره 1، صص 84-75.
  3. خضری، محمد، 1384، امنیت غذایی و امنیت ملی، نخستین همایش کشاورزی و توسعه ملی، موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی و اقتصاد کشاورزی، تهران.
  4. دینی ترکمانی، علی، 1383، برآورد امنیت غذایی در ایران و ارزیابی از نحوه مواجهه رویکردهای نظری رقیب با ناامنی غذایی، مقالات برگزیده نخستین همایش کشاورزی و توسعه ملی، جلد 4، کشاورزی و امنیت غذایی، موسسه پژوهش‌های برنامه‌ریزی و اقتصاد کشاورزی.
  5. رامش، طاهره، درستی مطلق، احمد رضا و عبداللهی، مرتضی، 1388، شیوع ناامنی غذایی در خانوارهای شهر شیراز و ارتباط برخی عوامل اقتصادی-اجتماعی و جمعیتی با آن در سال 1387، مجله علوم تغذیه و صنایع غذایی ایران، شماره 4، صص 64-53.
  6. رکن‌الدین افتخاری، علیرضا، 1382، توسعه کشاورزی ( مفاهیم، اصول، روش تحقیق، برنامه‌ریزی) در یکپارچه‌سازی اراضی کشاورزی، سمت، تهران.
  7. شعبانعلی فمی، حسین، علی بیگی، امیر حسین و شریف زاده، ابوالقاسم، 1384، رهیافت­ها و فنون مشارکت در ترویج کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، چاپ اول، موسسه توسعه روستایی ایران.
  8. کاشی، خداداد و حیدری، خلیل، 1383، بررسی امنیت غذایی خانوارهای ایرانی بر اساس شاخص AHFSI . اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه، سال دوازدهم، شماره 48، صص 182-155. 
  9. کیمیاگر، سید مسعود، باژن، مرجان و صمیمی، بیتا، 1383، بررسی وضعیت عرضه محصولات کشاورزی و تاثیر آن در الگوی مصرف مواد غذایی در ایران، اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه، سال دوازدهم، شماره 48، صص 167-182.
  10. مارشال، کاترین و راسمن، گرچن، 1381، روش تحقیق کیفی، ترجمه پارساییان، علی و اعرابی، سید محمد. چاپ دوم، دفتر پژوهش‌های فرهنگی، تهران.
  11. مطلبی، مجتبی، 1386، بررسی موانع موجود در اجرای طرح‌های یکپارچه‌سازی در تعاونی‌های استان همدان از دیدگاه کارشناسان و بهره برداران، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه.

12. Adib Hajbagheri. M, Parvizi. S. and Salsali. M, 2010, Qualitative Research Methods, Publication of Medical Sciences (Boshra Press), first edition. (In Persian)

  1. Ahmed, M., Lorica, M. H., 2002, Improving Developing Country Food Security through a Quaculture Development Lessons from Asia, Food Policy, No. 27, PP. 125–141.
  2. Anderson, T., 2006, Food Security and Agriculture in the Australia-East Timor Relationship, Monash Asia Instiute Press, Melbourne.
  3. Anfara, V. A., Brown, K. M. and Mangione, T. L., 2002, Qualitative Analysis on Stage: Making the Research Process More Public, American Educational ResearcherAssociation, Sage, PP. 28–38.
  4. Barrow, C. J., 2005, Social Impact Assessment: An Introduction, Arnold, London.
  5. Bickel, G. et al., 2000, Guide to Measuring Household Food Security, The US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington DC.
  6. Borlaug, N., 2009, Implications of Technological Change, Post-Harvest Technology and Technology Adoption for Improved Food Security Application of Statistics, Food Security Policy Analysis, PP. 17–37.
  7. Catley, A., et al., 2002, Participatory Analysis of Seasonal Incidences of Diseases of Cattle, Disease Vectors and Rainfall in Southern Sudan, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, No. 53, PP. 275–284.

20. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2000, Research Method in Education, Taylor and Francis Publication,Routledge.

