واکاوی چالش‌های جغرافیایی ظهور دموکراسی در خاورمیانه

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه یزد

2 استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

در چند دهة اخیر، تحقق نظام حکومتی لیبرال سرمایه‌داری در منطقة خاورمیانه، با فراز و نشیب‌های بسیاری همراه بود. از طرفی همواره درمورد امکان تحقق دموکراسی غربی در خاورمیانه، بحث‌های زیادی مطرح شده است. در سال‌های اخیر نیز چالش‌های مربوط به ظهور مفهوم دموکراسی در بسیاری از کشورها و حکومت‌های خاورمیانه مشاهده می­شود. در این راستا، بعضی از اندیشمندان معتقدند ظهور دموکراسی از نوع حاکم در جهان غرب، در منطقة خاورمیانه امکان­ناپذیر است. این دسته از اندیشمندان، اغلب تضاد فرهنگی تمدنی منطقة خاورمیانه با غرب را دلیل عمدة این مسئله می‌دانند. به­عبارت دیگر، جبر فرهنگی‌– هویتی این منطقه را دلیل عمدة کندبودن روند دموکراسی در خاورمیانه تلقی می‌کنند. در این پژوهش، با فرض قبول این تعارض و برای بررسی علل آن، به کالبد جغرافیای طبیعی و ویژگی‌های جغرافیای انسانی منطقة خاورمیانه نگاه دقیق‌تری می­شود تا علل بنیادین امکان­ناپذیربودن تحقق مدل لیبرال سرمایه‌داری از نوع غربی در این منطقه مشخص شود. در این زمینه با اتکا به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی، دلایل بنیادین این مسئله- که منتج از ویژگی‌های جغرافیای انسانی و طبیعی این منطقه است- بررسی می­شود. فرضیة این پژوهش آن است که توسعة سیاسی و بسط دموکراسی از نوع غربی در خاورمیانه به­دلیل ویژگی‌های خاص طبیعی و انسانی این منطقه، هیچ‌گاه به­طور کامل تحقق نمی‌یابد و نهادینه­شدن فرایند تأثیرگذاری مردم در حکومت، نیازمند مدل‌های دیگری است که با زیرساخت‌های طبیعی و انسانی منطقه مطابقت داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Explanation of the Geographical Challenges of Democracy in the Middle East

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ehsan Lashgari Tafreshi 1
  • Seyed Abbas Ahmadi 2
1 Assistance Professor of Political Geography, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Political Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Establishment of liberal state democratic structure in the Middle East had been faced with up and down in this area during recent decades. This issue had been come up consistently with serious discussion about probability of democratic system accomplishment in this region. Hence, some of political experts believe that democratic thoughts could be spread in the entire world and states of Middle East should consistently joint to this ruling system. This is because democratic ideas have efficiency and global performance in all of the world and in all of the societies. Another group of political scientists believe that democratic system accomplishment could not be installed in Middle East. The reason for this is that the ruling thoughts and dominant doctrines in this region are obstacle for establishment of the democratic system. In other words, human situations of this region do not prepare that for democratic state. On other side, in political geography this issue could be checked by view of political geography? Other groups of political sciences believe that democratic system accomplishment in Middle East could not be installed.
 
Methodology
This paper seeks to answer the question: “what human and physical geographical factors impede stablishment of the progressive democratic states in the middle east?” To answer this question, we have used descriptive- analytical methods and with valid bibliography. It was struggled that geographical factors are extracted as basic source of this issues. In other words, in this paper it has been attempted to answer this problem that why centralization structure of state were developed in this region. Thus, with acceptation of the contradiction between Middle East political cultures and democratic thoughts as hypothesis in this article, it was also struggled that this topic checked geographical approach. For description of these issues, they have been studied by the human and natural geographical conditions of Middle East. The issues have posed new outlooks for causing this issue. In this paper, the main question is that” is there any relation between geographical situations in the Middle East with progress democracy?”
 
