نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت آموزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه
2 استاد و عضو هیئت علمی مدیریت آموزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Inequality in all forms and levels can have adverse consequences. The study of regional inequality is one of the essential and fundamental steps for planning and reform to provide economic growth along with social justice which could affect the allocation of resources with the aim of eliminating regional inequalities. Educational inequalities are now one of the most important categories in the field of inequality. Education and its indicators, as one of the most important components of development, have a crucial role in the process of comprehensive development by playing their fundamental and decisive role and providing the necessary conditions for the development of societies. Undoubtedly, the educational system plays an essential role in the training of human resources and community development, and effective human resources will be available through equal educational opportunities. The goal of equal opportunities is to prevent, eliminate or reduce discrimination between individuals in terms of gender, geographical, race, physical status, age, language, social class and etc. Wherever educational inequalities reach their maximum, development track will be reduced. Educational justice is achieved when students have equal opportunities to access education. Equal access to higher education is a very significant subject with direct implications for educational policies, the development of the labor market and quality of life. Providing equal conditions for access to educational opportunities is important in many ways, especially in terms of political, social and economic issues. Equal access to education is one of the fundamental rights of all. Equality of educational opportunities is realized when all people are equal to education. This goal has been accepted internationally today, but it has not been fully realized. Although achieving this goal is difficult and long, but it is essential to search for a more just and better world to live in. The purpose of this study was to explaining of geographical Inequality of higher education access opportunities in townships of west Azarbaijan province. Given the issues raised, the importance of equal opportunities for access to education has become more and more clear. It should be noted that educational planning requires the recognition of the current situation and the establishment of a desirable situation. Since educational indicators play a crucial role in the process of comprehensive development and provide the necessary conditions for the development of societies, the purpose of this study was to study the status of the cities of West Azarbaijan province in terms of equality of access to higher education opportunities and identify the causes and factors of inequality of access to higher education opportunities and finally provide a model, solutions and suggestions for improving the accessibility of different regions of the province.
Methodology: The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose. In terms of collecting information, it is descriptive-analytic and carried out in a documentary and questionnaire manner. The statistical society is the townships of West Azerbaijan province. West Azarbaijan is one of 31 provinces of Iran and its center is Urmia. West Azarbaijan province has 17 cities and according to the census in 2016 its population is 3265219 people. The sampling method was census. In collecting statistics and information used of questionnaire and national university entrance exam statistic (2016), education statistic (2016), recent census of population and housing (2016), Statistical Yearbook(2015) of west Azarbaijan province. Excel, GIS and SPSS software’s has been used for computing. Topsis models, dispersion coefficient, path analysis and neural networks were used for data analysis. By reviewing theoretical foundations and summing up the results of research on inequality of access to education, four categories of indicators) individual-family, educational, geographical development and reception system (were developed in this study that in order to study of inequality of access to higher education.
Results and discussion: Ranking results of districts by using topsis technique shows that there is an inequality between townships of the province in Access opportunities to higher education, Urmia and Chalderan are the richest and the most deprived educational districts of west Azerbaijan respectively. The dispersion coefficient used for measuring the inequality, indicates that the highest inequality 0.75 was for the educational indices and the lowest with 0.46 was for the individual-family background indices. Based on the results of path analysis, educational indices have the highest and geographical development indices have the lowest impact on the inequality of higher education access opportunities. Neural network analysis shows that educational indices and geographical development indices respectively, had the most and the least importance in prognosis inequality of higher education access opportunities among townships of west Azarbaijan province.
Conclusion: The results indicate the need of areas that have less access to higher education, the planning and special attention of policy makers in this area to these inequalities. Access to higher education should be facilitated for people and areas where their achievement in higher education has been hampered by obstacles; because they may have the experience and skills that are valuable in national and social development of the country. Also, inequalities have a profound impact on the achievements of people's occupations and the development of regions. Therefore, as a society wants to move towards comprehensive development, it is inevitable to reduce the inequality of educational opportunities among individuals and regions. To reduce geographical inequalities of access to higher education opportunities based on research findings, following suggestions are presented: Provide more educational facilities to deprived areas, eliminating the barriers to development in deprived areas and trying to raise their level of development, establishing an educational system based on justice and eliminating educational and school inequalities, Creating a justice-centered admissions system in higher education, avoid of classification of education, reducing social gap at the community level, allocating quotas for poor areas and improving the quality of school education in deprived areas.
Keywords: Geographical Inequality, Educational Inequality, Access Opportunities, Higher Education, Townships of West Azarbaijan Province
کلیدواژهها [English]
16. Agrawal, T. (2014). Educational inequality in rural and urban India, International Journal of Educational Development, 34: 11-19.
17. Alam, A. (2004). Anarchism: Past and Present and Change in the Practice, Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, 65: 87-112. (In Persian).
