سنجش پایداری اجتماعی در محلات پراکنده‌رو (مطالعۀ موردی: محلۀ شادآباد تهران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکدۀ شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران

2 دکترای شهرسازی، معاون پژوهشی پردیس هنرهای زیبا دانشگاه تهران، رئیس قطب علمی شهرسازی و توسعۀ شهری پایدار، دانشیار دانشکدۀ شهرسازی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

در سال‌های اخیر، پایداری اجتماعی به‌عنوان یکی از اجزای اصلی توسعۀ پایدار به شکل فزاینده‌ای به رسمیت شناخته شده است. پژوهش‌های پیشین دربارۀ توسعۀ پایدار به­طورعمده بر مسائل مربوط به محیط‌زیست و مسائل اقتصادی متمرکز بودند، اما در اواخر دهه‌های 1990 و پس از تدوین دستور کار 21 و راهبرد اتحادیۀ اروپا در لیسبون 2000 و جلسۀ شورای اروپا در شهر گوتنبرگ در سال 2001، پایداری اجتماعی در دستور کار مباحث پایداری، یکی از مهم‌ترین ارکان توسعۀ پایدار در شهر و محلات شهر معرفی شده است. هدف این مقاله، سنجش عوامل مؤثر بر پایداری اجتماعی در محلات پراکنده‌روی شهر (محلۀ شادآباد تهران) است که بر اثر توسعۀ افقی شهر تهران در سال‌های اخیر به­وجود آمده‌اند. بدین­منظور، از روش تحلیل عاملی و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون در نرم‌افزار SPSS برای تحلیل داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده از تعداد 308 پرسشنامه و برداشت میدانی از محلۀ شادآباد استفاده‌ شده و عوامل مؤثر بر پایداری اجتماعی از دو بعد عینی و ذهنی ارزیابی شده­اند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل داده‌ها نشان می‌دهد که عوامل زمینه‌ای مانند مهاجرت و ناتوانی اقتصادی که از ویژگی‌های ذاتی شکل‌گیری محلۀ شادآباد هستند، در پایداری اجتماعی محلۀ شادآباد نقش اساسی و تعیین‌کننده دارند. همچنین براساس نتایجی که از تحلیل عاملی به‌دست‌آمده، سطح پایین پنج عامل سرمایۀ اجتماعی، رضایتمندی فردی، رضایت از محله، کنش اجتماعی و حس تعلق در محلۀ شادآباد، به‌عنوان عوامل اصلی پایین­بودن پایداری اجتماعی محله شناسایی شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of Social Sustainability in Sprawl Urban Neighborhoods (Case Study: Shadabad, Tehran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mostafa Tavana 1
  • Farshad Nourian 2
1 MA in urban planning, Fine Arts Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate professor of urban planning, Faculty of Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
There is an emphasis on human dimension and the community as the main axis of sustainable development. The goal of sustainable development, as considered in this paper, is to explore comprehensive development which is made possible through social development.  Objectives such as cultural identity, social cohesive, establishment of public organizations, citizen participation, and empowerment of people are central to this discussion.
This paper attempts to contribute to the definition of social sustainability in a comprehensive and coherent manner and develop a theoretical framework within which this concept can be analyzed.  There is a shortcoming of this framework in the available literature today since it requires a rearrangement of multidimensional elements. This can combine social, economic and environmental issues into a single independent body.
In addition, the concept of “social sustainability” can be observed through a qualitative lens since it deals mainly with qualitative concepts such as human life and well-being. Thus, “social sustainability” preserves and promotes social capital, i.e. realization of a unified and comprehensive society with mutual benefits for all residents, greater interaction between groups of citizens. This is accompanied by greater sense of compassion, patience, flexibility, and affection.  Social capital, in this manner, is the values of “human rights” and “cultures”.
In developing a comprehensive definition of the concept of “social sustainability”, we have considered people within their living environment and the physical potential as well as their ability to reproduce the structure.  As shown by previous studies, understanding the concept of social sustainability is better achieved by understanding and accepting the importance of other concepts such as “quality of life” and “social welfare”.  These are evaluated by the criteria such as accessibility to services, decent housing, security, appropriate income, and lower levels of deprivation.
Another concept which is discussed in this paper is “urban sprawl”.  This takes prominence here since it has been one of the major topics of discussion within the literature on sustainable development in recent years. Planning based on the theories of sustainable development has been critical to urban sprawl from different economic, social and environmental perspectives. The main criticism is related to the low levels of social sustainability in the neighborhoods which have been created due to urban sprawl.  Advocates of sustainable development believe that urban sprawl leads to the problems such as diminution of social justice, negative consequence for public health, weakening of sense of community in inner cities, greater social segregation, polarization, and inability to cope with distinctions and variations in life styles. Thus, this study attempts to assess the factors which affect the level of social sustainability in one of the sprawl neighborhoods of Tehran (Shadabad).
 