Results and Discussion
In an overview, the main constraints of democracy making and important factors of centralization and totalities in the Middle East are:
1. Ethnic diversity in the state of this region is very high. Thus, there has been much potential for conflict and confrontation in the region's countries over the past decade. Obviously, totalitarian regimes are better able for overcoming to ethnic divisions. Therefore, this ensures that the desire of concentration of power is increased in these areas. On other side, biological foundations of scattering in this region are not fair. Therefore, centralized state can only provide equitable access for all people fairly. In other words, natural resources and fossil fuels are not equal in across the country.
2. In this region, one of the crucial elements influencing the political features of the state and society are religion. Obviously, the advent of Islam in the Middle East has been profound impact on the objective features of the government, and society in this region. Obviously, Islam is less adapted with the principles of democracy and liberalism. Thus, this issue is another human obstacle of democratic state emergence in this region. Obviously, since the advent of Islam in the Middle East, profound impact of religion on the objective features of the government and society was observed in this region. Obviously, Islam is less adapted with the principles of democracy and liberalism. Thus, this issue is another obstacle for emergence of democratic state in this region. Therefore, it is clear that Islamic thought does not really match with democracy. In a democracy, all citizens should have equal rights together, while in Islam there are not equal rights between men and women, scholars and imitators, and between Muslims and non-Muslims.
3. In most developed countries, the bulk of tax revenue comes from the state budget. In some countries, even in the top 80% revenue is earned from taxes. But in most states in the Middle East, more than 50% of government revenue is earned directly from the sale of oil and oil-related derivatives and other sources of oil product and single-product. However, in most state in the Middle East, more than 50% of government revenue is earned directly from the sale of oil and oil-related derivatives and other sources of oil product and single-products. Therefore, the states with relatively large revenues from the sale of fossil fuels and single-products, determine its own national strategic objective
 
