نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار دانشکدۀ جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران
2 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
The study is to examine the entrepreneurship as a factor affecting rural development in Iran. Generally, rural development is seen as a process by which community is able to maximize its control and use of the material resources to change quality of their life. Changes in people standard of living, particularly upwardly, is often considered as an indication of a government success in reaching rural development, particularly in traditionally rigid structures.
Many rural families need to diversify their sources of income and employment in increasingly smaller parcels of land, low agricultural productivity, volatile weather conditions and soil erosion. Entrepreneurship promoting strategies to diversify rural economic activities, including the development of non-farm economic activities and facilitating the transition of informal activities into the formal growth sector is a very important tool for development of the rural communities in Iran. Local communities often show different reactions to the extent and speed of adoption of an innovation. These reactions depend on the characteristics of innovation and the people who accept these innovations. Basically, these factors affect the rate of diffusion and acceptance of entrepreneurship between target populations.
Recognition of the facilitating factors and constraints for adopting the innovation has an important role in accelerating the process of development in the society. Thus, this study intends to use this aspect to study the diffusion of entrepreneurship in rural communities.
Methodology
The aim of the empirical research is to evaluate the main factors affecting extension of innovation and finally to apply a certain entrepreneurship in a rural areas. The research has been conducted in Kan-Souleghan rural district located in North –West Tehran. This is a descriptive and analytic research.
The research is mainly concentrated on the villages such as Ksharolya, Ksharsofla, Souleghan, and Kan with considerable amount of entrepreneurs. The data for the study have been collected by questionnaire with Likert model, the documentary method, and interviews with sample respondents to complete the questionnaire. All entrepreneurships in the research have been examined by random selection.
The research statistical population is 2,713 people, which include 667 households in the study area. All people with entrepreneurship and innovation, about 102 households, that living in the 4 villages of Kan- souleghan are included in the sample population of the research. The data have been analyzed by SPSS using multiple stepwise regressions and combined model.
Results and discussion
Innovation is the basis of entrepreneurship that can lead to changes in the society. But the innovation must have some features that make it attractive for people to accept the new activity. However, people also need to have some characteristics to accept a new phenomenon.
Entrepreneurship in the rural area is mainly based on local knowledge and living conditions of the villagers and their livelihood. The gardening in the area was started about 50 years ago, and it developed over time. In this study, two categories of factors along with admission's elements have been investigated: characteristics of entrepreneurship and characteristics of entrepreneurs. To determine the contribution of each factor in accepting entrepreneurship by rural people, regression analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of entrepreneurship using stepwise regression method. Among all the characteristics of entrepreneurship, attractiveness and simplicity have the greatest impact on the adoption. Other characteristics of entrepreneurship such as compatibility with the experience and needs of entrepreneurs, start-up costs for market sales and profitability and availability have secondary importance.
In relation to the characteristics of an entrepreneur, entrepreneur's motivation is more effective on the adoption of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial characteristics that affect the amount and rate of its acceptance by local people are easiness and attractiveness of innovation, its compatibility with local people's experience and the level of skills required for entrepreneurs, cost of application, profitability (economy) and well selling in market. The entrepreneurial characteristics influencing the rate of innovation's acceptance by entrepreneur are Achievement Motivation, Confidence and self-esteem and the spirit of modernism. In general, there is a systematic relation between the characteristics of local people so each character has led to the emergence of the next character and finally it caused the acceptance of an innovation.
Conclusion
It is suggested that seminar sessions and participatory approach method should be used to explore the problems and potentials of the local community for discovering and creation of an entrepreneurship and innovations in the rural community. The entrepreneurship should be adjusted with natural and human nature of the countryside, rural activities, facilities and local knowledge. Under such conditions the speed and entrepreneurial acceptance will be increased.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
1 .احمدپور داریانی، محمود، 1380، کارآفرینی، تعاریف، نظریات، الگوها، چاپ اول، نشر شرکت پردیس، تهران.