  1. Cromwell, E. and Kyegombe, N., 2005, Food Security Options in Malawi: Good Neighbors Make Good Friends, Country Food Security Options Paper, No. 2, Forum for Food Security in Southern Africa.
  2. Dean, W. R. and Sharkey, J. R., 2011, Food Insecurity, Social Capital and Perceived Personal Disparity in a Predominantly Rural Region of Texas: An Individual-Level Analysis, Social Science and Medicine, No. 72, PP. 1454-1462.
  3. Demetriou, D., Stillwell, J. and See, L., 2010, Land Spaces: A Design Module for Land Consolidation: Method and Application, Working Paper 10, University of Leeds.
  4. Dilley, M. and Boudreau, T. E., 2001, Coming to Terms with Vulnerability: A Critique of the Food Security Definition, Food Policy, No. 26, PP. 229–247.
  5. Dini Torkamani, A., 2004, Assessment and Evaluation of Food Security in Iran and Method to Face of Competing Theoretical Approaches to Food Insecurity, Selected papers from the First National Conference on Agriculture and Development, Vol. 4, Agriculture and Food Security, Institute of Planning and Agricultural Economics Research, Tehran. (In Persian)
  6. Ewing, M. and Msangi, S., 2009, Biofuels Production in Developing Countries: Assessing Tradeoffs in Welfare and Food Security, Environmental Science and policy, No. 12, PP. 520–528.
  7. Gimenez, E. H. and Peabody, L., 2008, Introduction to Food Security: Concepts and Measurement, Food Security, Poverty, and Nutrition Policy Analysis, PP. 5–15.
  8. Gladwin, Ch. H., Thomson, A. M., Peterson, J. S. and Anderson, A. S., 2001, Addressing Food Security in Africa Via Multiple Livelihood Strategies of Women Farmers, Food Policy, Vol. 26, PP. 177–207.
  9. Gonzalez, X. P., Marey, M. F. and Alvarez, C. J., 2007, Evaluation of Productive Rural Land Patterns with Joint Regard to the Size, Shape and Dispersion of Plots, Agricultural Systems, No. 92, PP. 52–62.
  10. Gun, S., 2003, Legal State of Land Consolidation in Turkey and Problems in Implementation, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 15, PP. 1380-1383.
  11. Hadley, C., Lindstromb, D., Tessemac, F. and Belachew, T., 2008, Gender Bias in the Food Insecurity Experience of Ethiopian Adolescents, Social Sciences and Medicine, No. 66, PP. 427–438.
  12. Hadley, C. et al., 2011, Household Capacities, Vulnerabilities and Food Insecurity: Shifts in Food Insecurity, Social Sciences and Medicine, No. 73, PP. 1534-1542.
  13. Harrigan, J., 2008, Food Insecurity, Poverty and the Malawian Starter Pack: Fresh Start or False Start, Food Policy, No. 33, PP. 237–249.
  14. Heiskanen, E. et al., 2008, Qualitative Research and Consumer Policy: Focus Group Discussions as a Form of Consumer Participation, TheQualitative Report,Vol. 13, No. 3, PP. 152-172.
  15. Hoko. Z, Hertle.J. (2005). An evaluation of the sustainability of a rural water rehabilitation project in Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.31, 699–706.
  16. Kashi. F, Heidari. Kh, 2004, Iranian household food security survey, based on AHFSI Index, Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, Vol. XII, No. 48, pp. 155- 182. (In Persian)
  17. Kashi. F, Heydari. kh. (2004). Assessment of food security Iranian households by AHFSI. Index. Agricultural Economics and Development, Year 12, No. 48, pp. 155-182. (In Persian)
  18. Khezri. M., 2005, Food Security and National Security, Agriculture and National Development Conference. Research Institute of Agricultural Economics and Planning, Tehran. (In Persian)
  19. Kimiyagar, M., Bazhan, M. and Samimi, B., 2004, The Study of Agricultural Supply and Its Impact on the Pattern of Food Consumption in Iran, Agricultural Economics and Development, Vol. 12, No. 48, PP. 167-182. (In Persian)
  20. Knox, S. and Urkard, A., 2009, Qualitative Research Interviews,Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 19, No. 4/5.
  21. Komives, S. R. et al., 2005, Developing a Leadership Identity: A Grounded Theory, Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 46, No. 6, PP. 593- 611.
  22. Kruger, H., Steyn, T., Medlin, B. D. and Drevin, L., 2007, An Empirical Assessment of Factors Impeding Effective Password Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom.
  23. Lerman, Z. and Climpoies, D., 2006, Land Consolidation as a Factor for Successful Development of Agriculture in Molldova, Paper presented at the 96th EAAE Seminar “Causes and Impacts of Agricultural Structures, Tanikon, Switzerland.
  24. Lusho. S. and Papa, D., 1998, Land Fragmentation and Consolidation in Albania, Working Paper, No. 25, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison.

45. Marshall, K., Rasman, G., Parsayyan, A. and Arabi, M., 2002, Qualitative Research Methods, 2nd Edition, Cultural Research office, Tehran., Translate by Parsayyan, A. and Arabi, M, (In Persian) 

  1. Marshall, K. and Rasmn, G., 2002, Qualitative Research Methods, 2nd Edition, Center of Cultural Research, Tehran.

47. Meier, P. S., 2007, Mind-Mapping, Social Research Update, School of Health and Related Researc, University of Sheffield.