Conclusion
As mentioned, human and physical geographical structures and infrastructure play very effective role in political ideas of any state in this region. This is because democratic ideas have efficient global performance in entire the world and in all the societies. Another group of political scientists believe that democratic system accomplishment in Middle East could not be installed. Finding research reveal that determinate human and natural geographical condition in this region is the biggest obstacle to establish democratic system.
Thus, in the Middle East, there are much historical evidence that indicate a large influence of geographical environment on the structure and functions of states and the government, particularly in this region. The bulk of tax revenue comes from the state budget. In some countries, even in the top 80 percent revenue earnings are from taxes. But in most state in the Middle East, more than 50 percent of government revenue is earned directly from the sale of oil and oil-related derivatives and other sources of oil product and single-product. Therefore, the states with relatively large revenues from the sale of fossil fuels and single-products determine their own national strategic objective in development and implementation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • concentration
  • Democracy
  • Geographical area
  • Governance system
  • Middle East
بنارد، چریل، 1384، اسلام دموکراتیک مدنی رویکرد آمریکایی، ترجمة عسگر قهرمانپور، انتشارات پژوهشکدة مطالعات راهبردی، تهران.
توحیدفام، محمد، 1381، دموکراسی در عصر جهانی­شدن، انتشارات روزنه، تهران.
ثاقب، جهانبخش، 1379، تاریخ رویارویی اسلام و غرب، انتشارات دفتر تبلیغاتی اسلامی حوزة علمیة قم، قم.
جعفری ولدانی، اصغر، 1388، چالش‌ها و منازعات در خاورمیانه، انتشارات پژوهشکدة مطالعات راهبردی، تهران.
حاتمی، محمدرضا و محمدرضا ثمری، 1390، مسائل خاورمیانه، انتشارات دانشگاه پیام­نور، تهران.
حافظ­نیا، محمدرضا، احمدی­پور، زهرا و مصطفی قادری، 1389، سیاست و فضا، انتشارات پاپلی، مشهد.
درایسدل، آلاسدایر و بلیک جرالد، 1386، جغرافیای سیاسی خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا، ترجمة دره میرحیدر، انتشارات دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین‌الملل وزارت امور خارجه، تهران.
ذاکریان، مهدی، 1382، حقوق بشر و خاورمیانه، انتشارات مرکز پژوهش‌های علمی و مطالعات استراتژیک خاورمیانه، تهران.
سردارآبادی، خلیل­اله، 1386، دولت مطلقة مدرن و عدم شکل‌گیری توسعة سیاسی در ایران. مجموعة مقالات دولت مدرن در ایران، به اهتمام رسول افضلی، انتشارات دانشگاه مفید، قم.
شاپیرو، جان سالوین، 1380، لیبرالیسم معنا و تاریخ آن، ترجمة محمدسعید حنایی کاشانی، نشر نی، تهران.
شکوئی، حسین، 1384، فلسفه‌های محیطی و مکتب‌های جغرافیایی، جلد دوم، انتشارات گیتاشناسی، تهران.
شیرازی، ابوالحسن، قربانی، ارسلان و رضا سیمبر، 1390، سیاست و حکومت خاورمیانه، انتشارات سمت، تهران.
شیرودی، مرتضی، 1387، تمرکز و توسعة سیاسی در تاریخ معاصر ایران، فصلنامة علمی- پژوهشی انقلاب اسلامی، سال چهارم، شمارة 13.
قالیباف، محمدباقر و پورموسوی، موسی و مریم امیدی، 1390، درآمدهای نفتی و توزیع قدرت سیاسی در ایران، فصلنامة ژئوپلیتیک، سال هفتم، شمارة 2، صص 37- 70.
کامروا، مهران، 1388، خاورمیانة معاصر، ترجمة محمدباقر قالیباف و سیدموسی پورموسوی، نشر قومس، تهران.
کریمی­پور، یداله، 1381، مقدمه­ای بر تقسیمات کشوری، انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی تربیت معلم، تهران.
کوهن، سوئل، 1387، نظام ژئوپلیتیک جهانی، ترجمة عباس کاردان، انتشارات مؤسسة ابرار معاصر تهران، تهران.
لشگری، احسان، 1388، دموکراسی و چالش‌های پیش روی آن در جهان اسلام، فصلنامة علوم سیاسی، سال دوازدهم، شمارة 48، صص 119- 133.
لوسیانی، جیامکو، 1386، نفت و اقتصاد سیاسی خاورمیانه، ترجمة سیدمحسن علوی­پور، مجموعه­مقالات روابط بین‌الملل خاورمیانه، گردآوری لوئیس فاوست، انتشارات دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین‌الملل وزارت امورخارجه، تهران.
لوئیس، برنارد، 1384، مشکل از کجا آغاز شد، ترجمة شهریار خواجیان، انتشارات اختران، تهران.
لوئیس، برنارد، 1377، اسلام و دموکراسی، مجموعه­مقالات ایران، اسلام و تجدد، گردآوری مرتضی اسعدی، انتشارات طرح نو، تهران.
محقق داماد، سیدمصطفی، 1379، حقوق بشر در اسلام و غرب، ماهنامة اسلام و غرب، شمارة 40، صص 33- 47.
متقی، ابراهیم، 1387، رویارویی غرب معاصر با جهان اسلام، انتشارات پژوهشگاه فرهنگ و اندیشة اسلامی، تهران.
میرترابی، سعید، 1387، مسائل نفت ایران، نشر قومس، تهران.
Benard, C., 2005, Civil Democratic Islam: Partners, Resources, and Strategies, Translated by: Ghahremanpour, A., Strategic Studies Institute, Tehran. (In Persian)
