نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد،گروه سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دانشکدة جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase in the number of major cities in the world, especially in developing countries on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and population accumulation on the other, cause problems such as the emergence of heat islands. Urban heat islands are the obvious negative impacts of urbanization that largely depends on land use and land cover type, most aspects of urbanization become apparent when humans interfere with the natural structure of the earth and alter the natural landscape of the earth, causing many environmental problems such as urban heat islands in general, urban heat island is the result of the complex impacts of urban processes on its climate. These processes cause cities to be surrounded by a hot air mass that is about 120 meters in height during the day and more than twice as much at night. In this phenomenon, the city center has the highest temperature in comparison to the surrounding rural areas, and with the departure from the city center this temperature and height of the hot air mass decreases. This is called the urban heat island. In most studies, it is concluded that urban vegetation reduces surface temperature, as opposed to the inconsistency between land surface temperature and land use in land use. The objectives of this study are to determine the distribution of land surface temperature in land use types, as well as to investigate the difference between land surface temperature with land use types and vegetation composition, and finally to analyze the impact of human factors on land surface temperature. This study is expected to provide a better understanding of urban heat islands by analyzing land use types and land cover and social and economic interactions. the results of this study can guide managers in planning to regulate urban socio-economic activities to reduce urban heat islands.
2. Methodology
District 6 of Tehran is one of the relatively old districts of Tehran which is located in the central area of Tehran. District 6, as one of the busiest areas in Tehran, has a residential density of 75 percent, with 30 percent allocated to transportation networks.This study uses the Landsat 8 satellite image on August 7, 2016. The images are available free of charge at the US Geological Survey. In order to complete the input parameters for mapping the surface temperature using satellite images, the Modis water vapor product with a spatial resolution of 5000 m was used. For visual interpretation, 1: 10000 maps were used, and the type of files of the target area extracted from 1: 2000 maps for 2015 extracted from the Tehran Information Technology Organization, In this study we consider only the vegetation case with respect to available data. There are 5 types of land uses in this area and the user map has been prepared using Arc GIS software.
1- Old residential area (over 25 years old)
2- New residential area (between 5 and 15 years)
3. Wasteland (landfills vacant)
4- Industrial areas (including various industrial activities such as factory and warehouse space)
5. Organizational Areas (Infrastructure Related to Schools, Colleges, Universities and Research Institutions)
2. Results and discussion
Approximately 49% of the total area under study was considered for all types of land uses, including 6.4% new residential, 21% old residential, 2.5% waste, 0.6% industrial and 18.3% Percentage of organizational usage. Data provided by the municipality's ICT and satellite imagery used to match the time of preparation. In this study, based on the findings, the highest surface temperature is related to industrial and organizational use, and the surface temperature of the wasteland is ranked third after organizational use, The average value of land surface temperature varies with different types of land use, indicating that the factors affecting the land surface temperature vary by land use. Linear correlation analysis showed that the mean land surface temperature significantly depended on both land cover composition and land use. The results show that there is a slight correlation between vegetation indices in each land use type. The land cover composition has a direct relationship with the land cover metrics, but the correlation coefficient of the vegetation cover composition and measures varies among different land use types. The findings show that the composition of the green space in small plots is more sensitive to the surface temperature of the earth. The results also suggest that there is a complex mechanism in urban heat islands, which may be caused not only by the biophysical process but also by human resources. The variations in land surface temperature between different types of land use indicate that energy consumption and human heat emission have important effects on the land surface temperature. In human sources of heat dissipation, such as human metabolism, the presence of buildings and traffic significantly contribute to the increase of urban heat and the creation of urban islands. The intensity of heat varies according to the type of climate, population density and intensity of industrial and commercial activities.
3. Conclusion
The findings of this study show that land use has the potential to explain the effects of complex human activities in urban areas compared to land cover. these findings highlight the contradictory effects of land use composition and land cover on urban heat islands, which not only help to better understand the mechanism of urban heat islands but also provide practical solutions for urban planning and management. Surface temperatures can be reduced by optimizing vegetation patterns (based on the relationship between land surface temperature and land cover) for any human-assisted use. to reduce the effect of urban heat islands, increasing vegetation density and scattering, it is also advisable to create green roofs or roof gardens and maintain plants in buildings.
Keywords: "Surface temperature", "Landsat 8", "Landscape measurements", "Urban heat islands".
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