بررسی نقش کردها و القاعده بر بحران سوریه از منظر ساختار-کارگزار

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه فرماندهی و کنترل، دانشکده فرماندهی و کنترل، دانشگاه پدافند هوایی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه جغرافیا سیاسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی؛ واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

خاورمیانه را باید عرصه تاخت‌وتاز و قدرت‌نمایی بازیگران غیردولتی در نظر گرفت. در منطقه خاورمیانه، نظر به مرزهای تصنعی حاصل از توافقنامه‌های اوایل قرن بیستم و سیالیت قومی در مرزهای کشورها، تعارض موصوف، باعث جدلی بین میدان‌های ژئوپلیتیک گشته که این میدان‌ها، توأماً، ساختارها و کارگزارهای ژئوپلیتیک را در خود جای‌داده و آنتروپی ژئوپلیتیکی را در منطقه‌ایجاد نموده‌اند. به دنبال تحولات جهان عرب و آنارشی ژئوپلیتیک در سوریه دو کنشگر مهم یعنی کردها و القاعده (جبهه النصره) در این کشور، به‌عنوان کارگزاران ژئوپلیتیک، کدها و بینش ژئوپلیتیکی مخصوص به خود را تعریف نموده‌اند که ساختارهایی حاکم را تحت تأثیر قرارداده است. کردها و القاعده شبه دولت‌هایی را ایجاد کرده‌اند که از طریق صورت‌بندی و مفصل‌بندی گفتمان‌های ژئوپلیتیکی، درصدد ورود به عرصه کارگزاری ژئوپلیتیک جهت کنش در میدان‌های ژئوپلیتیک می‌باشند. این تحقیق درصدد است با مطالعه بروی اسناد، مدارک و مصاحبه عمیق با خبرگان در بحران سوریه به بررسی نقش کردها و القاعده از منظر دیالکتیک ساختار-کارگزار از طریق روش علمی بپردازد.پژوهش‌گر، جامعه آماری تحقیق را در دو گروه کارشناس‌های اهل سوریه و مستشاران جمهوری اسامی در سوریه به‌عنوان گروه خبره و متخصصان در بخش‌های امنیتی، سیاسی و پژوهشی دانشگاهی کشور را به تعداد تقریبی 80 نفر را در گروه کارشناس لحاظ نموده است. نوع تحقیق کاربردی و روش آن توصیفی تحلیلی با رویکرد آمیخته انتخاب‌شده است.نتایج این تحقیق مؤید این واقعیت است که گفتمان مذهبی القاعده و گفتمان قومیتی کردها در سوریه به گفتمان ژئوپلیتیکی تبدیل‌شده و این دو کارگزار دارای مطامع سرزمینی می‌باشند. به‌عبارتی‌دیگر در بحران سوریه مذهب، قومیت و ژئوپلیتیک درهم‌تنیده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the role of Kurds and al-Qaeda in the Syrian crisis from a structural-agent perspective

نویسندگان [English]

  • omid jafarizadeh 1
  • Farhad Hamzeh 2
  • Ali Azari 2
1 Department of Command and Control, Faculty of Command and Control, Air Defense University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences; Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction:In the wake of the Syrian crisis and the weakening of the political structure in the country, ethnic and religious activists of different backgrounds have demanded that they create agents who have a hegemonic, geopolitical, and ideological approach. The Kurds and Jabhat al-Nusra as two strong organizations among the new activists in the Syrian crisis have defined themselves as agents or geopolitical entities that have challenged Syria's political structure due to territorial and geographical conditions. This research examines the rise of new Syrian agents and their demands through an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing on the theories of social, geopolitical, and dialectic structure-agents, and considers the research hypothesis as the rise of agents and their institutional confrontation with structures.

Dialectic Structure - The broker who does not give authenticity to any of the structures and brokers considers them both intertwined and necessary. In geopolitical science, too, the structure and practice of geopolitics have been in constant conflict with one another, and this conflict is most evident in world wars and regional and inter-state conflicts. In the Middle East, due to the artificial boundaries of the early twentieth-century agreements and ethnic fluidity on the borders of countries, the aforementioned conflict has caused a geopolitical dispute that has put together these fields, structures, and geopolitical agents. It has caused geopolitical entropy in the region. Following the developments of the Arab world and geopolitical anarchy in Syria, two major actors in Syria, namely the Kurds and al-Qaeda (Jabhat al-Nusra), are defined as geopolitical practitioners who have influenced geopolitical codes and structures that influence the geopolitical map. . The Kurds and al -Qaeda have created pseudo-governments that seek to enter the geopolitical arena for action in geopolitical fields by formulating and articulating geopolitical discourses.