18. Alizadeh, A. (2007). Socialism, Missionaries Magazine, 49: 46-92. (In Persian).
19. Bar Haim, E. and Shavit, Y. (2013). Expansion and inequality of educational opportunity: A comparative study, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 31: 22-31.
20. Beiglou, R.; Taghavai, M. and HamidReza, V. (2012). Analysis of Spatial Exclusion and Inequality in the Development of Cities, Social Welfare Journal, 46: 189-214.
21. Cheng, H. (2009). Inequality in Basic Education in China: A Comprehensive Review, International Journal of Educational Policies, 3(2): 81-106.
22. Choi, Y. and Park, H. (2016). Shadow education and educational inequality in South Korea: Examining effect heterogeneity of shadow education on middleschool seniors’ achievement test scores, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 44: 22-32.
23. Darbanastane, A.; Tahmasebi, S. and Rezaei, P. (2016). Analysis Pattern of Inequality in Educational Spaces of Iranian Cities, Quarterly Journal of Educational Planning, 9: 50-31. (In Persian).
24. Kim, S. (2008). Spatial Inequality and Economic Development: Theories, facts, and policies, Working Paper (No.6), Commission on Growth and Development, Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
25. Kutscherauer, A. (2010). Regional Disparities in Regional Development of the CzechRepublic, Ostrava: University Of Ostrava, pp. 54-71.
26. Mabogunje, A.L. and Misra R.P. (1981). Regional Development Alternatives, Maruzen, pp. 102-121.
27. Masodi, E. and Javaheri, M. (2003). Analysis of Access to Equal Opportunities in the Development of Public Higher Education in the Country, Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 28: 42-58. (In Persian).
28. McDonough, P. Fann, A. (2007). The Study of Inequality. In Sociology of Higher Education, Contributions and their Contexts, edited by P. Gumport, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press pp.53-93.
29. Motavaseli, M. and Ahanchiyan, M. (2011). Education Economics, Fifth Edition, Samt Publications, pp 56-77. (In Persian).
30. Mousavi, M.N. and Hassani, M. (2011). Measuring the Degree of Development and Exclusion of Education Areas in West Azarbaijan Province, Final Report of Urmia University Research Project, Urmia University, pp. 49-51. (In Persian).
31. Mullen, F. (2010). Barriers to Widening Access to Higher Education, SPICe Briefing, pp. 124-132.
32. Nazmfar, H. and Alibaksi, A. (2017). Evaluation Spatial inequality of development of the city in the province with an emphasis on sustainable development, Journal Geographicap Planning of Space Quarterly, 6(22): 1-24. (In Persian).
33. Necate, B.; Duygu, A. and Bahar, U. (2014). Inequality in Educational Opportunities of Gifted and Talented Children in Türkiye, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143: 1133-1138.
34. Noghani, M. and Ahanchiyan, R. Rafiee .M.T. (2011). The Impact of Economic, Social and Cultural Capital on the Success in the Global Entrance Examination, Sociology of Education, 1: 218-191. (In Persian).
35. Pourpaki, A. (2014). A Study of New Approaches in a Dynamic and Effective Education System, Research Institute for Education Studies, Quoted from the View of the Ministry of Education, first week, pp. 28-41. (In Persian).
36. Qian, X. and Smyth, R. (2008). Measuring regional inequality of education in china: widening cost-inland gap or widening rural-urban gap? Journal of International Development, J. Int. Dev., 20: 1-21.
37. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice, Cambridge harvard university press, pp. 1-98.
38. Sameri, M.; Hassani, M.; Seyyed Abbaszade, M.M. and Mosavi, M.N. (2015). Modeling Reduction of Educational Inequalities and Equity Graduate among High School Students in West Azarbaijan Province, Management on the training of organizations, 1: 45-72. (In Persian).
39. Samons, P. (2010). School effectivnees and equity: making connection, CFBT, Education trust, pp. 1-22.
40. Schultz, Theodore W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital, American Economic Review, 51: 1-17.
41. Statistical Letter of West Azarbaijan Province (2015). (In Persian).
42. Terry Long, B. and Kavazanjian, L. (2010). Affirmative action in tertiary education a meta-analysis of global policies and practices, Prepared for The World Bank, pp. 1-30.
43. Vukasocic, M. and Sarrico, C.S. (2010). Inequality in higher education, Definitions, Measurements, Inferences, The Serbian Case. Published (2010) in Goastellec G (Eds), Understanding Inequalities in, through and by Higher Education, Sense Publishers: Rotterdam, pp. 1-16.
44. Zebardast, A. and Hakhrosta, S. (2014). Comparative analysis of regional inequalities between neighboring provinces Case study: Hamedan and Central provinces, Architecture and Urbanism Magazine, Twoth Edition of the University of Art, 15: 113-137. (In Persian).
45. Ziari, K. (2007). Principles and Methods of Regional Planning, Yazd University Press, pp.42-55. (In Persian).
)