Tohidfam, M., 2002, Democracy in the Age of Globalization, Rozaneh Publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
Sagheb, J., 2000, History of Encounter between Islamand theWest, Qom Seminary Advertising Office Publisher, Qom. (In Persian)
Jafari Valadani, Asghar, 2009, Challenges and Conflicts in the Middle East, Strategic Studies Institution, Tehran. (In Persian)
Hatami, M. R. and Samari, M. R., 2011, Issues of Middle East, Payame Nour University Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
Hafeznia, M. R., Ahmadipour, Z. and Ghaderi, M., 2010, Politic and Space, Papoli Publications, Mashhad. (In Persian)
Drysdale, Alasdair and Blake, G. H., 2008, The Middle East, North Africa: A Political Geography, Translated by: Mirheydar, D., Foreign Minister Politic and International publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Zakereyan, M., 2003, Human Rights and the Middle East, Middle East Studies Institution, Tehran. (In Persian)
Sadarabady, K., 2007, Modern Absolute State and Lack of Formation the Political Development in Iran, Proceedings of Modern State in Iran, In Afzali, R. (Editor), Mofied University Press, Qom. (In Persian)
Shapero, J., 2001, Liberalism: Meaning and History, Translated by: Hanaei, M. S., Nashreney, Tehran. (In Persian)
Shakouiee, H., 2005, Environmental Philosophy and Geographical Schools, Vol. 2, Getashenasi, Tehran. (In Persian)
Sherazy, A., Ghorbani, A. and Siembar, R., 2011, Politic and State in the Middle East, Samt, Tehran. (In Persian)
Shieroudi, M., 2008, Centralization and Development Politic in Iran Contemporary History, Islamic Revolution Journal, Vol. 4, No. 13. (In Persian)
Qalibaf, M. B., Pourmoussavi, M. and Omidi, M., 2011, Oil Revenues and the Distribution of Political Power in Iran, Journal of Geopolitics, Vol. 7, No. 2, PP. 37-70. (In Persian)
Kamrava, M., 2009, Contemporary Middle East, Translated by: Qalibaf, M. B. and Pourmosavi, M., Qoumess Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Karimipour, Y., 2002, Introduction to Subdivisions of States, Jihad Daneshgahi of Tarbiat Moalem, Tehran. (In Persian)
Cohen, S., 2008, Global Geopolitics System, Translated by: Kaardaan, A., Research and Studies Abrar Institution, Tehran. (In Persian)
Lashgari, E, 2009, Democracy and It’s the Challenges in the Islamic world, Political Science Journal, Vol. 12, No. 48, PP. 119-113.
Luciani, J., 2007, Oil and Political Economy of Middle East, Proceeding of International Relations in the Middle East, In Fawst, L. (Editor), Translated by: Alavipour, M., Foreign Minister Politic and International Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Louis, Bernard, 2005, WhereWasthe Problem, Translated by: Khajeyan, S., Akhtaran Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Louis, B., 1998, Islam and Democracy, Proceeding of Iran, Islam and Modernity, Compilation by Asadi, M., Tarheno Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mohaghegh Damad, S. M., 2000, Human Rights in Islam and West, Islam and West Magazine, No. 40, PP. 33-47. (In Persian)
Motaghi, I., 2008, Encounter of Contemporary West with Islamic World, Islamic Thought and Culture Research Institution, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mirtorabi, S., 2008, Iranian Oil Issues, Qoumess Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)

Bellin, E., 2004, The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective, Journal of Comparative Politics, Vol. 36, No. 2, PP. 139-157.

Bilgin, P., 2004, Geopolitics Inventions and Practices Security, Journal of International Relation, Vol. 18, No. 1, PP. 56-71.
Fukuyama, F., 2012, The Future of History, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2012.
Kagan, R., 2006, League of Dictators, Why China and Russia Will Continue to Support Autocracies, Washington Post, 30 April 2006, P. 7.
Massoud, T., 2015, Has the Door Closed on Arab Democracy, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 26, No. 1, PP. 74-87.
Skacpol, T., 1996, Reinter State and Shite Islam in the Iranian Revolution, In Social Revolution in Modern world (Editors), Cambridge University Press, P. 76- 91.
Skocpol, T., 2001, States and Social Revolutions, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York.