- Ahmad Pour Dariani, M., 2001, Entrepreneurship, Definitions, Theories, Models, Publication pardic Company, 1st Edition, Tehran. (in Persian)
- Azkia, M., 2008, Introduction to the Sociology of Rural Development, 1st Edition, Publications etelaat. (In Persian)
- Eskandari, F., 2006, Review and Explain the Strategies of Agricultural Development of Entrepreneurship in Agricultural Higher Education System in Iran, Ph.D. Thesis Help Seyed Mahmoud Hosseini And Khalil Kalantari, Faculty of Economics andAgricultural Development, Tehran University. (In Persian)
- M, A, Adams., 2008, Promote Agriculture in Developing Countries, Translation Malek Mohammadi, I, Publish training of farmers. (In Persian)
- Oakley, P., 1990, Garfvrs, Christopher Guide and Promote Education, Translated by Emadi, M., Series Rural Development, Ministry of Jihad. (In Persian)
- Eemani Jajromi, H, Pourrajab miyandoab, P., 2009, Measurement and Analysis of Entrepreneurial Characteristics va with Emphasis on the Factors Affecting it, (Case Study: Rural Managers Miyandoab City), Organizations and administers the country's municipalities .(In Persian)
- Imani gheshlagh, S., Khani, F. and Hashemi, S., 2012, The Role of Tourism in the Development of Rural Women Entrepreneurship (Comparative Study: Kandovan Village and Skandan township Esko), Journal of Geography and Regional Development, No. 18, PP. 217- 238. (in Persian)
- Tavalaee, N., 2003, The Role of Religion in the Formation of Geographical Space, Journal of Geographical Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, Consecutive 69, PP. 73-6262-73. (In Persian)
- Jahan nama, F., 2000, Socio-Economic Factors Influencing the Adoption of New Varieties of Beans (Effort), case study: Farmers township Khomeyn, Central Province, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, Vol. 8, No. 31, PP. 261- 287. (In Persian)
- Hosseinikhah, A., 2008, Check Diffusion Theory and Innovation in the Field of Education, Journal of educational initiatives, Vol. 7, No. 26, PP. ???180-151151-180. (In Persian)
- Khani jazani, J., 2008, Fundamentals of Entrepreneurial Culture, 1st Edition, Publication Mehr Ravesh. (In Persian)
- Dadras moghadam, A. and Golmohammadi, F., 2009, Factors Influencing the Adoption of New Technologies and Innovations by Farmers Psth South Khorasan province, Technology and innovation management conference. (In Persian)
- Danldaf, K. and Richard M., 2004, Contemporary Attitudes on Entrepreneurship, Translated by Amel Mehrabi, E. and Tabaraee, M., 1st Edition, vol. 1, Publications University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
- Dehghan, H., 2009, Understanding the Concepts and Principles of Entrepreneurship, (Access the first Persian date Ordibehesht 20). (In Persian)
- Rogers, M. and Shoemaker, F., 1990, Deliver Innovations- Cross-Cultural Approach, Translation ezatollah carami and Abutaleb Fanaee, 1st Edition, Publications University of Shiraz (Press the center of Shiraz University Press), Azar. (In Persian)
- Zamani poor, A., 2000, The Promotion of Agriculture in the Development Process, Publications University of Mashhad, 2nd Edition. (In Persian)
- Saeedi Kia, M., 2009, Foundations of Rural Entrepreneurship, Publications Kiya, 12th Edition. (In Persian)
- Swan Sun, B., 1991, Reference Extension Agriculture, Translation: Shahbazi, A. and Hajaran, A., Publications the Agricultural Extension, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Singh, a. K., 2004, Agriculture Emitting, Effects Assessment, Translation Gholamreza Mojaradi, Publications University of Zanjan, 1st Edition. (In Persian)
- Shah Hosseini, M., 2007, Entrepreneurship, Publications Aeezh, 1st Edition. (In Persian)
- Shakuie, H., 2006, New ideas in Philosophy, Geography, Publications Gitashenasi, 5th Edition, vol. 1. (In Persian)
- Shakuie, H., 2007, Applied Geography and Geographic schools, Publishers Astan Quds Razavi. (In Persian)
