نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان
2 دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری و مدرس گروه جغرافیا و شهرسازی، دانشگاه لرستان
3 دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Elections as a political act reflect a degree of political participation that every society and everyone in the society participates on the basis of their political understanding of the geographic environment to support, reform and change. Citizens' criteria for choosing are effective in the election results. Meanwhile, geographically effective factors in elections, such as place and neighborhood characteristics, are largely overlooked. Some researchers believe that one of the most important predictive factors in the election, especially in tribal cities, is the place and neighborhood characteristics; because these place features, over time, have strengthened segregation and selective behaviors in elections. Thus, urban geography can represent a new interpretation of the social and spatial divisions of the election; for this reason, in this study, the spatial factors that affect the electoral behaviors of citizens are evaluated and analyzed comprehensively, because this method can more clearly reflect the nature of spatial inequality of election participation. The city of Khorramabad faces the issue of the impact of tribal relations in the elections, which has brought about a kind of segregation in the city, dominated by "tribal neighborhoods". This spatial separation has influenced many of the political, economic, social and cultural affairs of the city. The effect of electing based on the emotions and traditions of the society, and tribalism in different periods, on urban management, decisions concerning development and future of Khorramabad is a matter of concern. In this research, we have compared two groups of neighborhoods through taking into account factors such as the effect of tribal neighborhoods and segregation, speciality and education level, campaign and eventually political party in Khorramabad. For this reason, two neighborhoods with tribal interests and tangible segregation were selected and compared with two neighborhoods lacking such a characteristic; to investigate whether the problem of ecological segregation (in the form of tribal neighborhoods) has strengthened the tribalism behavior in Khorramabad council elections? Another question is how the ecological segregation can affect the election issue (especially the election of the Khorramabad city council)?
Methodology
The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical research. Two methods of library and field studies have been used to collect data. Data collection tools include: questionnaire, general population and housing census results, related journals and articles. In this regard, after studying theoretical literature, the spatial and non-spatial indices affecting election behavior were extracted and a questionnaire was prepared for the residents of the above_mentioned neighborhoods; the statistical population of the study included all households in Khorramabad. The sample size via Cochran model was determined 383, and the questionnaires, in order to better compare the results, were distributed in at least four samples. Of these four samples, two samples came with stronger tribalism affiliations while two others had less stronger affiliations. In this research, the sampling unit is family. The sample was selected in a multi-stage cluster method. Meanwhile, division method (relative to population) was used in the sampling method. In order to analyze the data by using SPSS software, methods such as multivariate regression, one way ANOVA and T- test independent samples were used.
Results and discussion
The results showed that more than 80% of residents of the two neighborhoods of Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm have relatively similar tribal relations. These conditions have identified these neighborhoods as distinct neighborhoods with a degree of segregation. The results of the T-test indicated that the neighborhoods with high segregation (tribal) and non-tribal neighborhoods in most of the studied indicators (party and factional leaning of candidates, the degree of candidate's expertise, ecological segregation (Ethnic-neighborhood affiliation and tribal selection)) were different at 95% confidence level and the pattern of selection of these two groups of neighborhoods' residents was different. Only when it comes to the indicator of the impact of the candidate's campaign in the city, there is no difference between the surveyed neighborhoods. In the sample, the difference in the patterns of elections based on the place of residence is significant in Khorramabad.
Conclusion
The results of one-way ANOVA for comparing the indices affecting the citizens' electoral behaviors in all four neighborhoods showed that, at an error level of 0.05, the importance of two party and specialty indices in Motahari and Shirkhagah for residents is more than the two neighborhoods with high segregation level (Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm). Tribal election and segregation with five indices (tribal affiliation, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection, social interactions, and neighborhood benefits) in neighborhoods with tribal interests is more than the two other neighborhoods. According to the step-by-step regression analysis, in neighborhoods with tribal affiliations, tribal campaign, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection and social interaction indicators were able to predict, in four steps, respectively, selection of tribe. So that these four factors could predict 51% of the tribal selectivity. In the meanwhile, only social interactions have not been able to predict tribal selectivity. It can be said that there is a relationship between the spatial dependencies of the place of residence and the voting pattern in the neighborhoods of Khorramabad. According to the results of this research, the effects of neighborhoods turns out to be effective in the model of elections in Khorramabad and they need to be dealt with more deeply, because these factors have created deep and permanent discrepancies in the election patterns of Khorramabad. However, so far, no previous study has analyzed the relationship between spatial and neighborhoods effects in Khorramabad elections. Based on the results of this study, electoral processes in geographical areas of Khorramabad due to social processes are different. However, the factor of place and the effects of neighborhoods in many neighborhoods of Khorramabad (especially neighborhoods with high segregation rates) have been effective on the formation and strengthening of electoral models of sustainability (in the form of tribal selection) and finally urban management through the effectiveness of the tribal electoral votes on city council elections.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
39. Alamdar, S.; Rasti, O. and Ahmadi, S. A., 2017, Spatial Pattern Of Participation In Presidential (Case Study: Tenth And Eleventh Presidential Election In South Khorasan Province), Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 4, PP. 815-829.
40. Azam Azadeh, M., 2003, How Residential segregation in Tehran, Humanities sciences Quarterly, No. 44-45, PP. 25-50.
41. Baie Lakshaki, M. and Pishgahi Fard, Z., 2009, Analysis of Electoral Behavior of Iranians (Case Study: Noshahr and Chalus Electoral Areas in the 8th Islamic Consultative Assembly), Human Geography Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 3, PP. 93-114.
42. Center for Statistics of Iran, 2016, Population and Housing Census of Lorestan Province.
43. Chalabi, M., 1996, Sociology of Order, First Edition, Tehran: Nashre Ney.
44. Engineers of Adviser technically, 2012, Comprehensive Plan of Khorramabad City.
45. Fakouei, N., 2004, Urban Anthropology, Tehran: Ney publication.
46. Feitosa, F.; Camara, G.; Monteiro, A. and Koschitzki, T., 2007, Global and Local Spatial Indices of Urban Segregation, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, PP. 299-323.
47. Firman, T., 2004, New town development in Jakarta Metropolitan Region: A perspective of spatial segregation, Habitat international, Vol. 28, No. 3, PP. 349-368.
48. Johnston, R. J.; Pattie, C. J.; Dorling, D. F. L.; MacAllister, I.; Tunstall, H.; Rossiter, D. J., 2001, Social location, spatial locations and voting at the 1997 British general election: evaluating the sources of Conservative support, Political Geography, Vol. 20, No. 1, PP. 85-111.
49. Johnston, R.; Kelvyn, J.; Sarker, R.; Propper, C.; Burgess, S. and Bolster, A., 2004, Party support and the neighbiurhood effect: spatial polarization of the british electorate, 1991-2001, Political Geography, Vol. 23, No. 4, PP. 367-402.
50. Haydukiewicz, L., 2011, Historical and geographic regionalization versus electoral geography, Procedia social and behavioral sciences, Vol. 19, PP. 98-111.
51. Kolev, K., 2014, The contingent effect of institutions: electoral formulas, ethnic polarization, and election quality, Electoral studies, Vol. 35, PP. 200-214.
52. Cutts, D.; Webber, D.; Widdop, P.; Johnston, R. and Pattie Charles, 2014, With a little help from my neighbours: a spatial analysis of the impact of local campaigns at 2020 British, General election, Vol. 34, PP. 216- 231.
53. Charney, I. and Malkinson, D., 2015, Between electoral and urban geography: voting patterns and socio-spatial dynamics in Tel Aviv, Applied geography, Vol. 58, PP. 1-6.
54. Babaei Agdam, F.; Hossein-zadeh Dalir, K. and Sadr-mousavi, M., 2008, Ecology of urban crowding in the urban fringes of Tabriz, Geography and development Iranian journal, Vol. 5, No. 9, PP. 161-180.
55. Babaei Agdam, F.; Attar, M. A.; Roshan Roodi, S. and Motidoost, A., 2015, Measuring urban ecological segregation by one group measures (case study: Tkab city), Human geography research quarterly, Vol. 47, iss. 93, PP. 477-491.
56. Nikfar, J. and Akbari, S., 2015, Nurabad electoral behavior of citizens in the ninth parliamentary elections, Urban management, No. 40, PP. 337-350.
57. Abdollah, A., 2009, a review in voting behavior theories, the Islamic revolution approach, No. 8, PP. 87-104
58. Goli, A. and Mahkooei, H., 2014, Spatial patterns of participation in presidential elections case study: the eleventh presidential, Geopolitics, Vol. 10, No. 34, PP. 189-213.
59. Shahramniya, A.; Milani, J. and Karamirad, J., 2017, Analysis of factors affecting electoral behavior with emphasis on the theory of political economy and ideology domination in the tenth presidential election (case study: district of Jolgeh in Isfahan), Vol. 5, No. 19, PP. 75-102.
60. Mansley, E. and Demsar, U., 2015, Space matters: geographic variability of electoral turnout determinants in the 2012 London mayoral election, Electoral studies, Vol. 40, PP. 322-334.
61. Ghajari, H. A.; Azin, A. and Zafari, H., 2011, Factors Affecting the Model of Voting in Ardal County in the Parliamentary Elections, Quarterly Journal of Political and International Research, Vol. 3, No. 6, PP. 135- 173.
62. Gheranjik, A. H., 2011, The Study of Social Factors Affecting the Propensity to Reside in Ethnic Places (Ghettoes) in Bandar-Torkman Multicultural City, Master's Thesis in Social Sciences Research, Mazandaran University.
63. Gorgizzadeh, M. and Golparvar, M., 2011, The Impact of Local Political Culture on Electoral Competitions in Iran (Case Study, Mamasani County), Quarterly Journal of Political and International Studies, Vol. 3, No. 9, PP. 161-170.
64. Hajinejad, A.; Yaghfouri, H.; Paidar, A. and Sanjari, A.A., 2015, Investigating the Effects of Ecological segregation on Sustainable Social Security (Case Study: Anberabad City), Law Enforcement Geography, Vol. 3, No. 10, PP. 35-60.
65. Heidari, N.A. and Araiesh, B., 2015, Analysis of Relationship between Economic Poverty and Electoral Behavior: Case Study of Islamic Azad University Students in Ilam Province, Political since quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 30, PP. 165-184.
66. Heywood, A., 2002, Politics, London: Pal grave Foundations.
67. Lee, J. Y. and Kwan, M. P., 2011, Visualisation of Socio-Spatial Isolation Based on Human Activity Patterns and Social Networks in Space-Time, Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, Vol. 102, No. 4, PP. 468-485.
68. Mafi, E.; Vatanperast, M. and Rezvani, M. H., 2012, Investigating ecological construction of Mashhad city, Two quarterly of geography and areal development, No. 18, PP. 99-122.
69. Mahdavi, M., 2013, Introduction to Rural Geography of Iran, Tehran: Samt Publication.
70. Marsousi, N. and Saebi, M. H., 2009, Geographical analysis of Impact of Social Ecology on City's Physical Development (Case study: Mashhad city), Geography and Regional Planning Quarterly, Vol. 1, Preview Number, PP. 73-93.
71. Masoudnia, H. and Mehdi Pour, A., 2010, Political- Tribal Culture and Political Participation in Ilam Province, Journal of Political and International Approaches, No. 26, PP. 61-90.
72. Mohammadi Anabi, H., 2012, Investigating the Factors Affecting the Electoral Behavior of People in Rabar City, Master's Degree in Political Science, Yazd University.
73. Mohammadifar, N.; Yousefi Jouibari, M.; Suri, H. and Mohammadi, M., 2013, Investigating the Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Electoral Behavior (With Emphasis on Ninth and Tenth Presidential Elections; Case Study of Kermanshah City), Political and International Knowledge, vol. 2, No. 5, PP. 115-136.
74. Pishgahi Fard, Z.; Amiri, A. and Ansarizadeh, S., 2014, Analysis of electoral participation of the people of Lorestan Province in the presidential election, Quarterly Journal of the studies of Human settlements planning, Vol. 2, No. 27, PP. 19-34.
75. Reardon, S. and O’Sullivan, D., 2004, Measures of Spatial Segregation. Sociological, Sociological Methodology, Vol. 34, No. 1, PP. 121-162.
76. Romania, I. anf Sadeghi, V., 2015, Investigating the Effect of tribalism on Voting Models; A Case Study of Noorabad Mamsani, Quarterly Journal of Geopolitics, Vol. 11, No. 3, PP. 84-116.
77. Sadeghi Jeghe, S., 2015, Investigating Social Factors Affecting Iranian Election Behavior, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 69, PP. 89-118.
78. Sajasi Gheidari, H.; Pourtaheri, M.; Sadeghi, V. and Hosseini, S. M. H., 2015, Analysis of the Relationship between Tribalism of Local Communities and Political Development in Electoral Conditions (Case Study: Noorabad Mamsani city), Geography and Development Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 1, PP. 19-46.
79. Salehi Najafabadi, A., 2015, Analysis of Presidential Elections in Iran: Causes of Ineffectiveness of Positivist Techniques, Political Sciences Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 32, PP. 83-115.
80. Sfandyri khalvat, Z. and Babaie Aghdam, F., 2013, Special segregation in cities, a challenge to sustainable urban development, First National Conference on Architecture, Restoration, Urbanism and Sustainable Environment, Hamedan: Association of Hegmatane Environment Evaluators.
81. Shahram Nia, A. M.; Milani, J. and Karami Rad, J., 2016, Factors Affecting the Electoral Behavior of the 10th Presidential Election: A Case Study: the Isfahan jolgeh district, Strategic Policy Research Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 19, PP. 75-102.
82. Shahramnia, A. M.; Ebrahimipour, H.; Mahmoud Oghli, R. and Malekan, M., 2017, Measurement of the Effect of Social Networks on Political Participation: A Case Study: Mazandaran University Students, Applied Sociology, Vol. 28, No. 1, PP. 19-32.
83. Shala, V. and Quainoo, R., 2007, Ethnic Dwelling Segregation In Rosengård, Malmö högskola Hälsa och samhälle, [on line]:http://dspace.mah.se/bitstream/handle
84. Shamsuddini, A., 2010, Elections and tribalism with emphasis on the election process of the fifth to eighth parliamentary elections in the Mamasani constituency, Ehe Law and Policy, No. 14, PP. 11-40.
85. Shokouhi, H., 2003, New Views in Urban Geography, Tehran: Samt Publications.
86. Sieberer, U., 2010, Behavioral consequences of mixed electoral systems: Deviating voting behavior of district and list MPs in the german bundestag , Electoral Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, PP. 484-496.
87. Suri Qarlivand, H., 2011, The Effect of Parties' Competitions on Electoral Behavior of Ethnic Groups of Khorramabad in the 8th Majles of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Master's Degree in Political Science, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan.
88. Taliban, M. R. and Mirzai, M., 2011, Religion and Electoral Behavior, Two quarterly of Social Sciences (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad), Vol. 8, No. 2, PP. 131-167.
89. Tavallayi, N. and Yari, J., 2011, Investigating the Factors Affecting on Inclination to Intra Urban Migration in Tehran with Emphasis on Spatial Inequality Sensation, Journal of Social Analysis, No. 60, PP. 79-110.
90. Teymuri, I.; Hadily, B. and Saberi, H., 2017, Symbolic Consumption and Spatial segregation in Tabriz City (Case Study: Koie of Ferdows and Vali Asr), Geography and Development Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 47, PP. 1-16.
91. Watts, M., 2005, Conceptualising and measuring spatial segregation: the state of play, proceedings of the ARCRNSISS Methodology, tools and Techniques and spatial theory paradigm forums workshop, Australia: University of Newcastle.
92. Yazdani, M. H.; Soltani, A.; Nazm Far, H. and Attar, M. A., 2015, Measurement of residential segregation of socio-economic bases of Shiraz city using multi-indexed indicators, Applied Research of Geography quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 42, PP. 197-222.
)