Methodology: Applied and methodological, descriptive is mixed with the analysis approach. The method of data collection in the qualitative phase of the research was performed using literature review and semi-structured interviews with Syrian experts and advisers of the Republic of Names in Syria. In the second phase of this research, the researcher has developed a questionnaire using the extracted codes. In this study, due to the lack of a standard questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire was used.

Results and discussion: According to the interpretation of concepts and statements resulting from the processing, orderly and summarized analysis of sources and documents, operational experiences and information provided through interviews with experts and explaining the goals and intersection of analysis results, results (research) on the role of Kurds and al-Qaeda The following are debatable on the Syrian crisis from the point of view of the structure-broker:

-Although Kurds are religiously Sunni, they identify with ethnic interests and advance their identity discourse. The Kurdish regions of Syria have been one of the influential variables in the Syrian crisis in recent years, which has been a point of conflict for many local, regional and trans-regional actors. In this regard, Kurdish parties in northern Syria and in the Kurdish regions were able to show themselves as an influential force in the political life of the region by strengthening their military might and model of local self-government. The creation of a nationalist discourse and its transformation into a geopolitical discourse has made this geographical unit a significant actor for the squares and sub-squares located in the Syrian crisis game.

- Al-Qaeda in Syria, which states that its goal is to establish the Islamic Emirate and revive the religion, cannot achieve its goals without establishing a government.

Conclusion: According to the statistical analysis, the following statements regarding the situation of the Kurds have been confirmed and prioritized:

• The Syrian Kurdish identity discourse has the potential to become a geopolitical discourse;

• The Kurds, according to Abdullah تئcalan's theory, demand cantonal autonomy (democratic confederalism);

• The Kurdish geopolitical discourse causes political decentralization and the need for a multicultural, multilingual, and multi-ethnic government in Syria;

• The Kurds want a cohesive geography in northern Syria;

• The geopolitical branding of the Syrian Kurds (Rojava) is effective in developing their geopolitical discourse;

• The Kurdish geopolitical discourse will go beyond the Kurdish lands in the future;

• The strategic goals of the Kurds face a fundamental challenge: Turkey's strong opposition;

• The strategic goals of the Kurds face a fundamental challenge: Turkey's strong opposition;

• The geopolitical discourse of the Kurds could challenge the formation of a national government in Syria;

• The geopolitical structure of Syria (the ruling regime) will accept Kurdish sovereignty federally in a state of emergency.

Also, according to the statistical analysis, the following statements regarding the situation of al-Qaeda in Syria have been confirmed and prioritized:

• The religious discourse of Jabhat al-Nusra (al-Qaeda in Syria) has the potential to become a geopolitical discourse;

• The establishment of the Islamic Emirate in Syria is a strategic goal for Jabhat al-Nusra as the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda;

• The complete removal of Bashar al-Assad from the political scene and a fundamental change in the current political structure in Syria is a prelude to the realization of Al-Nusra's strategic goal in Syria;

• The power to create unity among the elements, to follow the Shari'a and not to impose opinions, contrary to ISIL's practice, makes al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse acceptable to the public;

• Al-Qaeda's geopolitical (religion-based) discourse challenges the formation of a national government in Syria;

• In the political stage, Jabhat al-Nusra becomes a riotous security activist;

Al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse leads to political decentralization and the need for a multicultural, multilingual, and multi-ethnic government in Syria;

Al-Qaeda's public service agencies in Idlib prepare the public for the acceptance of al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse;

