نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران
2 دانش‌آموختۀ جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران
3 استادیار تاریخ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
Philosophers use meta-ethics to criticize and compare ethical judgments to criticize, compare, and justify ethical systems and to discuss and classify the ideas within meta-ethics. We are going to perform meta-ethical theories in analysis of these theories of convergence in AI goal systems as convergences of ethical systems. We will try to classify this approach to show where it fits within meta-ethics more generally. In essence, we all tell stories and tell them truthfully as the best we can. This is our purpose, our mission, our profession. So much of what we hold as ethical precept is actually convention –socially agreed upon norms, not commandments come down from the mountain. However, all photojournalists believe that the purpose of what they do is to provide truthful information to the reader or viewer. This is the ethical rule, this is the guiding principle. How we accomplish this in many ways is subject to evolution, interpretation of symbolism, and arbitrary regulations.
It is impossible to remain far from cultural and ethnical differences, in the modern communities of the world. Cultural and ethnical diversity is among characteristics of the Iranian societies. Such diversity has been appeared in various periods among the micro and macro identities and followed by some difficulties. Such difficulties and convergent and divergent challenges have made modeling, surveys and recognition of the effective factors inevitable. Therefore, both forces play a crucial role in the Iranian nation integrity and their study is of great importance. Given the importance of the problem, we have studied ethnical divergence model based on the need assessment of the political managers and racial demands among the Kurd people in Kurdistan province. The suggested model for analysis of the above mentioned factors is in the forms of convergent, divergent and neutral.
Methodology
The present research is an applied study by descriptive-analytical method. The researcher has attempted to provide a model for demonstration of the mutual influence of the effective factors in convergence and divergence. For this purpose, to implement the model, two questionnaires were prepared. The sample population is consisted of Kurd citizens and political managers at decision making. Sampling methods were clustering for citizens and purposeful for managers.
Results and discussion
The model represents the fact that if the ethnical policies are predicted in province divisions, social and cultural policies are predicted in the decisions. The participation in political power and economic concentration are realized based on the recognition of the racial demands. A top-down decision making will be formed by the legal and ethical groups’ elites and the results would be convergence and national integrity.
In neutral model, if the ethnical policies assume roles for citizens in some occasions and deny it in other cases, without precise investigations, and if these policies attempt conservatively to keep the current situation and use military powers or power demonstration, then racial issues would appear as fire under the ashes. Whenever power vacuum is felt, it will erupted and caused divergence among the races.
This model represents the fact that if the ethnical policies are practiced in province divisions, social and cultural policy making can be realized, based on political dictation. In such circumstances, the local and ethnical groups will lose their efficacy in policy making.
Using surveys and field studies, this model was applied to assess the situation or amount the Kurd divergence and convergence among people. As a case study, Kurdistan province was selected. The findings of the study revealed that situation is convergent in province divisions (with the average of 31.96), political participation (with the average of 36.46), socio-cultural (with the average of 33.44) and economic (with the average of 35.09) indicators.
Conclusion
Based on the need assessment of the political managers and recognition of the racial demands, the dominant situation in Kurdistan province tends to be convergent. However, the considerable point is that “the political managers and citizens of the province have different priorities. For instance, priority of the political managers is political participation indicator, while the first priority of the citizens’ demands is economic indicators.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
27. گیدنز، آنتونی، 1383، جامعه‌شناسی، ترجمۀ منوچهر صبوری، چاپ دوازدهم، نشر نی، تهران.
28. مجتهدزاده، پیروز، 1381، جغرافیایسیاسیوسیاستجغرافیایی، چاپ اول، انتشارات سمت، تهران.
29. مجتهدزاده، پیروز، 1379، ایده‌هایژئوپلیتیکوواقعیت‌هایایرانی، چاپ اول، نشر نی، تهران.
30. محرابی، علیرضا و احمد غمپرور، عوامل مؤثر بر واگرایی کردها و بحران در کردستان ترکیه، فصلنامۀ ژئوپلیتیک، سال هفتم، شمارۀ 2، صص 213-183.
31. محمدی‌لرد، عبدالمحمود، 1393، آینده‌پژوهی ثبات سیاسی در ایران، چاپ اول، پژوهشکدۀ مطالعات راهبردی، تهران.
32. مویر، ریچارد، 1379، درآمدینوبرجغرافیایسیاسی، ترجمۀ دره میرحیدر، چاپ اول، انتشارات سازمان جغرافیایی نیروهای مسلح، تهران.
33. نواح، عبدالرضا، نورالله قیصری و سید مجتبی تقوینسب، 1389، آسیب‌شناسی مسائل قومی در ایران، فصلنامۀ تحقیقات فرهنگی ایران، دورۀ 3، شمارۀ 3، صص 69-47.
34. John, M. and Ken, P., 1998, Sociology: A Global Interoductin, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, PP. 46-47.
35. Kymlica, N., citizen ship, 1998, In Routedge of Encyclopedia of Philosophy, op, cit, vol. 2, PP. 65-76.
36. Hafeznia, M. R., 2003, Iran's Political Geography, Samt Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
37. Hafeznia, M. R., 2012, Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics, Papli Press, Mashhad. (In Persian)
38. Mogtahedzade, P., 2003, Geographical Politics and Political Geography, Samt Press, Tehran. (In
Persian)
39. Jaffe, A. et al, 2013, The Gulf Cooperation Council Natural Gas Conundrum: Geopolitics Drive Shortages amid Plenty, Harvard University’s Belfer Center and Rice University’s Baker Institute Center for Energy Studies October 2013.
40. Muir, R., 2001, Political Geography: A New Introduction, Translated by: Mirheidar, D. and Safavi,
S. Y., Geography Department of Armed Forces Press. (In Persian)
41. Karimipour, Y., 2001, An Introduction to Iran and the Neighbors (Sources of Tension and Threat),
Jahad Daneshgahi Press, Teacher Training. (In Persian)
42. Ahmadi, H., 2000, Ethnicity and Ethnicity in Iran: Myth and Reality, nashre ney, Tehran. (In Persian)
43. Smith, A., 2004, Nationalism, Translated by: Mansoor Ansari, Institute of National Studies, Tehran. (In Persian)
44. Etaat, J. and Mousavi, Z., 2010, Decentralization and Sustainable Development in Iran, Human Research Quarterly, No. 17, PP. 89-106 (In Persian)
45. Afzali, R. and Mohamadjani, M., 2008, Political Convergence and Divergence In the Caspian Basin and its Peripheral Areas, Political studies Quarterly, No. 1, PP. 121-134. (In Persian)
46. Pishgahifard, Z. and Gholami, B., 2007, The Impact of Islamic Geopolitical Order on Iran's Foreign Policy, geographical research’s Quarterly, No. 61, PP. 115-127. (In Persian)
47. Taghilo, F., 2007, Ethnic diversity Multicultural Politics and the Citizenship Pattern, Strategic studies quarterly, No. 1, PP. 2-26 (In Persian)
48. Janparvar, M., 2010, Convergence and Divergence in Afghanistan, Issues of the Islamic world Quarterly, No. 23, PP. 36-43. (In Persian)
49. Jordan, Terry G & Lester Rowntree (2001) The Human Mosaic: Thematic Introduction GeographyTranslated by: tavalaii, S. and solaimani, S., Paghoheshgah farhang, honar va ertabatat, Tehran. (In Persian)
50. Hafeznia, M., 2007, The Impact of Autonomy Kurds in Northern Iraq on Neighboring Countries, Geographical research’s Quarterly, No. 84, PP. 5-36. (In Persian)
51. Rohi, N., 2007, Kurdistan Crisis:The Fields and Causes of Formation, Sustainable Security Quarterly, No. 1, PP. 41-62. (In Persian)
52. Zandi, E., 2001, Ethnic Crisis and National Unity: Pattern of Ethnic Politics in Iran, Culture and Thoughts Quarterly, No. 4, PP. 45-83. (In Persian)
53. Salarneghad, M., 2010, Impact of the Pattern of a Possible Federal Political System of Iraq on Iran's Internal Security, Thesis MSc in ferdosi university of Mashhad. (In Persian)
54. Aalipor, H., 2007, Legal Management of Protest Communities, Strategic studies Quarterly, No. 2, PP. 349-380. (In Persian)
55. Ghasemi, M., 2003, Minorities in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Strategic Studies Quarterly, No. 4, PP. 853-875. (In Persian)
56. Ghasemi, M., 2005, Discourses on the Rights of Cultural and Ethnic Diversity, Strategic studies Quarterly, No. 3, PP. 609-627. (In Persian)
57. Ghasemi, M., 2007, ted robert gurr and The New Method of Study of Ethnic Movements, Strategic studies Quarterly, No. 3, PP. 451-479. (In Persian)
58. Ghalibaf, M., 2010, Local Government or Strategy of the Spatial Distribution of Political Power in Iran, Amir kabir, Tehran. (In Persian)
59. Kavianirad, M., 2013, Geography of the Election Emphasizing the Presidential Election in Iran, Kharazmi University, Tehran. (In Persian)
60. Kazemi, A., 2000, Political Management and Government Policy, Daftare nashre Farhange eslami, Tehran. (In Persian)
61. Kazemi, A., 2000, Political Management in Multicultural Societies, Markaze Pazhoheshhaye majles, Tehran. (In Persian)
61. Kymlicka, W., 2005, Freedom and Ethnic Diversity, Faslname goftego. No. 43, PP. 65-76. (In Persian)
62. Giddens, A., 2004, Sociology, translated by: Saboori, M., nashre ney, Tehran. (In Persian)
63. Mojtahedzade, P., 2000, Geopolitical Ideas and Iranian Realities, nashre ney, Tehran. (In Persian)
64. Mehrabi, A. and Ghamparvar, A., 2011, Effective Factors on the Divergence of the Kurds and the Crisis in Kurdistan, Geopolitics quarterly, No. 2, PP. 183-213. (In Persian)
65. Molamadilord, A., 2014, Future Studies of Political stability in Iran, Pazhoheshkade motaleate Rahbordi, Tehran. (In Persian)
66. Navah, A. et al, 2010, Pathology of Ethnic Issues in Iran, faslname tahghighat farhangi iran, No. 3, PP. 47-69. (In Persian)
)