Methodology
A questionnaire has been used to gather data from 300 residents of the Shadabad neighborhoods. Factor analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient have been used to analyze the data obtained through questionnaire and field survey. 
As the first step of analysis, the indices of social sustainability are discussed. The indices are classified into objective and subjective.  It should be noted that the subjective indices are more focused in this paper than the objective ones. 
In the next step, factor analysis is used.  KMO test is 0.719. This made it possible to continue the use of factor analysis. Five factors which affect “social sustainability” are developed here using the factor analysis:  "social action", "neighborhood satisfaction", "individual satisfaction", "social capital" and "neighborhood attachment"
The last step of the analysis is related to identification of the underlying factors which affect the extent of social sustainability. These factors are evaluated through the use of other criteria such as the expanse of migration to the neighborhood and level of economic hardship. For this purpose, Pearson correlation was used.
 
Results and discussion
The analysis of findings suggests that the most important factor for the low level of social sustainability in the Shadabad neighborhood is low rate of social interaction among neighbors. The next major factors are dissatisfaction with residential environment and housing, lack of jobs, and low incomes. Some other significant variables are lack of social capital and poor sense of belonging to the community among citizens.  Statistical analysis shows that all the mentioned variables are primary elements in the discussion of “social sustainability”.
It can be concluded that the coefficient tables of the correlation between the two factors of migration to the neighborhood and economic hardship have a significant effect on the social sustainability. In fact, migration to the neighborhood shows significant correlations with the three factors including social action, social capital and sense of belonging, and economic hardship. These are meaningful in the discussion about individual satisfaction.
 