- Shahbazi, I., 1975, Introduction to Educate and Promote the Development of Innovative Practices in Rural Areas, Publications College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Rezayeh, Print Pharos Iran, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Saber, F., 2002, Ways of Developing Female Entrepreneurship in Iran, Economic Empowerment Strategies for Women's Equality, Social and Political in Iran, 2nd Edition, Publications Intellectuals and women's studies, Tehran. (in Persian)
- Emadi, M. H. and Abbasi, E., 2004, Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Development, Solutions and challenges, Series Publications Rural Development, 1st Edition, No. 54, (In Persian)
- Ghahraman Zadeh, M. and Soltani, M., 2012, Combination Device Determinants of Acceptance Among Farmers Township Marvdasht, A knowledge intensive agriculture and sustainable production, PP. 225- 239. (In Persian)
- Karami, E. and Fanaee, S. A., 1994, Check-mongering Theory in Agricultural Extension Publish Jahad deputy promote public participation, Vol. 1. (In Persian)
- Keshavarz, F. et al, 2010, Factors Affecting the Yielding Rice Varieties Among Farmers Growing Rejection of Gilan, The researcher-Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education, Vol. 3, No. 4, PP. 99- 112. (In Persian)
- Lyvnberger, H. and Gavin, Paul, H., 1995, Technology Transfer from Researchers to Farmers, Translated, Chizari, M., Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran. (In Persian)
- Momfared, N., 1995, Factors Affecting Technology Adoption in Rice Production and its Impact on Women Farmers in the Provinces of Mazandaran and Fars, master thesis, School of Agriculture, Shiraz university. (In Persian)
- Nourolla Nouri Vandi, A. and Omani, A., 2009, Agriculture Emitting (Challenges and Strategies in Developing Countries), 1st Edition, Publications Islamic Azad University unit Shushtar. (In Persian)
- Yaghoubi Frany, A. and Movahedi, R., 2012, Introduction to Rural Entrepreneurship, 1st Edition, Publications Bu Ali Sina University. (In Persian)
- Alison, M., 1990, Entrepreneurship: An International Prespective Oxford, Jordan Hail, Linacre House.
- Chell, E., 2008, The Entrepreneurial Personality: A Social Construction, Routledge, London.
- Dasgupta, S., 1989, Diffusion of Agriculural Innovantion in villge India.
- Gould, P.R., 1969, Spatial Diffusion, Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography Resource, Paper No. 4.
- Long, N., 1977, An Introduction to Sociology of Rural Development, London, Ta-vistock Publication.
- MC C. and Robert, W., 1973, Vietnam.Cuba and the Ghetto An Invitation to Geography, MCGrawl-Hill.
- Morrill, R. and Grant, T., 1988, Spatial Diffusison Sage, Ninteenth Cantary, an Tnvitation to Geography. Mcg graw –Hill-London. PP.7- 8.
- Moulik, T.K., 1975, From Subsistence to Affluence (Socio Aspects of Developmental change in Delhi villages), (from Cab Absracts).
- Namara, R E., Nagar, R K. and Upadhyay, B., 2007, Economics, Adoption Determinants, and Impacts of Micro-irrigation Technologies: Empirical Results from India, Irrigate Science, No. 25, PP. 283- 297.
- Haggett, P., 1972, Geography: A Modern Systhesis, Harper, P. 350.
- Richard, M. and Man Nine, D., 1975, Crtitccal Para Men Ters of Spatial Diffusion Processes, Economic Geograophy. Vol. 51, No. 3, P. 269.
- Ritu, A. et al, 1998, Eany and Late Adopters of IT innovation: Extensions to Innovation Diffusion Theory, Florida State University.
- Rogers, E.M., 1995, The Diffusion of Innovations, 4th Edition, Free Prees, New York, NY.
- Spence, W.R., 1995, Innovationm the Communication of change in ideas, Practices and product, Champan and Hall, Landon, through the lens of the local authorial managers: an analysis of qualitative data, Omonrice, No.16, PP. 107- 112.
- Truong T., 2008, Factors Affecting Technology Adoption Among Rice Farmers in the Mekong Delta.
- Van den ban, A.W. and Hawkins, H.S., 1988, Agricultural Extension, Longmam Scientific and technical, New York.
- Wlliamson, E., 2009, Adaptation, Innov Ation and Rural Coopvival Seratives in Malage: Some Examples of Survival Sttate gies of Small-Scale Farmes, Plnning Institute OF Malaga, No. 28, PP. 273- 280.
)