  1. Misselhorn, A. et al., 2012, A Vision for Attaining Food Security, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, No. 4, PP. 7–17.
  2. Motalebi. M., 2007, Survey of Barriers in the Implementation of Cooperative Integration in Hamedan Province (View of Experts and Stakeholders), MS Thesis of Rural Development, University of Razi, Kermanshah. (In Persian)
  3. Mousseau, F., 2005, Impact of Market Access on Food Security–Application of Factor Analysis, Food Security, Poverty, and Nutrition Policy Analysis, PP. 89 - 111.
  4. Noleppa, S. et al., 2008, Opportunities to Mainstream Land Consolidation in Rural Development Programmes of the European Union. FAO Land Tenure Policy Series.
  5. Okolo, D. A., 2006, Agricultural Development and Food Security in sub-Sahran Africa (SSA): The Case of Nigeria. Working Paper, No. 05, Policy Assistance Unit of the FAO Subregional Office for East and Southern Africa.
  6. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Dickinson, W. B., Leech, N. L. and Zoran, A. G., 2009, A Qualitative Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research, International Journal of Qualitative Methods,Vol. 8, No. 3, PP. 1-21.
  7. Owusu, V., Abdulai, A. and Abdul-Rahman, S., 2011, Non Farm Work and Food Security among farm households in Northern Ghana, Food Policy, No. 36, PP. 108–118.
  8. Payab, M. et al., 2012, Relationship between food insecurity and nutrition with some socioeconomic factors in mothers of children of school age, Ray's City in 2010. Journal of Nutrition and Food Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, PP. 75-84. (In Persian)
  9. Ramesh, T, Dorosti motlagh. A. and Abdullahi, M., 2009, Shiraz Prevalence of Household Food Insecurity and Related Factors - Economic, Social and Population in 2008, Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4, PP. 53-64. (In Persian)
  10. Renzaho. A. M. and Mellor, D., 2010, Food Security Measurement in Cultural Pluralism: Missing the Point or Conceptual Misunderstanding, Nutrition, No. 26, PP. 1–9.
  11. Rivera. W. M. and Qamar, M. K., 2003, Agricultural Extension, Rural Development and the Food Security Challenge, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.
  12. Rosin, Ch., 2012, Food Security and the Justification of Productivism in New Zealand, Journal of Rural Studies, No. 30, PP. 1-9.
  13. Ruane, J. and Sonnino, A., 2011, Agricultural Biotechnologies in Developing Countries and Their Possible Contribution to Food Security, Journal of Biotechnology, No. 156, PP. 356– 363.
  14. Rukn al-Din eftekhari. A., 2003, Agricultural Development (Concepts, Principles, Methods, Research, Planning) in Land Consolidation and Agricultural, Samt Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
  15. Sallaku, F. et al., 2010, The Role of Land Consolidation Activities in the Sustainable Rural Development in Albania,Research Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 42, No. 3., PP. 45-59.
  16. Scherr, S. J., Wallace, C. and Buck, L., 2011, Agricultural Innovation for Food Security and Poverty Reduction in the 21st Century: Issues for Africa and the World, Ecoagriculture Partners, Washington DC. (In Persian)
  17. Sedara, K., Sophal, Ch. and Acharya, S., 2002, Land, Rural Livelihoods and Food Security in Cambodia: A Perspective from Field Reconnaissance, Working Paper 24, Cambodia Development Resource Institute. (In Persian)
  18. Shabanali Fami, H., Alibeigi, A. H. and Sharifzadeh, A., 2005, Approaches and Techniques Participatory in Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Issue 4, Institute of Rural Development. (In Persian)
  19. Shahbaz Khan, A., Munir, A. H. and Jianxin, M., 2009, Water Management and Crop Production for Food Security in China: A Review, Agricultural Water Management, No. 96, PP. 349-360. (In Persian)
  20. Shriar, A. J., 2002, Food Security and Land Use Deforestation in Northern Guatemala, Food Policy, No. 27, PP. 395-414. (In Persian)
  21. Silverman, D. (Ed), 2004, Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, Thousand Oaks, Sage,CA. (In Persian)
  22. Sontheimer, S., Callens, K. and Seiffert, B., 1999, Conducting a PRA Training and Modifying PRA Tools to Your Needs, An Example From a Articipatory Household Food Security and Nutrition Project in Ethiopia, Technical Backstopping to the Preparatory Phase of GCP/ETH/056/BEL.
  23. Sutherland, A. J. et al., 1999, Household Food Security in Semi-Arid Africa the Contribution of Participatory Adaptive Research and Development to Rural Livelihoods in Eastern Kenya, Food Policy, No. 24, PP. 363–390.
  24. Tirado, M. C. et al., 2010, Addressing the Challenges of Climate Change and Biofuel Production for Food and Nutrition Security, Food Research International, No. 43, PP. 1729-1744.
  25. Todorova, S. A. and Lulcheva, D., 2005, Economic and Social Effects of Land Fragment on Bulgarian Agriculture, Journal of Central European Agriculture, Vol. 6, No. 4, PP. 555-562. (In Persian)
  26. Trnka, J., 2002, Land Fragmentation and Land Consolidation in Czech, Republic, Documentation of The International Symposium.
  27. Wehrmann, B., Klaus, M. and Straber, M., 2002, Documentation of the International Symposium on Land Fragmentation and Land Consolidation in Central and Eastern European Countries, Technical University Munich.
  28. Wolfe, W. S. and Frongillo, E. A., 2001, Building Household Food Security Measurement Tools from the Ground up, Food and Nutrition Bulletin,Vol. 22, No. 1, PP. 5-12.

76. Zampetakis, L. A., Tsironis, L. and Moustakis, V., 2006, Creativity Development in Engineering Education: The Case of Mind Mapping, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 26, No. 4, PP. 370-380.

پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی
دوره 48، شماره 3
مهر 1395
صفحه 507-521

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 13 خرداد 1392
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 19 دی 1393
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 19 دی 1393

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار