نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 استاد جغرافیا و برنامهریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Introduction
Nowadays international and local Social, economic and political relationships are bonded and expanded into each other which is known as Globalization process. Researchers consider globalization as a process resulting in intertwining of different relationships across the world, local events are affected by other ones located miles away, and vice versa, local events affecting global ones (Tanzi,2005:44).In fact this process is dialectical; i.e. local events could spread in the opposite direction of their far originating events(Gidens,2004:77). globalization effects on quality of life are considered as a critical issue. Some countries parallel globalization advancement with increasing quality of life of individuals and consider it as an essential part of today's lifecycle, while others seem to be more skeptical in this regard (Montiel,2012:70). Imposing sanction is applied by one or several international countries against other countries to punish them aiming to limit them from certain actions, and persuade them to accept certain norms (Jack and Plano,2010).It can also be considered as governments' withdrawal or deliberate threat for withdrawal from establishing relationships in different sectors(Ataev CEU,2013:5).Since 1990S,sanctions have extended connection of different locations and changed universal globalization rate. It is believed that sanctions are a preferable and less costier alternative to military actions(Lopez and Cortright,1995:18).
After Islamic Revolution, particularly since 2012, Iran was sanctioned for many different reasons by USA and European countries including Iran's nuclear program to force their activities to comply with International Atomic Energy Agency protocols, which were the heaviest sanctions in the history of mankind targeting all society stratums of Iran. Thus, this study tried to explore nuclear sanctions impact on urban quality of life from globalization retrospect using available theories. In this study quality of life indices were measured in period that Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 was not effective (in sanctioned period) for Amol and the results were compared to quality of life indices of Amol before sanctions were initiated (2012) to evaluate the impact of international policies on the medium sized cities and identify causes of people discontent, life priorities, how political, social and economic factors would impact quality of life of residents of the city.
Methodology
This is a descriptive-analytic research and data were collected via a questionnaire.In this study,first 20 important economic, social and political events in Amol city were presented to 30 experts of this town in form of cross-impact matrix through investigating credible resources, and the resulted data were analyzed through the MICMAC software.The empirical data of the study were derived from a survey in Amol, the first part of which was carried out prior to the enactment of comprehensive sanctions in 2012(Khademi,2012),and the second part was conducted when the comprehensive sanctions came in effect in 2017.Respondents were heads of households in Amol. In this regard, questionnaires were distributed based on random sampling quota among a sample of 350 households in the first phase and then among the same number of households (n=350) in the same neighborhoods in the second phase of the study. At the city scale, the study areas were selected among 9 urban districts using Cochran and random sampling method. To test the reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. In both phases of the study, the coefficient was higher than 0.8, which indicated the internal consistency of the questionnaire.
Results and Discussion
Results of MICMAC revealed that the "Nuclear sanctions" factor can be recognized as the only factor from which the quality of life of Amol residents during this 4-year period (2012-2017) was highly affected, and other factors were influenced by this one. The influence of other factors on each other was highly limited and weak.
Another results this study revealed that indicators of quality of life in Amol during sanctions including social factors (mean=2.8),environmental factors(mean=2.7) and economic (mean=2.4) factors were all below average. On the contrary an analysis of the quality of life in the city of Amol in 2012 exhibited that social (mean=3.3), environmental (mean=3.2) and economic (mean=3.1) factors were above average. Generally,it can be argued that mean quality of life in the studied city was 2.6 in 2017 and 3.2 in 2017. The results of T-test in SPSS revealed that quality of life in these two periods was significantly different. In this context and based on mean values of quality of life, it can be concluded that the effect of sanctions on economic indicator was greater than the two other indicators, followed by social factors and finally physical and environmental indicators. On one hand,according to the findings of the study, sanctions had a tremendous effect on "gender" factor,leading to heightened gap and inequality between men and women, to the extent that it was found to be the most important individual variable undergoing significant changes during this period.On the other hand, results showed that in 2017, concerns about long-term adverse effects of sanctions had the greatest effect on indicators of quality of life.
Conclusion
According to the selection criteria in this study, it can be argued that besides having positive and negative impacts on the quality of life of residents under normal circumstances, globalization and growing interdependence of countries and urban areas, can significantly threaten the interests of the citizens even in medium-sized cities, at critical moments of history.This is especially true for countries and cities that are more susceptible to regional and international troubles due to their specific policies and approaches. Therefore, it seems that regulating relations between cities and countries in the globalization process, is essential to preserve and improve the quality of life of urban resident especially when there is an imbalance in such a relationship and its subsequent benefits. Otherwise, residents of these cities will continue to perceive globalization as a threat.
Keywords: Globalization, Nuclear Sanction, Urban quality of life, Amol City
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
30. Andrews, F. M, Withey, S. B. 2006, Social indicators of well-being: American's perceptions of life quality. Plenum Press, New York: USA.
31. Ataev, Nordir, 2013, Economic Sanctions and Nuclear Proliferation: The Case of Iran, Thesis in Economic, Central European University, CEU Library. Hungary, Accessed June 2014. http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2013/ataev_ nodir.pdf.
32. Axel ,Dreher, Jan-Egbert Stupm, Henrich w. Ursprung, 2006, the Impact of Globalization on the Composition of Government Expenditures: Evidence from panel Data, CES ifo Worping pape, No. 1755, , PP. 2-45.
33. Bardhan, Pranab, 2006, Globalization and Rural Poverty, World Development, Vol. 34, No. 8, PP. 1393-1404.
34. Berkashly, Fereydun, 1996, International sanctions, America and the Third World, Scientific Research Journal of Rahbord, Issue 12, PP. 121-138. (In Persian).
35. Borhani, Mohammad, 2006, Globalization and its impact on income distribution in Iran, Master's thesis, University of Tehran, Faculty of Economics University. Tehran. (In Persian).
36. Clark, William, 2000, Environmental Globalization, in: Joseph S. Nye and John D. Donahue (eds.) Governance in a Globalizing World, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.: USA.86-108.
37. Cortright, David, Lopez, George A, 1999, Are Sanctions Just? The Problematic Case of Iraq, Journal of International Affairs, , No. 2, PP. 735-755.
38. Daryaei, Mohammadhadi and Haghpanah, Mahmoud, 2008, Economic sanctions; the effects and consequences, Policies and Guidelines publication, Tadbir research institutes. Tehran. In Persian.
39. Doxy, Margant P., 1996, International sanction in contemporary perspective, 2nd ed. st. Martin,s press, New Yourk, PP. 20-54.
40. Garrett, Geoffrey and Mitchel, Deborah, 2001, Globalization, government Spending and taxation in the OECD, European journal of political Research, No. 39, PP. 145-177.
41. George, Linda K, 1980, Quality of life in older persons: meaning and measurement, Human Sciences Press, NewYork .USA
42. Giddens, Anthony, 2005, The consequences of modernity, translation Mohsen. Triasalesi, Tehran publishing center. Tehran. (In Persian).
43. Goldin, Ian and Reinert, Ken, 2007, Globalization for Development: Trade, Finance, Aid, Migration and Policy. The World Bank Press, Washington DC.USA.
44. Golmohammadi, Ahmad, 2002, Globalization and cultural identity, Tehran, Nay Publishing. (In Persian).
45. Harpham, Trudy; Blue, Ilona and Goldstein, Grey, 2001, Healthy city project in developing countries: The first evaluation, Routledge Press, south bank university, London, England.
46. Hataminejad, Hosein; Eyvazloo, Davood and Khazaizadeh, Fatemeh, 2016, Investigation on the Relation- ship between Social Capital and Satisfaction with Quality of Life in Urban Spaces (Case Study: Region Number 9, Tehran Municipality), Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 2, PP. 349-361. (In Persian).
47. Hays, Jude; Ehrlich, Sean and Peinhard, Clint, 2005, Globalization Spending and public Support for Trade in the OECD: An Empirical test of the Embedded Liberalism thesis. Cambridge University Press, International organization, England, No. 59, PP. 473-494.
48. Hicks, Alexander and Zorn, Christopher, 2005, Economic Globalization, the macro Economy, and reversals of Welfare: Expansion in affluent democracies, 1987-94. Cambridge University Press, International Organization, England, 59, 631- 662.
49. Hufbauer, Gary; Schott, Jeffrey and Elliot, Kimberly, 1990, Economic sanctions reconsidered: History and current policy (2nd edition.). Peterson Institute for International Economics Press, Washington, DC..USA.
50. Hufbauer, Gary; Schott, Jeffrey; Elliot, Kimberly and Oegg, Barbara, 2007, Economic Sanction Reconsidered, 3rd edition. Peterson Institute for International Economics Press, Washington, DC. .USA.
51. Jahn, Detlef, 2006, Globalization as "Goltons Problem". The Missing Link in the Analysis of Diffusion Patherns in Welfare state Development. Cambridge University Press, International Organization, England, No. 60, PP. 401-431.
52. Jamali, Firooz; PurMohammadi, Mohammad Reza and Sharif Nejad, Javad, 2014, Impact of globalization on informal settlements: reproduces the discourse of neoliberalism in marginal areas Case Study: Tabriz informal settlements. Quarterly Journal of Human Geography, Issue 3, PP. 135-150. (In Persian).
53. Jieming, Zhu, 2002, Globalization and its impact on Singapore’s industrial landscape, Journal of Habitat International, Vol. 26, PP. 170-187, sage Publications,Inc
54. Keohane, Robert and Nye, Joseph, 2000, Introduction, In J. S. Nye and J. D. Donahue (eds.) Governance in a Globalizing World, Washington D.C. .USA.: Brookings Institution Press: 1-44.
55. Khademi, Amirhossein, 2013, Measurement of quality indicators of urban life from the perspective of citizens (Case study: Amol), Journal of Urban and Regional Studies and Research, Issue 23, PP. 163-180. (In Persian).
56. Landman, Oliver, 2000, Globalization and Unemployment: wages unemployment, and globalization: A tale of conventional wisdoms, Springer Press, USA. 165-191.
57. Latifi, Gholamreza and Dadvand, Tahereh, 2010, The impact of globalization on social development with an emphasis on social conditions. Journal of Planning and Community Development, Issue 3, PP. 179-202. (In Persian).
58. 10-Lambiri,Dionysia, Biagi, Bianca, Royuela, Vicente, 2006,Quality of life in the Economic and urban Economic Literature, Social Indicators Researc, Vol. 84, No. 1. PP. 1-25.
59. Manouchehri, Abbas and Jafari, Feroz, 2014, The impact of globalization on civil rights in Iran, Journal of Theoretical Politics, No. 16. PP. 135-164. (In Persian).
60. Marginson, Simon, 1999, After globalization: Emerging politics of education, Journal of Education Policy, Vol. 14, No. 1, PP. 19-31.
61. Mayre, Dowell, 1987, Community-Relevant Measurement of Quality of life a facus on local trends, University of texas at Austin, Urban affairs Quartery, Vol. 23, No. 1, PP. 110-130.
62. Mirzaee, Hosein and AghaJani, Habib, 2009, Analysis of the impact of globalization on the labor market, Productivity Management Quarterly, Issue 10, PP. 219-241. (In Persian).
63. Mohammadi Khabazan, Mohammad; Sadeghi, Hossein; Sahabi; Bahram and Hasanzadeh, Ali, 2015, The effects of sanctions on the Iranian economy, Thesis for a doctorate in economic science orientation Theoretical Economics, Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Management and Economics. Tehran. In Persian.
64. Montiel, Hector, 2012, Globalization: Approaches to Diversity, BoD – Books on Demand Publish, England, PP. 60-120.
65. Mosallanejad, Abbas, 2015, The impact of sanctions policy on Iran's nuclear negotiations, Geopolitical Quarterly, Issue 39, PP. 1-32. (In Persian).
66. Naghavi, Alireza and Pignataro, Giuseppe, 2013, Theocracy and Resilience agains Economic Sanction. SSRN Journal Prepared for the internatonal Symposium: sanction and the Iranain Political Economy, No. 10, PP. 21-39.
67. Niknamy, Roxana, 2015, Measuring the efficiency of sanctions: EU sanctions against Russia, Foreign Relations Quarterly, Issue 25, PP. 7-37. (In Persian).
68. Norris, Pippa, 2000, Global Governance and Cosmopolitan Citizens, Brookings Institution Press, Washington D.C. USA.
69. Nossal, Kim Richard2 1989, International sanctions as international punishment,International Organization, Vol. 43, PP. 301-322.
70. Orbeta, Aniceto, 2002, Globalization and employment: the impact of trade on employment level and structure in the Philippines, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2002-04, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) Publication. Philippine .1-28.
71. Ramezanpoor, Ismail, 2004, Economic globalization and its effects on employment, Economic Research Journal, Vol. 40, PP. 155-178. (In Persian).
72. Robertson, Roland, 2006, Globalization, social and cultural world theories, translations Kamal poladi, Sales publication, Tehran. In Persian.
73. Rodrik, Dani, 1997, Has Globalization on Gone Too Far?, Peterson Institute for International Economics Press, (Washington , DC). USA.
74. Rohani, Zahra; Savari, Hassan; Zamani, Sayyed Ghasem, 2014, United Nations economic sanctions on foreign investment, a master's thesis in international law, Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Law. (In Persian).
75. Rostami, Aliakbar, 2007, North Korea's nuclear program and its impact on Iran's nuclear case, Iranian Defense Policy, No. 58, PP. 117-154. (In Persian).
76. Sadeghi Jegha, Saeed, 2016, Social capital in the mirror and Brjam nuclear negotiations, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Issue 72, PP. 31-52. (In Persian).
77. Schulze, Günther, Heinrich, Ursprung, 1999, Globalization of the economy and the nation state, The world Economy, Vol. 22, PP.295-352.
78. Singh, Parlo, 2004, Globalization and Education. Educational theory, Wiley Online Library, Vol. 54, No. 1, PP. 103-115.
79. Schalock, R.L ,2004, The concept of quality of life: what we know and do not know, Journal of intellectual disability research, No 43, 121-139.
80. Smith, Claire and Levermore, Gorg, 2008, Designing urban spaces and building to improve sustainability and quality of life in a warmer word, Energy Policy, Vol. 36, No. 12, PP. 4558-4562.
81. Sobhani Gheidary, Hamd-allah; Sadeqhlu,Tahereh and Shahdadi, Ali, 2015, The effects of globalization on lifestyle changes in rural areas, interdisciplinary studies in the Humanities, Issue 4, PP. 153-188.
82. Suri, Ahmad; Soltani Nejad, Ahmad and Mousavi shafaei, Masoud, 2013, The impact of international sanctions on the Islamic Republic's nuclear strategy, international relations graduate thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University, Faculty of Humanities. Tehran. (In Persian).
83. Tanzi, Vito, 2004, Globalization and the need for Fiscal Reform in Developing countries, Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 26, No. 4, PP. 525-542.
84. Tseblos, George, 1990, Are sanction effective? A Game theoretic analysis, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Sage Publications, Vol. 34, No. 1, PP. 3-28.
85. Ulengin, Burc; Fusun, Ulengin and Umit, Guvenc, 2001, A multidimensional approach to urban quality of life: The case of Istanbul, European Journal of Operation Reasrch, No. 130, PP. 274-361.
86. Van poll , Ric, 1997, The pevceived Quality of urban Environment A multi- attvibute evaluation, University of Groningen Press, Netherlands.
87. Walterskirchen, Wald, 1999, The Relationship Between Growth, Employment and Unemployment in the EU, Austrain Institute Of Economic Research Press, Vienna. Austria.
88. Waltz, Kenneth N, 2012, Why Iran Should Get the Bomb Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability, Foreign affairs (Council on Foreign Relations), Vol. 91, No. 4, PP. 2-5.
89. World Bank, 2006, World Development Indicators. The World Bank press, Washington DC.
90. Zahraei, Mostafa, 1997, Theoretical economic sanctions, the State Department's Institute Press,Tehran In Persian.
91. Zangane Shahraki, Saeed; Galin Sharifdini, Javad; Hassanzadeh, Davood; Salary Moghadam and Zahra, 2014, Avaluation of the Quality of Life in Informal Settlements, Tehran Metropolitan (Case Study: Islamabad Salehabad), Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 46, No.1, PP.177-196. In Persian.
92. Ziari, Keramatollah and Rafiee Mehr, Hossein, 2015, Assessment of the Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Informal Settlements(Hesar, Hamedan), Human Geography Research Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 1, PP. 3-21. In Persian.
)