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the factors such as migration to the neighborhood and economic hardship in the context of urban sprawl are contextual and indispensable factors which affect the social sustainability levels. These lead to lower social action and less inclination and disposition to participate in public activities at the community level. In general, the results show that the concepts such as “migration to the neighborhood” and “economic hardship” play a greater role in social sustainability. Five other factors, i.e. social capital, individual satisfaction, neighborhood satisfaction, social interaction, and neighborhood attachment are also significant in sustainability of neighborhood.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • social sustainability
  • Sustainable Development
  • Sprawl
  • Social capital
  • Shadabad
. پورطاهری، مهدی، سجاسی قیداری، حمدالله و طاهره صادقلو، 1389، سنجش و اولویت‌بندی پایداری اجتماعی در مناطق روستایی، با استفاده از تکنیک رتبه‌بندی براساس تشابه به حل ایده‌آل فازی (مطالعۀ موردی: دهستان حومۀ بخش مرکزی شهرستان خدابنده)، پژوهش‌های روستایی، دورۀ 1، شمارۀ 1، صص 1- 31.
2. حاج یوسفی، علی، 1385، کیفیت زندگی و راهبردهای اصلاحی، نشریۀ دهاتی، شمارۀ 28، صص 31-37.
3. مشکینی، ابوالفضل، برهانی، کاظم و رضا شعبان­زاده نعیمی، 1392، تحلیل فضایی سنجش پایداری اجتماعی شهری (مورد مطالعه: مناطق 22 گانۀ شهر تهران)، جغرافیا، دورۀ 11، شمارۀ 39، صص 186- 211.
- Association for the Conservation of Energy (ACE), 2004, Energy efficiency in the Commercial sector, ACE.
- Adler, P. S., and Kwon, S., 2002, Social capital: Prospects for a New Concept, The Academy of
Management Review, Vol. 27, No. 11, PP. 17- 40.
- Bevir, M. and Rhodes, R.A.W., 2003, Searching for Civil Society: Changing Patterns of Governance inBritain, Public Administration, Vol. 81, No. 1, PP. 41- 61.
- Bloom, P. N. and Gundlach, G.T., 2001, Handbook of Marketing and Society, Sage, Los Angeles.
- Borton, E., 2000, The Compact City: Just or Just Compact? A Preliminary Analysis, Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 11, PP. 1969- 2001.
- Bramley, G. et al., 2006, What is ‘Social Sustainability’ and How do our Existing Urban Forms Perform in Nurturing it?, Paper presented at the Sustainable Communities and Green Future Conference, Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, London.
- Brohman, J., 1996, Popular Development: Rethinking the Theory and Practice of Development, Oxford, Blackwell Press.
- Brundtland Commission, 1987, Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development, New York.
- Bryden, J., 2002, Rural Development Indicators and Diversity in the European Union.
- Cento Bull, A., Jones, B., 2006, April, Governance and Social Capital in Urban Regeneration: A Comparison Between Bristol and Naples, Urban Studies, Vol. 43, No. 4, PP. 767- 786.
- Coleman, J. S., 1988, Social Capital and the Creation of Human Capital, American Journal of Sociology,94 (Supplement), Vol. 94, PP. S95- S120.
- Coleman, J. S., 1990, Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
- DFID, 2002, Indicators for Socially Sustainable Development, http://www.livelihood.org/info/docs/wssd-indbr.pdf.
- Drakakis-Smith D., 1995, Third World Cities: Sustainable Urban Development, 1, Urban Studies, Vol. 32, No. 4-5, PP. 659-677.
- European Commission, 2001, A Framework for Indicators for the Economic and Social Dimensions of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, London.
- European Council (EC), 2000, Presidency Conclusions - Lisbon European Council, 23 and 24 March 2000, Lisbon.
- European Council, 2001, Presidency Conclusions - Göteborg European Council, 15 and 16 June 2001,Göteborg.
- European Panel on Sustainable Development (EPSD), 2004, From here to Sustainability Is the Lisbon/Goteborg Agenda Delivering, EPSD Report, No. 1, 01-12
- Font, X. and Bendell, J., 2002, Standards for Sustainable Tourism for The Purpose of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, World Tourism Organization.
- Goodland, R., 2003, Sustainability Human, Social, Economic and Environmental, World Bank Washington DC, USA.
- GTZ, 2004, Chance for Sustainable Development, Programme Office for Social and Ecological Standards.
- Hogget, P., 1997, Contested Communities: Experiences, Struggles and Policies, Policy Press, Bristol.
- Honey, M., 2001, Certification Programmes in the Tourism Industry, in Ecotourism and Sustainability, Industry and Environment, Vol. 24, PP. 3- 4, UNEP.
- Kelly-Schwartz, A. et al., 2004, Is Sprawl Unhealthy? A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship of Metropolitan Sprawl to the Health of Individuals Journal of Planning Education and Research December, Vol. 24, No. 2, PP. 184- 196.
- Lantos, G., 2001, The Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, PP. 595- 630.
- Levy, M., 1996, Social and Unsocial Capital: A Review Essay on Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy World”, Politics and Society, Vol. 24, No. 1, PP. 45- 55.
- Littig, B. and Grießler, E., 2005, International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 8, No. 1/2, PP. 65- 79.
- Maignan, I. and Ferrell, O., 2000, Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case of the US and France, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 23, Issue 3, PP. 283- 297.