• The adoption of a secular system in the Syria is effective in strengthening al-Qaeda's geopolitical discourse.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dialectic
  • Kurds
  • al-Qaeda
  • The Syrian crisis
  • discourse
  1. آذری، علی. (1396). افق مناسبات ترکیه و عربستان در سوریه. تهران: موسسه مطالعات راهبردی اندیشه‌سازان نور، کارگروه مطالعات شامات.
  2. آذری، علی. (1396). نقش اهل سنت در ساختار و روندهای سوریه. پژوهش پشتیبان، تهران: موسسه مطالعات راهبردی اندیشه‌سازان نور، کارگروه مطالعات شامات.
  3. آزاد،‌ امیر؛ حامد، آزاد و ابراهیمی­فر، طاهره. (1397). تأثیر کُنش شبه‌نظامیان شمال سوریه بر نظم سیاسی کشور در دوره پسا داعش. فصلنامه سیاست جهانی، 7 (1)، 50-39.
  4. اسدالهی، مسعود. (1398). مصاحبه مسئول مرکز مطالعاتی راهبردی ایران در سوریه.
  5. آوتویت، ویلیام و تام، باتامور. (1392). فرهنگ علوم اجتماعی در قرن بیستم. ترجمه حسن چاوشیان، تهران: نشر نی.
  6. باباجانی پور، زهرا. (1392). راهبرد ایالات متحده آمریکا در سوریه از 2012 - 2011. فصلنامه سیاست، 48 (4)، 852-835.
  7. تاجیک، محمدرض.ا (1383). گفتمان و تحلیل گفتمانی. تهران: ناشر فرهنگ گفتمان.
  8. حاتمی، محمدرضا. (1397). برند سازی ژئوپلیتیکی واحدهای جغرافیایی دوفاکتو. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های سیاسی جهان اسلام، 8(4)، 234-221.
  9. حاج یونس. (1398). مصاحبه مستشار امنیتی ج ا ا در سوریه.
  10. حافظ نیا، محمدرضا. (1390). اصول و مفاهیم ژئوپلیتیک. تهران: انتشارات پاپلی.
  11. حسن محمود، عدنان. (1398). مصاحبه وزیر اعلام سابق سوریه.
  12. حیدر، علی. (1398). مصاحبه وزیر مصالحه ملی سوریه.
  13. خستو، جابر. (1398). مصاحبه فرمانده سپاه یکم ارتش سوریه.
  14. رسوق، محسن. (1398). مصاحبه مسئول دفتر سانا در تهران (خبرگزاری رسمی سوریه).
  15. رئوف شیبانی، محمد رضا. (1398). مصاحبه سفیر سابق ج اا در سوریه.
  16. زیتون، ایمن. (1398). مصاحبه روحانی شیعه مدیر موسسه فرهنگی شیعیان در لاذقیه سوریه.
  17. عبدالعالی، عبدالقادر. (1391)، رژیم اسرائیل و گسست‌های سیاسی ـ اجتماعی آن. ترجمه محمد خواجوئی، تهران: مؤسسه ابرار معاصر تهران.
  18. عبدا... پور، محمدرضا و دیانت، محسن. (1395). دیالکتیک ساختار، کارگزار در منازعات ژئوپلیتیکی خاورمیانه. تهران: انتشارات کلک سیمین.
  19. عبدالله‌پور، محمدرضا و قادری، رحیم. (1394). سوژگی ژئوپلیتیک حزب کارگران کردستان ترکیه در بین‌النهرین شمالی. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های سیاسی جهان اسلام، 5 (4)، 156-137.
  20. عبدالله‌پور، محمدرضا و متقی، افشین. (1394)‌، دیالکتیک ساختار، کارگزار در منازعات ژئوپلیتیکی خاورمیانه با تأکید بر کارگزاری ژئوپلیتیکی کردستان عراق. فصلنامه مطالعات سیاسی، 8 (30)، 130-111.
  21. عبدالله‌پور، محمدرضا. (1396). همه‌پرسی استقلال کردستان عراق، برند سازی ژئوپلیتیک. تهران: همشهری دیپلماتیک، تیر و مرداد، شماره 99.
  22. کاشی، محمدجواد. (1392). تحلیل گفتمان: بیرون از هزارتوی تئوری‌ها. فصلنامه رسانه، 73، 194-187.
  23. مطر، حسام. (1398). مصاحبه پژوهشگر موسسه «باحث» لبنان.
  24. مملوک، علی. (1398). مصاحبه مقام ژنرال علی مملوک مقام ارشد امنیتی سوریه.
  25. میهوب، نزار. (1398). مصاحبه مدیر موسسه پژوهشی استشاری سوریه.
  26. هیثم، عمید. (1398). مصاحبه فرمانده امنیتی ارتش سوریه در حلب.
  27. Abdul Ali, A. Q. (2010). Israel's regime and its political-social ruptures. translated by Mohammad Khajoi, Tehran: Abrar Institute of Contemporary Tehran. [In Persian].
  28. Abdullahpour, M. R. (2016). Iraqi Kurdistan Independence Referendum, Geopolitical Branding. Diplomatic Community, Tir and Mardad, 99, 69-66. [In Persian].
  29. Abdullahpour, M. R., & Dayant, M. (2015). Dialectics of Structure, Agent in Middle East Geopolitical Conflicts. Tehran: Kolk Simin Publications. [In Persian]
  30. Abdullahpour, M. R., & Motaghi, A. (2014). dialectics of structure, agent in geopolitical conflicts of the Middle East with an emphasis on the geopolitical agent of Iraqi Kurdistan. Political Studies Quarterly, 8 (30), 111-130. [In Persian]
  31. Abdullahpour, M. R., Qadri, R. (2014). Geopolitics of Turkish Kurdistan Workers Party in Northern Mesopotamia. Islamic World Political Research Quarterly, 5(4), 137-156. [In Persian].
  32. Asdalahi, M. (2018). Interview with the head of Iran's Strategic Studies Center in Syria. [In Persian]
  33. Azad, A., Hamed, A., & Ebrahimi Far, T. (2017). The effect of the action of militias in northern Syria on the country's political order in the post-ISIS period. World Politics Scientific Research Quarterly, 7 (1), 39-50. [In Persian]
  34. Azari, A. (2016). The Horizon of Turkey-Saudi Arabia Relations in Syria. Tehran: Institute of Strategic Studies of Noor Thinkers, Shamat Studies Working Group. [In Persian]
  35. Babajanipour, Z. (2012). The strategy of the United States of America in Syria from 2011-2012. Regional Studies, 48 (4), 835-854. [In Persian]
  36. Bruinessen, M. V., & Agha, Sh. (20018) State: The Social and Political Structures of Carmit Valensi, Syria, From a State toa Hybrid System:Implications for Israel, Institute for National Security Studies.
  37. Dijkink, G. (2004).Geopolitics as a Social Movement?. Geopolitics, 9(2), 460–75.
  38. C(2006), Introduction to Geopolitics, by Rutledge.
  39. Gunter, Michael M. (2014). Out of Nowhere. The Kurds in Syria in Peace and War & Hurst.
  40. Hafez Nia, M. R. (2012) Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics. Tehran: Papli Publications. [In Persian]
  41. Haider, A. (2018). Interview of the Minister of National Reconciliation of Syria. [In Persian]
  42. Haj Yunus. (2018) Interview of the Security Advisor of the Jaa in Syria. [In Persian]
  43. Hassan Mahmoud, A. (2018) Interview with the former minister of declaration of Syria. [In Persian]
  44. Hatami, M.R. (2017). Geopolitical Branding of Defacto Geographical Units, Islamic World Political Research Quarterly, 8 (4), 221-234. [In Persian].
  45. Haytham, O. (2018) Interview of the security commander of the Syrian army in Aleppo. [In Persian].
  46. Hechter, M. (2000). Containing Nationalism. Oxford University Press.
  47. Kashi, M. J. (2012). Discourse Analysis: Beyond the Thousand of Theories. Media Quarterly, 73, 187-194. [In Persian].
  48. Khostu, J. (2018) Interview with the commander of the 1st Corps of the Syrian Army. [In Persian]
  49. Kriesi, E. (2014). The Kurds in Syria: Caught between the Struggle for Civil Equality and the Search for National identity. in: Ofra Bengio (ed.): Kurdish Awakening. Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland. University of Texas Press.
  50. Mamluk, A. (2018). Interview with General Ali Mamluk, senior security official of Syria. [In Persian].
  51. Matar, H. (2018). interview of the researcher of "Bahad" Institute of Lebanon. [In Persian].
  52. Mihoub, N. (2018). Interview with the director of the Syrian Consultative Research Institute. [In Persian].
  53. O'Loughlin, J., Holland, E., & Witmer, F. (2011). The Changing Geography of Violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999-2011. Regional Trends and Local Dynamics in Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino Balkaria, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 52, 10-25.
  54. Outwit, W., & Tom, B., (2012). The Culture of Social Sciences in the 20th Century. translated by Hassan Chavoshian, Tehran: Ney Publishing.
  55. Rasouq, M. (2018) Interview with the head of the SANA office in Tehran (Syria's official news agency). [In Persian]
  56. Rauf Shibani, M. R. (2018) interview of the former ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Syria. [In Persian].
  57. Reading, Hugo F. (1978). A Dictionary of Socialist Sociology. London: Routledge.
  58. Smith, Robert C. (2000). ‘How durable and new is transnational life?. Historical retrieval through local comparison’, Diaspora, 9 (2), 203-234.
  59. Tajik, M. R. (2004). Discourse and Discourse Analysis. Tehran: Farhang Gadman Publisher. [In Persian].
  60. Tejel, J. (2014). Toward a Generational Rupture within the Kurdish Movement in Syria?. in: Ofra Bengio (ed.): Kurdish Awakening. Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland.University of Texas Press.
  61. Weiss, M. (2012). Syrian Kurd Leader: Revolution Won’t Succeed Without Minorities. Interview wih Dr. Abdulhakim Bashar, Chairman of the Kurdish National Council, The Atlantic, January 20, 2012.
  62. Youra, M. (2014) Hezbollah in Syria, Institute for the Study of War. MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT, 19, 1-12.
  63. Zeitoun, A. (2018) Interview with a Shiite cleric, director of the Shiite Cultural Institute in Latakia, Syria. [In Persian].
  64. Zisser, E. (2014). The Kurds in Syria: Caught between the Struggle for Civil Equality and theSearch for National identity. in: Ofra Bengio (ed.): Kurdish Awakening. Nation Buildingin a Fragmented Homeland. University of Texas Press.
  65.